Scientists from the Tomsk University of Architecture and Civil Engineering set themselves a difficult task: to choose a real "people's house", i.e. a house that they could safely recommend for mass low-rise construction throughout Russia. A house that would answer all building codes and at the same time was affordable for residents of Russia.

For complete objectivity, scientists analyzed all the construction technologies presented on the construction market in the region.

In total it turned out 10 various technologies erection of enclosing structures of the house:

Brick wall thickness 510 with insulation with mineral wool boards 100 mm thick in the thickness of the wall. The outer layer is a face brick 120 mm thick. Indoors - plaster 20 mm thick
Cellular concrete "Sibit" with external insulation with a 100 mm thick mineral wool board and siding lining; inside premises - plaster 20 mm
Expanded polystyrene concrete 400 mm with external insulation with expanded polystyrene 100 mm thick and external polymer plaster; inside - cement-sand plaster 20 mm
Beam 150 mm, insulated with mineral wool board 100 mm thick and clad with siding; lining inside
wooden frame 150 mm insulated with mineral wool 150 mm, outside OSB plate and siding, inside - drywall
Beam 150 mm insulated with mineral wool boards 100 mm and lined with bricks 120 mm, lining inside
Izodom system, reinforced concrete 150 mm, polystyrene foam insulation 150 mm, inside two layers of drywall 25 mm on metal frame; exterior polymer plaster
Velox system, chip-cement boards 70mm, reinforced concrete 150mm, polystyrene foam insulation 150mm, plaster inside and outside
Velox system, 70mm chip-cement boards, 400mm lightweight concrete, siding on the outside, plaster on the inside
Block "Teplosten", expanded clay concrete 60mm, expanded polystyrene 150 mm, expanded clay concrete 100 mm, inside - plaster

Walls built using these technologies are compared according to the following parameters:

• wall thickness
• heat transfer resistance
• the need for thermal energy for heating the house per month
• erection duration
• cost of 1 sq. m of outdoor fencing and the estimated cost of the house box
• Fire safety

Heat transfer resistance is determined according to SNiP 23-02-2003, and the need for thermal energy is calculated according to the TSN of the Tomsk region.

The duration of the construction of a box of a house is determined in accordance with the Uniform Norms and Prices in Construction (ENiR).

Reference material for calculating the cost of building materials is the magazine "Construction Price List" No. 4/2008.

Based on the calculations, a comparative table No. 1 is compiled.

No. p.p.	Outer wall construction	Thickness	Heat transfer resistance, R	The need for thermal energy per month	Heating cost per month	Relative walling time	The cost of 1 sq. m of external fencing, rub			Relative cost of 1 m2 of total area	Present value ratio
		mm	m2oS/W	kWh	rub.	day	material	Job	Total	rub.	1/rub
1.	Brick wall 510 mm with insulation in the thickness of mineral wool boards 100 mm and brick cladding 120 mm inside plaster	760	3,46	3 259	1 956	47	2 925	575	3 500	10 412	1,00
2.	Aerated concrete "Sibit" with external insulation with a 100mm min-slab and cladding with siding	570	3,60	3 215	1 929	32	2 256	675	2 931	8 371	0,80
3.	Styrofoam concrete 400 mm, plastered inside, outside PPS insulation* and plaster	530	4,35	3 027	1 816	48	1 926	974	2 900	8 213	0,79
4.	Beam 150 mm with insulation 100 mm and siding, lining inside	320	3,46	3 259	1 956	53	1 331	580	1 911	5 159	0,50
5.	Wooden frame 150 mm, inside 150 mm mineral wool, drywall, outside OSB ** and siding	200	3,85	3 144	1 887	27	1 211	325	1 536	4 031	0,39
6.	Beam 150 mm with insulation 100 mm and oblits. brick 120 mm, lining inside	400	3,70	3 186	1 911	51	1 896	751	2 647	6 954	0,67
7.	Izodom system, reinforced concrete 150 mm, insulation PPS* 150 mm, inside two layers of GKLO*** 25 mm on a metal frame outside polymer plaster	360	4,05	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	6 949	0,67
8.	Velox System	420	4,37	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	6 047	0,58
9.	Velox system, SCCP 70mm, lightweight concrete 400mm, outside siding inside plaster	520	3,20	3 910	2 346	44	2 445	610	3 055	8 134	0,78
10.	Block "Teplosten", expanded clay concrete 60mm PPS 150 mm, expanded clay concrete 100 mm inside plaster	310	4,30	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	6 402	0,61

*) PPS - expanded polystyrene, **) OSB - oriented strand board, ***) GKLO - drywall sheets, ****)ShTsP - chip-cement slabs

Wall structures numbered 4, 5 and 6 (wooden frame and timber walls) do not meet the requirements of SNIP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures" and therefore are excluded from the comparison of construction technologies for houses intended for permanent residence.

At the same time, these technologies are relatively inexpensive (especially the frame and timber with siding trim) and it is advisable to use them in the construction of summer cottages for temporary residence.

From the data in Table 1, the average cost of building a building box is determined, which is 498,535 rubles. It is necessary to exclude from consideration designs, the price of which exceeds average price construction, as expensive: these are walls numbered 1, 2, 3 and 9. We also note that the thickness of all four structures excluded from consideration exceeds 500 mm, excessive wall thickness leads to a reduction in the volume of the room and, accordingly, to a reduction in the total area of ​​​​the house.

Let us consider in detail the remaining structures that are suitable for the construction of a "people's house":

Izodom system

Advantages:

The ease of assembling walls from blocks allows you to achieve high speed construction; due to the thermal efficiency of fixed formwork, construction can be carried out in winter conditions; reliability and seismic resistance of buildings, since the bearing element of the walls is monolithic reinforced concrete; moderate construction cost; during installation, heavy lifting equipment is not used.

Disadvantages:

High fire hazard buildings until the end of the internal and exterior finish; difficulties in maintaining the geometry of the walls at the time of construction, since the expanded polystyrene "floats" in concrete; when finishing, expensive materials are used that are intended only for polystyrene foam; fire safety regulations require the use of double gypsum boards on a metal frame as interior decoration, which leads to busyness and increases prices; the gap between the finish and the styrofoam wall is an attractive place for rodents; difficulties in attaching hanging furniture and equipment to walls; there is a weight limit (no more than 16 kg) for exterior finish materials.

Velox system

Advantages:

High fire safety; ease of installation and control of the geometry of the walls; the highest thermal efficiency; the ability to change the thickness of concrete and insulation, thanks to a simple design mounting ties; low cost of materials; during installation, heavy lifting equipment is not used; high rates of construction; it is possible to use lightweight concrete as a filler; high seismic resistance, durability and reliability of structures; the microclimate in the room does not differ from wooden house; simplicity of exterior and interior decoration.

Disadvantages:

Not detected.

Teplosten technology

Advantages:

Ease of installation and moderate cost of materials; high fire resistance; high rates of construction; no external finishing is required when using mass-dyed blocks.

Disadvantages:

Low bearing capacity; sensitivity to general deformations; when using heavy floors, an additional frame made of metal or reinforced concrete is required; lack of approved or certified technical solutions for the construction of a house using this technology.

FINDINGS:

From the above comparative studies and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies for the construction of enclosing structures of low-rise buildings, it clearly follows that " people's house» can rightfully be considered a technology monolithic construction in fixed formwork VELOX.

The Velox system outperformed its competitors in the following ways:

• affordability,
• thermal efficiency,
• durability, reliability and seismic resistance,
• ease and accessibility of installation,
• environmental and performance characteristics.

The Izodom system gets "silver", and the "Teplosten" technology - "bronze".

This article is aimed at helping an individual developer in choosing a construction technology, as well as the ability to quickly, efficiently and inexpensively solve the problem of building a house that meets all modern requirements.

This review material is based on the article “Commercially available low-rise resource-saving house. Comparison of indicators of external fences”,

Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2008.

Specialists of the Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering have convincingly proved that VELOX technology surpasses all other known low-rise housing construction technologies in terms of price/quality ratio.

ANNOTATION article “Commercially available resource-energy-saving low-rise building. Comparison of indicators of external fences”, TGASU, 2008.
Authors: A.I. Gnyrya, Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor; S.V. Korobkov, Ph.D., Associate Professor, R.A. Zharkoy, graduate student

The authors compare the following construction technologies used at construction sites in Tomsk:

1. Brick wall 510 thick with min insulation with 100 mm thick slabs
2. Aerated concrete "Sibit" with external insulation with a min-slab 100 mm thick
3. Expanded polystyrene concrete with external insulation with expanded polystyrene 100 mm thick
4. Wooden beam 150 mm with external insulation with a 100 mm thick mineral plate
5. Wooden frame 150 mm filled with min-slabs 150 mm thick
6. Beam 150 mm insulated with brick lining 120 mm thick
7. Fixed formwork "Izodom" 150 mm thick with heavy concrete
8. Fixed formwork "VELOX" (VELOX) with styrofoam 100 mm with heavy concrete
9. Fixed formwork "Veloks" (VELOX) with lightweight concrete 400 mm thick
10. Expanded polystyrene blocks 150 mm insulated from expanded clay concrete "Teplosten"

according to the following parameters:

• wall thickness
• heat transfer resistance
• the need for thermal energy for heating the house per month
• erection duration
• cost of 1 sq. m of outdoor fencing and the estimated cost of the house box
• Fire safety

Based on the results of the calculations, a summary comparative table of indicators of external enclosing structures was compiled.

Then structures 4, 5 and 6 were excluded from the comparison, as they did not meet the fire safety standards of buildings and structures (SNIP 21-01-97), while noting the possibility of using these materials for the construction of summer cottages intended for seasonal or year-round operation.

Further, the authors, having determined the average cost of the "box" of the building, excluded from the comparative table the structures, the price of which exceeded this average cost, as the most expensive and energy-consuming materials. These are designs 1, 2, 3, 9.

As a result, the authors confidently chose the technology of monolithic construction in fixed formwork "VELOX" as a "people's house", listed the following advantages:

• ease of installation and increased accuracy of wall geometry control
• the highest thermal efficiency
• versatility for walls of any design and applicability of concrete of any grade
• low cost
• no need to use heavy equipment
• high construction rates
• seismic resistance and reliability
• microclimate in the room, like a wooden house.
• ease of finishing

without noting any obvious shortcomings.
"Silver" was given to structures made using the "Izodom" technology, and "bronze" - to structures made by "Teplosten".

COMMERCIALLY AFFORDABLE RESOURCE AND ENERGY SAVING
HOUSE OF LOW-RISE BUILDING.
COMPARISON OF INDICATORS OF EXTERNAL FENCES.

A.I. Gnyrya Doctor of Technical Sciences, Professor, SV. Korobkov, Ph.D., Associate Professor, R.A. Zharkoy, graduate student.
Tomsk State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering

Part of the text is missing

The advantages of low-rise, high-density urban-type residential development compared to high-rise buildings, regardless of the type of buildings (panel, brick, monolithic, etc.), are obvious to users, as well as to investors, architects, builders, housing and communal services and normal society as a whole.

The first and initial functional benefit is the creation of a healthy living environment. Only family home, an apartment close to the ground, are able to develop physically and mentally healthy children and citizens, as well as help them find the right spiritual and moral guidelines. The manifestation of alienation, aggressiveness, loss of people in our society, as studies by psychologists show, is largely associated with varying degrees of discomfort of their permanent residence in multi-storey buildings.

Low-rise buildings dramatically reduce the safety of living in case of natural Disasters, fires, emergency situations, etc. Simplified conditions of detention, Maintenance, repair, reconstruction, and with complete physical deterioration, restructuring, demolition and disposal of buildings.

Thermal protection, noise protection, insolation and resistance to overheating in the summer, as well as the temperature and humidity conditions of the premises can be significantly improved. Application of new systems engineering equipment will improve the reliability, efficiency, quality of application of heat supply systems, water supply and sewerage, ventilation, etc. A special place will be occupied by the development and implementation of the so-called local and autonomous systems life support. The reference point here is the idea of ​​building ecologically clean house with low heat consumption.

According to the results of an April poll conducted by the Public Opinion Foundation (residents of 110 settlements of Russia were polled), almost 60% of citizens prefer their own house to an apartment. Moreover, many would like to live outside the city.

The Government of the Russian Federation supports the development of individual housing construction in Russia. The President of the country calls for more individual houses to be built - for one or several families.

During the meeting of the Presidium of the Council under the President of the Russian Federation for the implementation national projects, held on April 2, 2008, the President set the task of building annually in Russia from 500 thousand to 1 million individual houses. According to him, these should be houses with a total area of ​​70 to 120 m and cost about 20 thousand rubles per 1 m. The President proposed the creation of the Federal Fund for the Promotion of Housing Construction, to which all inefficiently used lands of ministries and departments, state enterprises and institutions should be transferred. “If we fully implement the ambitious project of individual housing construction, then without exaggeration we will live in a qualitatively different country, with a different standard of living and psychology of people who have turned from communal dwellers into owners on their own land,” the President commented on his initiative.

So, there was a hope that every Russian family would have the opportunity to acquire individual low-cost housing. But the question is, what should this "people's house" be like? Perhaps it will be a classic brick or lightweight concrete, or maybe with the use of wood? It is difficult to immediately answer these questions, research and comparisons are required, which of the technologies is more preferable. But in any case, the main indicator for any home is compliance with the current regulatory documents on heat engineering, fire safety standards and sanitary requirements, so that the house is warm, fireproof and made of reliable environmentally friendly building materials.

If you imagine the house in large components, it turns out that it consists of a foundation, walls and a roof. The design of the roof is not much different when using one or another construction technology, the foundation also remains almost unchanged. It turns out that by "construction technology" we mean only a rather narrow segment of the house, which is called "walls". This means that in order to search for a "people's house" it is necessary to compare various wall options and choose the best one from them. We will not try to compare the interior and exterior finishes, as well as engineering Communication, because The cost of these materials can vary widely. The choice will be made from the point of view of a private developer who needs to build an individual cottage with an attic total area of ​​​​128 m according to an existing project, we will try on the same house different walls. For an objective assessment of a particular design, let's forget for a while such concepts as aesthetics, prestige, durability, etc.

After analyzing the designs of already built individual houses in the city of Tomsk, we received two dozen wall options, each of which is included in a separate group:

1. brick (with and without insulation);
2. concrete (light concrete, heavy concrete);
3. wooden (beam, log);
4. frame (such as "Canadian house");
5. from combined materials.

From each group, a wall was selected whose resistance to heat transfer met the current requirements for heat conservation. So, 10 walls participating in the experiment:

1. Brick wall 510 mm with insulation with mineral wool boards 100mm in the thickness of the wall. Outer layer - front brick 120mm, indoors - plaster 20mm;

2. "Sibit" 400 mm with external insulation with 100mm mineral wool boards and siding lining; indoors - plaster layer 10mm;

3. Expanded polystyrene concrete 400 mm with external insulation with 100mm expanded polystyrene and external polymer plaster, the inner surface of the wall is plastered with 20mm of cement-sand mortar;

4. Beam 150 mm with insulation with 100mm mineral wool boards and siding lining, lining inside.

5. Wooden frame 150 mm, filled with 150mm mineral wool boards, gypsum board inside, OSB board and siding outside.

6. Beam 150 mm with 100mm mineral wool insulation and cladding facing brick, inside - lining.

7. Izodom system- non-removable polystyrene formwork: polystyrene foam insulation 150mm (75 + 75), reinforced concrete 150mm, inside two layers of GKLO (fire-resistant drywall) 25mm on a metal frame, polymer plaster 10mm outside.

8. VELOX classic system- non-removable chip-cement formwork 70mm (35+35), reinforced concrete 150mm, polystyrene foam insulation 150mm, cement-sand plaster inside, facade plaster outside.

9. VELOX system on lightweight concrete 400mm, outside siding, inside plaster.

10. Block "Teplosten"- an inner layer of expanded clay concrete 60mm, an outer layer of expanded clay concrete 100mm, inside the wall - expanded polystyrene 150mm, finishing inside the room with a plaster layer.

Technical and economic indicators of low-rise buildings (Table 1):

• A wall thickness of more than 500mm is uneconomical for several reasons, one of which is the width of the foundation blocks; the greater the thickness of the wall, the smaller the volume of the room, therefore, the smaller the total area;
• Heat transfer resistance is a measure of compliance or non-compliance with building codes. thermal performance, namely TSN 23-316-2000 " Thermal protection residential and public buildings Tomsk region";
• Demand for thermal energy during the heating period - important characteristic heat loss by the building, as well as an important component of the cost of operating a residential building;
• The duration of the construction of the building in days;
• Price square meter external fencing - a determining factor in the cost of the entire structure and the cost of m of the total area, expressed in rubles.

Note to table 1:

Calculation of resistance to heat transfer was determined according to SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings" for the city of Tomsk.

The need for thermal energy was determined according to TSN 23-316-2000 of the Tomsk region. For each option, an individual energy passport was drawn up.

The cost of thermal energy for one kWh is 60 kopecks.

The duration of the construction of the box was determined in accordance with the Uniform Norms and Prices (ENiR).

The total cost of 1m of outdoor fencing is the sum of the materials and the cost of the work expended. This value is determined according to the quarterly magazine "Construction price tag" No. 4/2008.

The cost of the box is the cost of the walls from the top of the foundation to the bottom of the Mauerlat, excluding the cost of flooring and foundation.

Indicators of the enclosing structures of individual residential buildings with an attic
Table 1

№	Outer wall construction	Thickness				Heating cost per month					The cost of the "box" of the house
		mm	m 2? C / W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	Total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
1		760	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	47	2 925	575	3 500	666 356	10 412	1,00
II	Concrete
2		570	3,6	25 293	3 215	1 929	32	2 256	675	2 931	535 760	8 371	0,8
3		530	4,35	23 812	3 027	1 816	48	1 926	974	2 901	525 602	8 213	0,79
III	Wood
4	Beam 150mm with insulation 100mm and siding, lining inside	320	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	53	1 331	580	1 911	330 176	5 159	0,50
IV	frame
5	Wooden frame 150mm inside 150 min. cotton wool, drywall inside, OSB outside** and siding (piece-by-piece assembly)	200	3,85	24 735	3 144	1 887	27	1 211	325	1 536	258 004	4 031	0,39
V	Combined materials
6	Beam 150 insulated 100mm and brick cladding 120mm, lining inside	400	3,7	25 061	3 186	1 911	51	1 898	751	2 649	445 033	6 954	0,67
7		360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8		420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
9		520	2,2	30 759	3 910	2 346	44	2 445	610	3 055	520 577	8 134	0,78
10		310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Note:
* PPS - expanded polystyrene
** OSB - oriented strand plywood
*** GKLO - sheet fireproof drywall
**** CHCP - chain-cement slab

According to SNiP 21-01-97 "Fire safety of buildings and structures", wall structures numbered 4, 5, and 6 are fire hazardous, so we will exclude them (Table 2). At the same time, we determine the average cost of the "box" of the building, this value is equal to RUB 498,535. Let's exclude the most expensive walls numbered 1, 2, 3, 9 (Table 3). A high-value material is usually a material that requires a large amount of energy to produce, so-called energy-consuming materials. If their total number in the house is reduced to a minimum, we will get a "people's house".

table 2

№	Outer wall construction	Thickness	Heat transfer resistance R	Demand for heat energy during the heating period	The need for thermal energy per month	Heating cost per month	Relative duration of box wall erection	The cost of 1 m 2 of outdoor fencing, rub			The cost of the "box" of the house	Relative cost of 1 m 2 of total area	Present value ratio
		mm	m 2? C / W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	Total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
1	Brick wall 510mm with 100mm mineral wool insulation and 120mm brick cladding, plaster inside	760	3,46	25 640	3 259	1 956	47	2 925	575	3 500	666 356	10 412	1,00
II	Concrete
2	Sibit 400 with external insulation with mineral wool boards 100mm cladding with siding	570	3,6	25 293	3 215	1 929	32	2 256	675	2 931	535 760	8 371	0,8
3	Expanded polystyrene 400mm, plastered inside, outside PPS*, 100mm and facade plaster	530	4,35	23 812	3 027	1 816	48	1 926	974	2 901	525 602	8 213	0,79
III	Wood
IV	frame
V	Combined materials
7	Izodom system, Reinforced concrete 150 mm, PPS insulation 150 mm, inside two layers of GKLO *** 25 mm per met. frame, polymer plaster on the outside	360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8	Velox system, CPS**** 70mm, PPS 150mm, reinforced concrete 150mm, facade plaster inside and outside	420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
9	Velox system on lightweight concrete 400mm, SCHCP 70mm, outside siding, inside plaster	520	2,2	30 759	3 910	2 346	44	2 445	610	3 055	520 577	8 134	0,78
10	Block "Teplosten". Expanded clay concrete 60mm, PPS 150mm, expanded clay concrete 100mm, joke inside	310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Average box price: RUB 498,535

Despite the fact that some walls do not meet fire requirements or have a high cost, we highlight their advantages and disadvantages:

Wooden walls (bar, log):

Advantages:
Wooden walls have low thermal conductivity, therefore, if the house was not heated in winter, it can be warmed up to comfortable conditions in a few hours; create a healthy microclimate in the house; remove excess moisture from the room; relatively light and resistant to deformation; can be built on a simple column foundation; withstand a large number of freeze-thaw cycles, their service life is about 100 years.

Disadvantages:
Easily flammable and susceptible to insect pests and rot; after completion of cutting wooden walls before the start of their finishing, at least a year must pass (draft up to 10%); when dried, they deform, crack. Caulker timber walls is a complex and expensive procedure.

Frame walls:

Advantages:
Possess low thermal conductivity; the lightest of all considered and resistant to deformation; can be built on a columnar foundation or a "floating columns" foundation; the cost of funds, effort and time for the construction of frame walls is minimal; before finishing, you do not need to wait for "rainfall" at home.

Disadvantages:
Easily flammable and susceptible to insect pests and rot; the design of the walls does not give confidence capital construction; an increase in the size of the house leads to a significant complication of the frame and a decrease in reliability; it is advisable to use in the construction of cottages intended for seasonal or year-round operation.

Indicators of enclosing structures of individual residential buildings with an attic (fire-dangerous walls are excluded)
table 2

№	Outer wall construction	Thickness	Heat transfer resistance R	Demand for heat energy during the heating period	The need for thermal energy per month	Heating cost per month	Relative duration of box wall erection	The cost of 1 m 2 of outdoor fencing, rub			The cost of the "box" of the house	Relative cost of 1 m 2 of total area	Present value ratio
		mm	m 2? C / W	kWh	kWh	rub	day	materials	Job	Total	rub	rub	1/rub
						0,6
I	Brick					per kWh
II	Concrete
III	Wood
IV	frame
V	Combined materials
7	Izodom system, Reinforced concrete 150 mm, PPS insulation 150 mm, inside two layers of GKLO *** 25 mm per met. frame, polymer plaster on the outside	360	4,05	24 338	3 094	1 856	64	1 850	810	2 660	444 719	6 949	0,67
8	Velox system, CPS**** 70mm, PPS 150mm, reinforced concrete 150mm, facade plaster inside and outside	420	4,37	23 779	3 023	1 814	47	1 618	680	2 298	387 024	6 047	0,58
10	Block "Teplosten". Expanded clay concrete 60mm, PPS 150mm, expanded clay concrete 100mm, joke inside	310	4,3	23 894	3 037	1 822	37	2 080	385	2 465	409 708	6 402	0,61

Average box price: RUB 498,535

Advantages and disadvantages of expensive walls.

brick walls:

Advantages:

The brick walls are very strong, fireproof, durable; allow to apply reinforced concrete slabs overlaps; allow you to build walls of complex configurations, lay out decorative elements facade.

Disadvantages:

Have high thermal conductivity; absorb moisture due to capillary suction and freeze in winter, which leads (during seasonal operation) to destruction; relatively heavy and do not tolerate deformations. In this case, a strong foundation is required. To provide thermal insulation, brick walls have big sizes; after the completion of the masonry of the walls, a year must pass before the start of their finishing, the walls must “settle” before the start of the finishing; main disadvantage is high price.

Lightweight concrete (foam concrete, expanded clay concrete, polystyrene concrete):

Advantages:

Relatively fireproof, durable; the relatively small size of the blocks and the ease of their processing make it possible to build walls of complex configurations from them; the thickness of such walls can be half that of brick ones; laying walls from blocks is much simpler and cheaper than brickwork; due to the low density of cellular concrete, the entire wall structure is 2-3 times lighter, which simplifies the construction of the foundation.

Disadvantages:

Due to the high porosity of the product have high moisture absorption, therefore, the facade of the building after the completion of the construction of walls must be covered with compounds that create a moisture-proof vapor-permeable film on the surface; walls do not tolerate deformations; before the start of their finishing, the walls must "settle"; cracks may form during upsetting; regarding the road.

The walls that take place in the "people's house":

Izodom system:

Advantages:

The ease of assembling walls from blocks allows you to achieve a high speed of construction; at the expense thermal efficiency building envelopes can be carried out in winter conditions - the concrete is in a warm formwork; reliability and seismic resistance of the structure - reinforced monolithic concrete; relatively small cost construction; lack of heavy lifting equipment.

Disadvantages:

High fire hazard buildings before the completion of interior and exterior decoration; the difficulty of maintaining the "geometry" of the walls at the time of construction - expanded polystyrene "floats" in concrete; facade plastering requires special expensive materials intended only for polystyrene foam; fire regulations require two layers of fire-resistant gypsum board 2x12.5mm on a metal frame as an interior finish, which is naturally expensive; the resulting air gap between the interior trim and the wall is an attractive place for rodents, as well as the difficulty in attaching cabinets and other equipment; it is not allowed to use materials heavier than 16 kg per m of the outer wall finish.

System "Velox" ("Veloks"):

Advantages:

High fire resistance; ease of installation and increased accuracy of wall geometry control; the highest thermal efficiency; the possibility of changing the thickness of concrete and expanded polystyrene due to the simple design of the screeds; low cost of materials; there is no need to use heavy-duty mechanisms; high rates of construction; it is possible to use lightweight concrete; high seismic resistance and reliability of the system due to monolithic reinforced concrete; indoor climate is the same wooden house, since the formwork is made of 95% wood chips ; simplicity of exterior and interior decoration.

Disadvantages:
Not detected.

Teplosten technology:

Advantages:

Easy installation and low cost; high fire resistance; high rates of construction; saving the cost of materials; does not require external finishing when using mass-dyed blocks.

Disadvantages:

Low bearing capacity; sensitivity to general deformations; for heavy floors, a separate frame made of metal or reinforced concrete is required as a supporting frame; lack of state-approved or state-certified technical solutions for building houses.

Findings:
According to the conducted research and analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies for the construction of external fences for low-rise buildings in the city of Tomsk, it can be said with certainty that the technology of monolithic housing construction in the non-removable chip-cement formwork Velox (Velox) can rightfully be considered a "people's house". Its positive heat-efficient qualities, ease of installation, combined with high reliability and environmental friendliness put this technology in first place. The Izodom technology takes the second place, and the Teplosten technology takes the bronze.

This article is aimed at helping an individual developer in choosing a construction technology and the ability to quickly, efficiently and inexpensively solve the problem of building a house that meets all modern requirements.

The thickness of a brick wall usually ranges from 120 mm (half a brick) to 800 mm (3 bricks). Moreover, 800 mm is very rare, more often walls - up to 510 mm thick (2 bricks). According to the experience of our calculations (territorially - on the area former USSR) there are no regions in which walls of 2 bricks (510 mm) would not need additional insulation. This also applies to the warm coast of the Black Sea, including (there are minimum requirements for the resistance to heat transfer of walls). Thus, the standard outer wall brick (120-510 mm) almost always needs to be insulated. The thickness of the insulation is selected by calculation, depending on climate zone construction and wall thickness (refer to the section).

Insulation of a brick wall is properly performed from the outside. When in most cases, a situation arises when the condensation point () is on the inner surface of the wall, or in the layer internal insulation. This leads to wetting of both the wall and the insulation, the appearance of fungus and mold. According to the experience of our calculations, in 99% of cases (in regions with different climates and with brick walls of different thicknesses), the insulation of such walls could only be done from the outside, it was absolutely impossible from the inside.

To insulate a brick wall, mineral wool, fiberglass wool, polystyrene foam, XPS, various bulk heaters (perlite, vermiculite, bulk foam glass) can be used. What kind of insulation, and what density, will depend on which insulation scheme is used.

Brick wall insulation schemes

Insulation under plaster on insulation

More details about such a facade can be found in the article. Insulation in this case: mineral wool, polystyrene or epps (optional). Mineral wool density 135-145 kg/m3 (special position under external plaster), polystyrene density 20-25 kg/m3, XPS density 30-35 kg/m3.

Insulation for siding (ventilated facade)

Facing such as siding, etc. You can read about such a facade (device) in two articles and. The insulation in this case is mineral wool or fiberglass wool. Mineral wool density 40-60 kg/m3, fiberglass wool density 17-20 kg/m3.

Insulation under lining with facing bricks

In this option, there should be a place along the thickness of the base for such a lining. Most likely, if you like this option, you will have to top up the foundation for the lining (in thickness). On this facade you can read in the topic. Insulation in this case: mineral wool, polystyrene, epps, bulk insulation (optional). Mineral wool density 40-60 kg/m3, foam plastic density 20-25 kg/m3, XPS density 30-35 kg/m3. Bulk insulation: perlite, vermiculite, foam glass.

In this embodiment, it will depend on the type of insulation whether there is a gap between the insulation and the facing wall. When using foam or XPS, there is no gap. When using mineral wool, there is a gap, 2-3 cm. When using bulk heaters, there is no gap.

Important! For such a variant of insulation, there should be a place along the thickness of the base for such a lining (100-120 mm). Most likely, if you like this option, you will have to top up the foundation under the lining (in thickness).

Will an insulated brick wall be vapor permeable?

As you know, a brick is a vapor-permeable material, and, therefore, a brick wall is also vapor-permeable, “breathing”. When we insulate a brick wall, you can leave it vapor-permeable, you can not leave it, and make it vapor-tight. Everything will depend on the vapor permeability of the insulation and finishing materials. AT general case if the wall is insulated with mineral wool, fiberglass wool or bulk insulation, it will remain vapor-permeable. If the brick wall is insulated with polystyrene foam, EPS - it will become vapor-tight.

Note. This is important to understand, since the required power depends on which walls (vapor-permeable or not) in the house. For vapor permeable walls this power is less, for vapor-tight ones it is more, on average by 10-15%, it is necessary to determine the calculation for each situation (refer to the section).

Greetings to all readers! What should be the thickness of the brick exterior walls - the topic of today's article. The most commonly used walls made of small stones are brick walls. This is due to the fact that the use of bricks solves the issues of building buildings and structures of almost any architectural form.

Starting to carry out the project, the design company calculates all structural elements - including the thickness of the brick outer walls.

The walls in the building perform various functions:

• If the walls are only a building envelope- in this case, they must comply with thermal insulation requirements in order to ensure a constant temperature and humidity microclimate, as well as have soundproofing qualities.
• load-bearing walls should be distinguished by the necessary strength and stability, but also as enclosing, have heat-shielding properties. In addition, based on the purpose of the building, its class, the thickness of the bearing walls must correspond to the technical indicators of its durability, fire resistance.

Features of calculating the thickness of the walls

• The thickness of the walls according to the heat engineering calculation does not always coincide with the calculation of the value according to the strength characteristics. Naturally, the harsher the climate, the thicker the wall should be in terms of thermal performance.
• But according to the conditions of strength, for example, it is enough to lay out the outer walls in one brick or one and a half. This is where the “nonsense” turns out - the thickness of the masonry, determined thermotechnical calculation, often, according to the requirements of strength, it turns out to be excessive.
• Therefore, laying continuous masonry walls from solid brick in terms of material costs and subject to 100% use of its strength, it should only be in the lower floors of high-rise buildings.
• In low-rise buildings, as well as in the upper floors of high-rise buildings, it should be used for outdoor masonry hollow or lightweight brick, lightweight masonry can be used.
• This does not apply to external walls in buildings where there is an increased percentage of humidity (for example, in laundries, baths). They are built, usually, with a protective layer of vapor barrier material from the inside and from a full-bodied clay material.

Now I will tell you about the calculation of the thickness of the outer walls.

It is determined by the formula:

B \u003d 130 * n -10, where

B - wall thickness in millimeters

130 - the size of half a brick, taking into account the seam (vertical = 10mm)

n - integer half of the brick (= 120mm)

The value of continuous masonry obtained by calculation is rounded up to the nearest whole number of half-bricks.

Based on this, the following values ​​(in mm) of brick walls are obtained:

• 120 (to the floor of a brick, but this is considered a partition);
• 250 (into one);
• 380 (one and a half);
• 510 (at two);
• 640 (in two and a half);
• 770 (at three o'clok).

In order to save material resources (brick, mortar, fittings, etc.), the number of machine hours of mechanisms, the calculation of wall thickness is tied to bearing capacity building. And the thermotechnical component is obtained by insulating the facades of buildings.

How can you insulate the exterior walls of a brick building? In the article insulation of the house with polystyrene foam from the outside, I indicated the reasons why it is impossible to insulate brick walls with this material. Check out the article.

The point is that brick is a porous and permeable material. And the absorbency of expanded polystyrene is zero, which prevents the migration of moisture to the outside. That is why it is advisable to insulate a brick wall with heat-insulating plaster or mineral wool boards, the nature of which is vapor-permeable. Expanded polystyrene is suitable for warming the base of concrete or reinforced concrete. "The nature of the insulation must correspond to the nature of the load-bearing wall."

Lots of heat insulating plasters- the difference lies in the components. But the principle of application is the same. It is carried out in layers and the total thickness can reach up to 150 mm (for a large value, reinforcement is required). In most cases, this value is 50 - 80 mm. It depends on the climatic zone, the thickness of the walls of the base, and other factors. I will not dwell in detail, since this is a topic for another article. We return to our bricks.

The average wall thickness for an ordinary clay brick, depending on the area and the climatic conditions of the area, at the average winter ambient temperature, looks like this in millimeters:

1. - 5 degrees - thickness = 250;
2. - 10 degrees = 380;
3. - 20 degrees = 510;
4. - 30 degrees = 640.

I would like to summarize the above. The thickness of the outer walls of brick is calculated based on strength characteristics, and we solve the heat engineering side of the issue by the method of wall insulation. As a rule, the design firm calculates the exterior walls without the use of insulation. If the house is uncomfortable cold and there is a need for insulation, then carefully consider the selection of insulation.

Layout of the first row of masonry

Construction brick house involves laying on different schemes, based different sizes products and the estimated thickness of the walls of the building. If you need a laying of 2 bricks, then it can be used in the construction of load-bearing walls that are under load from the weight of the house. But sometimes such masonry is also used in the construction internal walls and even interior partitions- in case the walls will take on heavy loads - not only from the weight of the furniture or household appliances suspended on them, but also from interfloor or ceiling ceilings.

Technical parameters - wall thickness, limit loads, product size, etc. - are specified in technological maps and regulatory construction documents: SNiP 3.03.01–87, SNiP 12–01–2004, SNiP 12–03–2001, SNiP II– 22–81, GOST 530–2012 and others. Because of a large number rules and regulations it will be correct to study the main points construction process- this is laying a corner in 2 bricks, laying a wall, reinforcement and the main requirements for materials.

Preparatory work, tools and materials

No specialized equipment and building tools not enough. How much and what you need can be seen from the table below. The absence of this or that tool will slow down the work, so you need to try to stock up on everything you need from the list:

Required Tools

Construction, trench, measuring tools and accessories	Purpose
Scaffolding or goats	For masonry above human height
Trowels, spatulas, trowels	For laying, leveling and cutting grout
Metal square with divisions	Checking the masonry angle
Roulette 10 m	For marking and controlling the dimensions of walls or partitions
Building level	To check the horizontal and vertical levels of masonry
Rule, plumb	Checking the vertical level of the surface
Furnace hammer, pickaxe	Splitting and giving the product the desired shape
Shovel	Mixing the solution, reloading into a bucket
Clamp and wooden lath size 5 x 5 or 7 x 5 cm, length 2 m - ordering. On the rail, after 7.7 cm, serifs are applied corresponding to the width of the masonry. 7.7 cm is the height of the stone 6.5 cm plus and the thickness of the mortar joint 1.2 cm	Ordering - marking rows, clamp - fastening the ordering
Cord	Checking the level of the wall horizontally
Slat template for marking window and door openings	-
Iron container - tub, bucket, barrel	For supplying mortar to the masonry site
Traverse with pallet	Iron platform for supplying materials to scaffolding

1. Brick laying begins after site preparation - clearing of construction debris and unnecessary items. It is also necessary to check the surface of the foundation for the absence of vertical and horizontal deviations;
2. Next is harvested construction material in the required quantity, a tool, goats are installed or scaffolding is assembled.

Double Format Red Ceramic Brick

The thickness of the wall can vary from 12 cm to 64 cm within the following limits:

1. Half brick wall - 120 mm;
2. Thickness in one brick - 250 mm;
3. One and a half bricks - the thickness of the masonry is 380 mm;
4. Masonry in two bricks - 510 mm;
5. The wall of two and a half bricks has a thickness of 640 mm.

Given the low heat-conducting properties of red ceramic stone, in geographical areas with a temperate climate, walls are made 510–640 mm thick, that is, a wall is laid out in 2 bricks or 2.5 widths. In addition, after raising the walls, the wall must be additionally insulated.

Brick dimensions from Russian manufacturing companies

Design name	Marking dimensions and dimensions in mm		Marking
Single brick	1-HF	250x120x65	O
Eurobrick	0.7-HF	250x85x65	E
Single Modular Building Stone	1,3-HF	288x138x65	M
One and a half brick	1,4-HF	250x120x88	At
Thickened with voids horizontally	1,4-HF	250x120x88	UG
Double	2,1-HF	250x120x140	K
	3,7-HF	288x288x88
	2,9-HF	288x138x140
	1,8-HF	288x138x88
	4.5-HF	250 x 250 x 140
	3,2-HF	250x180x140
Large format porous ceramic	14,3-HF	510x250x219	KK
	11,2-HF	398x250x219
	10.7-HF	380x250x219
	9,3-HF	380x255x188
	6,8-HF	380x250x140
	4,9-HF	380x180x140
	6.0-HF	250 x 250 x 188
With gaps horizontally	1,8-HF	250 x 200 x 70	KG

As an example: Grade 2.1NF means 2.1 times the volume of the product compared to the standard grade NF, which has dimensions of 250 x 120 x 65 mm, plus a layer of mortar. Due to the increased dimensions of the products, the number construction operations is minimized.

Basic masonry principles

To lay out a wall or a load-bearing partition in two bricks, you need two people. The process is carried out according to technological map which properly organizes and optimizes work. For 1 m 3 of the wall, according to calculations, 140 units of standard ceramic stone, 121 units of facing stone, 190 kg of sand and cement mortar, 9.5 kg of reinforcing bars will go.

1. An order is attached to the base, a cord is pulled along the foundation or markings for the wall, and materials are laid out at the masonry sites. The prepared mortar must be mixed again before being applied to the masonry site, served to the bricklayer, who will lay it out and level it on the surface. A brick is laid on the mortar, after the end of two rows the seams are embroidered;
2. To ensure the continuity of masonry operations, it is necessary to put two pallets in 3-4 meters - one for ordinary bricks, the second for facing. Containers with mortar are placed between the pallets - they should be 50–60 cm from the wall so that the masons can walk along the rows freely.
3. The construction team consists of two workers: the first is an assistant bricklayer who will supply bricks, refresh cement mixture, put on pallets different brands bricks. Laying is carried out by a suitably qualified bricklayer.

Outer and inner verst - these are the extreme rows in the wall: the outer verst is located on the front side of the house, the inner one is on the side of the room. The outer verst is laid out of ceramic stone, which must be prepared in advance, and for convenience, place it inside the base or room. When laying a spoon row, building materials are placed along the wall, two units in a pack, or one at an angle to each other. When laying a bonded row, the blocks are prepared in pairs, at an angle of 90 0 to the wall surface. The distance between the packs is half a brick, or 120 mm. The spoon is the long narrow side of the product, the poke is the short narrow side, the bed is the long wide side of the product.

1. Brick laying, the thickness of which is the same as the thickness of an ordinary ordinary product, is carried out as follows: the helper lays out the mortar, retreating from the outer part of the wall by 10–15 cm. When laying on a spoon, the mortar is laid with a shovel on the side to make a line 7–8 cm long. It is more convenient to poke masonry by applying mortar through the front of the wall, with a bed up to 20 cm long. After that, a qualified bricklayer must level the mortar and lay the brick on the bed, press it to the mortar in the center of the stone block and move it to the previously laid stone product;
2. The brick must be laid according to the order so that the thickness of the seam is not violated. The excess extruded mortar is cut off and again laid on the surface of the row;
3. To lay out a solid masonry in two bricks, the first row is laid on a poke. Multi-row ligation requires alternation of the poke and spoon rows: the poke is placed after five spoons. After laying out the outer verst, the backfilling-laying of the middle row begins, which is carried out according to the same principle, that is, the layout pattern is repeated;
4. Spoon and tychkovye rows in the backfill relative to the outer verst are carried out the other way around - the first row serves as a spoon, after which five tychkovy rows are laid out.

In addition to clamping, several more methods of building walls in two bricks are being implemented in practice. Building ceramic block it is pressed when raising the outer verst, and when backfilling and raising the inner verst, a slightly different masonry scheme works.

Versts are laid out “pressed”, “waste”, “butt” and “half-butt”. The second and third methods can be carried out with undercutting mortar mix. Zabutovka is laid out "half-up". "Hold" the wall rises on the hard cement mortar, while the seams are filled as much as possible, followed by jointing. Laying "press" the most time-consuming.

When laying a brick on a poke, the mortar must be scooped up with a spoon surface to fill the seam, and the brick sits on the surface. This method is quite easy, but masonry with unfilled joints will be less durable, which should not be allowed in regions with earthquake zones or when building a house on weak heaving soils. Moreover, the method of laying bricks "back to back" is categorically not allowed. When building a wall in two bricks, this method is used only to raise the inner verst.

The "butt with undercut" method is combined scheme masonry "press" and "waste", in the implementation of which the seams are completely filled. The method involves laying the mortar on the bed "pressed", and the brick is laid "butt".

When laying with the "half-up" method, it is convenient to keep a backing row. This scheme differs from the previous ones in that the mortar is consumed less, and the vertical seams are not completely laid with the mortar, and 50% of the remaining part of the empty seam is filled during the laying of the upper brick rows. In this case, the transverse seams are completely clogged with mortar.

How to lay out a blind partition

Lay out a blank brick partition if you have a 2-4 category of a bricklayer. The thickness of the partition is half a brick, because the brick is laid on the spoon surface of the product. Since the partition is most often erected single brick, then it is easy to calculate the consumption of stone and mortar: for 1 m 3 you need to stock up on 50 units of brick and 0.02 m 3 of cement-sand mortar.

Brick during the construction of a wide partition is laid out using the "press" method, with a single-row chain dressing of mortar joints. The seams are embroidered on one side alternately - the vertical joints are embroidered first, then the horizontal ones. After each jointing of any joint, the surface must be wiped with a cloth or rag.

The sequence of operations during construction internal partition next:

The floor and ceiling of the room are marked, the order is attached and the mooring cord is pulled. On the cleared workplace an ordinary brick is laid out, the solution is mixed for the last time, and laid out on the initial surface. For convenient and quick masonry, you will need to immediately install two pallets with bricks - they are placed on opposite sides of the workplace, at a distance of 60–70 cm from the bearing walls. A container with cement mortar should fit between the pallets.

If the partition is not load-bearing, then its bearing surface will be much, almost two times, smaller than that of load-bearing walls. Therefore, the entire process of erecting a partition should be aimed at strengthening it. Next, the laying of the first row of bricks begins. There are some nuances that should be taken into account. Since the partition is too small compared to bearing wall, support area, all actions are aimed at ensuring the stability of the structure.

After laying the first row, three more rows of bricks are raised, and the evenness of the masonry is checked - horizontal and vertical. At this level, the partition bricks are rigidly connected to the load-bearing wall using L-shaped steel plates or inserted into drilled holes reinforcement rods. One side of the bent plate is nailed to the bearing wall, the second - is embedded in the partition during masonry. In the same way, the partition is attached to the floor and ceiling.

When plastering, the plates are masked with a layer of mortar. To strengthen the partition every five rows, a horizontal reinforcing mesh, and it is desirable that its level coincides with the level of reinforcement in the load-bearing wall.