Mezen painting

Mezen painting on wood or palashchelskaya painting is a type of painting of household utensils - spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which had developed by the beginning of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. The oldest dated spinning wheel with Mezen painting dates back to 1815, although pictorial motifs of such painting are found in handwritten books of the 18th century made in the Mezen region. In terms of style, Mezen painting can be attributed to the most archaic types of painting that survived until the 20th century. The objects are densely speckled with a fractional pattern - stars, crosses, dashes, made in two colors: black - soot and red - "earth paint", ocher. The main motifs of the geometric ornament - solar disks, rhombuses, crosses - resemble similar elements of trihedral-notched carving.

Polkhov-Maidan painting

Polkhov-Maidan painting is one of the youngest art crafts in Russia. It got its name from the large village of Polkhovsky Maidan in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Almost every family here is engaged in the manufacture and sale of wooden painted toys. The Polkhov-Maidan toy, or, as the craftsmen themselves call it, the “tararushka”, appeared in the late 1920s. Since the 1960s, residents of the village of Krutets, located near the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, began to make such a toy. The main motives for the patterns of this painting are flowers: rose, poppy, chamomile, tulip, wild rose. There is also a plot painting. Most often it is a rural landscape with a river, houses, a church and a mill on the shore, as well as the obligatory red dawn in the sky.

Pizhma painting

Pizhma painting has been known since the 17th century. One of the oldest paintings in the Russian North. The northern river Pechora and its tributaries Tsilma, Pizhma and others are the places where in the XIX-beginning of the XX century. there was a small center of graphic painting. The handwritten tradition of the Old Believers from the time of Avvakum had a strong influence on the formation of the Pizhemsky painting style. There were whole dynasties of scribes of pre-Nikonian books known throughout Pechora; they laid the foundation for a kind of Pizhemsky painting. Pizhma painting was done with watercolors - red, green, yellow, black. The main Pizhma painting is a geometric ornament made with black paint (soot using larch resin) in the form of rhombuses, crosses, dots, etc., with a slight addition of red and green paint.

Guslitskaya painting

Guslitskaya painting dates back to the 17th century. This painting existed until the 20th century, when the handwritten book was supplanted by the printed one. Guslitsa - this is how the area near Moscow in the southeastern part along the Guslitsa River, which flows into the Moscow River, has long been called (the territory of part of the modern Orekhovo-Zuevsky and Egoryevsky districts of the Moscow region). In Guslitsy, icon painting, cult copper-cast plastic, and sewing were developed. In the 60-70s. 19th century in the settlement of Abramovka, an underground Old Believer printing house of the peasant E.P. Piskunov functioned. In the Guslitz region, the art of correspondence and book decoration was widespread. Especially famous were the singing manuscripts of the Guslitsky work. The “Guslitsky” style of book design took shape by the last quarter of the 18th century. The specifics of the painting are shining colors: blue, light blue, pink, turquoise, combined with abundant gilding.

Rakul painting

Rakulskaya painting appears in the first half of the 19th century in the village of Ulyanovsk, standing at the confluence of the Rakulka River into the Northern Dvina (now the Krasnoborsky district of the Arkhangelsk region). The ornament of Rakulka painting is very close to the graphics of miniatures of the famous Vygovsky manuscripts - liturgical and instructive books produced by the Old Believers. As a rule, black and golden-ocher colors dominate in the paintings of Rakulka, which are accompanied by rich green and brown-red. The color scheme is very strict and harmonious, the plasticity of the elements is laconic. The elements of the rakul ornament are large, their shape is limited to a clear black outline. Small decorative elements - vignettes and veins are executed in black or white: leaf veins are predominantly drawn in white, running across a rich color background.

Sheksna painting gilded

"Sheksninskaya gilded" is one of the traditional paintings of the Russian North. It decorated peasant household items and was distributed in a small area - in the southern part of the Sheksninsky district of the Vologda region. The locals called the painting "gilded". This name entered the scientific circulation of the newly opened center of folk paintings. The painting is graphic, its color system is based on a combination of red, gold and black traditional for ancient Russian icon painting. Fanciful plants with outlandish leaves, flowers and fruits, on the branches of which proud birds with an eagle look and with a tail, sometimes turning into a floral pattern, sit - Here are the main motives of this painting. The origins of the Sheksna gilding have roots in ancient Russian culture, reminiscent of the ornaments of icons and handwritten books.

Khokhloma painting

Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black tones on a golden background. When painting a tree, not gold, but silver-tin powder is applied to the tree. After that, the product is covered with a special composition and processed three or four times in the oven, which achieves a honey-golden color, giving the effect of massiveness to light wooden utensils. The painting looks bright, despite the dark background. To create a picture, paints such as red, yellow, orange, a little green and blue are used. Also in the painting there is always a golden color. The traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy rowan and strawberry berries, flowers and branches. Often there are birds, fish and animals.

Boretskaya painting

Boretsky painting - Russian folk art craft, painting on wood. It has existed since the 18th century. Initially, there was one center of painting - the village of Borok (Shenkur district) in the middle reaches of the Northern Dvina River (it arose on the banks of the Dvina when the Novgorod region was settled in the Dvina region in the 11th-12th centuries). The most commonly used colors in painting: red, green, brown, orange, yellow. The ornament consists of rhombuses, circles, droplets, triangles. All elements are outlined in black. The symbol of the wrestling painting is the Tree of Life. A huge flower with a straight stem, around which flowers, birds, berries, graceful leaves are depicted. Genre scenes could serve as motives for the composition: tea drinking, festivities.

Petersburg painting

Petersburg painting arose on the basis of the study of trays created in the 19th century in St. Petersburg. Characterized by a special sophistication. White flowers with golden leaves on a black background. Leaves and flowers are painted with special, translucent strokes. It creates a special atmosphere of St. Petersburg - the city of white nights. The main motives of the drawing are flowers: daffodils, peonies, daisies; the composition is characterized by grace and dynamism. The active use of the background as an additional visual element can be considered a special technique. White and gold translucent strokes are placed so that the emerging background creates a unique atmosphere of mystery. Now it is a little-known type of household art. And at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century, white, translucent flowers with golden leaves began to bloom against the black background of the trays.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets painting is a Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​​​the city of Gorodets. Bright, laconic Gorodets painting (genre scenes, figurines of horses, roosters, floral patterns), made with a free brushstroke with white and black graphic strokes, adorned spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, and doors. In Nizhny Novgorod murals, two types can be distinguished - Pavlovian and Gorodets murals. Gorodets painting originates from carved Gorodets spinning wheels: the figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into a recess corresponding in shape. Inserts made of dark bog oak stand out in relief against the light surface of the bottom. Having only two shades of wood and a simple tool, craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture.

Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. It is believed that Zhostovo painting adopted the tradition of the Demidov family to paint tin trays, which was common in the Urals, namely in the Tagil and Vyisky industrial settlements. Breeders Demidov introduced this craft there. The emergence of the Zhostovo painted tray is associated with the name of the Vishnyakov brothers. The history of Zhostovo and Zhostovo craft dates back to the beginning of the 19th century, when in a number of villages near Moscow and villages of the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region) - Zhostovo, Ostashkovo, Khlebnikov, Troitskoye and others - there were workshops for the manufacture of painted lacquerware from papier-mâché . The main motive of the Zhostovo painting, as well as the Tagil painting, is a flower bouquet.

Gzhel painting

Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian ceramics production centers. The broader meaning of the name "Gzhel", which is correct from a historical and cultural point of view, is a vast area consisting of 27 villages united in the "Gzhel Bush". Gzhel Bush is located about sixty kilometers from Moscow along the Moscow-Murom-Kazan railway line. Now the Gzhel Bush is part of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region. Before the revolution, this area belonged to the Bogorodsky and Bronnitsky counties. The name "Gzhel" itself has Baltic roots and refers more to the natural features of the region than to the process of firing products in pottery. The word “Gzhel” is closest to the ancient Prussian sound of the word “bush”, which, with some differences, has taken root in all the Baltic languages.

What types of Russian folk decorative painting can you name?
Almost everyone can remember the Khokhloma painting. It is bright, beautiful and products painted under Khokhloma can be found most often.

Giant nesting dolls with various types of painting

But that's not all! Our Russian folk culture is certainly very rich.
I propose to watch a series of TV programs created by the TV channel Zagorodnaya Zhizn, each series of which is dedicated to a certain type of painting.

Kama painting.
Masters, working in the picturesque style of the Kama house painting, placed on the doors and walls of the house, on the furniture, images of fabulous birds and animals, flowering and fruiting plants. They subtly felt and accurately expressed in their works the poetic and fabulous worldview of the Perm peasants, who for a long time retained archaic features in their everyday life.

Pizhma painting.
One of the oldest paintings in the Russian North. The northern river Pechora and its tributaries Tsilma, Pizhma and others are the places where in the XIX-beginning of the XX century. there was a small center of graphic painting. The Old Believers who fled here were engaged in rewriting secular and religious books, which they decorated with headpieces, initial letters, and drawings.

Mezen painting.
One of the most ancient Russian art crafts. Its origins are lost in remote centuries. Fishing reached its peak of popularity in the 19th century. Mezen spinning wheels and boxes were widely distributed along the Pinega River, exported to the Pechora, Dvina and Onega. The stylization of the drawing, the conciseness and expressiveness of the painting bring them closer to the ancient rock paintings of the Russian North. Mezen does not have the usual Russian folk brightness, multicolor.

Gorodets painting.
Folk craft of the Nizhny Novgorod region. It was developed in the second half of the 19th century in the Volga villages near Gorodets.
Gorodets painting is peculiar in its manner, so it is quite difficult to confuse it. Not a single Gorodets product is complete without lush garlands, bouquets of flowers. The plots of Gorodets products had a peculiar inimitable plot, walks of gentlemen with ladies, riders on horseback, scenes of tea drinking in rich interiors.

Zhostovo painting is a folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. The industry arose in the middle of the 18th century. in the Urals, where the metallurgical plants of the Demidovs were located.

For more than two hundred years of history, a unique Pavlovo Posad school of shawl drawing has developed at the shawl manufactory.

Gzhel is one of the traditional Russian ceramics production centers.

practice report

Chapter 1. Painting on wood: the history of occurrence, types of painting, relevance

Artistic painting is the art of decorating a surface with paints or a brush. It is one of the most ancient types of folk crafts, which for many centuries have been part of the daily life and culture of the people. Also, painting is also the most popular type of arts and crafts.

The history of painting on wood goes back to the distant past. When people learned how to make objects and utensils from wood, they wanted to somehow decorate their life and enrich it. It was believed that painted things drove away evil spirits. Initially, they used raw materials that were common in their area (clay, coal, chalk) as paints, so the painting of each region is still unique and recognizable.

Wood painting can be conditionally divided into traditional and author's. Traditional painting developed in the villages. It is characterized by simplicity, conciseness. The author's painting was made in the cities by craftsmen. These works were characterized by elegance and professionalism. The technique of plot paintings boiled down to the fact that the master applied a clear outline of the drawing to the surface of the product, and then painted it in different colors. The colors were applied very loosely and sweepingly. The plot for the painting was the designations of various symbols that identified the Sun - a symbol of joy, the Bird - a symbol of happiness and success, the Duck - a sign of sunset.

For painting on wood, two main directions are characteristic - graphic and brush. First came the graphic painting. This painting is based on a linear graphic drawing. The master drew a herbal or floral pattern in a thin line with a pen or stick. Then he filled the figures with multi-colored paints. Such painting was skillfully mastered by masters who lived on the Northern Dvina. They wrote their compositions on a light background with green, yellow and red paints. But the main thing here was a black outline that outlined the entire floral ornament - bushes and flowers with large carved leaves.

Another direction is free brush painting. This painting is based on the expressiveness of a painterly stroke and a color spot. Masters of this style work immediately with a brush, modeling plant forms, figures of animals and people with color.

One of such painting centers is the widely known Khokhloma. This ancient Russian folk craft was born in the 17th century in the district of Nizhny Novgorod. Khokhloma is a decorative painting of wooden utensils and furniture, made in red, green and black tones on a golden background. The technological process of creating Khokhloma products still retains the basic principles found back in the 17th-18th centuries. The first step is turning white wooden utensils - “linen” on a lathe. This is followed by a primer - coating with a liquid clay solution, followed by tinning with silver, tin, and currently aluminum. The product becomes smooth, shiny, ready for painting. The applied painting is fixed in the oven. After that, the product is varnished and subjected to hot drying, depending on the composition of the varnish. Finished products shine with a sunny sheen, become very durable and light.

Folk and arts and crafts have become an integral part of artistic culture. Today, painting is one of the current trends. The value of works of arts and crafts reflects the artistic traditions, worldview, artistic experience of the people and preserves historical memory. Zhostovo trays, caskets with lacquer coating bring beauty into our lives. Gzhel ceramics, Gorodets saucers, Khokhloma-painted dishes are increasingly entering our everyday life as works of art, preserving the historical connection of times.

Chapter 2. History of Gorodets painting

During the technological practice, Gorodets painting on wood was mastered.

This painting originates from the carved Gorodets spinning wheels, which had their own peculiarity: a comb and a bottom. Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language V.I. Dahl explains that the word "bottom" means "a plank on which a spinner sat, sticking a comb into it." Having finished the work, she took out the comb, and hung the bottom on the wall, and it decorated the hut. Therefore, craftsmen paid special attention to decorating boards with carvings and paintings. The spinning wheel was a faithful companion throughout the life of a peasant woman. Often served as a gift: the groom gave it to the bride, the father gave it to his daughter, the husband gave it to his wife. Therefore, the bottom was chosen elegant, colorful, to everyone's joy and surprise. The spinning wheel was inherited, it was protected and kept.

To decorate the Donets, Gorodets craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay: the figures were cut out of wood of a different breed and inserted into a recess corresponding in shape. Later, masters began to use tint for fine richness, a bright combination of yellow with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful.

The need to increase the production of spinning bottoms prompted the masters to simplify the technique of decorative design. From the second half of the 19th century, the complex and time-consuming technique of inlay began to be replaced by simple carving with tint, and since the 1870s, the picturesque manner of decoration has prevailed on the Gorodetsky Donets.

A freer painting technique made it possible to create new plots, taught the beauty of a free pictorial stroke, which allows you to write without first drawing a contour.

Each master had his favorite shades of color and their combination. At the same time, they used common techniques to create a competent color. Gorodets masters were able to create a balance of colorful spots on the surface of an object, achieving unity of color and completeness of painting.

Throughout the history of the craft, folk masters have created an original pictorial system, found unique images and developed a rich arsenal of techniques for pictorial elaboration of plot details and ornamental elements. The craftsmen also painted children's wheelchairs and high chairs. The Gorodetsky style differs, first of all, in content. In the murals, genre scenes give the main impression. All these images are conditional in character, very free and decorative in form.

Mainoval plots and technique of their executionniya.

First of all, the masters depicted the life of the peasantry, merchants, a magnificent parade of costumes. A significant place was occupied by floral motifs - lush "rosans", painted widely and decoratively. Next to genre realistic motifs in Gorodets murals, there are also decorative images of birds and animals. The decorativeness of motifs is emphasized with the help of color and various techniques. The main specificity of Gorodets painting is that the masters usually depict scenes on a transparent background, thereby showing the texture of wood.

The painting is done with a brush, without a preliminary drawing, with a free and juicy stroke. It is very diverse - from a wide stroke to the thinnest line and a virtuoso stroke. Immediately before painting, the workpiece went through a complex preparatory stage, which consisted of priming it with chalk and smearing it with glue. And only after this preliminary work did the master start painting. The method of painting the product was interesting - the laying of primary colors with subsequent linear development. The painting was complemented by "animation" - fine cutting of ornamental forms with whitewash. In the works of the Gorodets masters, “animations” were always applied to monophonic silhouettes, which gave them some volume.

Variety of depicted flowers:

Kupavka is the most common flower in the Gorodets ornament. Her underpainting is larger in size than that of the bud. Underpainting, i.e. circular motion with a brush, applying one color spot. They begin to paint it, as a rule, with a small circle along its edge, then they make a bracket inside the circle. Brackets are drawn along the edge of the underpainting, the shape is the same as the bracket inside the underpainting, only smaller. Brackets along its edge are drawn, starting from the center, gradually reducing them in size to the core. The final stage of painting - animation is usually done with whitewash.

Rosan - has petals and a pronounced center. Silhouette in the shape of a circle. The size may be larger than the bathing suit. The center of the flower is drawn in the middle. Rosan in the painting of the city is surrounded by brackets - petals of the same size, the color of which matches the color of the middle. The technique of painting the brackets is the same as that of the kupavka.

Variants of development with animation are so diverse that it is difficult to name even the most common ones. Gorodets artists use dots, brackets, drops, spirals.

Another common flower is the chamomile. Technique: lightly touch the surface of the paper with the tip of the brush, leaving a thin mark on it. Then, without looking up from the paper, the brush is quickly applied and lifted. As a result, the master gets a smear-drop - thin at the beginning and wide at the end. Like a rose, it has a core, only drop petals are drawn around it.

Gorodets leaves are quite diverse in shape, size and color. They are almost always arranged in groups of five, three or two leaves.

Gorodets bird is a symbol of family happiness. Birds are depicted in various ways: this is a proud peacock, a cocky rooster, and a fabulous bird. They begin to write them with a smooth line depicting the curve of the neck and chest, then they draw a line that defines the shape of the head and back, then they define the line of the wing, the filiform beak and legs. Most often, the body is made in black, the wing is painted over with green paint. The tail is written in different ways, for example, it is limited on both sides by lines that define its silhouette, and painted over. This is best done in scarlet. In another case, each tail feather is drawn in two colors. The development of birds begins with the head and ends with the tail. Animations are made with whitewash, applying thin strokes.

Gorodetsky horse is a symbol of wealth. It is mostly black in color, with a small head on a steeply arched neck and a neatly combed mane. Masters depict him in several ways. Some free fly strokes write the outline of the entire figure and only then paint over it. Others build the figure of a horse with color spots, starting with the largest vertical element - the chest and neck. The outlines of the harness and saddle, the back and abdominal parts of the body are added to them. The plane bounded by the harness and saddle lines remains light in this variant. Most often, the saddle and harness are made in scarlet, and the details of the head and legs of the tail are made in white.

Composition in the Gorodets painting.

All works of art are created according to the laws of composition, non-observance or ignorance of which can lead to a violation of harmony.

For the composition of works of arts and crafts, the main thing is the unity of content and form. Another, already specific, sign is the conformity of the form of a work of decorative art with its specific purpose.

To a large extent, the nature of the composition is determined by the uniform alternation of the elements of the drawing, which contributes to the achievement of clarity and expressiveness of the composition.

A rhythmically organized drawing easily turns into an ornament - the basis of the composition. But the ornament is not only the repeated repetition of similar elements of the pattern. A beautiful and clear drawing of the details of the overall silhouette is very important.

On carved bottoms kept in museums, most often a composition depicting two riders on rearing horses is presented. Riders are located on both sides of a flower tree, from the top of which a swan takes off. On the lower halves of the donets, the craftsmen usually depicted genre scenes of festivities of gentlemen with ladies, hunting scenes, etc. By the end of the XIX century. a characteristic form of a floral ornament with certain elements has developed: these are buds, roses and a cupavka flower, which are endlessly repeated in various versions. In the center of the compositional plane, the artists place the main image: a bird, a horse, a person, a group of people, or a plant motif.

Folk masters painted faces in the same manner - in the form of a white circle, on which their features are indicated by thin black lines. Hairstyles, both for men and women, are distinguished by great sophistication, but only black is used in their coloring. In the image of the figures themselves, a planar color solution is used, in which the main large spots (skirts, jackets, jackets, trousers) are painted without a contour, in the form of a monochrome colorful silhouette. The favorite decorative motif in the art of Gorodets masters is bright flowers and decorative green leaves, which give the painting a special charm.

Veliky Ustyug painting

In the Ustyug painting, three types of painting are distinguished: chest, box and complex ornamental, which is also called "royal" painting. Chest painting was carried out on chests by professional artists. It was mentioned above...

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Wood in Russian folk crafts

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The history of the formation of Russian ballet

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Weaving and openwork woodcarving

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Petrikovskaya painting

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Paintings of the Northern Dvina. Tradition and modernity

Since ancient times, dishes and other household items made of ceramics have been widely known in Russia. One of the most famous settlements of Russia, whose inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of ceramic porcelain dishes, is Gzhel (now the city is located on the territory of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region). Since the 17th century, and even earlier, Gzhel has been the most famous center for the manufacture of porcelain and ceramics. The products of local craftsmen are distributed throughout Russia. It should be noted that in the old days this city was one of the centers of the Old Believers-priests. The heyday of Gzhel came at the time of the activity of the Association for the Production of Porcelain and Faience Products M.S. Kuznetsov" in the late XIX - early XX century.

The formation of the Gzhel color palette familiar to us falls on the beginning of the 19th century. Researchers point out that since the 1820s, an increasing number of Gzhel products were painted white and painted exclusively with blue paint. Today, blue painting is a characteristic feature of Gzhel products. The popularity of such dishes turned out to be so great that similar products began to be created in other areas, but they had a similar blue-and-white ornament. There have also been many fakes.

Experts say that only author's works that formed the Gzhel style familiar to us in the 80s of the XX century can be called authentic Gzhel products. These are the works of such artists as Azarova, Denisov, Neplyuev, Fedorovskaya, Oleinikov, Tsaregorodtsev, Podgornaya, Garanin, Simonov and others. Each of these masters puts on the product a personal signature or a stamp of the company where he works. If the master is an employee of the enterprise, then his products are transferred to the production workshop for the purpose of replication.

Zhostovo painting

In the middle of the XVIII century in the Urals, where the metallurgical plants of the Demidovs were located, a new type of craft was born. Local craftsmen began to paint metal trays. It is interesting that such workshops appeared in cities where a large part of the population were Old Believers, who still have prayer houses and churches there. These are Nizhny Tagil, Nevyansk and Vyisk, founded in 1722. So the so-called Tagil trays appeared. The industrialists Demidovs, who oversaw this craft, were very concerned about the quality and artistic value of the products. In order to educate and train professional personnel, they founded a school in 1806. The historical style of Tagil trays was created thanks to this school and its most authoritative teacher - a graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts V.I. Albychev.

Painted Tagil trays were sold all over the country. Similar products began to try to produce in other places. The most successful such attempt was the organization of the production of painted trays in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow province. The trays made there became famous in the first half of the 19th century. Since then, this type of craft has received the name "Zhostovo painting". Until now, the craft of painting a tray has been preserved only in Nizhny Tagil and Zhostovo. The painting is done mainly on a black background (occasionally on red, blue, green).

The main motives of the painting are: flower bouquets, both lush garden and small wild flowers; Ural landscapes or ancient cities. On some old trays you can see people, fabulous birds. Painted trays are used either for their intended purpose (as a samovar, for serving dinner), or for decoration. The shape of the trays are divided into round, octagonal, rectangular, oval.

Palekh miniature

After the October Revolution and the beginning of the persecution of religion, Palekh icon painters had to look for a new way to earn money. Thus, many retrained as masters of lacquer miniatures. This type of miniature is made in tempera on papier-mâché. As a rule, caskets, caskets, capsules, brooches, panels, ashtrays, needle cases and more are painted. The painting is done in gold on a black background. The original technology of the last century, which was used by the first Palekh craftsmen in the 1920s and 30s of the 20th century, has been partially preserved.

The characteristic plots of the Palekh miniature are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of the classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. Many plots are devoted to the events of history, including the revolution and the civil war. There is a cycle of miniatures dedicated to space exploration. Since the beginning of the 21st century, among some masters working in the Palekh style, there has been a tendency to return to icon-painting subjects.

Fedoskino miniature is another type of traditional Russian lacquer miniature painting. Made with oil paints on papier-mâché. Unlike the miniatures of Palekh, the techniques of which came from icon painting, the Fedoskino miniature was originally formed as a kind of applied art, hence the more “mundane” manner of writing.

The Fedoskino miniature originated at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino in the Moscow province. The main motifs of the miniature: "troikas", "tea parties", scenes from the life of peasants. Caskets and caskets, which were decorated with complex multi-figured compositions - copies of paintings by Russian and Western European artists, were most highly valued.

In the 19th century, the Fedoskino miniature served mostly decorative purposes. In the middle of the 20th century, the author's direction began to develop. The plots of miniatures began to become more complicated.

Khokhloma

Nizhny Novgorod decorative Khokhloma painting is known throughout Russia. The craft originated in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma. It is located on the territory of the former Semenovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, known in the old days for large Old Believer monasteries, such as the Sharpansky and Olenevsky sketes. It is no coincidence that in the famous novel by Andrei Melnikov (Pechersky), the Old Believers of the Semenovsky district are engaged in the manufacture of wooden utensils. They also did this in Khokhloma. Khokhloma masters nevertheless became known throughout Russia for their unusual bright paintings. They painted wooden utensils and furniture. Mostly black, red, golden, sometimes green colors were used.

In order to achieve the golden color characteristic of Khokhloma, local craftsmen apply silver tin powder to the surface of the product when painting. After that, they are varnished and baked three or four times in the oven, which achieves a unique honey-gold color, which gives the light wooden utensils a massive effect.

Thanks to this technology that creates an unusual color, Khokhloma has become popular all over the world. Plates and spoons made in this style began to be perceived in the 20th century as a symbol of Russian national dishes.

Gorodets painting appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​the ancient city of Gorodets, Nizhny Novgorod province. Through the efforts of the Old Believers, Gorodets became a center of wooden shipbuilding and bread trade with all-Russian fame. Merchants-Old Believers donated significant sums for the construction of churches, for the maintenance of hospitals, orphanages, public education and improvement of the city.

Gorodets painting is bright and concise. The main themes of the painting are scenes from fairy tales, figurines of horses, birds, flowers, peasant and merchant life. The painting is done with a free stroke with a white and black graphic stroke. Spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors, chests, arcs, sleighs, and children's toys were decorated with Gorodets painting.

That's what it says V.S. Ravens about Gorodets painting:

The Nizhny Novgorod style presents us with the purest version of genuine pictorial art, which has overcome the limits of graphic captivity and is based solely on the elements of painting.

Mezen painting

Mezen painting on wood (palashchelsky painting) is a special type of painting of household utensils, in particular spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which developed by the end of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. Since ancient times, these places, like all the seaside, were inhabited by the Old Believers. And from December 1664 to February 1666 Archpriest Avvakum was in exile in Mezen itself. The oldest surviving spinning wheel with Mezen painting dates back to 1815.

The artistic motifs of the Mezen painting can be found in handwritten books of the 18th century, which were made in Pomorie. The main colors of the Mezen painting are black and red. The main motifs of the geometric ornament are disks, rhombuses, crosses. The painted object was covered with drying oil, which protected the paint from erasing and gave the product a golden color.

At the end of the 19th century, Mezen painting was concentrated in the village of Palashchelye, where entire families of craftsmen worked: the Aksenovs, Novikovs, Fedotovs, Kuzmins, Shishovs. In the mid 1960s. Mezen painting was revived by the descendants of the old palashchel masters: F.M. Fedotov in the village of Palaschelye and S.F. and I.S. Fatyanova in the village of Selishche. The exhibition of Mezen spinning wheels in 2018 was the first event in the newly opened Museum. Gilyarovsky, in Stoleshnikov Lane in Moscow.

Vologda lace is a Russian craft that originated in the Vologda region in the 16th century. Lace is woven on bobbins (wooden sticks). As a separate craft with its own characteristic features, Vologda lace was already known in the 17th-18th centuries. However, until the 19th century, lace-making was a domestic craft, it was done, first of all, by private craftswomen. With the increasing popularity of Vologda lace, the production of products was put on stream. In the 19th century, lace factories appeared in the vicinity of Vologda.

All the main images in the Vologda coupling lace are made with a dense, continuous braid of the same width. For the manufacture of Vologda lace, a cushion-roller, juniper or birch bobbins, pins, and a chip are used. A typical material for Vologda lace is linen.

The plots of Vologda lace are very different - from floral ornaments to figured compositions. In Vologda lace, you can find Christian and ancient folk symbols.

Yelets lace is no less famous. It is woven on bobbins. This type of lace originated at the beginning of the 19th century in the city of Yelets.

Lace is distinguished by a soft contrast of a small pattern (vegetative and geometric) and a thin openwork background.

It is believed that Yelets lace is lighter and more elegant than Vologda lace.

Mtsensk lace is a type of Russian lace, which is woven on bobbins.

Mtsensk lace appeared in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region, in the 18th century. This became possible thanks to the local landowner Protasova, who gathered craftswomen from different parts of Russia and founded a manufactory - the largest lace production in Russia at that time.

A distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and saturated, as experts say - more "airy".

At the beginning of the 18th century, craftswomen engaged in the manufacture of lace appeared in the Vyatka province. However, the production of lace acquired an industrial scale only in the second half of the 19th century. This trade is carried out by craftswomen from peasants. In 1893, in the Kukarka settlement of the Yaransky district of the Vyatka province, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized. The forms of products are diverse and sometimes unusual: these are vests, braids of scarves, collars, napkins with patterns in the form of butterflies, lush flowers, whimsical loops.

The most interesting products from Vyatka lace were created in the Soviet era. These achievements are associated with the name of the famous lace artist, laureate of the Repin State Prize of Russia Anfisa Fedorovna Blinova. Her works are in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Russian Art Fund, the Moscow Research Institute of Art Industry.

In the conditions of the economic crisis of the 90s of the XX century, the lace factory located in the city of Sovetsk (the former settlement of Kukarka) was closed. Only quite recently, in 2012, a production cooperative artel "Kukarskoe lace" was created in the city, gradually reviving the traditions of the old craft.

Orenburg downy shawl - a knitted shawl made from the unique down of Orenburg goats, applied to a special base (cotton, silk or other material).

This craft originated in the Orenburg province in the 18th century. Products are very thin, like cobwebs, but they usually have a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The thinness of the product is often determined by 2 parameters: whether the product passes through the ring and whether it fits in a goose egg.

In the middle of the 19th century, downy shawls were presented at exhibitions in European countries, where they received international recognition. Repeated attempts were made, including abroad, to open the production of such down for the needs of light industry. However, they were not successful. It turned out that in order to obtain such a thin and warm fluff, goats need rather harsh climatic conditions and certain nutrition, the totality of which is possible only on the territory of the Orenburg Territory.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, they began to produce woolen scarves with the so-called printed pattern, which was applied to the fabric using forms with a relief pattern. Pavloposad shawls are traditionally black or red products with a three-dimensional floral pattern.

In the 70s. In the 19th century, the palette of scarves familiar to us was formed, the range of scarves with naturalistic floral motifs expanded. Craftswomen prefer images of garden flowers, especially roses and dahlias.

Until the 1970s, the drawing was applied to the fabric with wooden carved forms: the outline of the drawing - with boards - "manners", the drawing itself - with "flowers". Creating a scarf required up to 400 overlays. Since the 1970s, dye has been applied to fabric using silk and nylon mesh patterns. This allows you to increase the number of colors, the elegance of the pattern and improves the quality of production.

Krestetskaya stitch (or Krestetskaya embroidery) is a folk craft that has developed since the 1860s in the Krestetsky district of the Novgorod province, since ancient times inhabited by Old Believers.

The Krestetskaya line is the most labor-intensive and complicated line embroidery in the execution technique.

Embroidery was performed on linen fabric, and the threads, warp and weft were cut and pulled out of the fabric, forming gaps, like a net. This fabric was used to create a variety of patterns and embroideries. Krestets embroidery was used to decorate garments, curtains, and towels.

Kasli casting - artistic products (sculpture, lattices, architectural elements, etc.) made of cast iron and bronze, produced at the iron foundry in the city of Kasli.

This plant was founded in 1749 by the Old Believer merchant Yakov Korobkov, who arrived here with his family from Tula. He was guided by the decree of Peter I, which read:

It is allowed to everyone and everyone, the will is given, no matter what rank and dignity, in all places, both on their own and on foreign lands, to search, melt, cook, clean all kinds of metals and minerals.

Sculpture "Russia" N.A. Laveretsky, Kasli casting, 1896

Most of the factory workers were also Old Believers who arrived from different places in the Urals, where the persecution of the old faith was not so noticeable.

The traditions of Kasli casting - the graphic clarity of the silhouette, the combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights - developed in the 19th century. During this period, the owners of the plant attracted new talented sculptors, artists, chasers and moulders. Kasli casting products received the Grand Prix award at the prestigious Paris World Exhibition of Applied Arts in 1900.

The Shemogoda slotted birch bark, which originates in the Vologda region, has gained particular popularity. Birch bark, despite its apparent fragility, is a fairly strong and durable material. Vologda craftsmen make a variety of baskets, dishes, tuesas, jewelry, and even shoes and clothes.

The peculiarity of these products is that a natural floral ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems, animals and people are intertwined with the traditional pattern. The traditional patterns of the Shemogodskaya slotted birch bark are engraved on birch bark sheets with a blunt awl and cut with a sharp knife, removing the background. Colored paper or another layer of birch bark is sometimes placed under the openwork; carving is complemented by embossing. In the 19th century, these products were called " birch bark lace».

In Soviet times, items made from Shemogoda birch bark were considered a symbol of the Russian forest and were in demand among foreigners. At the same time, a birch bark carving workshop was organized at the Shemogodsk furniture factory (Vologda region). And today, not a single Russian fair is complete without birch bark dishes.

This Russian craft originated among professional woodcarvers from Nizhny Novgorod. Masters use the tubular bone of cattle as the main raw material - “ tarsus and horn. Also, for the manufacture of expensive types of products, rarer and more valuable types of mammoth and walrus bones are used.

Varnavinskaya bone carving is used mainly in the manufacture of women's jewelry (hairpins, combs, hairpins, combs, brooches, pendants, beads, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, rings, rings), caskets, caskets, fountain pens, decorative dishes and other souvenirs.

The peculiarity of such products lies in the absolute originality and individuality. Each item is made by hand, without any templates and stamps.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving is an artistic craft of woodcarving, which was formed at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow.

Using this technique, they made ladles, dishes, vases and caskets, as well as any items of home decor and household items. The peculiarity of these products is the predominance of various curls, rosettes, twigs, tinting and polishing of wood.

The heyday of this craft falls on the Soviet period of time - 20-40s. Orders for workers of the Kudrin artel "Vozrozhdeniye" came even from the Tretyakov Gallery. Historical and modern products made in the style of Abramtsevo-Kudrinsk carving were presented at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kudrinsk carving factory was closed. Today, the craft is preserved thanks to the work of private craftsmen.

The history of Gusev crystal began in 1756, when the Oryol merchant Akim Maltsov founded the first glass factory on the banks of the Gus River in dense Meshchera forests.

The first mention of the Gus volost dates back to the 17th century. When the construction of glass manufactories in the Moscow region was banned due to excessive deforestation, the first crystal factory was built in the village of Gus on the river of the same name, craftsmen for which were specially brought from Mozhaisk. Thus began the history of not just production, but a whole folk craft that continues to flourish to this day.

Now the plant is primarily famous for its artistic glass. Gusev artists, taking into account the peculiarities of the material, give it a highly artistic expressiveness, skillfully using color, form, and decor.

Filigree

Filigree (or filigree) is a jewelry craft that uses an openwork or soldered pattern of thin gold, silver, etc. on a metal background. wire. The elements of the filigree pattern are very diverse: rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, path, smooth surface. The individual elements of the filigree are connected into a single whole by soldering. Often filigree is combined with grain - small metal balls that are soldered into pre-prepared cells (recesses). The grain creates an effective texture, a play of light and shade, thanks to which the products acquire a particularly elegant, sophisticated look. The materials for filigree products are alloys of gold, silver and platinum, as well as copper, brass, cupronickel, nickel silver. Jewelry made in the filigree technique is oxidized and silvered. Filigree is often combined with enamel (including enamel), engraving, and chasing.

Filigree products were produced in royal or monastic workshops. In the 18th century, large filigree products were made, along with stones, crystal and mother-of-pearl were widely used. At the same time, small silver things became widespread: vases, salt shakers, caskets. Since the 19th century, filigree products have already been produced by factories in large quantities. This is expensive dishes, and church utensils and much more.

Scanning centers today are:

• The village of Kazakovo in the Vachsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, where the enterprise of art products is located, which produces unique jewelry products using the most ancient technique of artistic metal processing - filigree.
• The village of Krasnoe-on-Volga, Kostroma Region, here is the Krasnoselsky School of Artistic Metalworking, the main task of which is to preserve the traditional Krasnoselsky jewelry craft - filigree, enamel, chasing and more.
• The city of Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region, where the technical school of folk arts and crafts of Russia is located.

Enamel

Enamel is the production of works of art using vitreous powder, enamel on a metal substrate. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are distinguished by their special brightness and purity of colors. Enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives for which metal salts are used. For example, gold additives give glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt a blue color, and copper a green color.

Vologda (Usolskaya) enamel - traditional painting on white enamel. The craft originated in the 17th century in Solvychegodsk. Later, they began to engage in similar enamel in Vologda. Initially, the main motive was plant compositions painted on a copper base: floral ornaments, birds, animals, including mythological ones. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, monophonic enamel (white, blue and green) became popular. Only in the 1970s of the XX century did the revival of the “Usolskaya” multi-color enamel by Vologda artists begin. Production continues to this day.

There is also Rostov enamel - a Russian folk art craft that has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl Region. Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, which were invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Tutin.

Malachite products

Malachite is a green mineral with rich hues that lends itself well to processing. The stone can be from light green to black-green, and the first craft is more than 10 thousand years old. Dense varieties of malachite of good color and beautiful pattern are highly valued and have been used since the end of the 18th century for facing flat surfaces. Since the beginning of the 19th century, malachite has been used to create volumetric works - vases, bowls, dishes.

Malachite gained wide popularity outside of Russia thanks to the orders of the World Exhibition in London in 1851, prepared by. Thanks to the Demidovs, since the 1830s, malachite began to be used as a material for architectural decoration: the first malachite hall was created by order of P.N. Demidov architect O. Montferrand in a mansion in St. Petersburg on the street. B. Morskaya, 43. Luxurious interior work with malachite was made in St. Isaac's Cathedral. Malachite is also used to make jewelry. The technique of facing with malachite is called " Russian mosaic". It is based on the principle that was used by European craftsmen to reduce the cost of lapis lazuli products back in the 17th century: thinly sawn stone plates cover the surface of an object made of metal or cheap stone. This creates the illusion of carving from a monolith.

Tales of the Russian writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, who began his career as a teacher in a school in the remote Ural village of Shaydurikha, inhabited by Old Believers, are dedicated to the malachite craft. From them, the writer adopted many interesting stories and legends related to life in the Urals and the folklore customs of the local population.

Its history goes back to the 2nd century BC. e., when people learned to make iron, and from it various knives, scrapers, saws and other cutting tools.

However, it was not enough just to carve some product out of wood, a person wanted the result of his work to look beautiful. This is how ancient wood paintings appeared, primitive and far from artistic, but the birth of art took place. In those distant times, paints already existed, it remained to apply them properly.

Art painting on wood

The folk crafts that exist today for the manufacture of household items are based on a variety of techniques. Wooden products are presented in several categories: first of all, these are dishes and kitchen utensils. The second list includes objects that embody the fine arts. These are painted panels, interior decorations, various household items. And finally, the third category - vintage style wooden furniture, painted in a special way antique. Art painting on wood as such is used in all three cases. The value of products is undeniable, because professionals work on them.

Varieties

There are several types of wood paintings and differ in belonging to a particular region, as well as in style. The drawing can be plot or ornamental.

Types of painting on wood:

• Mezenskaya;
• Polkhovskaya;
• Khokhloma;
• Gorodetskaya;
• Palekh;
• Severodvinskaya;
• Petrikovskaya.

The main types of painting on wood are listed. Each variety contains "branded" features that give the product an additional appeal.

Mezen painting

Mezen painting (or, as it is also called, palashchelskaya) is the painting of household items: ladles, boxes, spinning wheels, benches and kitchen tables. These artistic traditions appeared in the lower reaches of the Mezen River around 1815.

Mezen painting consists mainly of ornamented images of forest dwellers: deer and elks, wolverines, foxes and cubs. All images are impersonal and bear the stamp of static. The friezes, made up of repeatedly repeating figures painted in bright colors, give the impression of festivity and defiant luxury, since the colorful stripes of ornaments do not fit in with the wretched furnishings of the Russian dwelling. A primitive spinning wheel, painted in the Mezen style and sparkling with colors in a dark corner, only emphasized the desolation of the upper room.

Palekh

Palekh painting is a folk art craft that appeared in pre-Petrine times. At that time, the village of Palekh in the Ivanovo province was famous for its icon painters. This art reached its peak at the end of the 18th century. Paleshians, in addition to painting icons, were engaged in the restoration of cathedrals and churches, took part in the design of the aisles of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra and the Novodevichy Convent.

Until the beginning of the 20th century, the craft of Palekh painting flourished, the revolutionary storms of 1905 and 1917 almost destroyed the delicate folk art. Since after the 17th year all churches were abolished by ignorant representatives of the communist authorities, there was nothing to paint, and Poleshan artists created an artel that produces artistic wood products.

Soon, the first work in the Palekh style was created in the Moscow workshop. On a wooden box covered with black lacquer, Ivan Tsarevich, who has left the royal chambers to freedom, meets the Firebird. The whole picture was painted in gold and cinnabar - it was impossible to take your eyes off the drawing.

Currently, Palekh wood painting is a deeply traditional art, with the only difference being that natural wood has been replaced with papier-mâché. Now products with Palekh painting are not only beautiful, but also light.

Khokhloma

An ancient folk craft that was developed in the villages of the Nizhny Novgorod province in the 17th century. The village of Khokhloma became the center, in which the Old Believers, persecuted for their faith, gathered. Among the settlers there were many icon painters who brought with them the fine skill of painting, calligraphic writing and many examples of floral ornaments.

Local residents living in Khokhloma and nearby villages knew how to turn wood, but they did not know how to draw. So it turned out that the wooden utensils, carved on the spot, were painted by alien artists. This is how the art of Khokhloma painting appeared, which turned into one of the most famous art crafts in Russia.

Wood carvers not only carved dishes and plates, they soon learned how to carve spoons and ladles, the classic "brothers". Usually the bucket was made in the shape of a swan, and a dozen scoops were hung on the sides. The material was linden wood, which by its nature has no fibers and is easily cut in all directions.

Khokhloma painting consists of four primary colors: black, gold, red and green. Black and gold are used as the background, while red and green, together with their hues, make up the drawing itself. The theme for a drawing in the Khokhloma style is most often rowan berries, strawberries, various flowers and herbal plants. Sometimes the artist uses images of birds, fish and small animals.

Carving and drawing

Russian folk crafts (such as Gorodets or Khokhloma) are wood products covered with a pattern. First, master cabinetmakers make blanks from selected wood, the so-called "linen", and then the artists cover them with a pattern. Carving and painting on wood are inseparable in this case - they complement each other. The most common type of painted blank is the Russian matryoshka. For its manufacture, the turning method of carving is used, when the product is turned, polished and then signed. This souvenir is known all over the world and has been in high demand for many years.

Is it possible to learn painting on wood?

Folk art crafts belong to the fine arts and require some training, but anyone who has patience and perseverance can master the basic principles of coloring products. There are special techniques that are called "Wood painting for beginners", which include familiarization with the process and practical work. Initially, classes are of a generalized nature, and after acquiring skills, you can switch to a specific artistic style, for example, Gorodets. In any case, painting on wood is a fascinating creative process for beginners.

Coloring methods

Natural wood is a material that requires careful pre-treatment. The surface for painting should be smooth, without peeling and cracks. The workpiece is first polished with an emery cloth, and then covered with a special primer that fills all the microscopic cracks and evens out small irregularities. Larger defects can be eliminated with putty. After pre-treatment, the workpiece must be dried well.

Wooden folk crafts are distinguished by bright, intense colors. The drawings usually contrast with the background, which is black or bright red. For coloring products, tempera or artistic gouache paints are used, which have good hiding power. Acrylic painting on wood gives the most stable results, especially if the drawing is covered with a transparent nitro-lacquer on top. Products after such processing become resistant to abrasion and do not change their color.

Wood painting (photos of finished products are presented on the page) is a kind of fine art that is rooted in the distant past, but lives and flourishes in the present.