Modern water supply system for hotels and mini-hotels. Water supply system in hotel enterprises Hot and cold water supply in a hotel
1. Internal plumbing
The internal water supply system is a system of pipelines and devices that provide cold water supply from the external water supply network to sanitary appliances and fire hydrants located inside the building.
The internal water supply system consists of an input (one or more), a water meter unit, a main line of risers, connections to water fittings and fittings. In some cases, it may also include pumping units, water tanks and other equipment located inside the building.
1.1 Choosing an internal plumbing system
The choice of an internal water supply system is made depending on the purpose of the building (hotel), requirements for water quality, technical and economic feasibility.
In this project, according to Appendix A /1/, a drinking water supply system with a fire-fighting water supply system with 1 jet and a minimum water flow of 2.5 l / s is adopted, because the number of floors is 5, and the construction volume is 7558.2 m3.
1.2 Choosing an internal plumbing scheme
The choice of a water supply scheme is an important and difficult design task, designed to ensure the reliability of the consumer's supply of water in the required quantity and quality, ease of installation and operation.
There are water supply networks with upper and lower wiring. In this project, a water supply scheme with a lower wiring was adopted, because. there is a basement of the building. The water supply network can be ring and dead-end. In this building, a dead-end water supply scheme has been adopted, because. a short interruption in the water supply is possible. Shut-off valves (gate valves, valves) are installed at the points of connection of the input to the external water supply, and a water meter unit is installed at the point of entry into the building.
1.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of the internal water supply
.3.1 Arrangement of risers
Internal water supply is made from water and gas pipes.
The laying of the water main is carried out under the ceiling of the basement along the inner walls.
The laying of the highway is carried out in an open way.
The pipeline is fastened with clamps, hooks, hangers on the bracket.
The floor plan establishes the necessary and enough risers. In this project 6.
1.3.2 Routing the water supply scheme
The locations of the risers are transferred from the floor plan to the basement plan, and they are combined into single system, which is connected to the external water supply.
1.3.3 Axonometric diagram
The axonometric scheme is carried out in M 1:200 along all three axes. The axonometric diagram shows: the input of a water supply system, a water metering unit, a main water supply system, risers, connections to water fittings, watering taps, water folding and shutoff valves.
Connections to water fittings and water fittings are shown only for the upper floor, on the other floors only branches from risers are shown.
Floor elevation of the first floor = 184.5 m.
The thickness of the ceiling is 0.3 m.
Basement ceiling elevation = 184.5-0.3 = 184.2 m.
Basement height hpodv = 2.5 m.
Basement floor level = 184.2-2.5 = 181.5 m.
The axonometric diagram of the internal plumbing is the basis for
hydraulic calculation of the water supply network.
1.3.4 Defining a dictate point
The dead-end scheme of the drinking water supply system is calculated for the case of maximum water consumption. The main task of hydraulic calculation is to determine the diameters of pipelines and pressure losses in them when the calculated flow rates are skipped.
On the axonometric diagram, the calculated main direction is chosen. The calculated direction is taken from the point of connection to the external water supply to the most remote and highly located water point from the input, to which the total pressure loss will be the greatest. Such a draw-off point is usually called a dictating one. When identifying a dictating water-folding device, it is necessary to take into account the required pressure Hf in front of it.
In this project, Hf = 3 m. the dictating point is the bathroom faucet. Hf = 2 m for all other devices.
The selected calculated direction of water movement is divided into sections. A section with a constant flow rate and diameter is taken as the calculated one. The numbering is from the pouring hole of the dictating point from top to bottom. Each section of the water supply network is designated by numbers: 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, etc. (there are 12 plots in this project). On each section, its length is affixed, and after the hydraulic calculation, the diameter.
1.3.5 Determination of the maximum second water flow in the calculated areas
In sections, the maximum second flow rate qc, l / s is determined by the formula
5 qc0 ?, (1.1)
where qc0 is the consumption of cold water by the device, the value of which should be taken from adj. B / 1 /, l / s according to the largest instrument;
In this project for the bathroom faucet: qc0=0.18 l/stot=0.25 l/s
for washbasin faucet: qc0= 0.09 l/s tot= 0.12 l/s
for the cistern faucet: qc0=0.1 l/сtot=0.1 l/s.
a is a dimensionless coefficient determined by adj. In /1/, depending on the total number of devices N 0 on the calculated section of networks and the probability of their action Рс.
The probability of operation of sanitary appliances P(Ptot, Pc) in network sections serving groups of identical consumers in buildings is determined by the formulas
where qchr, u, qtothr, u is the rate of water consumption by the consumer at the hour of the highest water consumption, l, is taken according to adj. G /1/; U is the total number of consumers in the building; N is the total number of sanitary fixtures in the building; tot - total water consumption by the device, l / s, the value of which should be taken from adj. B /1/.
In this project, qchr,u = 5.6 l/s, qtothr,u = 15.6 l/s, U = 90, N = 120.= 5.6 90/3600 0.18 100=0.008= 15.6 90/3600 0.25 100=0.016
1.3.6 Determination of pipeline diameters
Knowing the maximum second flow rate in the section (qc) and focusing on the speed of the fluid in the pipes (vek? 1 m/s, vadd? 3.5 m/s), by /2/ we determine the diameter, speed and slope (d, v , i).
Then the head loss along the length in the sections is determined by the formula
Where l is the length of the calculated section, m.
The entire calculation of the internal water supply is summarized in table 1.
Table 1 - Hydraulic calculation of the internal water supply
Calculated section number Number of devices in the section, N Probability of device action, Pc or Ptot /slope iHead loss along the length in the section, m Нl = il a 1-210,00650,00650,20,180,18150,71,060,29610,207272-320,00650,0130,20,180,18151,21,060,29610,355323-440,00650,0260,2280,180,2052202,40,620,07350,17644-580,00650,0520,2760,180,2484202,950,780,11060,326275-6120,00650,0780,3150,180,2835202,950,940,15490,4569556-7160,00650,1040,3490,180,3141252,950,650,05750,1696257-8200,00650,130,3780,180,3402254,10,650,05750,235758-9400,00650,260,5020,180,443725110,840,09131,00439-10600,00650,390,6020,180,5418250,61,030,13250,079510-11800,00650,520,6920,180,622832110,680,04220,464211-121200,0131,561,260,251,3625503,90,660,02380,09282?3,56841
1.3.7 Determining the required head
The required head Hcd for the dictating draw-off point is determined by the formula
Hdc=Hgeom+Htot+Hf+Hz, (1.4)
where Hgeom is the geometric height of the water supply (from the surface of the earth at the city water well to the dictating water intake device), m;
Zd.t - zpzgk, (1.5)
where zd.t is the geodetic mark of the dictating draw-off point, determined by the formula
d.t = zp.e. + hizl, (1.6)
where zp.v.e - floor mark of the upper floor, m. (zp.v.e = 184.3 + 4? ;пзгк - geodetic mark of the earth's surface at the city well (zпзгк = 202.5 m), d.t. = 196.3 + 2.2 = 198.5 m; = 198.5-184 = 14.5 m;
Нtot - total head loss in the design direction, m, determined by the formula
= å Hl?(1+kl), (1.7)
where? Hl - total losses along the length in the calculated direction (Table 1), m; - coefficient taking into account local pressure losses and assumed kl = 0.2 (because the system is integrated); = 3.56841 (1 + 0.3) = 4.639 m;
Hf - free pressure at the dictating water-folding device, taken according to adj. B /1/, m;
Hz - pressure loss on the water meter, m,
Нz = S?(3.6? qtot)2, (1.8)
where S is the hydraulic resistance of the water meter (m / m6) / h2 (according to appendix D / 1 / a vane water meter d \u003d 32 mm and a resistance S \u003d 0.1 (m / m6) / h2 is selected); qtot - maximum flow rate per second at the entrance to the building, l/s (qtot = 2.396 l/s);
Hz \u003d 0.1? (3.6? 1.3625) 2 \u003d 2.4 m. \u003d 14.5 + 4.639 + 3 + 2.4 \u003d 24.539 m
1.3.8 Comparison of required heads
According to the calculation results, the required head is compared with the guaranteed one. = 24.539 m, and Hg = 18 m.
Since Hdc > Hg, it is necessary to design a step-up pumping unit.
1.3.9 Selection of booster pumps
Booster pumps are selected according to the required pressure and capacity. The required pump head is determined by the formula
Hdc - Hg , (1.9)
24.539-18=6.539 m.
The performance of the pump is taken equal to qtot - the maximum second flow rate at the entrance to the building qtot = 1.3625 l/s.
According to Appendix E /1/, according to Hp = 6.539 m. and qtot = 1.3625 l / s, a pump was selected
KM 8/18b, with the following characteristics:
supply 1.2…3.6 l/s;
total head 12.8 ... 8.8 m;
nominal flow 2.5 l/s;
total head at a nominal flow of 11.4 m;
rotation speed 2900 rpm;
Pump efficiency 35…45%;
electric motor power 1.1 kW.
2 pumps are accepted for installation (one is working, the other is standby).
The location of the pumps is taken in separate building adjacent to the projected residential 5-storey building.
2. Internal and intra-quarter sewerage
Systems internal sewerage designed to carry wastewater from buildings to external sewerage.
.1 Selection of internal sewerage system
To divert wastewater from the five-story hotel, a household sewerage system was adopted due to the absence of aggressive components in their drains.
plumbing hydraulic sewer riser
2.2 Design and hydraulic calculation of internal sewage
For the device of internal sewer networks, a cast-iron and plastic pipeline is used. The method of connecting cast-iron pipes is bell-shaped, plastic - thermal.
All internal sewer networks are provided in a non-pressure mode of fluid movement.
In this course work, for the equipment of the internal sewerage of a building, cast-iron pipes are adopted, the mode of fluid movement is non-pressure.
2.2.1 Arrangement of risers
On the floor plan and on the basement plan, the necessary and sufficient number of sewer risers is established.
In this course work, 6 sewer risers are accepted for installation.
2.2.2 Routing of sewer networks
On the basement plan, sewer risers are combined into separate groups, and the issue of discharge of effluents outside the building is being resolved. Settlement areas are outlined.
2.2.3 Determination of estimated costs
We determine the maximum second consumption by the formula:
where qtot is the maximum flow rate per second in the water supply system, l / s, is determined by the formula
where? - dimensionless coefficient, taken according to adj. In /1/ and depends on the number of devices N (in this project N=120) and the probability of their action Ptot, taken in accordance with paragraph 1.3.5 of this work, Ptot=0.016; B / 1 /; s - flow rate from the device, taken according to adj. B / 1 /: s = 1.6 l / s for a toilet with a flush tank. = 5 0.25 0.692 = 0.865 l / s = 0.865 + 1.6 = 2.465 l / s
2.2.4 Hydraulic calculation of internal sewerage
Knowing the maximum second flow rate qs and focusing on the speed of movement of effluents 4 ... 8?? st? 0.7 m / s and the degree of filling 0.6? h / d? drains, the degree of filling of the pipe and the slope (d, v, h / d, i).
At the same time, the condition
where k is a coefficient taken for cast iron pipes equal to 0.6.
If it is not possible to fulfill this condition, then this section of the pipeline is considered to be uncalculated and for it constructively accepted -
at d=50 mm slope 0.03=100 mm slope 0.02=150 mm slope 0.01.
The hydraulic calculation of the internal sewerage is summarized in Table. 3.
Table 2 - Hydraulic calculation of internal sewage
Design area numberNPtotNPtot ?qtot, l/sq0s, l/sqs, l/sd, mmi ?, m/s Section StK1-1-2400.0130.520.6920.8651.62.4651000.020.790.40.5 3-B200,0130,260,5020,62751,62,22751000,020,740,360,44bzr. 0130.520.6920.8651.62.4651000.020.790.40.5 260.5020.62751.62.22751000.020.740.360.44
2.2.5 Checking the capacity of sewer risers
Checking the throughput of sewer risers is carried out using Appendix M /1/. To do this, qs (l / s) is determined on one of the risers using the formula (2.1) and this flow rate is compared with the tabular value qstable.
The capacity of the riser, which ensures the stable operation of hydraulic gates, will be in the event that
< qsтабл. (2.4)
Checking risers:
StK1-1: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.36 l/s, qstabl = 1.4 l/s - condition (2.4) is met
StK1-2: d = 50 mm, qs = 1.57 l/s, qstable = 1.4 l/s - condition (2.4) is not met, therefore, it is necessary to increase the diameter and take it equal to d=100mm.
For risers StK1-1, StK1-2, StK1-3, StK1-6, similarly to StK1-2, we accept the diameter d = 100 mm.
Maximum throughput ventilated sewer riser at d=100 mm qstabl = 7.4 l/s, and according to calculations for risers StK1-7,...StK1-13 qs = 2.37...4.23 l/s, therefore condition (2.4) for these risers are performed.
2.3 Design and hydraulic calculation of intra-quarter sewerage
The intra-quarter sewer network is designed from ceramic pipes from minimum diameter 150 mm. The distance between the manholes is assumed to be 26.479 m. The method of connection is bell-shaped, the depth of laying depends on the depth of seasonal freezing and is calculated by the formula:
hall \u003d hpr - e (2.5)
where hpr is the depth of seasonal freezing of the soil, taken according to the assignment; e - the value of the talik, taken equal to 0.3 m for pipes with a diameter of 200 m. hall \u003d 2.7-0.3 \u003d 2.4 m
The calculation results are summarized in Table 8.
Table 3 - Hydraulic calculation of the intra-quarter sewerage
Lot numberNPtotNPtot ?qtot, l/sq0s, l/sqs, l/sd, mmiv, m/sl, m Markings Depth of laying, mNUKUNUKUNUKUSK No. 1 - SK No. 2600,0130,780,8491,061,62,661500,010,698,20,29183,3183,1180,9180,82,42,48Sk No. 2 - KGK 1200,0131,561, 2611.581.63.181500.010.717.40.3183.1183180.8180.62.482.65 Based on the results of the hydraulic calculation, a longitudinal profile of the yard sewerage is built.
3. Equipment specification
sink - 30 pcs
sink - 30 pcs
bath - 30 pcs
toilet bowl - 30 pcs
water meter assembly - 1 pc.
booster unit: gate valve - 4 pcs
valve - 4 pcs
pump - 2 pcs
pipes for water supply - galvanized steel according to GOST 3264 - 75 = 15 mm l = 19.8 m = 20 mm l = 49.8 m = 25 mm l = 32.7 m = 32 mm l = 11 m = 50 mm l = 19 m
pipes for sewerage - cast iron according to GOST 9583 - 75 = 100 mm l = 274 m = 150 mm l = 28.6 m
Bibliography
1.Postnikov P.M. Design and calculation of internal water supply and sewerage of buildings: Method. decree. - Novosibirsk: Publishing House of SGUPSa, 2004. - 40s.
2.Shevelev F.A., Shevelev A.F. Tables for the hydraulic calculation of water pipes: Ref. allowance. - 6th ed., add. And a reworker. - M.: Stroyizdat, 1984. - 116 p.
.Lukinykh A.A., Lukinykh N.A. Tables for the hydraulic calculation of sewer networks and siphons according to the formula of acad. N.N. Pavlovsky. Ed. 4th, add. M., Stroyizdat, 1974. - 156 p.
.SNiP 2.04.01 - 85*. Internal water supply and sewerage of buildings / Gosstroy of the USSR. M., 1986.
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Hot water supply system in hotel enterprises. Hot water in hotels is used for domestic and industrial needs. Therefore, she, like cold water used for these purposes must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 "C and be not lower than 60 ° C, which is necessary for production needs. Hot water supply in hotels can be: local, central centralized.
With local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, water heaters. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption.
In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. During central hot water preparation, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating point of the hotel building or the central heating point, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. With district heating, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.
The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through the circulation pipeline system. Dead-end schemes provide for a constant drawdown. If the water withdrawal is periodic, then with such a scheme, the water in the pipelines during the period of no withdrawal will cool down, and during the withdrawal, it will flow to water points with a lower temperature.
This leads to the need for an unproductive reset a large number water through a draw-off point, if desired, to obtain water with a temperature of 60-70 ° C. In the scheme with water circulation, this disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, such a scheme is used in cases where the water intake is not constant, but it is required to maintain a constant water temperature during the water intake. Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings.
It is used in buildings with more than two floors, and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one-two-story buildings with a small length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water heating system with natural circulation.
As well as in cold water supply systems, hot water mains can be with lower and upper wiring. The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water pipes, and water points. 3.2 Hot Water Technology A good rule of thumb for hot water systems is to keep the temperature as low as possible for the occupants. It has been observed that corrosion and deposition of mineral salts accelerate with increasing temperature.
A temperature of 60°C is considered as the maximum for normal consumption. If residents consider hot water sufficient at a temperature less than the indicated temperature by 5-8 ° C, then so much the better. For special applications where hotter water is required, such as dishwashers in apartments or restaurants located in a residential building, separate heaters must be used. Just because dishwashers need water at 70°C, there is no need to heat all hot water to that temperature.
The heaters in home dishwashers are usually of the electric type. Hot water systems for general purposes are similar heating systems. If, for example, an individual heating and cooling installation uses electricity as "fuel", the same source is provided for the hot water system. On the other hand, if a central heating installation is designed, then hot water is often made as part of this system.
The subject of discussion is the choice of method for heating water: using a boiler, a water heater, or a combination of both methods. If the project provides for only one hot water boiler, hot water must be heated by a separate device. This boiler can be shut down during the summer for preventive maintenance. Therefore, the use of installations with one unit is allowed only if the deprivation of hot water for several days a year will not annoy the residents.
When installing two or more boilers, it is advantageous to combine the hot water supply system with the heating system. In this case, the area of the boiler room is saved and initial costs are reduced. However, we should not forget that the heating of water does not occur by itself. Therefore, if boilers of the heating system are used for hot water supply, their productivity should be increased by the amount of heat that is spent to heat the water in the hot water supply system.
The load on the boiler depends on the orientation of the hotel, the temperature of the incoming cold water, etc.; Outside design temperature, °С Load on the boiler for hot water supply, % -23 20 -12 25 -1 33 The more boilers in the installation, the more efficient it works in summer. If two boilers of the same capacity are provided, they will be too large for the load in the summer, except in areas with a very mild climate.
If there are five of them, then heating water will be economical even in the coldest areas. The mechanism for heating water from a central boiler plant is very simple. The most popular water heaters are a shell with a bundle of copper pipes of small diameter enclosed in it. The heat carrier (steam or hot water from the boiler) washes the pipes from the outside, and the hot water flows inside them. The temperature or quantity of the heating medium is adjusted depending on the temperature of the hot water so that it is fairly constant regardless of the water draw. The advantage of this heater is its small footprint.
For example, for a 200-apartment building, the need for hot water is met by a steam water heater with a diameter of 200 mm and a length of 2 m, which is easy to install in a boiler room. If an additional increase in the cost of the project can be allowed, it is better to install two heaters on the same foundation, working alternately.
This recommendation is often neglected in favor of lower initial costs, considering that a short interruption in the supply of hot water is not a disaster. However, it is good to have a spare tube bundle for quick change, since it can take several days or even weeks to repair the entire water heater. Local water heaters can be used in the form of a boiler or a heat exchanger installed specifically for this purpose. Very often, the process of heating water is carried out in one or more boilers, in which water is heated directly by fuel, without an intermediate heat exchanger.
This fuel may be gas, oil or electricity, and the heater may have some capacity for heated water. The heat accumulators used in hot water supply systems work like a bank in which you invest money when there is a surplus of it, and then you spend it. This is due to the fact that water consumption during the day is far from uniform - the maximum is in the morning and evening "peak" hours. As a result, a difficult situation is created.
Let's explain it following example. Suppose that, according to the calculation, the total demand for hot water during the day is 18200 liters, and this need is determined on the basis of a study of statistical data for many years. At the same time, it is expected that the maximum flow will be from 7 to 8 am and will be 3400 liters. There are two extreme cases. In one case, the performance of the installation was chosen based on the need to heat 3400 liters of water per hour from the temperature at which cold water enters to a temperature of 52-60°C. Another extreme case will be if we assume that water is evenly consumed during the day. In our example, the consumption will be equal to 18200 liters divided by 24 hours, i.e. 760 liters per hour. The battery is calculated in such a way that it can provide the peak demand for hot water in an hour of operation. In our example, the highest flow rate is 3400 liters, of which the water heater can produce 760 liters per hour. Therefore, the battery should add 2640 hp. The accumulator represents a steel tank of a cylindrical form. Hot water leaving the tank must be replaced by cold water.
About 75% of the tank capacity can be replaced before the colder mixture changes the temperature of the hot water supply. Therefore, the useful capacity of the tank is 75% of the total capacity.
In our example, this means that the capacity of the storage tank should be 3520 liters. A particular benefit from the use of batteries is obtained for central systems. A smaller heater means a need for a smaller boiler, a smaller chimney and more efficient work as this heater is used more fully throughout the day. There are also serious drawbacks.
The battery takes up a lot of space and costs a lot of money, it corrodes, requires maintenance, and finally, it needs to be dismantled and replaced. However, all this is not the main criterion for choosing one of these extreme systems. Each project should be judged on its own metrics. 3.3 Hot water circulation and system protection During the last hours of the night, when there is very little or no hot water withdrawal in a residential building, the temperature of the water standing still in the pipelines drops to about the temperature of a hotel.
The first inhabitant to wake up, flushing the water early in the morning, discovers that the water is cold and that a large amount of water must be released before it becomes hot. The solution to this problem is to install an additional piping system that allows water to slowly circulate through the pipes and through the water heater.
Circulation can be carried out in a gravitational way, under the influence of the mass difference between the hottest and coolest water, similar to how water circulates in a heating system. Often a circulation pump is installed for this purpose. And the last issue that needs to be considered is the security of the system. As water is heated by more than 4°C, it expands.
It will be shown below that the air collectors on the water lines dampen this expansion, but with a significant expansion or if the air collectors are overflowing with water, it is necessary to have a safety valve that would open automatically and, releasing some water, relieve the pressure in the system. It is usually enough to dump a small amount of water. The second danger lies in the possible breakdown of the heater thermostats, which can lead to unacceptable high heat water. This also forces the installation of a safety valve that prevents very hot water from reaching the consumer.
These two functions are usually assigned to the same valve, called a thermopneumatic relief valve. At any moment, quite unexpectedly, it can completely open. To protect people from injury, a pipeline is attached to the valve and taken to a safe place, preferably directly above the wastewater receiver. This should be especially remembered when installing an individual water heater in a separate house. The discharge from the safety valve must be led to a place where it cannot harm anyone or anything. 3.4 Water piping system Water piping must be resistant to erosion and corrosion.
Erosion is caused by the movement of water, while corrosion is caused by chemical action. For example, if in steel pipes ah there is air (and incoming water always contains some amount of air), a chemical reaction occurs.
As a result, iron oxide, called rust, appears on them. Therefore, steel pipes intended for water supply are electrochemically coated with zinc. This process is called galvanization. As materials for the manufacture of pipes, in addition to steel, copper, brass, cast iron, asbestos-cement mixtures and a large number of plastics are used. Copper is an expensive material, but it is well processed and connected.
If possible, it is recommended to use copper pipes for the installation of high-quality pipelines. Despite the fact that cast iron contains a lot of iron, which is susceptible to corrosion, chemical reactions occur during the production of cast iron, as a result of which it becomes corrosion-resistant. Therefore, cast iron pipes are often used for underground utilities, especially with a diameter of 75 mm or more, for which copper is an expensive material. The greater the mass of cast iron pipes, the less suitable they are for laying inside the house, where it is very difficult to fix them. Asbestos-cement pipes are also difficult to work with.
They are mainly used for underground communications. plastic pipes in Lately have become very popular due to their moderate price and ease of connection; they resist not only corrosion, but also the passage electric current, which sometimes complicates the use of metal pipes. A serious obstacle to the widespread use of plastic pipes is their unsuitability at high temperatures.
Such pipes should not be placed near a boiler or a firebox, the surface temperature of which is above 70°C. It is impossible to use them for hot water networks in a hotel, as this is very dangerous for people's lives and can lead to a serious failure of the piping system. The layout of cold water pipes in a building is similar to the structure of a tree: the input is the trunk of the tree, and the mains and outlets are its branches. In large hotels, valves are not installed on the main highways so that during repair work in any part of the system, other consumers are not left without water. Where water pipes are hidden in building structures, provision must be made for access to valves, and each valve must be identified with the particular part of the system it serves.
Depending on the availability of space for laying highways, systems come with upper and lower wiring. (Fig. 4) In houses, the height of which allows the implementation of a water supply system without a booster installation, they make lower wiring of highways with risers through which water rises to the consumer. If a system with an upper pressure tank is being built, then the upper wiring of the mains is made in the attic.
The hot water supply system can also be with upper and lower wiring. In six-story houses, a system with a lower wiring is usually used. In the upper part of the hotel, each supply riser is connected to a circulation riser laid nearby.
Then the circulation risers are combined with a circulation line, which is laid in parallel with the supply line. If the number of floors is more than six, then the length of the backup circulation risers increases accordingly, and the cost increases significantly. In this case, they prefer to bring each riser to the attic, and then combine these
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2.1.3. Water supply systemCold water system
Hotels use water for household and drinking needs- for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, washing overalls, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example, in a hairdressing salon, sports and fitness center, as well as for fire fighting purposes.
The water supply system includes three components: a water supply source with facilities and devices for water intake, purification and treatment, external water supply networks and internal water supply located in the building.
Hotels located in cities and towns, as a rule, are supplied with cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in the countryside, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system.
In urban water supply, water is used from open (rivers, lakes) or closed (groundwater) sources.
Water in the city water supply must comply with the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open sources of water supply always undergoes pre-treatment to bring its quality indicators in line with the requirements of the standard. Water from closed water sources usually does not need to be treated. Water treatment is carried out on waterworks. When water is supplied from rivers, stations are placed along the river above settlements.
The composition of the waterworks includes the following presented in Fig. 2.13 structures:
Water intake devices;
First lift pumps;
Settling tanks and treatment facilities;
Water storage tanks;
Second lift pumps.
Second lift pumps maintain the necessary pressure in the main pipelines and the city water pipeline system. In some cases, water towers are connected to the main pipeline system, which contain a supply of water and can create pressure in the water supply system by raising water tanks to a certain height.
From the waterworks through the city water supply network, water enters the consumers.
7-
Rice. 2.13. Scheme of the waterworks:
1
- water intake facility; 2
- pumping station first lift; 3 -
treatment facilities; 4 -
clean water tanks; 5 - pumping station of the second rise; 6 -
conduits; 7 - water tower; 8
- main water supply network
City water networks constructed from steel, cast iron, reinforced concrete or asbestos-cement pipes. Valves are installed on them in the wells to turn off individual sections of the water supply network in case of an accident and repair, fire hydrants for water supply when extinguishing fires. Pipelines of the water supply network are located at a depth of at least 0.2 m below the depth of soil freezing in winter. Steel pipelines must have reliable waterproofing.
Internal plumbing a building is a collection of equipment, devices and pipelines that supply water from central outdoor water supply systems or from local water sources to water points in a building. The internal water supply in hotel buildings must be separate to meet the economic, industrial and fire-fighting needs. Household and drinking and industrial water supply systems are combined, since clean drinking water is used for household and industrial needs in hotels.
The internal plumbing of the cold water supply system includes the following elements:
One or more inputs;
Water measuring unit;
Filters for additional water purification;
booster pumps and water tanks;
Pipeline system with control valves (distribution lines, risers, connections);
Water folding devices;
Fire extinguishing devices.
On fig. 2.14 presents various schemes of cold water supply systems.
input called the section of the pipeline connecting the internal water supply to the external water supply. The input is carried out perpendicular to the wall of the building. For this, cast-iron or asbestos-cement pipes are used. At the point of connection of the input to the external water supply network, a well and a valve are installed, which, if necessary, turns off the water supply to the building. Hotels usually arrange two inputs, which guarantees, firstly, an uninterrupted supply of cold water, and secondly, a sufficient supply of water to fire hydrants in the event of a fire.
Water meter assembly designed to measure water consumption by an enterprise. It is installed in a heated room immediately after the input passes through the outer wall of the building. Water flow measurement is carried out using a water meter.
The water meter is designed in such a way that when a water flow passes through it, an impeller (or impeller) is set into rotation, which transmits movement to the meter dial hand. Water consumption is indicated in liters or cubic meters.
Rice. 2.14. Schemes of cold water supply systems:
but- a scheme with direct connection to the city water supply network (with a lower dead-end wiring of the main); b- a scheme with a water tank (with an upper dead-end wiring to the masters); in- with a booster pump (with a lower ring wiring of the main line); G - with a booster pump and a water tank (with a lower dead-end wiring of the line); d- with a booster pump and a hydropneumatic tank (with a lower dead-end line wiring); 1 -
city water main; 2 -
shut-off valve; 3 -
plumbing input; 4 -
water meter; 5 - drain valve; 6 -
main pipeline; 7 - riser; 8-
shut-off valve on the riser; 9 -
branches to water points; 10 -
booster pump; 11 -
water tank; 12
- float valve; 13 -
check valve; 14 -
hydropneumatic tank; 15
- compressor
The water meter is selected according to reference data, depending on the estimated maximum hourly (second) water flow at the inlet.
In four- and five-star hotels, water from the city water supply must pass additional cleaning at water treatment plants. The purpose of additional processing is to obtain water that meets international quality standards.
The scheme of the water treatment station is shown in fig. 2.15. At water treatment plants, water is passed through special filters consisting of layers of quartz, river sand, activated carbon, disinfect it with an ultraviolet irradiation lamp (UVR), introduce various additives into the water.
The UV lamp kills the microbes contained in the water, softens it. Lamp life should not exceed one year.
Alkali NaOH is used as an additive, which is automatically injected into the water through special openings in the pipeline. The purpose of water treatment with NaOH is to bring it to an acidity level of pH = 8.2. Salts can also be added to water: NaCl and A1 2 (SO 4) 3.
The choice of the scheme of the cold water supply system in the hotel building depends on the available pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network at the entrance to the building. For a normal water supply to all water points of the internal water supply, the required pressure (Pa) in the external water supply network must be at least:
Where is the pressure required to raise water from the input to the highest point, Pa; - pressure loss in the water meter unit, Pa; - pressure loss at the water treatment plant, Pa; - pressure loss in pipelines, Pa; - the required free pressure at the highest water draw point, Pa. 
Rice. 2.15. Scheme of the hotel water treatment plant
The pressure in the internal water supply network should not exceed 0.6 MPa.
Depending on the ratio of values and the building is equipped with one of the cold water supply systems.
When > provides a constant supply of water to all water points of the building and installs the simplest water supply system without a booster pump and a water tank (see Fig. 2.14, but).
If constantly at certain hours of the day, and therefore, water is periodically provided to a number of water points, a water supply system is arranged with water pressure or hydropneumatic tank(see fig. 2.14, b).
During periods when , the water tank is filled with water, and when , the water from the water tank is consumed for internal consumption.
Provided that a significant part of the time, they arrange a water supply system with booster pumps or with booster pumps and a water pressure (or hydropneumatic) tank (see Fig. 2.14, c-d).
In the latter version, the pump operates periodically, filling the tank, from which the system is supplied with water. The water tank is installed at the top of the building. The hydropneumatic tank is located at the bottom of the building. The premises in which the pumps are installed must have heating, lighting and ventilation. The building may be served by one or more pumps installed in parallel or in series. If the building is served by one pump, then the second pump must be connected to the network and the second pump is a backup. Pumps are selected taking into account their performance and the pressure generated.
For the internal plumbing system use steel (galvanized) or plastic pipes. Pipelines are laid open and closed in building structures. Horizontal sections to ensure the descent of water are laid with a slope towards the input. The plumbing system, depending on the scheme, can be with an upper or lower water distribution.
The diameter of the pipeline is determined according to special tables, depending on the number of water draw-off (water-consuming) points and their sizes.
The diameter of the mains of the economic-industrial-fire-fighting water supply systems is assumed to be at least 50 mm.
Domestic plumbing systems are equipped pipeline And water fittings.
Pipe fittings are designed to shut off sections of pipelines for the period of repair, to regulate pressure and flow in the system. Distinguish shut-off, regulating, safety and control pipeline fittings.
Gate valves and valves are used as shut-off and control valves. Gate valves are made of cast iron and steel, and valves, in addition, are made of brass. Shut-off valves installed on the input, risers and branches.
Safety fittings include safety and check valves, control fittings include level indicators, control valves, and valves for pressure gauges.
Water fittings include various taps at the points of water tapping: wall-mounted, toilet, taps drain cisterns, watering, urinal, flush, as well as mixer taps for sinks, bathtubs, showers, washbasins, pools, washing machines, etc.
Fire water supply
Water is the most common fire extinguishing agent. Possessing a high heat capacity, it cools combustible substances to a temperature lower than the temperature of their self-ignition, and blocks the access of air to the combustion zone with the help of the resulting vapors. A jet of water directed under high pressure has a mechanical effect on the fire, knocking down the flame and penetrating into the depths of the burning object. Spreading over the burning object, the water wets the parts of the building structures that are not yet covered by fire and protects them from catching fire.
To extinguish the fire, water is supplied from the existing water supply. In some cases, it can be supplied by pumps from natural or artificial reservoirs.
Internal fire water supply is provided by the device in the building of risers with fire hydrants. fire hydrants placed on landings, in the corridors and separate rooms hotels at a height of 1.35 m from the floor in special lockers with the designation "PC". The fire cabinet equipment is shown in fig. 2.16. In the locker, in addition to the crane, there should be a canvas sleeve 10 or 20 m long and a metal fire nozzle (water hose). The sleeve has quick-release nuts at the ends for connection with the stem and valve of the crane. The sleeves are placed on a swivel shelf or wound on a reel. The distance between the fire hydrants depends on the length of the hose and must be such that the entire building area is irrigated with at least one jet. In the building, the use of sleeves of the same length and diameter is allowed.
Rice. 2.16. Fire locker equipment:
but - with swivel shelf; b- with coil; 1 - cabinet walls; 2 - fire hydrant; 3 - fire stand; 4 - fire barrel; 5 - fire hose; 6 - swivel shelf;
7 - coil
In hotels located in multi-storey buildings, the internal fire water supply system also includes automatic fire extinguishers that localize the source of fire, block the path of a spreading flame and flue gases, and eliminate fire. Automatic fire extinguishing equipment includes sprinkler and deluge systems. Schemes of sprinkler and deluge fire-fighting water supply systems are shown in fig. 2.17.
sprinkler systems are used for local extinguishing of fires and fires, cooling building structures and signaling a fire.
The sprinkler system includes a system of pipelines laid under the ceiling and filled with water, and sprinklers, the openings of which are closed with fusible locks. When ready, the sprinkler system is pressurized. When the temperature in the room rises, the sprinkler lock melts and the water jet from the sprinkler, hitting the socket, breaks over the fire. At the same time, water approaches the alarm device, which gives a signal about a fire. The area protected by one sprinkler is about 10 m 2 . Sprinklers are installed in residential rooms, corridors, service and public areas of hotels.
Rice. 2.17. Schematic diagram of sprinkler and deluge fire-fighting water supply systems:
but- sprinkler system; b- deluge system; 1
- sprinkler sprinkler; 2
- distribution manifold; 3 -
connecting pipeline; 4-
water tank; 5- control and signal valve; b- water supply valve; 7- water riser; 8
- deluge sprinkler; 9-
incentive pipeline; 10
- water main
Deluge systems designed to extinguish fires over the entire settlement area, create water curtains in the openings of fire walls, above fire doors, dividing the corridors of the hotel into sections, and fire alarms. Drencher systems can be with automatic and manual (local and remote) activation. Deluge systems consist of a system of pipelines and sprinklers, but unlike a sprinkler system, water deluge sprinklers do not have locks and are constantly open. A water supply valve with a temperature-sensitive lock is installed in the pipeline supplying water to a group of successively located sprinklers. In case of fire, the lock opens the valve and water flows from all deluge heads to extinguish the fire or create a curtain. The fire alarm goes off at the same time.
The performance of sprinkler and deluge installations depends on their Maintenance, which consists of the implementation of a number of activities provided for by the instructions for their operation.
Hot water system
Hot water in hotels is used for domestic and industrial needs. Therefore, it, as well as cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 ° C and be not lower than 60 ° C, which is necessary for production needs.
Hot water supply in hotels can be local, central or centralized.
At local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water-heating, water-heating columns. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. At central In the preparation of hot water, the water coming from the cold water supply system is heated by water heaters in the individual heating point of the hotel building or the central heating point, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. At centralized In heat supply, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.
The scheme of hot water supply networks can be dead-end or with the organization of hot water circulation through the circulation pipeline system. Dead End Schemes provide for constant water intake. If the water withdrawal is periodic, then with such a scheme, the water in the pipelines during the period of no withdrawal will cool down, and during the withdrawal, it will flow to water points with a lower temperature. This leads to the need for unproductive discharge of a large amount of water through the draw-off point, if you want to get water with a temperature of 60 - 70 "C.
In the scheme with water circulation this disadvantage is absent, although it is more expensive. Therefore, such a scheme is used in cases where the water intake is not constant, but it is required to maintain a constant water temperature during the water intake.
Circulation networks are arranged with forced or natural circulation. Forced circulation is carried out by installing pumps, similar to the water heating system of buildings. It is used in buildings with more than two floors, and with a significant length of main pipelines. In one-, two-story buildings with a small length of pipelines, it is possible to arrange natural circulation of water through a system of circulation pipelines due to the difference in the volumetric mass of water at different temperatures. The principle of operation of such a system is similar to the principle of operation of a water
Heating with natural circulation. As well as in cold water supply systems, hot water mains can be with lower and upper wiring.
The hot water supply system of a building includes three main elements: a hot water generator (water heater), pipelines and water points.
As hot water generators in systems of central hot water supply, high-speed water-water and steam-water heaters, as well as capacious water heaters, are used.
Principle of operation high-speed hot water water heater, shown in fig. 2.18, consists in the fact that the coolant - hot water coming from the boiler room of the hotel or the centralized heating system, passes through brass tubes located inside a steel pipe, the annulus of which is filled with heated water. 
Rice. 2.18. Scheme of a high-speed water-water heater:
but- single section; b- multi-section; 1
and 7 - branch pipes for water inlet; 2
- confuser; 3
and 5 - branch pipes for water outlet; 4 -
section of the water heater; 6
- thermometer fitting; 8
- jumper; 9
- knee
Rice. 2.19. Electric industrial water heater "OSO" (Norway)
IN fast steam water heater hot steam supplied to the body of the heater heats the water passing through the brass tubes located inside the body.
The design temperature of the heat carrier in the water-to-water heater is assumed to be 75 °C, the initial temperature of the heated water is 5 °C, the velocity of the heated water is 0.5 - 3 m/s. High-speed water heaters are used in systems with a uniform water flow and high water consumption.
Capacitive water heaters used in systems with intermittent and low water consumption. They allow not only to heat, but also to accumulate hot water.
Three, four and five star hotels must have backup hot water system during accidents or preventive work. For a backup hot water supply system, industrial electric water heaters can be used. On fig. 2.19 shows an electric industrial water heater "OSO" (Norway). The tank capacity of such a water heater is from 600 to 10,000 liters, the water temperature adjustment range is from 55 to 85 ° C. The inner tank is made of copper-plated stainless steel. In a backup hot water supply system, there may be several water heaters operating in parallel.
The pipelines of the hot and cold water supply system are a single complex of the hotel's economic and industrial supply system and are laid in parallel.
Water points are equipped with mixer taps that allow you to get a wide range of water temperatures (from 20 to 70 ° C) by mixing hot and cold water.
For the hot water supply system, galvanized steel or plastic pipes are used to avoid corrosion. Connections of steel pipes and fittings for the same reason must be threaded. To reduce heat losses and prevent water cooling, main pipelines and risers are thermally insulated. Water folding and pipeline fittings in hot water supply systems are used brass or bronze with seals that can withstand temperatures up to 100 ° C.
Operation of water supply systems
After completion of all installation work on the construction or overhaul systems of cold or hot water supply proceed to their acceptance into service. Acceptance begins with an inspection of all equipment and pipelines of water supply systems. Noticed deficiencies are included in the defective statement. They are subject to elimination within the specified time.
Then, after eliminating the identified deficiencies, they carry out testing the water supply system for leaks. In this case, the fittings of all water points must be closed. The test consists in the fact that the pipelines are filled with water using a hydraulic press, raising the pressure in the pipelines to the working value. In the event of leaks, minor installation defects are eliminated, pipeline connections are tightened between themselves, with equipment and fittings, and glands are sealed. Upon completion of these works, a hydraulic press creates a pressure in the pipelines higher than the working one by 0.5 MPa and maintains the system under this pressure for 10 minutes. During this period, the pressure should not rise by more than 0.05 Pa. If this requirement is met, the system is considered to have passed the tightness test. Simultaneously with pipeline networks, water heaters of hot water supply systems are tested under pressure.
Upon completion of work on checking the tightness of the water supply system, it is carried out trial run. During a test run, they check the adequacy of the supply of cold and hot water to all water points, determine whether the water temperature corresponds to the required value (65 - 70 ° С), check the absence of noise during operation of the pump and its overheating, draw up an act.
The correct and reliable operation of the internal plumbing system depends on its operating conditions, proper supervision and care.
Basic operating conditions: elimination of water leakage, prevention of freezing of water in the pipes of the network and sweating of the surface of pipelines, low water pressure, noise control from water fittings when they are opened.
During the operation of the cold and hot water supply systems, periodic inspections systems by setting the following:
Serviceability of valves of the water metering unit and water meter, pumping equipment;
No water leaks in fittings and equipment connections;
Serviceability of equipment for heating water;
Serviceability of main pipelines, risers, connections;
Serviceability of water fittings.
Water leak through pipelines usually occurs when they are damaged due to corrosion. With open laying of pipelines, damaged pipes are easy to detect and replace, with hidden ones, it is very difficult to detect a leak.
The main water leakage occurs through tapping devices due to wear and tear. gaskets, damage or wear of individual parts of assemblies. Worn or damaged items must be replaced or repaired.
To avoid plumbing damage due to frozen pipes when the heating system is turned off and the temperature in the rooms drops to 3 ° C, it is necessary to drain the water from the pipelines.
During the operation of the water supply system, situations may arise in which water is weakly or not at all supplied to the draw-off points. This can be caused by: insufficient pressure at the entrance to the building; clogging of the water meter grid or installation of a water meter of insufficient caliber; pump malfunction; a decrease in the flow area of pipelines due to fouling of the pipe walls with salt deposits or the ingress of foreign objects and rust. To eliminate the above reasons, you must:
Install a pump to increase the pressure in the pipeline system of the building;
Clean or replace the water meter;
Repair or replace the pump valve;
Clean water lines and fittings.
During the operation of the water supply system, there may also be noise in pipelines. Vibration and noise occur when the pump wears out and is improperly installed when pipes are rigidly embedded in building structures.
2.1.4.
sewerage system
The hotel building, which has a system of cold and hot water supply, must also be equipped with an internal sewerage system, through which waste liquid is removed from the building. Waste liquid called the water that was used for various needs and at the same time received additional impurities (pollution) that changed its chemical composition or physical properties. The internal sewerage system is connected to the city sewer networks. Waste liquid is transported through the city sewerage system to the treatment plant. After purification, the water is sent to reservoirs. Treatment facilities are located along the river below the settlements.
Depending on the origin and nature of pollution, sewage is divided into domestic, storm and industrial.
domestic sewerage in hotels it is intended for removal of sewage from sanitary devices.
Storm sewer(drains) serves to drain atmospheric water from the roofs of buildings using downpipes.
IN industrial sewerage sewage flows from sinks and kitchen sinks, utility rooms, laundries, hairdressers, etc.
The scheme of the device of the internal sewerage of the building and the yard sewer network is shown in fig. 2.20. 
Rice. 2.20. Scheme of the device of the internal sewerage of the building and the yard sewer network:
1 - street sewer network; 2 - city well; 3 - yard sewer network; 4- control well; 5- manhole; 6- release; 7- branches; 8 - sewage receivers with hydraulic seals; 9 - riser;
10
- riser ventilation pipe
The internal sewerage system of the hotel enterprise consists of:
From sewage receivers;
Pipelines (branches that drain waste fluid from receivers; sewer risers that transport waste fluid from top to bottom; outlets - horizontal pipes that drain waste fluid from risers outside the building to the yard sewer network).
The sewerage system in hotels can be additionally equipped with devices for cleaning industrial waste liquid.
Waste liquid receivers are household (sanitary appliances) and special production. The hotels have the following household sanitary appliances: washbasins, toilet bowls, urinals, bidets, shower trays, floor drains, bathtubs. TO production receivers sewage liquids include sinks, sinks, drains, bathtubs of washing machines, dishwashers, laundry equipment, etc.
All sewage receivers (with the exception of toilet bowls) are supplied with mesh, installed in the neck of the drain pipe, and are equipped with hydraulic seal(siphon). Nets prevent large, water-insoluble particles from entering the sewerage system and blocking pipelines. The hydraulic locks shown in fig. 2.21, do not allow toxic and foul-smelling gases to enter the premises from the sewer network. Hydraulic valves are varied in design. They are mounted separately or are included in the design of the sanitary appliance. In a hydraulic seal, the penetration of gases into the room is prevented by a layer of waste liquid with a height of 100 mm or more.
Pipelines of internal sewerage systems - outlets, risers, outlets- mounted from cast-iron socket pipes and cast-iron shaped pipes, as well as from steel and plastic pipes. Metal pipes are coated inside with a special composition to protect against corrosion. plastic pipes not subject to corrosion. Pipelines of internal sewerage systems are laid mostly openly. In some cases, risers and outlets from ladders, toilet bowls, urinals, bidets, bathtubs, shower trays are hidden.
Horizontal pipelines are laid with a slope towards risers or outlets. Sewer risers must communicate with atmospheric air for ventilation. To do this, they are brought outside above the roof of the building.
Holes are provided on pipelines and hydraulic valves - revisions And cleaning. The revisions are closed with a lid, which is sealed with gaskets. Cleanings are closed with a stopper on the thread. Through these holes, the pipelines of the internal sewage system are cleaned.
Rice. 2.21. Hydraulic gates:
but And b- toilet bowls with oblique and direct release; in- shower tray; guide- wash basins and sinks; e- ladder; 1
- pad; 2
- union nut; 3-
cleaning cover; 4-
vertical outlet; 5- horizontal outlet
SANITARY AND HYGIENIC REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF PREMISES OF TOURIST AND HOTEL COMPLEXES
Buildings of tourist and hotel complexes must be equipped with: heating systems, plumbing with cold and hot water supply, sewerage, ventilation and air conditioning, power supply and electrical equipment, gasification, mechanical devices and systems, communication systems, signaling and broadcasting, etc. Uninterrupted operation of heat supply systems, cold and hot water supply, ventilation and air conditioning, sewerage, power supply, as well as elevator equipment can improve the quality of guest service, create the necessary working conditions for staff and ensure environmental protection,
Heat supply
The functioning of the sanitary systems of the building is based on the use of heat obtained from the combustion of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. In the heating system, heat is needed to heat the coolant, which is supplied to the heating devices and maintains the required temperature in the hotel rooms. The heating system operates during the cold season. In ventilation and air conditioning systems, heat is used during the cold season to heat the outdoor air to a certain temperature before it is supplied to the premises. In a hot water supply system, heat supply is necessary to heat tap water from a temperature of 5-15 °C to 65-75 °C. The hot water supply system should function all year round. The use of heat by sanitary systems in the course of their operation is called heat consumption. The heat supply system includes four interrelated processes:
Heating of the coolant due to fuel combustion in the heat generator;
Transfer of the coolant to the sanitary system;
The use of the heat of the coolant by the sanitary system;
Return of the coolant for reheating,
Heat carrier - a substance that transfers heat from the heat generator to the heat-consuming devices of the sanitary system. The heat carrier can be water (temperature above 100 °C) and steam. Depending on the type of heat carrier, heat supply systems are divided into water and steam. In the heating systems of residential areas of cities, water is used as a heat carrier. Steam is used mainly in enterprises where it is necessary for technological needs, which is due to large heat losses during the movement of steam through pipelines. According to the radius of action and the number of heat-consuming buildings, central and centralized heat supply systems are distinguished. Central heating systems operate on the basis of local boiler houses (houses, yards, quarters) serving one or more buildings. Hot water boilers are installed in boiler rooms, which heat water at a temperature of 105 ° C. District heating systems serve large urban areas and industrial enterprises. They are based on the work of the central district boiler houses, thermal stations and combined heat and power plants (CHP). The coolant in this case is superheated water with temperature from 0 to 150 °C, located in pipelines under pressure. Water heating systems are connected to the city heating networks in special heat points serving several buildings. At the points of connection of water heating systems, devices are installed for mixing with superheated network water return water from a heating system with a lower temperature, which makes it possible to reduce the temperature of hot water in the system to the desired level (up to 95 ° C) and regulate it within the required limits (45-95 ° C). City enterprises can be supplied with heat from their own (local) boiler houses, from central district boiler houses and thermal stations or city CHPPs. The heat supply of hotels from heating networks is carried out under a direct agreement between the hotel and the heating network management.
Water supply system.
Cold water system
In hotels, water is used for household and drinking needs - for drinking and personal hygiene of staff and guests; for production needs - for cleaning residential and public premises, watering the territory and green spaces, washing raw materials, dishes and cooking, old clothes, curtains, bed and table linen, when providing additional services, for example, in a hairdresser, sports and fitness center, and also for fire protection circuits. The water supply system includes three components; source of water supply with facilities and devices for water intake> purification and treatment, external water supply networks and internal water supply located in the building. Hotels located in cities and towns, as a rule, are supplied with cold water from the city (village) water supply. Hotels located in the countryside, in the mountains, on highways, have a local water supply system. In the city water supply, water is used from open (rivers, oei-ra) or closed (groundwater) sources. Water in the city water supply must comply with the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. Before being supplied to the city water supply network, water from open sources of water supply always undergoes preliminary treatment to bring its quality indicators in accordance with the requirements of the standard. Water from closed water sources usually does not need to be treated. From the waterworks through the city water supply network, water enters the consumers.
Hot water system
Hot water and hotels are used for domestic and drinking and industrial needs. Therefore, it, like cold water used for these purposes, must meet the requirements of GOST R 2872-82. The temperature of hot water in order to avoid burns should not exceed 70 ° C and be at least 60 ° C, which is necessary for production needs. Hot water supply in hotels can be local, central or centralized. With local water supply, water coming from the cold water supply system is heated in gas, electric water heaters, water heaters. In this case, water is heated directly at the places of its consumption. In order to avoid interruptions in hot water supply, hotels usually use a central hot water supply system. During the central preparation of hot iodine water, coming from the cold water supply system, it is heated by water heaters in the individual heating point of the hotel building or the central heating point, sometimes the water is heated directly in the boilers of local and central boiler houses. With district heating, water is heated in water heaters with steam or hot water coming from the city heating network.
sewerage system
The hotel building, which has a system of cold and hot water supply, must also be equipped with an internal sewerage system, in which waste liquid is removed from the building. Waste liquid is water that was used for various needs and received additional impurities (pollution) that changed its chemical composition or physical properties. The internal sewerage system is connected to the city sewer networks. Waste liquid is transported through the city sewerage system to the treatment plant. After purification, the water is sent to reservoirs. Wastewater treatment plant they are placed downstream of the river below the settlements. Depending on the origin and nature of the pollution, the sewage system is divided into domestic, storm and industrial. Domestic sewerage in hotels is designed to drain wastewater from sanitary appliances. Storm canonization (drainage systems) serves to drain atmospheric water from the roofs of buildings using downpipes. Waste liquid from sinks and sinks of the catering unit, utility rooms, laundries, hairdressers, etc., enters the industrial sewerage system.
Introduction
Theoretical aspects of heat supply in a hotel
1 Water supply and heat supply
2 Reducing heating costs in the hotel
Heat supply in the President Hotel and improvement of heat supply in the hotel
1 Heat supply in the President Hotel
2 Increasing the efficiency of the hotel
Conclusion
Introduction
Modern hotels are equipped with large and complex engineering and technical equipment. These are central heating, sewerage, hot and cold water, fire fighting system, ventilation and garbage chutes. The buildings are equipped with electricity, telephones, radio and television installations, alarms. Installed high-speed modern elevators.
Engineering and technical equipment is considered as a complex of ready-made, permanent conditions aimed at meeting the cultural and everyday needs of hotel residents.
For correct operation engineering equipment in each hotel it is necessary to have technical documentation: a building passport, a plan of each floor, diagrams of heating systems, sewerage, water supply, ventilation, electric lighting, a passport for elevators.
For constant supervision of the state of engineering and technical equipment, special positions are introduced into the staff of hotels: engineers of technical devices, electricians, mechanics, plumbers, etc.
In large hotel buildings, an engineering team is constantly working, headed by the chief engineer of the hotel. In small hotels, where there are no full-time positions, the director or senior administrator is in charge of engineering and technical equipment.
The purpose of the course: to study the heating system in hotel complexes.
Objectives: to study the theoretical aspects of water supply and heat supply in hotels, to determine how heating costs are reduced in a hotel, to study heat supply in the President Hotel and improve heat supply in a hotel
Object of study: hotel complexes.
Theoretical aspects of heat supply in a hotel
1 Water supply and heat supply
One of the main problems is supplying the hotel with water for drinking and household needs. To do this, the hotel building must be equipped with appropriate plumbing and sewerage equipment.
Hotel facilities built in the developed territories are supplied with water from the city water supply network. Small objects standing outside urban areas have their own supply from rivers, wells and wells.
Tap water in hotel facilities must be potable, regardless of the purpose for which it is used.
The heating system in hotels should create a stable temperature regime during the heating season and comfortable conditions in accordance with the requirements. Throughout the entire heating season, the heating system must operate uninterruptedly and, with minimal heat consumption, ensure a normal temperature in all rooms.
Heating systems are divided into local and central. Local systems include those where all the main elements are combined into one device. Such systems are furnaces, gas and electric heating. The radius of their action is limited to one or two adjacent rooms.
IN central systems the heat source is moved outside the heated premises or even outside the building.
The following heating systems are used in hotel complexes:
Water heating. The simplest for maintenance and the cheapest from an operational point of view in small hotel complexes, the volume of which exceeds 10 thousand m2. For large objects, pumping is used water heating, It is based on forced circulation water in heating devices.
Steam heating low pressure it is most often used in water heating installations, washing installations and separate devices (steam-air apparatuses, fire-fighting installations, dryers), as well as in kitchens or digesters. Steam pressure up to 0.5 atmospheres and temperature up to 110 ° C.
The principle of operation of this heating system is to generate steam in boilers. This steam is supplied through pipes to heating devices, where it condenses. Condensate is discharged through a pipe directly to the boiler or to a condensate tank; from there, the water is pumped to the steam boiler and subjected to evaporation again.
Air heating. Heating of industrial premises and trading floors of the restaurant with air is carried out with the help of ventilation units, which simultaneously perform the role of ventilation and heating. For heating, steam-air devices are used, equipped with a heater, to which low-pressure steam is supplied, and a fan, which operate on the principle of air intake from the room or outside.
Radiant heating. In this case, the heating channels are located in the ceiling structure, in wall panels, floors or partitions. With radiant heating, the surfaces of building structures (ceiling, wall) are heated, which transfer heat to the air. The heating surface temperature ranges from 30-50 ° C.
The calorific system not only heats the air, but also humidifies and purifies it with the help of special filters.
In many hotel complexes, the system under flooring is successfully used.
Heat supply of hotel complexes from heating networks is carried out under an agreement with a heat supplier to consumers. The calculation for heat supply depends on the volume of the premises and the consumption of hot water. In the case of such heat supply, most hotel complexes equip heat metering units to reduce costs.
Modern engineering and technical equipment is capable of creating any air regime parameters in hotels that provide complete environmental comfort for a person. This equipment allows you to enrich the air with oxygen, heat it or cool it, dry it or humidify it, clean it from dust and other contaminants, and aromatize it. For this purpose, special installations are used, which are called air conditioners. Recall that the temperature in the room should be 18-20 ° C, air humidity - 40-45%, air speed - 0.25 m / s. The creation of the necessary climatic conditions in the room (temperature, relative humidity, air velocity), regardless of external climatic conditions and factors (heat and moisture emissions by people and equipment, gas and steam emissions), is called air conditioning.
Depending on the radius of action, air conditioning systems are divided into central, which serve many rooms, and local - to serve one room.
Central air conditioning systems are equipped with large central air conditioners, which are installed in specially designated rooms with a minimum area of 140 m2, up to 10 m high. Central air conditioners are installed to supply air to restaurant sales areas, banquet halls, conference rooms, industrial and residential premises. The set of air conditioners includes automatic and remote control devices.
With local air conditioning, a compact air conditioner is installed in the room that is being serviced.
Air conditioning is provided due to the impossibility of using natural ventilation (open windows in summer) due to excessive street noise, interferes with work, indoor air pollution or high wind speeds with high number of storeys. The air conditioner processes only the outside air mixed with the internal recirculation air, as well as the inside air.
Air conditioning systems require a large amount of cooling during the summer. Refrigeration can be supplied from natural or artificial sources. Natural springs include artesian waters, which lie at a depth of 25-30 m from the earth's surface and have a temperature of +5 ° C, as well as ice. Artificial sources include chilled water coming from refrigeration units with a temperature of +7 ° C. Cooling devices equipped with compressors with evaporative-condensing units. in transitional and winter periods cooling machines are not working. The sanitary norm of fresh air is 20 m3 per person.
Air exchange in residential rooms, industrial premises, hotel, restaurant halls and cafes is necessary to create comfortable conditions for guests and staff. With the help of ventilation, air is exchanged: polluted air is removed, which contains an excess amount of carbon dioxide, water vapor and dust, and fresh air enriched with oxygen is supplied.
Almost all major hotels are equipped with air ventilation systems. Ventilation systems are classified: according to their purpose - into supply and exhaust; according to the method of air movement - to natural and mechanical; according to the method of organizing air exchange - local and general exchange.
Proper and rapid air exchange is ensured by natural or mechanical ventilation. Natural ventilation consists of aeration (ventilation through windows, vents, balcony doors) and duct-gravity ventilation (through shafts, pipelines leading to the roof and ventilation grilles in the premises due to the temperature difference). This system is often used in rooms, bathrooms, shared bathrooms and some warehouses. The main condition for air exchange based on the gravity system is the pressure difference that occurs between the air that is inside and the air outside. Depending on the pressure ratio, natural air draft occurs in the ventilation ducts, which causes ventilation of the premises.
Mechanical ventilation is used where a strong air exchange is required, and the advantage of this type of installation is independence from external atmospheric conditions(temperature, humidity, wind and pressure): in industrial premises, restaurant halls, cafe halls, kitchens, washing and machine rooms.
Distinguish between exhaust mechanical ventilation and supply and exhaust. With mechanical exhaust ventilation, polluted air is removed from the premises by a fan, and fresh air enters through the pores of the walls or specially left channels and openings in the walls and coatings, as well as through the ventilation grills. With a supply and exhaust system, separate fans are installed in the premises, causing movement and air exchange, or a ventilation supply and exhaust unit is installed in which air is supplied and removed by various channels, and the air flow is controlled using grilles. Such an installation consists of channels and fans, and air is sucked in using a system that is provided with cleaning, heating and humidifying devices.
Ventilation of residential rooms, bathrooms and toilets is carried out using vertical exhaust ducts. In the industrial premises of the restaurant, natural ventilation with the help of exhaust ducts is insufficient. The release of a large amount of heat and moisture by kitchen machines and devices requires a mechanical supply and exhaust ventilation. Ventilation grilles should be placed above sources of steam and heat. A ventilation canopy is installed above the main stove, the purpose of which is to remove steam and heat generated during cooking.
The premises of the trading floors of restaurants, cafes and cocktail bars, as well as guilty cellars, must be equipped with independent mechanical ventilation. An important role in such cases is played by their height. Low sales areas require their expensive ventilation units.
In laundries, ventilation units are either independent devices that remove heat and fumes directly from machines and washing equipment, or integral part machines. A modern hotel laundry must be ventilated, served by its own centralized engine room. In rooms where linen is washed and steam accumulates, devices are used to remove them, consisting of a fan
and heating. Ventilating laundries by opening windows is undesirable, especially in winter.
In refrigerators, air circulation is carried out on the basis of gravity or with the help of fans. Compositions intended for the storage of products and various materials require an appropriate air exchange, which should be carried out 3-6 times a day.
Possible defects and malfunctions of ventilation devices may be the absence or damage of exhaust grilles and frames for them, leaks in prefabricated slag-gypsum vertical ducts, clogging of ventilation ducts with brick fragments or mortar, damage or absence of a protective umbrella or deflector on the ventilation shaft (nozzle on the exhaust pipe). During severe frosts, ventilation is turned off.
In large hotels saturated with carpets, dust removal systems are used.
The principles of operation of the centralized dust removal system are as follows:
In the basement of the hotel, a dust removal station is installed. It consists of a water ring vacuum pump, hydraulic filters (bubbler), mesh filters, racks with fittings for connecting flexible hose with a nozzle, which is used to clean surfaces from dust and dirt
Risers are laid in the walls of the corridors and go to the highest rooms of the hotel;
Moistened dust, falling into the receiving chamber on the water surface, is discharged into the sewer.
2 Reducing heating costs in the hotel
Tariff for thermal energy, used in Kiev hotels, has increased dramatically since December 2008, and the leaders of large hotel complexes began to look for an alternative to district heating.
Thermal energy in hotels is spent on heating, ventilation and hot water supply. The uninterrupted supply of hot water to hotel rooms is one of the most important tasks of the staff, because even a short-term absence of hot water in the taps is fraught with serious troubles for the administration and financial losses. Even two-week breaks in the operation of the heating network during summer preventive maintenance put hotel administrations in a difficult position. It is impossible not to take into account the fact that the cost of thermal energy spent on heating water during the year often exceeds other costs.
Heat supply in the President Hotel and improvement of heat supply in the hotel
1 Heat supply in the President Hotel
The hotel, which is now called the "President Hotel", was built according to the Kiev-ZNIIEP project by Polish builders in the era of perestroika, and at that time its equipment was a model for other hotels. Among other innovations of that period, it is impossible not to mention the unique extract air heat exchanger with a capacity of 60 thousand m3 per hour, developed in Kiev-ZNIIEP, consisting of specially manufactured heat pipes.
The most amazing thing is that even now, more than 20 years after its manufacture, this utilizer works with the same efficiency, and over the entire service life it has saved as much heat as is generated when burning 7 thousand tons of coal. These are about four freight trains made up of coal wagons.
However, in general, the engineering equipment of the President Hotel no longer fully meets modern requirements. If the newly built Kiev hotels high class rooms, equipped with gas boilers, were indulgent about the sudden problems with centralized heating, the President Hotel was shocked when the guests of expensive rooms suddenly found themselves without hot water as a result of an unexpected order from the heat supply organization, which demanded to turn off the boilers.
The hotel administration could avoid such problems and minimize its dependence on the heat supply organization by implementing the scheme for the use of secondary heat proposed by the Energominimum enterprise.
Figure 2.1 - Use of secondary heat
An illustrative diagram of the use of heat sources available in the President Hotel for hot water supply of the hotel: 1 - hotel circuit, 2 - counter of the restaurant building, 3 - conditional riser of the hot water supply system, 4 - conditional sewer riser, 5 - outdoor air intake for restaurant ventilation, 6 - exhaust air discharge, 7 - supply fans, 8 - exhaust fans, 9 - existing recuperative heat exchanger with heat pipes, 10 - existing hot water storage tanks, 11 - waste-glycol heat exchangers, 12 - air-to-water heat pump, 13 - glycol-water heat pump, 14 - heat flow energy from sewerage, 15 - heat energy flow from exhaust air, 16 - heat energy flow from heat pump "glycol-water" in DHW system, 17 - the flow of thermal energy from the air-to-water heat pump to the DHW system.
The limited space in which it is possible to install waste-glycol heat exchangers will not allow using the heat of sewage to the full extent. Therefore, it is also necessary to use the heat of the exhaust air additionally. Despite the fact that this heat has already been used in the existing heat exchanger, the temperature of the exhaust air cooled in the heat exchanger is still higher than the outdoor air temperature. The air-to-water heat pump 12, installed in the exhaust ventilation duct of the restaurant directly after the existing heat exchanger 9, together with the heat pump 13, will fully provide necessary heat hotel hot water system
2 Increasing the efficiency of the hotel
In table. 1 presents the results of an economic assessment of alternative heat supply for a hotel.
Economic assessment of the heat supply of the hotel "President-Hotel" (PO), "Kiev" (K), "Slavutich" (C) using heat pumps
heating supply air conditioning hotel heating
Table 2.1 - Economic evaluation of alternative heat supply of the hotel
Necessary investments thous. USD105Heat energy savings per year Gcal890Electricity consumption per year MW230Savings in heat energy costs thousand UAH/year571Electricity costs166Savings in energy costs173Simple payback period years2
If, as a result of an economic assessment of the effectiveness of the use of heat pumps, the payback period for investments in the heat supply system from heat pumps was given as two or four years, it would be safe to say that the economic calculations are clearly erroneous. At that time, in order to prove the effectiveness of the use of heat pumps, one had to resort to indirect methods, predicting an increase in energy prices in the coming years. Thus, according to our assessment made three years ago, the payback period for a heat pump for a manor house was estimated at 25 years, and only taking into account the prospective prices for natural gas, the estimated payback period for investments was 5.5 years.
Since then, gas has risen in price by about 2.5 times, and in itself this rise in price is not yet so large as to significantly improve the economic attractiveness of heat pumps. But there has been an event in the economic life of Ukraine's capital that is more stunning than the generally predicted rise in natural gas prices. Heat energy from the district heating system has suddenly become sold to non-budgetary organizations for about seven times more than before. The cost of thermal and electrical energy, related to the same unit of measurement, for example, to a kilowatt-hour, became approximately equal, and this is probably a unique precedent unknown to the civilized world.
The uniqueness of the new Kiev tariff for thermal energy lies in its economic absurdity, understandable to any layman who, evaluating various types of energy by their consumer qualities, understands that the value of electrical energy that can not only heat, but also illuminate, rotate machines, transmit information to televisions and computers are much higher than the value of thermal energy. In addition, it is clear that a power plant is an order of magnitude more expensive and more complicated than a boiler house of the same capacity, and the coefficient useful action generator is 2.5 times lower than the efficiency of the boiler. Therefore, electrical energy has always been and should be several times more expensive than thermal energy. Now this balance is broken, and the consequences of this violation for the heat supply system can be very serious.
Now the reader, probably already surprised by the short payback periods shown in Table. 1, the reasons for such a high efficiency of heat pumps that can be installed in Kiev hotels are understandable.
Of course, high heat tariffs will stimulate the implementation of any, even the most costly, energy-saving measures, and if proposals for the use of heat pumps are accepted for execution by the administration of any of the hotels, then simultaneously with the reconstruction of the thermal economy, it may be advisable to insulate the walls and install heat shield windows. The cost of these works and their effectiveness should be considered additionally, taking into account the corresponding reduction in the costs of installing heating heat pumps of lower capacity.
Analyzing the results of the technical and economic assessment of the reconstruction of the thermal facilities of hotels with the installation of heat pumps in them, it can be confidently stated that each of them has enough untapped reserves to save energy costs. Using these reserves, the hotel administration will not only reduce its operating costs, but will also receive that additional source of thermal energy, which will provide more reliable heat supply, and, consequently, more high level service to their clients.
SAV induction boilers for providing heat supply to hotel complexes
Several types of connections can be considered as options for heating and hot water supply of hotels:
single-circuit systems (with separation of heating and water heating functions, for organizing heating and separate local-type boilers for hot water supply)
underfloor heating system (as a more rational alternative to radiator type heating)
combined systems with the ability to adjust the heating output by numbers, systems with an automatic daily heating schedule, etc.
According to statistics, at the moment the level of average annual occupancy of hotels in Moscow is about 75% (and in the regions no more than 55-60%). However, in different periods it can fluctuate significantly, and it is necessary to constantly strike a balance between providing comfort and reasonable energy savings. At low occupancy, the heat supply system should provide the possibility of selective heating of rooms, and at maximum occupancy (or in emergency situations) - the possibility of switching on reserve or alternative capacities. SAV induction boilers are an ideal option when installing underfloor heating systems in the construction of new hotel complexes or the renovation of existing ones (such systems make it possible to achieve the required indoor air temperature at a much lower coolant temperature, that is, reducing energy consumption).
SAV induction boilers are powered from a single source of electricity and are the best option for use in any heating schemes of hotels. Thanks to automated control It is possible to set a temperature schedule depending on the time of day.
Modern public buildings- multifunctional enterprises, which include premises for various purposes. The energy intensity of the engineering equipment of the microclimate systems of such buildings (especially ventilation and air conditioning systems) increases due to higher comfort requirements.
The problem of reducing the cost of heat supply to buildings requires new approaches. One of the possible directions is the development of combined heat supply systems. Such systems are a combination of traditional systems from a centralized heat source and systems from autonomous heat sources located in buildings. Roof boilers and solar plants can be used as autonomous sources.
Modern public buildings are multifunctional enterprises that include premises for various purposes. The energy intensity of the engineering equipment of the microclimate systems of such buildings (especially ventilation and air conditioning systems) increases due to higher comfort requirements. During the reconstruction of buildings built in 1920-1970. taking into account modern requirements significantly higher costs of thermal and electrical energy are required to create a microclimate in comparison with the initial ones.
Due to the high payment for connecting additional loads to the heating networks of a centralized heat source, it seems appropriate to use additional local (autonomous) sources. Let us consider the possibility of using combined heat supply systems for a building using the example of the Eurasia hotel located in Yekaterinburg. At the same time, it is proposed to supplement the district heating supply with decentralized (autonomous) heat supply from a rooftop boiler house and a solar heating installation.
The hotel complex for 150 people according to the reconstruction project includes single and double rooms, a restaurant with a banquet hall, a cafe-bar, conference rooms, a beauty salon, a health center with fitness and gyms, a solarium, a sauna, trading rooms, and administrative premises. Estimated heat load after the reconstruction of the hotel is 1200 kW, incl. for heating 310 kW, for ventilation 720 kW, for hot water supply 170 kW.
Estimated thermal load of the hotel before reconstruction was 700 kW. The article presents the results of comparing costs for three options for hotel heat supply: district heating with the installation of an individual heating point (ITP); combined heat supply from a centralized source and a roof boiler house; combined heat supply from a centralized source, a rooftop boiler house and a solar heating system (solar system) to cover the heat load on the hot water supply of the hotel.
In the first version, according to specifications for connection to heating networks, the heating system is connected according to an independent scheme, ventilation systems - according to a dependent scheme, and the hot water supply system - according to a closed one. Due to the increase in the heat load, it is necessary to reconstruct sections of the heating network and ITP, as well as a fee for connecting an additional heat load. Currently, this fee in Yekaterinburg is more than 8 million rubles. for 1 Gcal/h without VAT.
The cost of connecting an additional heat load of 500 kW for the first option is 3.8 million rubles. The second option provides for combined heat supply from a centralized source and from a rooftop boiler. In this option, it is proposed to ensure the heat load on ventilation through district heating, in accordance with the original technical conditions for connection to heating networks.
This provides minimum costs for the reconstruction of a heating point, the possibility of using a high-temperature coolant for air heaters supply systems and allows you to refuse from the payment for connection to the heating networks of additional heat load. The heat load for heating and hot water supply is covered by the roof boiler. The heating system is connected according to a dependent scheme, and the hot water supply is connected according to a closed one.
In order to reduce the total heat load of the boiler house, a hot water accumulator is provided, which makes it possible to reduce the calculated heat load on hot water supply from maximum to medium. The use of an accumulator also makes it possible to simplify the automation systems of the boiler house and ensure a constant hydraulic regime of the boiler house.
In order to reduce the total heat load of the boiler house, the paper proposes to supply heat for heating and hot water supply according to the coupled control mode, i.e. at water withdrawals above the average value, the supply of heat for heating is reduced, and at night the undelivered amount of heat is returned to the heating system. The temperature regime of the premises is restored due to heat resistance.
The third variant was developed taking into account current trends on the use of renewable energy sources, incl. solar, due to the constant increase in the cost of energy resources.
Solar hot water supply systems have a number of advantages, which include: saving energy resources, environmental friendliness, simplicity of design and reliability in operation, low operating costs, durability, safety, facilitating the operation of boiler equipment. In conditions Sverdlovsk region The use of solar systems for hot water supply may become promising.
The paper shows that the monthly energy output of a solar collector in Yekaterinburg from April to September is sufficient to provide a significant part of the heat load for hot water supply. Since the outside temperature can drop below 0 °C from April to September, a two-circuit solar system with pumped circulation with antifreeze in the collector circuit was considered. Hot water for the hot water needs of the hotel can be prepared both in a water heater and in a solar plant.
For the proposed options, capital, operating and reduced costs were calculated. Capital costs include the cost of equipment and installation work. The first option also includes payment for connection to heating networks. Operating costs include the cost of energy resources, depreciation and annual costs for the repair and maintenance of systems.
The cost of thermal energy from a centralized source of heat supply for Yekaterinburg is 1200 rubles/Gcal, from a rooftop boiler house - 506 rubles/Gcal; the cost of natural gas is 233 rubles/Gcal. The value of the coefficient of economic efficiency of capital investments in calculating the reduced costs was taken in the amount of 0.12 year-1. The results of the calculation of economic indicators are presented in table. one.
As can be seen from the table, the second option is the most economical in terms of initial capital and reduced costs, the cost of generated energy is 2.4 times lower than the cost of heat from district heating. The approximate payback period for additional costs for the construction of a solar system (with the cost of thermal energy from a rooftop boiler house being 506 rubles/Gcal) was 19 years.
In this case, the payback period was defined as the ratio of the difference in capital costs between the compared options to the annual economic effect. And although this indicator does not take into account many factors, it is he who is of interest to the investor. If we take the average world cost of heat as 2500 rubles/Gcal, then the payback period will be 3.83 years. The main cost of a solar plant is solar collectors- $250 for one square meter collector.
Reducing this value will make the use of solar systems for heating buildings more attractive. Thus, for a wider introduction of solar systems, it is necessary to produce a wide range of solar installations, reduce their cost and state support for manufacturers and consumers, as is done in most developed countries of the world. The results obtained show that the use of combined systems makes it possible to optimally solve the problems of heat supply for reconstructed objects.
Conclusion
Thus, modern hotels are equipped with large and complex engineering and technical equipment. These are central heating, sewerage, hot and cold water, fire protection system, ventilation and garbage chutes. The buildings are equipped with electricity, telephones, radio and television installations, alarms. Installed high-speed modern elevators.
Observing the principles of cost savings when organizing heat supply at the enterprises of the hotel complex, one should take into account important features of such economic facilities: varying degrees of heat demand depending on the load of the facility (occupancy), uninterrupted heating and hot water supply to residential rooms and other premises of the complex to ensure comfort and maintenance competitiveness of the hotel, as well as compliance temperature conditions heating and hot water supply standards and GOSTs.
The problem of reducing the cost of heat supply to buildings requires new approaches. One of the possible directions is the development of combined heat supply systems. Such systems are a combination of traditional systems from a centralized heat source and systems from autonomous heat sources located in buildings. Roof boilers and solar plants can be used as autonomous sources.
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