Walls made of ceramic blocks with brick lining: advantages and disadvantages of warm ceramics, features of its installation. Large-format ceramic blocks and their cladding Finishing of single-layer walls from large-format ceramic blocks

Everyone involved in housing construction is studying the relationship between the level of housing, the technical and operational properties of building materials and their economic feasibility. POROTHERM blocks, made from clay, water and sawdust that burn out during firing to create a porous structure, are environmentally friendly, have a high heat capacity and are able to pass evaporation. It is an economical large-format wall material that can be used for the construction of even multi-storey buildings.

Masonry - a system of masonry elements that are laid in a certain sequence and fastened with mortar. Integrated system POROTHERM masonry allows you to build buildings of any layout, using a variety of architectural forms. In addition to the porous blocks themselves, which have a vertical tongue-and-groove connection, it includes ceramic bridges, beam ceiling, floor slabs, facing bricks and dry mixes for mortar and plaster.

Masonry mortars

Cement-sand or lime-cement mortar, commonly used in masonry, is not recommended for laying POROTHERM large-format blocks, due to the large difference in thermal properties. Otherwise, mortar joints, which are "cold bridges", will negate the excellent thermal insulation characteristics of porous blocks. It is advisable to use "light" (heat-insulating) masonry mortars - more expensive, but with a higher bonding ability. From 20 kg of dry mix, with strict observance of the instructions, 30-32 liters of the finished solution are obtained. The consistency should be such that the mortar does not flow into the vertical holes of the bricks.

bed stitch

The thickness of the bed joint for POROTHERM blocks should be, on average, 12 mm - this is enough to equalize the tolerances in the block sizes. If the bed seam is thicker, the strength of the masonry will decrease. The solution must be applied so that the entire block lies on a uniform layer of the solution. When laying all load-bearing walls, external and internal, under static stress, the mortar is applied to the entire surface of the bed joint. When laying walls and partitions that do not experience static loads, it is possible to use an intermittent bed seam.

vertical seam

Traditional masonry, with vertical joints filled with mortar, is used for load-bearing (external and internal) walls. The consumption of solution and working time in this embodiment is very significant. Ligation of vertical seams into a "groove-ridge" is more technologically advanced, does not require mortar, it is used for the construction of external thermal insulation walls in one row. Blocks in the horizontal direction are stacked end-to-end. The humidity of the entire masonry is less than with the traditional one, so the walls dry quickly, acquiring the appropriate strength characteristics and the level of thermal resistance. Optimal Thickness external walls is achieved by laying in one row POROTHERM blocks with a thickness of 510 mm. Possibly more economical solution if you use blocks with a thickness of 380 mm.

First row masonry

POROTHERM blocks require reliable waterproofing between the wall and the plinth. To do this, a waterproof solution is applied to the plinth and a waterproofing membrane is laid on top (2-3 cm wider than the intended wall). A layer of masonry mortar is applied to the waterproofing, thicker than the bed mortar, and carefully leveled in level, starting from the highest place. And on top - a thin layer of cement, in order to avoid immersion of the blocks in the solution. First, lay the blocks in the corners of the walls and connect them with a mooring cord, with outer side masonry. Next, lay the blocks one after the other, end-to-end along the cord, inserting them from above, along the “groove-comb” direction. No horizontal displacements are allowed! sawing blocks up to right size produce a desktop circular or chain hand saw. Ceramic blocks should not protrude beyond the foundation by more than 25 mm. After laying the full perimeter, allow the first row to dry for at least 12 hours.

Dressing masonry

Bandaging is the most important static characteristic of masonry. The wall, with proper dressing, will work as a single structural element. Vertical seams between individual blocks in two adjacent rows - must be shifted by at least 0.4 h (h - brick height). So, for POROTHERM brick blocks with a height of 219 mm, minimum step dressings - 87 mm. The recommended horizontal module 250x250mm of POROTHERM blocks provides a dressing step of 125mm. For bonding masonry with obtuse and sharp corners, POROTHERM blocks must be sawn.

Wall masonry

Before applying the solution, moisten the top surface of the stacked row of blocks with water. Apply the bed seam solution over the entire surface of the wall, up to its outer edges, however, if it protrudes outward, collect it with a spatula. Each row starts with the installation of corner bricks and further, as described above. Make sure that the distance between the vertical seams of adjacent rows along the wall is 125 mm. With the help of a level and a plumb line, check the horizontality and verticality of the stacked blocks, knocking them out, if necessary, with a rubber mallet.

Wall dressing

Ligation of external walls with internal ones, as well as with partitions, is carried out using perforated steel anchors, which are laid in the bed seams of every second row. It is also important to observe the following rule: bearing walls must be at least 1 cm above the walls that are not under load.

Ligation of facing masonry with masonry walls

Since porous blocks and facade Russian bricks have a single multiplicity factor, the masonry of the bearing outer wall can be tied up with the masonry of the wall of the front brick. If the bed seam of the wall masonry is 12 mm, the height of the facade masonry of 3 single facing bricks will be equal to the height of the POROTHERM large-format block.

Working conditions

The porous POROTHERM blocks, in the conditions of building, should be protected from moisture. The temperature during masonry production must not fall below +5°C. Do not use bricks covered with ice or snow. It is necessary to protect the finished wall from getting wet, otherwise water will accumulate in the vertical holes of the blocks, which dries for a long time. It is especially important to securely cover the upper surface of walls and window sills. polyethylene film or tarpaulin to prevent, in the event of rain, the fast-dissolving substances of the solution from being washed out of the seams.

Time is the most impartial judge, and it clearly shows that the outer walls of buildings, finished with ceramic materials, are practically not destroyed and retain their original appearance for many decades. Therefore, today manufacturers offer our attention not only traditional tiles and bricks.

One of the novelties that appeared not so long ago on the building materials market is a porous ceramic block with a lining. What is this material, what are its advantages and disadvantages?

You will learn about this and much more by reading the information we have proposed, as well as by watching the video in this article.

If ceramic facing materials try to somehow classify, we can distinguish two main categories. The first is materials mounted on finished walls: tiles for adhesive cladding (see Cladding with ceramic tiles: a job that everyone can handle), panels for arranging ventilated facades (see Facing a house with exterior panels: choose).

The second category includes materials that are both finishing and constructive. This different kinds ceramic bricks and ceramic blocks on the lining, which will be discussed now.

It is possible to decorate walls with such materials only during the masonry process, otherwise it would be necessary to top up the old one under them or build a new foundation. The reason for this is the significant weight and large format of the cladding elements - and this can equally be both a disadvantage and an advantage.

Benefits of Structural Ceramics

We cannot deny the merits of clay bricks, which have been used for centuries for building walls and have long been a classic in construction. But this method has one significant disadvantage - large time costs, and this cannot but affect the cost of objects.

So:

In this regard, facing ceramic blocks have a huge advantage over bricks. A full-length block has an average format of 380 * 250 * 219 mm, which is twice more sizes bricks. Accordingly, the speed of erection of enclosing structures also doubles - and this is at least.
It is very convenient to work with such material, especially since where the wall thickness should be 1.5 bricks, it is enough to put one block. For those who are going to build a house with their own hands, this is a great advantage: the geometry of the masonry is perfect even for those who do not have the qualifications of a bricklayer and have taken up such work for the first time.

Ceramic blocks are called porous not only because voids are provided in the structure of products. It's about the technology of their manufacture. The raw material for the production of blocks consists not only of sand and clay, it also contains a filler in the form of small sawdust. During the firing process, the wood filler burns out, forming pores in the material itself. And the voids and corrugated sides finished goods obtained by passing through vacuum presses.
The presence of closed cavities, which we see in the photo, significantly reduces the thermal conductivity of the material, and this indicator for porous blocks is many times higher than for traditional bricks. For this reason, they are also called warm ceramics. It is clear that for housing construction this is just a godsend, since the walls erected from such blocks do not require insulation.
Moreover, the presence of pores and voids does not at all reduce the compressive strength of the material - what can we say about sound insulation! Everyone knows that the porous structure of materials provides excellent sound absorption. The undoubted advantages of warm ceramics include hundreds of freeze-thaw cycles, as well as low water absorption (within 6-12%) and high fire resistance.

The price of a ceramic block is on average 110 rubles. a piece. The cost of a brick, even an ordinary one, is at least 15 rubles, a facing brick costs 18-21 rubles. But in one cubic meter there are only 40 blocks, while there are 510 single bricks in a cube - the math is simple, and everyone can calculate what is more profitable.

Well, oh technical side erecting walls from ceramic blocks will tell the instructions in the next chapter.

Features of masonry work

Due to the large format of ceramic blocks, the joints between them occupy only five percent of the wall area. Compared to brickwork, this is not much, but this may be quite enough for the wall to lose a significant part of the heat. For this reason, a conventional cement-sand mortar is not used for the installation of porous ones.

Masonry mortar

For the installation of porous blocks - and not only ceramic, but also cellular concrete, it is necessary to use mixtures that include a heat-insulating filler. These are natural raw materials: perlite and vermiculite, which have excellent thermal insulation qualities.

In addition, the composition of warm solutions contains fiber (reinforcing additive) and plasticizers that make the hardened seam impervious to moisture.

As for reinforcing additives, their use does not allow the freshly applied mixture to settle into the cavity of the blocks, and the seams that have gained strength become more resistant to deformation. Modifying additives make the solution more plastic and significantly reduce its consumption.

The preparation of mortar from a dry mix consists of only two operations: adding water (about 10 liters per bag) and mixing with a mixer or concrete mixer. The viability of the solution lasts about 2 hours, so it does not make sense to make a large volume at once.
When the viscosity of the solution used increases, it is strictly forbidden to add water to it - just mix it in a container. Mixes are sold in dry form, in bags of 20 kg. From this amount, approximately 30 liters of ready-made mortar are obtained, and, given the thickness of the seam of 12 mm, it is enough for 1 m2 of masonry.

A bag of warm masonry mix costs about 300 rubles, and this, of course, is a considerable expense. To reduce mortar consumption, as well as to reinforce horizontal rows, many manufacturers recommend laying blocks on a fiberglass mesh with a small cell.

It keeps the mixture from falling into the voids of the underlying blocks. There is one more important nuance: the mortar entering the voids of the blocks displaces air from them, which reduces the resistance of the masonry to heat transfer. Therefore, the grid is needed, whatever one may say.

The feasibility of using ceramic stone

Ceramic blocks, or, as their name indicates, the standard: ceramic stones - like bricks, can be ordinary and facial. Ordinary ones are used for building walls, and facial ones, respectively, for their parallel cladding.

Such a separation does not mean at all that the strength of the front blocks is lower than that of ordinary ones - they can be used in the same way for the main masonry. Just due to the ennobled front surface, their cost is slightly higher.

So:

In principle, both of these materials are produced according to the same standards, and the calculation of the wall thickness depends on the maximum winter temperatures in the region. For example, in the south, where the average winter temperature is -10 degrees, the wall thickness should be at least 380 mm, that is, one and a half brick lengths.
If walls are erected from ceramic blocks, then blocks with a size of 380 * 250 * 219 mm are used and they are laid in one row. The largest size is 510 * 250 * 219 mm, it can also be mounted in one row, but already in regions with a winter temperature of -20 degrees. In this case, blocks with a front finish are used.

But in the northern regions, where winter temperatures often exceed -40 degrees, the thickness brickwork should be 770 mm (three bricks + seams). There are no blocks of this size, and if necessary, the masonry is made up of ordinary blocks 510 mm long and facing blocks 250 mm long.
If such a wall is laid out of brick, a lot of material is taken away, and the loads on the foundation are incredibly large. This leads to overspending not only of wall materials, but also of those used for the construction of the zero cycle of the building.

Note! In order to obtain at least some savings in the construction of brick walls, well masonry methods are used, laying heaters in the resulting cavities, and widen the seams. But even all these methods combined are unable to make masonry more than two bricks thick economically feasible.

That is why brick houses for the regions of the Far North - this is a rarity. With the advent of porous ceramic blocks, the situation has changed radically, and now northerners can also build prefabricated and warm houses from ceramics.
What simplifies masonry work the most is the tongue-and-groove system for connecting blocks. Such a docking limits the trajectory of the shift of the masonry elements in relation to each other, therefore, the curvature of the masonry, which differ brick walls, is basically impossible here.

Another huge plus is that vertical seams do not need to be filled with mortar. Since it is the lateral faces that connect the comb into the groove, there are no cold bridges in the masonry, which the seams have always been.

In the struggle for the buyer, many manufacturers offer not only standard full-sized blocks, but also additional elements, corners, door and window lintels made of ceramics, as well as blocks for the construction of internal enclosing structures. All this is coordinated by standard sizes and ideally assembled into a single complex.

Such important details

Despite the fact that porous blocks have a front surface, they still, like any structural material, need to be finished. Rather, not so much in the decoration, but in protection from the effects of precipitation.

For this purpose, use decorative brick, tiles made of clinker or natural stone. Generally, adhesive types finishes are an excellent option for porous block masonry.

It is not necessary to insulate such walls; in extreme cases, you can use warm plaster (see Warm plaster Knauf Grunband), which, by analogy with masonry mortar, contains perlite. But if you really want to, you can insulate, and even finish the frame method. It is only necessary to take into account one very important nuance.

For attaching a crate to a ceramic wall, as well as hanging cabinets on it, it is impossible to use the dowel-nails familiar to everyone, since thin partitions inside the block may not withstand the load. For this, there are special long expansion anchors, as well as chemical dowels that you see in the picture. Use them and you will not have any problems with fasteners!

Technologies for building the walls of a private house are developing in three main areas:

Relatively thin and strong walls are insulated with highly effective insulation. The wall is made up of two layers.- the bearing layer, which perceives mechanical loads, and the insulation layer.
For the construction of single-layer walls, materials are used that combine a sufficiently high resistance, both to mechanical stress and to heat transfer. The construction of single-layer walls from cellular concrete(autoclaved aerated concrete, gas silicate) or porous ceramics.
A combination of these two technologies is also used when walls made of cellular and porous materials additionally insulate layer high effective insulation. This combination allows make both masonry walls and a layer of insulation of small thickness. This can be advantageous for structural reasons, especially when building a house in a cold climate.

Advantages of single-layer house walls made of warm ceramics

Especially in areas with mild winter more profitable and easier to build private house with single-layer stone outer walls. Modern building materials make it possible to build a single-layer wall of reasonable thickness and necessary strength that is sufficiently heat-saving for the specified climate.

Compared to two- or three-layer walls, single layer outer construction stone wall has the following advantages:

The total cost of building a house with single-layer outer stone walls up to 51cm thick masonry, at least, does not exceed the cost of building a two-layer, and less than three-layer walls. These walls provide high consumer properties of the dwelling, and at the same time reduce the cost of construction in areas with less severe winters.
The homogeneous design of a single-layer stone wall provides greater durability, environmental friendliness, better resistance to mechanical, fire and climatic influences. In the thickness of a single-layer wall, there are no less durable and impact-resistant insulation and polymer films, there are no ventilated gaps, there is no risk of moisture accumulation at the layer boundary, and rodent protection is not required.
A house with external single-layer walls made of stone materials has a predicted durability of 100 years, the duration of operation before the first major overhaul is 55 years. For comparison, the duration of effective operation of buildings insulated with mineral wool or polystyrene boards before the first overhaul is 25-35 years. During this period it is required complete replacement insulation.
Single layer wall least at risk of accidental or deliberate damage.
Single layer wall is the guarantee of the absence hidden defects: it is impossible to place a heater badly in it, since the masonry material itself is a heater; it is impossible to poorly perform a vapor barrier in it, since it does not need a vapor barrier; the wall is entirely before your eyes and you do not have to worry about the state of the foam or mineral wool hidden in its bowels - nothing is hidden in the wall.
Laying a single-layer wall is faster, as it is carried out from large-format blocks and does not require additional work for wall insulation.
For laying single-layer walls, as a rule, blocks with a tongue-and-groove side surface are used, which makes it possible not to fill the vertical seams of the masonry with mortar. As a result consumption of masonry mortar is reduced by 30-40%.

For example, in Germany, approximately 50% of private houses are built with single-layer walls made of autoclaved aerated concrete (gas silicate) or porous ceramics. According to this site, 10% of readers chose single-layer walls for their home.

Porous ceramics is made from raw materials and in a manner that is similar to the production of ordinary ceramic bricks. The difference is that components are added to the clay-based mass, which form pores during firing.

Hollow large-format blocks and bricks are made from porous ceramics. The voidness further enhances the heat-saving properties of products made of porous ceramics.

Masonry of the wall of the house from large-format blocks of porous ceramics with brick cladding of the facade

The compressive strength of porous bricks is higher than that of blocks. But a brick wall turns out to be more heat-conducting, compared to masonry from large-format blocks. In addition, brickwork is more labor intensive. For low-rise construction up to 3 floors it is more profitable to use large-format blocks, rather than porous bricks.

On the construction market, there are blocks of several typical standard sizes, from which one-layer masonry with a thickness of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm can be made.

When laying a wall, large-format hollow blocks made of porous ceramics placed with the long side across the wall. The thickness of the wall is equal to the length of the block.

For single-layer walls, blocks with a masonry thickness of 38, 44, or 51 cm are used. For two-layer walls with facade insulation, the thickness of the masonry is most often chosen 38, 44 or 25 cm.

A single-layer wall of large-format blocks of porous ceramics 44 cm thick with masonry on a heat-saving mortar will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 *K / W. Such a wall complies with Russian energy saving standards for private houses located south of the St. Petersburg-Kazan-Orenburg line. To the north of this border, blocks with a masonry thickness of 51 cm are used or two-layer walls are chosen from blocks of porous ceramics, with a masonry thickness of 25–44 cm and the facade is insulated with mineral wool or heat-insulating slabs of low-density aerated concrete.

In addition to standard size blocks, small-format additional blocks are produced - halves and blocks of a size convenient for dressing masonry in the corners.

Porous large-format blocks have, as a rule, a compressive strength of 75 or 100 kg / m 2 (M75, M100). The strength of porous bricks and small-format blocks can be M150, M175.

For construction it is advantageous to choose finished project house, which initially provides for the laying of walls from porous large-format blocks. The horizontal dimensions and height of walls, openings, partitions in such a project will be chosen so that the need to cut blocks is minimized. A house project with walls made of other materials is best adapted to walls made of large-format ceramics.

Mortar for porous ceramic walls

The lateral surface of ceramic blocks usually has a profiled tongue-and-groove surface, which makes it possible to connect them without masonry mortar in a vertical joint. Such a connection facilitates and speeds up laying, but requires accuracy from the bricklayer - the joints of the blocks must be even, without gaps and skews. When laying cut blocks, the vertical seam must be filled with mortar.

To reduce the air permeability (blowing) of the wall, masonry must be plastered on both sides.

Blocks can be laid on a conventional cement-lime masonry mortar with a joint thickness of 8-12 mm. But it is advantageous to use a heat-saving mortar for laying walls from porous blocks. Such a solution has a lower thermal conductivity than the traditional one.

A wall of 44 cm thick porous ceramic blocks on a heat-saving solution will have a heat transfer resistance of 3.33 m 2 *K / W, and when laying on a regular mortar, only 2.78 m 2 * K / W.

A wall built using a heat-saving mortar will cost more, by about 10%, than masonry on a traditional composition.

It should also be taken into account that the heat-saving mortar reduces the compressive strength of the masonry by about 20%. Therefore, the use of a heat-saving mortar for masonry walls should be provided for by the project.

Masonry of porous blocks in two-layer walls with facade insulation is usually carried out on a traditional cement-lime masonry mortar. Some increase in the thermal conductivity of the wall in this case is not so critical.

Before mortar application blocks must be wetted with water. This is necessary so that water from the solution is less absorbed into the ceramics of the block. Otherwise, the solution in the seam will quickly lose water and will not gain strength.

Some manufacturers produce blocks with milled (polished) horizontal edges. Such processing makes it possible to achieve minimal deviations in the size of blocks in height, no more than plus or minus 1 mm.

Blocks with milled edges are laid on adhesive solution with a seam thickness of 2-3 mm. Installing blocks on glue increases the resistance to heat transfer of the wall, compared to masonry on mortar.

In the countries of the European Union, the laying of milled blocks on polyurethane foam glue is gaining popularity. From the usual polyurethane foam the composition is characterized by faster setting and less ability to increase volume. Laying on adhesive foam reduces bearing capacity walls.

Features of laying walls from large-format ceramic blocks

It should be noted that wall materials for single-layer walls have mediocre, both mechanical and thermal properties. We have to improve them with various constructive tricks.

A large-format ceramic block is pressed against a narrower installed unit and lowered vertically onto the solution so that there is no gap in the vertical seam between the blocks.

Hollow ceramic blocks are cut with special stone-cutting saws - hand-held or on a stone-cutting machine.

To lay communications in the masonry of the wall, it is necessary to punch recesses - strebs. Horizontal and vertical strokes for the entire length of the wall or for the height of the floor may be made with a depth of no more than 3 cm. Short vertical strokes located in the lower third of the floor height may be made with a depth of up to 8 cm.

Deeper strokes weaken the masonry of the wall. Therefore, their dimensions and location must be specified in the project and confirmed by calculations. Particularly dangerous are deep and extended fines for walls less than 30 cm thick.

After laying the communications, the grooves in the outer walls are filled with a heat-saving solution.

Connection of external and internal walls from large-format ceramic blocks

Interior walls are bearing, perceiving the load from the overlying structures - floors, roofs, and self-supporting- barriers.

Internal load-bearing walls are erected simultaneously with the laying of external walls. Load-bearing walls must rest on the foundation. In turn, load-bearing walls serve as a support for ceilings and truss system roofs.

1 - load-bearing inner wall, 38 or 25 cm; 2 - thermal insulation, 5 cm; 3 - outer wall

Internal load-bearing walls connect with outer wall way of dressing masonry. To do this, the block of the inner wall, pos.1 in the figure, is inserted into the outer wall, pos.3, to a depth of 10-15 cm. The blocks are not inserted in each row, but through one row. In the second row of masonry, the block of the inner wall is simply adjacent to the block of masonry of the outer wall.

Partitions in the house serve only to separate rooms. They do not carry the load from the overlying structures of the house. The laying of partitions can be done simultaneously with the construction of external walls, but it is more convenient to do this after the construction of the box at home.

In any case, the height of the partition should be 2-3 cm below the ceiling so that the ceiling cannot exert pressure on the partition. The gap between the ceiling and the masonry of the partition is sealed, for example, with a strip of mineral wool.

Non-load-bearing internal walls and partitions can be connected to external walls using galvanized steel anchors, laying them in the masonry joints at least 3 pcs. by the height of the barrier.

The basis for partitions made of masonry materials can be an overlap or concrete screed floor on the ground. The ceiling or other base must be designed to withstand the weight of the partition. If necessary, provide for strengthening the base, by installing a monolithic reinforced concrete beam under the partition.

The thickness of the masonry is chosen based on the need provide the necessary sound insulation between rooms. Deaf, without doorways, partitions separating living rooms from other rooms in the house, it is recommended to make from ceramic blocks with a masonry thickness of 25 cm.

Other partitions are made of ceramic blocks or bricks with a masonry thickness of 12 cm.

To improve sound insulation, vertical seams in the masonry of partitions and internal walls it is recommended to fill with a solution.

Foundation and plinth of a house made of ceramic blocks

If the foundation of the house is made of prefabricated concrete blocks, then a monolithic reinforced concrete belt is necessarily arranged on top of the blocks. Wall masonry made of ceramic large-format blocks should be supported by a continuous reinforced concrete strip.

The thickness of the single-layer walls of a house made of large-format blocks is quite large: 38 - 51 cm. To reduce construction costs, the width of the walls of the foundation (basement) is made smaller than the load-bearing walls of a house. The wide wall of the house hangs from one or both sides over the narrower wall of the basement. Vertically, the basement wall sinks beyond the masonry surface of the walls of the house.

Without performing calculations, the width of the basement wall can be made 20% narrower than the thickness of the porous block masonry. For example, with a block masonry thickness of 44 cm, the width of the basement wall can be reduced to 35 cm. Reducing the width of the basement wall by 30% is allowed, but must be confirmed by the designer's calculation. The horizontal surface of the wall overhang above the plinth is plastered from below.

To protect the ceramic walls of the house from water splashes and moisture when snow melts, it is recommended to choose a basement height above the level of the blind area of at least 30 cm.

Ceiling in the wall of large-format ceramic blocks

1 - compensation tape; 2 - reinforcement of the seam (if necessary); 3 - reinforced concrete belt; 4 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 5 - additional ceramic block; 6 - wall of ceramic blocks; 7 - pillow from cement mortar not less than 2 cm. 8 - prefabricated-monolithic often ribbed floor; 9 - concrete screed 5 cm; 10 - thermal and sound insulation.

At the level of supporting the ceilings on the bearing walls of ceramic blocks, a continuous reinforced concrete belt is arranged, pos. 3 in the figure. A continuous belt is arranged over all the load-bearing walls of the house. The monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame, which perceives the vertical and horizontal loads of the ceilings, as well as the upper floors, and evenly transfers them to the load-bearing walls of the house.

The device of a monolithic belt is mandatory if the ceiling is made of monolithic or precast concrete. A reinforced concrete belt is also required in areas of seismic hazard. Minimum dimensions monolithic reinforced concrete belt in section 150x150 mm.

By the way, large-format ceramic blocks can also be used for flooring in the house.

Support length of prefabricated reinforced concrete, precast-monolithic or monolithic floor on a wall of large-format porous ceramic blocks should be at least 125 mm.

Steel and wooden beams prefabricated floors rest on a monolithic reinforced concrete belt 150 mm wide and at least 100 mm high. The belt is arranged under the ceiling.

V one-story houses beams hardwood floor it is allowed to rest on a masonry of three rows of solid ceramic bricks. Monolithic Belt in such houses you can not do.

Window in a wall made of porous ceramic blocks

1 - reinforcement of the seam (if necessary); 2 - additional ceramic block; 3 - thermal insulation 10 cm; 4 - window; 5 - masonry of large-format ceramic blocks; 6 - reinforced concrete lintels; 7 - reinforced concrete belt; 8 - often ribbed floor; 9 - plates of heat and sound insulation; 10 - concrete screed 5 cm; 11 - compensation tape.

As jumpers over window and doorways and, pos.6 in the figure, it is recommended to use reinforced concrete products - crossbars, specially designed for walls made of large-format ceramic blocks. Such lintels have dimensions that are convenient for placement in the wall and do not require fitting to adjacent wall elements.

Heat loss through windows can also be reduced by using modern designs. In the manufacture of heat-saving windows, the number of chambers in a double-glazed window is increased, special glasses with a selective heat-reflecting layer are used, and the thickness of the window frame is increased.

From the outside, it is recommended to install roller shutters on the windows of a private house. Closed roller shutters not only protect windows from breaking, but in severe frosts they reduce heat loss through windows, and in summer heat they reduce overheating of the house sunbeams. It is better to foresee the installation of roller shutters on windows in advance, at the stage of designing a house.

Adjoining the roof to the wall of ceramic blocks

1 - Mauerlat bar; 2 - monolithic reinforced concrete belt; 3 - additional block made of porous ceramics; 4 - masonry walls of large blocks; 5 - insulation boards

The roof of the house rests on the walls of large-format ceramic blocks through a monolithic reinforced concrete belt, item 2 in the figure. A continuous belt is arranged over all the load-bearing walls of the house. A monolithic reinforced concrete belt forms a rigid frame that takes the vertical and horizontal loads of the roof and evenly transfers them to the load-bearing walls of the house.

Finishing single-layer walls from large-format ceramic blocks

Walls made of warm ceramics, both outside and inside, can be plastered with traditional cement-lime plaster.

Gypsum plaster solutions are also used for interior decoration.

On the facade of the house, you can apply heat-saving plaster with a layer of up to 10 cm. This will significantly increase the heat-saving characteristics of the outer walls.

The facade of a house made of ceramic blocks is often faced with front or clinker brick. It is not required to arrange a ventilated gap between the wall of ceramic blocks and the cladding masonry.

Watch the video tutorial on how to properly lay walls from large-format ceramic blocks.

Blocks of porous ceramics in your city

Block ceramic porous for walls.

Thermal insulation of walls made of porous ceramics

When building a house in areas with harsh winters, walls made of warm ceramics need additional insulation.

Outside, the walls are covered with a layer of highly efficient insulation - mineral wool or extruded polystyrene foam slabs.

Foam glass plates are glued to the wall masonry. A plaster metal mesh is applied on top. The mesh and insulation boards are fixed with dowels to the wall.

Rarely used more expensive thermal insulation boards foam glass coated on both sides with fiberglass. Fiberglass provides good adhesion with cement-sand mortar and other building materials. Compared to traditional heaters, foam glass thermal insulation is more durable, has increased compressive strength, does not get wet, does not burn, is environmentally friendly, is not damaged by rodents, and is vapor-tight.

Low-density aerated concrete (gas silicate) heat-insulating boards- another comparatively new material, is gaining popularity for the insulation of facades. Some manufacturers have learned how to make and produce aerated concrete with a density of 200 kg / m 3 and less, with a sufficiently high strength index.

When insulating walls, at the border of masonry and insulation, there is a risk of condensation of water vapor and accumulation of moisture in the wall.

For walls made of warm ceramics, the following options for facade insulation are most often used:

Plates are fixed on the wall for facade insulation from mineral wool with a density of at least 125 kg / m 3 or low density aerated concrete insulation boards. The facade is finished with a thin-layer vapor-permeable.
medium density 45 - 75 kg / m 3. Insulation plates are placed between the crate of the ventilated facade.
Walls insulated with mineral wool or low-density aerated concrete slabs can be clad with bricks, but always between the cladding masonry and the insulation arrange a ventilated gap.
When insulating with extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, a thin-layer facade plaster by heater or.

When insulating walls with foam, extruded polystyrene foam or foam glass, it is important to choose the right layer thickness. If the thickness of the insulation is too small, steam will condense on the border with the wall masonry and moisture will accumulate. The thickness of the insulation from these materials is selected based on the calculation of moisture accumulation in the wall. Consult with local designers on this subject.

When the walls are insulated with mineral wool or aerated concrete, moisture accumulation in the wall does not occur at any thickness of the insulation.

When choosing a facade finishing method, it should be borne in mind that the service life of mineral wool and polymer insulation is much less than that of brick lining. Under brick cladding, it is recommended to use a more durable mineral insulation- heat-insulating boards made of low density autoclaved aerated concrete or foam glass boards with fiberglass coating on both sides, for example, FOAMGLAS® BOARDS WALL BOARD W+F.

Thermal insulation boards made of autoclaved aerated concrete have a density of 100 - 200 kg / m 3 and a coefficient of thermal conductivity in a dry state of 0.045 - 0.06 W / m o K. Mineral wool and polystyrene foam heaters have approximately the same thermal conductivity. Plates with a thickness of 60 - 200 mm are produced. Compressive strength class B1.0 (compressive strength not less than 10 kg / m 3.) Vapor permeability coefficient 0.28 mg / (m * year * Pa).

A single-layer ceramic wall has significant advantages over double-layer walls. Porous ceramic blocks are a very durable material, the service life of a wall made of similar material experts estimate 100 years or more.

If directly compared with two-layer wall structures, then their overhaul will be needed very soon, the forecast period is 30-35 years, and even 20 years for low-quality polystyrenes. The usual cheap insulation will fail during this period and will basically lose its unique properties.

Other advantages of single layer ceramic wall

single layer ceramic wall much more resistant to all sorts of damage than a two-layer. Violations facade decoration will not lead to such consequences as if to break the finish over mineral wool or polystyrene foam.
Also:

There is no risk of moisture in case of violation of construction technology or damage to the layers. Indeed, if you violate the principles of insulation in two-layer walls, then you can easily overmoisten the structure.
a single-layer wall is generally cheaper. If the quality of the materials is comparable, then in any case, the construction in one layer will have a lower final price.
easier, faster build. During construction, simplicity and manufacturability often dictate design features. You need to look for insulation specialists to make the second layer correctly, etc. These questions simply disappear.

What is known

Blocks of porous ceramics can be used to build a single-layer wall with satisfactory heat-saving properties for temperate and warm climates.

But in cold regions, a single-layer block wall cannot provide the necessary thermal insulation.

There it is necessary (becomes more profitable) to build two-layer walls in which the bearing layer is covered with insulation.

Heat-saving properties of ceramic blocks

The decrease in thermal conductivity in products made of porous ceramics is achieved due to the presence of many closed cavities with air. The production of ceramic blocks is in many ways similar to the production of ordinary bricks, but components are added to the material, which burn out during firing, forming pores.

Hollow blocks and bricks with large internal cavities are formed from such a mass. As a result, the thermal conductivity of the ceramic block is 0.15 - 0.17 W / mK, and for hollow brick— 0.2 W/mK.

Humidity affects these values, but to a much lesser extent than for aerated concrete blocks, which have less porosity and more pores.

How to make the whole masonry and wall warm

Ceramic blocks of high manufacturing precision, with a size inaccuracy in height of not more than 1 mm (polished), can be laid on a thin layer of glue or on a special adhesive foam.

In these cases, the coefficient of thermal conductivity of the finished masonry from ceramic blocks does not increase significantly compared to the blocks themselves.

The masonry and the wall may lose their possible heat-saving properties if only normal heavy solution thick layer. Then the resulting large-scale cold bridges simply level out the achievements of warm ceramics.

The choice of blocks and solution for heat loss

Blocks are usually produced in lengths of 25, 38, 44 and 51 cm. They are placed across the wall, with a relief side surface to neighboring blocks. Then the thickness of the wall is equal to the length of the block.

Consider an example. For the Moscow region, the required resistance to heat transfer of the walls of the house is not less than 3.15 m2 * K / W. Approximately the same value for laying of ceramic blocks with a thickness of 51 cm, made on a heat-saving solution or on glue.

But if you use a conventional cement-lime mortar, then the heat transfer resistance of the wall will be 2.7 - 2.8 m2 * K / W.

For the construction of private houses up to 3 floors in a non-cold climate, it is more profitable to use blocks instead of bricks, the masonry of which is more expensive and much colder.

Reduce the number of additional blocks

Vertical seams between blocks with a tongue-and-groove side surface are not filled with mortar. Their filling is necessary in the case of using additional blocks with even edges or bricks.

A large number of such blocks can be in the corners, bends of walls, near openings.
If the vertical joints between the blocks are filled with mortar, the thermal conductivity of the wall will increase. The number of such places should be minimized.

Projects of houses made of ceramic blocks provide for distances that are multiples of an integer number of blocks, so the use of additional ones is minimized.
To increase heat saving, it is recommended to build a house in accordance with the project.

What size ceramic blocks to choose

A wall of ceramic blocks with unfilled vertical joints must be plastered on both sides to reduce air permeability.

Outside, only a special vapor-permeable plaster layer should be used. You can further increase the heat-saving properties of the wall if you apply warm plaster from the outside with a layer of 4 cm thick.

A popular technology is in which a wall of ceramic blocks is lined with hollow facade bricks. Masonry is carried out without leaving an air gap. The wall thickness increases by at least 12 cm. At the same time, the thermal insulation characteristics also increase slightly.

Therefore, for the southern regions and in Ukraine, ceramic blocks 38 cm long (masonry thickness 38 cm) are often used outside, plastered with a layer of warm plaster 4-7 cm, or lined with hollow facade bricks. Such a wall will have satisfactory heat-saving properties for regions with mild winters.

Suitable wall width

If the heat transfer resistance of the wall turns out to be lower than the recommendations of SNiP 02/23/2003, then it is possible to fill the gap and bring the total heat loss of the building in accordance with the requirements of the standards by increasing the insulation of other building structures, in accordance with design decisions.

It should be borne in mind that a wide wall imposes increased requirements for strength and dimensions on the foundation.

A wall made of porous ceramic blocks can be no more than 20% wider than the plinth, and up to 30% if confirmed by the strength calculation in the project.

It is not economically profitable to build a ceramic wall wider than 63 cm (51 + 12), since a significant amount of expensive durable material (porous ceramics) will be spent on insulation, which is not needed according to strength requirements.

Actually, this is the condition for the transition to the construction of two-layer walls with a narrow bearing layer in the northern regions.

The construction of wall insulation made of ceramic blocks, thermal insulation measures in various places of masonry

Reinforced concrete and metal structural elements are built into the wall of ceramic blocks, which have a much higher thermal conductivity than the wall itself, so they are necessarily protected from the side of the street with an additional layer of insulation.

Crossbars are installed above window or door openings - reinforced concrete beams-lintels. These are standard elements specially designed for openings in wide walls. From the outside, they are protected by at least 10 cm of mineral wool and a thin layer of ceramics.
Ceilings on floors and Mauerlat timber for roofing should be based on a reinforced concrete frame, made as a single structure above all load-bearing walls at floor level, and evenly distributing loads on the walls. This reinforced concrete frame (concrete belt) is fenced from the side of the street with at least 10 cm of moderately hard mineral wool insulation and additional ceramic blocks.
Internal load-bearing walls are tied with masonry with external walls. Blocks of internal walls from the side of the street are protected in a similar way.
Reinforced concrete plinth on which load-bearing walls rest (masonry made of ceramic blocks can only rest on a monolithic strip foundation of sufficient rigidity according to the project), extruded polystyrene foam (usually at least 8 cm thick according to the calculation) or foam glass with a thickness of 12 cm or more is protected from the outside.

How to insulate block walls in cold climates

In cold climates, porous ceramic walls of reasonable thickness cannot meet the heat saving requirements, so they must be insulated with an additional (second) layer of insulation.

At the same time, the bearing layer of porous ceramics is made relatively narrow, usually the width of the masonry is from 25 cm. As a heater for blocks, more vapor-permeable layers of insulation made of mineral wool or low-density aerated concrete are used.

The use of vapor barrier materials - polystyrene foam, extruded polystyrene foam, foam glass, creates the risk of wetting the load-bearing wall itself.

What heaters to use

To insulate walls made of ceramic blocks, the following heaters are used.

Rigid slabs of mineral wool with a density of 125 kg / m3 and more. They are glued to the masonry, plastered on top with a thin layer of vapor-transparent plaster.
Flexible mineral wool boards with a density of 45 - 80 kg / m 3 They are placed under the crate of the facade finish, covered with a vapor-diffusion membrane, and additionally fastened with dowels.
Rigid slabs of gas concrete with a density of 100 - 200 kg / m 3

V Lately learned how to make low-density autoclaved aerated concrete with a thermal conductivity coefficient of 0.05 - 0.06 W / mK and sufficient structural strength, class B1.0 (compressive strength from 10 kg / m3, vapor permeability coefficient 0.28 mg / (m * year * Pa).

How to make insulation

The slabs are laid with masonry on the foundation (starting bar) and glued to the carrier layer, plastered with vapor-transparent plaster with fiberglass mesh.

These heaters can be lined with ceramic bricks, leaving a ventilation gap, while the wall will already be three-layered, since the brick layer will be self-supporting, based on the foundation.

A ventilation gap is left between the insulation and the brick cladding and an upward movement of air is provided by analogy with a ventilated facade.

When choosing insulation for walls made of ceramic blocks, the main factor is the durability of the material.

For rigid mineral wool boards from well-known manufacturers, a service life of 35 years is set. But for aerated concrete blocks, this figure is higher. Therefore, in recent years, aerated concrete has become a significant alternative to mineral wool.

Hello!
I read this thread with interest from beginning to end. But while reading there were questions, please answer them.
Concerning filling with a solution of a technological gap between ceramics and a facing wall. Will the heat-shielding properties of ceramics deteriorate in this case? After all, the role of the facing wall is to protect ceramics from atmospheric precipitation. In the case of contact of facing bricks with ceramics (through mortar), moisture from the facing wall that has become wet in the rain will penetrate into the ceramics, worsening its heat-shielding properties, right? After all, ceramics are very hygroscopic. Based on the experience gained during the construction, do you recommend abandoning such technology?
The second question is whether a non-ventilated 2-3 mm technological gap is sufficient for the ceramic wall to "breathe", i.e. actually gave excess (at a certain point) moisture into the atmosphere? Does it lose one of its essential advantages in this case? Isn't a ventilated 5-6 mm gap the most optimal solution of all of the above?
Regarding the "warm" solution - is the game worth the candle? The given thermal resistance of the masonry will increase by 15 percent, while the total heat loss of the building will decrease, God forbid, by 5 percent, if I did not make a mistake in the calculations, and you can hardly feel the difference in thermal comfort. But the cost of masonry increases, and natural skepticism tells me that it increases by more than 5%? And if we take into account the fact that it is hardly possible to check the quality of the finished "warm" mixture from the store ..? Interested in your opinion on this issue.
Good luck in your endeavors, I will definitely follow the topic.
Can I get in? I wanted to comment on the warm solution. I did it myself. I bought perlite at the factory and kneaded -3 buckets of perlite 1 sand 1 cement. It took 15 cubic meters = 15 tons for a house 10 * 14 (2 floors). R. almost the same money I would give for sand. The strength of the solution is inferior to the usual one, but enough for me. The masons worked with him for the first time, but there were no problems, on the contrary, everyone was delighted because of the low weight of the solution. Another plus is that the solution on perlite did not fall into the block and I abandoned the grid (the usual one fails). In general, I don’t regret that I got in touch with perlite, and why it is not used everywhere is not clear.
P.S. lining was done on the usual solution.
Got the windows delivered yesterday. Since the road, to put it mildly, is very "not very" .., at the exit from the asphalt, a GAZ-66 was waiting for a window GAZelle and delivered it "to the entrance" on a cable. At the same time, he dragged me another Gazelle with EPPS to insulate the basement. I plan to preserve for a cold winter. How? I plan to unsubscribe.
On Friday, window installers threaten to arrive.
Yes, I hopelessly lagged behind you, conservation is also ahead, I stocked up with polystyrene foam.