The internal structure of the hut. Russian hut

Through the threshold of the hands not to serve, windows overnight close, do not knock on the table - "The table of God's palm", in the fire (oven) do not care - these and many other rules ask behavior in the house. - Microcosm in Macrocosm, its opposing someone else's.

xdir.ru.
A man is equipping a dwelling, likening him by the world order, so every corner, each item is filled with meaning, demonstrate the relationship of a person with his world.

1. DVER

So we entered, crossed the threshold, which may be easier!
But for the peasant the door is not just an entrance and exit from the house, it is a way to overcome the boundaries between the inner and external worlds. There is a threat, danger, because it is through the door that can penetrate the house and evil person, and evil. "Small, puzzy, the whole house is escaped" - the castle was supposed to protect from the unfair. However, in addition to the shutters, the Casov, the locks of the symbolic methods protecting the dwelling from the "unclean power": crosses, nettles, spinders, knife, or threshold candle, stuck in the threshold or jamb. In the house just do not enter and do not get out of it: the approach to the doors was accompanied by brief prayer ("Without God - no before the threshold"), before a long expensive, there was a custom of sitting, the traveler was forbidden to talk through the threshold and look at the corners, and the guest had to meet the guest and allowed himself.

2. Oven

What do we see in front of yourself when entering the hut? The furnace, which served simultaneously and the source of heat and the place of cooking, and a place for sleep, was used in treating from a wide variety of diseases. In some areas in the oven wearing and batted. The oven pore personified all the dwelling, its presence or absence determined the nature of the construction (home without a furnace - non-residential). The folk etymology of the word "hut" from "Isodetopka" from "Turn, toasty". - Cooking - comprehended not only as economic, but also as sacred: raw, unauthorized, unclean turned into boiled, mastered, clean.

3. Red corner

In Russian hollow, a red corner was always diagonally from the furnace - a sacred place in the house, which is emphasized by his name: Red - beautiful, solemn, festive. All life was focused on red (senior, honorary, God) angle. Here we trapes, prayed, blessed, it was to the red corner that the head of beds were turned. Here the majority of rites associated with the birth, wedding, funeral.

4. Table

An integral part of the red corner - the table. The table was tired - a symbol of abundance, prosperity, completeness, stability. The weekly, and the festive life of a person is concentrated here, a guest is planted here, they put bread, holy water here. The table is likened to the shrine, the altar, which imposes an imprint on the behavior of a person at the table and in general in the red corner ("Bread on the table, so the table of the throne, and the bread is neither a piece and a board"). In various rites, the table was made of particular importance: during difficult birth, the table was put forward to the middle of the hut, in the event of a fire from the neighboring hut, a table covered with a tablecloth was carried out and went around with a circular structure with him.

5. LaWs

Along the table, along the walls - pay attention! - benches. For men, long "male" shops, for women and children facial, located under the window. The shops connected the "centers" ( chimney, red corner) and "periphery" at home. In one or another ritual, they personified the way, the road. When the girl, previously considered a child and wearing one lower shirt, was 12 years old, the parents made her go along the shop back and forth, after which, crossing, the girl should have jumped from the shop into a new sundress, stitched specifically for such a case. From that moment on, the virgin age began, and the girl was allowed to go to round dances and to be considered a bride. But the so-called "beggar" shop, located at the door. He received such a name because the beggar could be buried on her and any other who entered the hut without permission of the owners.

6. Matitsa

If you stand up on the middle of the hut and look at the top, we will see the bar, which serves as the base for the ceiling, is Matitsa. It was believed that the uterus is a support of the top of the dwelling, so the process of laying Matitsa is one of key moments The construction of the house, accompanied by sopping of bread grains and hops, prayer, the treats of carpenters. Matitsa was attributed to the role of the symbolic border between the inside of the hut and the external associated with the entrance and exit. Guest, going to the house, sat down on the shop and could not go for Matitsa without inviting the owners, going to the road, followed by Matitsa, so that the road was happy, and to protect the huts from the bugs, cockroaches and fleas, under Matitsa pushed the found from the harrow tooth.

7. Windows

Looking out the window and see what happens outside the house. However, the windows like the eyes of the house (window - OKO) allow you to observe not only to those who are inside the hut, but also to the one who is outside, from here the threat of permeability. Using the window as an unwanted input and exit was undesirable: if the bird flies into the window - to be trouble. Through the window, they endured dead unresolved children, adult decesses who have fallen with hot. Only penetration sunlight In the window it was desirable and beaten in various proverbs and riddles ("a red girl in the window looks", "Baryna in the courtyard, and the sleeves - in the hut"). From here and the solar symbolism, which we see in the ornaments of the platbands, adorned windows and at the same time who protected from the unknown, unclean.

A source

In the morning the sun was shining, but only the sparrows sniffed - the right sign to the blizzard. In the twilight fell frequent snow, and when the wind rose, it turned off so that the outstretched hands did not see. It was all night all night, and the next day Bran did not lose its strength. Izbo cooked to the top of the board, on the street, drifts to human growth - do not even go to the neighbors, but for the sideline of the village and do not get at all, but it is not necessary to go anywhere, except for firewood in the barn-wood bar. Prips in the hut is enough for the whole winter.

In the cabinet - barrels and risers with salty cucumbers, cabbage, mushrooms and lingonberries, bags with flour, grain and bran for birds and other living creatures, on hooks Salo and sausages, dried fish; in the cellar Potatoes and other vegetables are covered in the boots. And in the cattle yard Order: Two cows fierce hay, to which a tier is littered over the roof over them, pigs fuck behind the fence, a bird hassle on the pepper in the corner of the chicken coop. Cool here, but frost is not. Folded from thick logs, carefully, cocoon walls of drafts are not allowed and maintaining the heat of animals that transferting manure and straw.

And in the sickness itself about the frost, it does not remember - a hot oven cools down long. But the kids are bored: while Bran does not end, you will not get out of the house, you will not run away. Lie kids on the reagents Listen to the fairy tales, which tells the grandfather ...

The most ancient Russian horses - until the XIII century - built without foundation, almost a third burned in the ground, it was easier to save warmly. Digged the pit in which they were taken to collect criminations. Before the board facilities were still far away, and they were left earthen. On a carefully tumped floor from the stones laid out the hearth. In such a twilight, people spent the winter along with their homework, which was kept closer to the entrance. Yes, and there was no doors, but a small inlet - just to squeeze - covered from the winds and cold shields from a semi-gravel and a cloud.

Passed century, and the Russian hut got out of the ground. Now it was put on a stone foundation. And if on the piles, the corners were based on massive decks. Those who are cooled they did the roofs of Texa, Selyan the victory of the wings of chip-duncan. And the doors appeared on forged loops, and the windows were cut, and the sizes of peasant buildings increased markedly.

It is best known to us by traditional horses, what they have survived in the villages of Russia from Western to the eastern limits. it hole-five-ranking, consisting of two rooms - hay and residential room, or six-sextWhen a residential premises actually shares another transverse wall on-two. Such huts put in the villages until the very last time.

The peasant hindering of the Russian north was constructed differently.

In fact, northern Izba is not just a house, but a module of full family life Of several people for a long, harsh winter and cold spring. Single spacecraft on joke, the ark, Traveling not in space, and in time - from heat to heat, from crop to harvest. Human housing, space for livestock and birds, supplies of supplies - everything is under one roof, everything is protected by powerful walls. Is that the woody barn da and barn-genuat separately. So they are right there, in the fence, pierced them in the snow the path is not difficult.

Northern Razba built in two tiers. Nizhny - Economic, there is the parking courtyard and the supplies of the supplies - sweet with cellar. Top - housing of people, hill,from the word of the mountain, that is, high, because at the top. The heat of the livestock rises up, these people knew from time immemorial. To get to the hubber from the street, the porch did high. And, climbing him, I had to overcome the whole staircase. But no matter how dumping the Buran drifts, the entrance to the house they will not be mistaken.
From the porch, the door leads to Seni - spacious vestibule, He is the transition to other premises. There are various peasant utensils here, and in the summer, when heat comes, they sleep in the Seine. Because cool. Through the senia, you can go down to the barnyard, From here - Door to the upside down. Just enter the hill need carefully. To save the heat, the door was low, and the threshold is high. Raise your legs higher Yes, do not forget - is unwinding an hour of a bump about the sod.

The spacious dump is under the hill, Entrance to it - from the cattleship. They made a tunnel with a height of six, eight, or even ten rows of logs - the crowns. And starting to engage in trade, the owner turned the dump not only in the repository, but also cut into the village of the window-counters for buyers.

Built, however, in different ways. In the museum "Vitoslavlitsy" in Veliky Novgorod there is a hut inside like ocean vessel : For a street door, moves and transitions begin in different compartments, and in order to get into the hill, you need to climb the roof on the stairs.

Alone, such a house will not build, because in the northern rural communities of the hut for the young - new family - put all world. Built all Selyan: together cut And they drove the forest, the huge brices saw, put the crown behind the crown under the roof, together rejoiced to the built. Only when the stray artelers of master-carpenters appeared, the housing began to hire them.

Northern Izba outside seems huge, and residential premises in it one - the hillside the square of twenty meters And even less. Everyone lives there together, and old and small. There is a red corner in the hollow, where the icons hang and the lamp. Here the owner of the house sits down, honorable guests are invited.

The main place of the hostess - opposite the oven, is called Kut. And narrow space behind the stove - a snack. Hence the expression " crash " - in a close corner or tiny room.

"In my hill light ..." - It goes in popular not so long ago. Alas, for a long time It was not at all. For the sake of conservation of the heat of the window in the hill, cut into small, tightened them with a bullish or fish bubble or washed canvas, with difficulty missing light. Only in rich houses could be seen slyudy windows. The plates of this layered mineral were fixed in curly bindings, which is why the window became similar to stained glass windows. By the way, from mica were even the windows in Peter I, which is kept in the collection "Hermitage". In winter, plates from ice inserted into the windows. They were cut on a frozen river or wrapped in shape right in the yard. It came out lighter. True, it was often necessary to prepare new "ice glacials" in exchange for melting. Glass appeared in the Middle Ages, but as construction material The Russian village recognized him only in the nineteenth century.

For a long time in rural, yes, and in urban Stoves stove stove without pipes. Not because they did not know or did not think, and everything for the same considerations - as if better to save heat. The pipe, no matter the dampers, and the frosty air penetrates the outside, speaking the hut, and the furnace has to be treated much more often. Smoke from the oven fell into the hube and went out on the street only through small window-smoke Under the very ceiling that was opened at the time of the furnace. Although the furnace was treated well dried "smokeless" lanes, smoke in the hill grabbed. Therefore, the horses were called black or curly.

Chimneys on the roofs of rural houses appeared only in the XV-XVI centuriesYes, and then where winter was not too harsh. Holidays with a pipe called white. But at first they did the pipes are not stone, but knocked out of the tree, which often became the cause of the fire. Only at the beginning XVIII century Peter I Special Decree commanded in the city houses of the new capital - St. Petersburg, stone or wooden, put stoves with stone pipes.

Later in the outstanding peasants except russian stoves, in which the food was prepared, Peter I brought to Russia began to appear dutch stoves, convenient owners little sizes and very high heat transfer. Nevertheless, the stoves without pipes continued to put in the northern villages. end XIX. century.

Oven - the fun sleeping place - Lenabelonging to the tradition of the oldest and youngest in the family. A wide shelf is stretched between the wall and the oven. There is also warmth, so put on the polls sleep children. Parents were located on shops, and on the floor; Bed time has not yet come.

Why do children in Rus punishing, put in the corner?

What did the corner meant in Russia? Each house in Starina was a small church, in which there was a red corner (front angle, holy corner, the rood), with icons.
It is in this The red corner of the parents put their children so that they pray to God for their misconduct and in the hope that the Lord will be able to enjoy a naughty child.

Architecture of Russian His Gradually changed and became more complicated. Residential premises became more. In addition to Seine and Torny, appeared in the house svetlitsa - really bright room with two and three big windows Already with real windows. Now in Svetlice, a large part of the family life was held, and the barbell served as a kitchen. Heathered by Svetlitsa Ot back wall Furnaces.

And the wealthy peasants shared extensive the residential log cabin of the hut with two walls of the cross will turn the four rooms in this way. Even a big Russian oven heard the whole room could not, here and I had to put in the most distant room in addition chunk-Dutch.

The bad weather is raging a week, and under the roof of it is almost not heard. Everything goes to your woman. The mistress is the troubles most: in the early morning to make cows and pour the grain to birds. Then unpiring bran for pigs. Water to bring from the village well - two buckets on the rocker, one and a half way with a common weight, yes, and I need to cook food, feed the family! Kids, it is clear to help than they can, so it was heavily.

In men in winter, worries are less than spring, summer and autumn. Host home - Cormal - Works without tired all summer from dawn to dawn. Plows, mowing, tits, throws on the field, rubit, saw in the forest, builds at home, fish mining and forest beast. As the owner of the house will work, so his family will live all winter until the next warm pore, because winter for men is a resting time. Of course, without male hands in rural house Do not do: fix what needs to be repaired, smoldering and bring to the house of firewood, clean the hlev, make a sleigh, and make a dressage horses, bring the family to the fair. Yes, in the village of rustic, many cases requiring strong male hands and smelts, which is neither a woman nor children by the forces.

Solidal skillful hands Northern huts stood a century. Generations were replaced, and house-arcs still remained a reliable shelter in harsh natural conditions. Only mighty brica dark from time.

In the museums of wooden architecture " Vitoslavl " in Veliky Novgorod and " Small Cores » under Archangelsky there are horses whose age has passed for one and a half century. They were wanted in the abandoned villages, ethnographers and bought out the owners who were deployed in the city.

Then carefully disassembled, transported to the museum territory and restored Original form. They appear in front of numerous excursions coming to Veliky Novgorod and Arkhangelsk.
***
Cool - rectangular one-room log house Without a set of size most often 2 × 3 m.
Crate with stove - Izba.
Sweet (Sleet, Rizbitsy) - Nizhny floor building, located under the tight and used in economic purposes.

Tradition to decorate houses with carved wooden platbands and other decorative elements It originated in Russia not from scratch. Initially wooden carving, like the ancient Russian embroidery, wore a cult character. Ancient Slavs applied to their home pagan signs designed to protect Residence, ensure fertility and protection against enemies and natural elements. No wonder in stylized ornaments, you can still guess signs denotes sun, rain, women of raised hands to the skySea waves, depicted animals - horses, swans, clarops or bizarre weaving plants and wonderful paradise colors. Further, religious meaning of wooden thread lostBut the tradition of attaching to various functional elements of the facade of the house artistic appearance remains so far.

In almost every village, village or city you can find amazing patterns of wooden lace, adorning the house. Moreover, in various fields there were absolutely various styles Wooden carving for housekeeping. In some areas, it is predominantly deaf thread, in other sculptural, but mostly decorated at home slit carvings, as well as its variety - a carved decorative wooden invoice.

In antiquity, in various parts of Russia, and even in different villages, cutters used certain types of threads and elements of the ornament. This is noticeable, if we consider photos of carved platforms made in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In one village traditionally used certain elements of the thread on all houses, in another village, the motifs of carved platbands could already be completely different. The farther from each other these settlements were, the stronger differed in the appearance of carved platbands on the windows. The study of the ancient house thread and platbands in particular, gives ethnographers a lot of material for studying.

In the second half of the 20th century, with the development of transport, printing, television and other means of communication, ornaments and types of threads inherent in previously one of the region, began to be used in neighboring villages. The widespread mix of wooden thread styles began. Considering photos of modern carved platforms in one settlement You can wonder their variety. Maybe this is not so bad? Modern cities and villages become brighter and unique. Carved plants On the windows modern cottages Often choose the elements of the best samples of a wooden decor.

Boris Rudenko. For details, see: http://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/21349/ (Science and Life, Russian Izba: Ark among forests)

Russian hut symbolizes Russia in small. Its architecture is the persistence of traditions that reached us thanks to the loyalty of the peasants to the commandments of the past. For several centuries, style, layout and decor of the Russian hut have been developed. The interior of all houses is practically no different, it contains several elements in itself: a few residential rooms, Songs, Chulad and the Door, as well as a terrace.

Izba in Russia: History

Izba is wood structure, which up to a third of its part goes under the ground, resembling a twilight. Those at home where there was no chimney, called smoke. Smoke from the furnace went outside through entrance doors, so during the firebox he hung over the ceiling. So that the soot fell on people, special shelves were built throughout the perimeter of the walls. A little later began to make holes in the wall, and then in the ceiling, which was closed with a valve. D. ekor of Russian isob Kurkure was inconspicuous. There were no floors as such, they were earthen, the windows also did not have the house, there were only small windows for lighting. At night, they used to illuminate the placing the rays. A few centuries began to appear white horses in which there were stoves with pipes. It is such a house that is considered a classic Russian rushing. She was divided into several zones: a furnace corner, separated from other curtain, to the right at the entrance was located an angle of female, and near the hearth - male. On the east side of the horizon in the house there was a so-called red angle, where the iconostasis was located on a special shelf under the embroidered towels.

Interior decoration

The ceiling in the house was from the stories that were pre-split in half. The bars were laid out on a powerful beam, the gaps were embarrassed by clay. The ceiling burned over the ceiling. The cradle on a special ring suspended the beam. Such inside assumed the trim inland walls Boards from Linden. Near the walls placed benches, on which they slept, and the chests where things were stored. Shelves nailed on the walls. There was no special luxury in the hut. Each thing that could be seen there was needed in the farm, there was nothing too much. In the female corner there were items necessary for cooking, and there was a spreader here.

Elements of the decor of the Russian hut

In the hut, everything shone purity. Embroidered towels hung on the walls. The furniture was little, beds and cabinets appeared only in the nineteenth century. The main element was dinner tablewho was located in a red corner. Each family member has always sat down in his place, the owner was sitting under the icons. In the table, the tablecloth was not covered, no decorations were hung on the walls. On holidays, the hut was transformed, the table was put forward to the middle of the room, covered with a tablecloth, a festive dishes put on the shelves. Another element of the decor served as a large chest, which was in every hut. It was stored clothes. It was made from the tree, will be crushed by strips of iron and had a big castle. Also, the decor of the Russian huts assumed the presence of benches where they slept and for babywhich was passed from generation to generation.

Threshold and Seni.

The first thing that came across when they were going to the hut was the sense, which was a premises between the street and heated room. They were very cold and applied on business purposes. Here hung a rocker and other necessary items. Store in this place and food. Before entering the warm premises, a high threshold was built, where the guest was supposed to bow the owners of the house. Over time, the bow was supplemented with a congestion in front of icons.

Russian oven.

When they got into the main room, the first thing about what attention was paid - it was a stove. So, assumes the presence of such a main element as a Russian oven, without which the premises were considered non-residential. It was also prepared for food, garbage burned in it. She was massive and long kept warm, there were several dampers for smoke. There was a lot of shelves and niches for storing dishes and other household items. For cooking, castors were used, which were put into the oven with the help of horns, as well as pans, clay pots and jugs. There was a samovar. As the furnace stood in the center of the room, she warmed the house evenly. It was placed on a laying on which up to six people could be placed. Sometimes the structure was such a size that they could wash.

Red corner

An integral part of the inner decor of the hut was considered that was in the eastern part of the house. It was considered a sacred place, there were embroidered towels, icons, sacred books, candles, holy water, easter egg etc. Under the icons was the table where they took food, she always stood bread. Icons symbolized the altar of the Orthodox church, and the table is the church throne. Here they took the most honored guests. From the icons in each hut were mandatory faces of the Virgin, the Savior and Nicholas. The head of beds were turned to the red corner. In this place there were many rites that are associated with the birth, wedding or funeral.

Claws and chests

The chest was also an important element of the decor. He was inherited from the mother to his daughter and stayed near the furnace. All the decoration of the house was very harmonious. There were several types of shops: long, short, cute, vessel and so-called beggars. They accommodated various business objects, and an uninvited guest or a beggar could be sitting on the "poor" shop, which without invitation entered the house. Stores symbolized the road in many old rituals.

Thus, we seem to be cozy russian hut, unity of design and decorwhich is an excellent creation that the peasant created. There was nothing superfluous in the house, all interior items were used in everyday life owners. For holidays, the hut was transformed, she was decorated with items made with their own hands: embroidered with the tanks, puzzled tablecloths and many others. It must be remembered if you need to bring a picture to school on this topic. In the 5th grade on the "Decor of the Russian His", one of the provided tasks provided for by the program.

People equipped their heats, comparing their world order. Here, every angle and item is filled with a special meaning, they show the relationship between a person with the outside world.

Izba - Peasant log house, residential premises with a Russian oven. The word "hut" was used only in relation to the house, chilled from the tree and located in the countryside. It had several values:

• first, the hut is the peasant house in general, with all the surviving buildings and economic premises;
• secondly, it is only a residential part of the house;
• third, one of the premises of the house, heated by the Russian Spirit Outline.

The word "hut" and its dialectic options "istba", "istiba", "exposure", "exposure", "express" were known in Ancient Russia and used to designate the room. His huts cut into an ax from pine, spruce, larch. These trees with smooth trunks went well into the log house, tightly adjacent to each other, kept warm, did not rot for a long time. Of the same material, Paul1 and the ceiling were made. Window and door shoes, doors were usually made from oak. Others deciduous trees Used in the construction of the gap rather rarely - both by practical considerations (curves of the trunks, soft, quicklyeping wood) and by mythological.

For example, it was impossible for the cut. It was impossible to take Osin, because on it, according to the belief, Judas, who betrayed Jesus Christ. Construction equipment on the huge spaces of Russia, with the exception of her southern regions, was completely the same. At the heart of the house lay a rectangular or square log house with a size of 25-30 square meters. m, composed of horizontally laid one on the other round, purified from the bark, but non-shaped logs. End logs connected without nails different ways: "In the angle", "in the paw", "in the hook", "in the cooling", etc.

Between the logs were laid for the heat of moss. The roof of the log house was usually made a double, three-tie or four-tie, and as roofing materials Used tes, duch, straw, sometimes reed with straw. Russian huts differed at the overall height of the dwelling. High buildings They were characteristic of the Russian northern and northeastern provinces of European Russia and Siberia. Due to the harsh climate and the strong moisture of the soil, the wooden floor of the huts lifted here at a considerable height. The height of a liner, i.e. non-residential space under the floor, varied from 1.5 to 3 m.

There were also two-story houses, the owners of which were rich peasants and merchants. Two-storey houses And the rich Don Cossacks, which had the opportunity to buy a terrain forest were built on a high basebox. Significantly lower and smaller in size were hung in the central part of Russia, on average and lower Volga region. The beams for the floor were handed to the second - the fourth crown. In the relatively warm southern provinces of European Russia, the lending horses were put, that is, the floor floorings were laid directly to Earth. The hub consisted usually from two or three parts: properly huts, both cages associated with each other into a single overall roof.

The main part of the residential building was hut (called in the villages of southern Russia Hatha) - heated residential premises of a rectangular or square form. The crate was a small cold room used mainly for economic purposes. Seni had a kind of unheated entrance hall, the corridor, separating the residential premises from the street. In the Russian villages of the XVIII - early XX century. Houses, consisting of hips, crates and Seine, were prevailed, but they often met at home that included only the hut and crate. In the first half - middle of the XIX century. In the villages began to appear built, consisting of Seine and two residential premises, one of which was hollow, and the other is a mist, used as non-residential, the front part of the house.

The traditional peasant house had many options. Residents of the northern provinces of European Russia rich in forest and fuel were built for themselves under one roof several heated premises. There already in the XVIII century. A five-lane was spread, often stood up-twins, crosses, hubs with ads. Rural houses of the Northern and Central provinces of European Russia, the Upper Volga region included many architectural details, which, having a utilitarian purpose, simultaneously played the role of decorative decoration of the house. Balconies, galleries, mezzanins, porch smoothed severeness appearance The huts cut from the thick, which became gray on the time of the logs, turning the peasant huts into excellent architectural structures.

Such required details Roof designs like ovehapen, seats, eaves, whims, as well as windows and shutters decorated with carvings and painting, sculpturally processed, giving excessive beauty and originality. In the mythological ideas of the Russian people, the house, the hut is the core of the main life values Human: happiness, wealth, rest, well-being. Hole defended a person from external dangerous Mira. In Russian fairy tales, byilichki, a person is always covered by the unclean strength in the house, the threshold of which they are unable to cross. At the same time, the hill seemed to be a Russian peasant housing pretty poorly.

A good house assumed not only the hut, but also a few hillitary, centes. That is why in Russian poetic creativity, idealizing the peasant life, the word "hut" is used to characterize a bad house in which poor people deprived of fate live: Bobily and Bobills, Widow, Unfortunate orphans. The hero of the fairy tale, entering the hut, sees that it sits the "blind old man", "grandmother-tailoring", and then Baba Yaga - bone leg.

White hut - Residential premises of the peasant house, heated by the Russian oven with a pipe - in white. His stoves, smoke from the furnace, went through the pipe, got spread in the Russian village fairly late. In European Russia, they began to actively construct from the second half of the XIX century, especially in the 80-90s. In Siberia, the transition to white huts occurred earlier than in the European part of the country. They were distributed there at the end of the XVIII century, and by the middle of the XIX century. In fact, all the huts were heated with a stove with a pipe. However, the absence of white lords in the village until the first half of the XIX century. It did not mean that they did not know the chimney furnaces in Russia.

For archaeological excavations In Veliky Novgorod in the layers of the XIII century. In the collaps of rich houses there are chimneys from burned clay. In the XV-XVII centuries. In the Grand People's Palaces, Goromas Boyar, rich landing people had premises that were heated in white. Until that time, white huts were only rich peasants of suburban villages, engaged in trade, wrapper, crafts. And already at the beginning of the XX century. Only very poor people were treated in black.

Izba-twin - wooden house, consisting of two independent log cabins, tightly pressed with each other side of each other. The logs were put under one duscal roof, high or middle bought. Residential premises were located in front of the house, the general senses were attached to them, of which the doors were on the indoor courtyard and in each of the rooms at home. The logbs were, as a rule, the same sizes - three windows on the facade, but they could be muttered: one room had three windows on the facade, the other two.

The installation of two log cabins under a single roof was explained both by the care of the host about the family's comforts, and the need to have a reserve room. One of the premises was actually accustomed, that is, a warm, heated Russian furnace room designed for the life of the family in winter. The second room, called the summer I am, was cold and used in the summer, when the stubster in the hut, heated even in a hot course, forced the owners to move into a cooler place. In rich houses, the second hoodie sometimes served as a parade room for receiving guests, i.e. with a hillside or a light.

In this case, there was an urban-type furnace, which was not used for cooking, but only to obtain heat. In addition, the hill was often becoming a bedroom for young marriage couples. And when the family has grown, then the summer hut, after installation in it, a Russian oven, easily turned into an exterior for the younger son, remaining and after marriage under the father's roof. It is curious that the presence of two log cabins set nearby, made the hip-twin rather durable.

Two log walls, one of which was a cold room wall, and the other - warm, set with a certain gap, had their natural and fast ventilation. If it were between Cold and warm premises There was one common wall, then she would condensate moisture contributing to her rapidly attenuation. The twins usually built in places rich in forest: in the northern provinces of European Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia. However, they met in some villages of Central Russia with wealthy peasants engaged in trade or industrial activities.

Help Kurkayaor Black hut - Residential premises of the peasant log house, heated with a tube without a pipe, in black. In such huts, with a furnace furnace, the smoke smoke rose upstairs and went outside through the chimney in the ceiling. It was closed after going to the board or stuck with rags. In addition, smoke could go out through a small wooll window, carved in the front of the hut, if she did not have a ceiling, as well as through open door. During the furnace, the oven was smoky and cold. People who were here at this time were forced to sit on the floor or go out to the street, as the smoke ate eyes, climbed into the larynx and the nose. Smoke rose up and hangs there with a dense blue layer.

From this, all the upper wints of the logs were covered with black resinous soot. Supplies that came out over the windows served in Kurknya hollow for sedimentation of soot and were not used to arrange utensils, as it was in a white hollow. To keep warm and ensure a quick yield of smoke from the hut, the Russian peasants came up with a number of special devices. So, for example, many northern huts had double doors that were published in the sen. Outdoor doors that fully closed the doorway, opened the lash. The internal, which had a rather wide opening, closed closely. The smoke went out through the top of these doors, and the cold air, which went to the bottom, met the obstacle on his way and could not penetrate the hut.

In addition, the ceiling smoke has arranged a smoke hole - long exhaust wooden pipe, the top end of which was decorated with through threads. To make a living space of huts free from the smoke layer, clean from soot and soot, in some areas of the Russian north of the huts made with high vaulted ceilings. In other places of Russia, many horses even at the beginning of the XIX century. At all did not have the ceiling. The desire to withdraw as soon as possible smoke from the offshore explains the usual absence of the roof in the Seine.

Kurtic peasant huts with rather gloomy paints described in the late XVIII century. A. N. Radishchev in his "Traveling from St. Petersburg to Moscow": "Four walls, up to half covered, as the entire ceiling, sage; The floor in the cream, on the top of at least the swords; stove without pipes but best defense from the cold, and smoke, every morning in winter and summer filling horses; Occupas, in which stretched bubble rushing at noon passed the light; Pot two or three ... Wooden cup and crash, plates called; The table, with a fledged ax, which is scraped on holidays. Corto feed pigs or calves, you are, sleeping with them together, the swallow air, in which the burning candle seems to be in the fog or for the curtain. "

However, it should be noted that Kurkureza had a number of advantages, thanks to which it remained for so long to be in everyday life of the Russian people. When heating with a test tube oven, the heating of the hut occurred rather quickly, as soon as the firewood was burned and the outer door was closed. Such a furnace gave more heat, there was less than a firewood. The hut was well ventilated, there were no dampness in it, and the tree and straw on the roof were unwittingly disinfected and retained longer. The air in Kurnya Hollow, after its protood, was dry and warm.

Curly huts appeared in ancient times and existed in the Russian village until the beginning of the XX century. They began to actively replace on white huts in the villages of European Russia from the middle of the XIX century, and in Siberia - even earlier, from the end of the XVIII century. For example, in the description of the Shushensky volost of the Minusinsky district of Siberia, made in 1848, it is indicated: "black houses, so-called emblems without output pipes, there is no strong anywhere." In the Odoyevsky district of the Tula province, in 1880, 66% of all lines were smoking.

Honor with bunch - Wooden house, consisting of one cut and a living room of a smaller size under a single roof and one common wall. Combate could put immediately when erecting the main log cabin or add to him in a few years, when the need appeared in supplementary room. The main log house was warm, with a Russian oven, organized a summer cold or a room heated by a dutch - a downtown furnace. Hisners were built mainly in the central regions of European Russia and in the Volga region.

Russian hut - This is a log house in which the Slavs lived ancient. Our ancestors were mostly homely home. And their whole life took place in the walls of these unique structures. The word "hut" comes from the Vine Slavonic "Istiba", which means a house or a bath. In the "Tale of Bygone Years", the Slavic dwelling is referred to as "origin".

History of Russian isob

Up to 10th century, the huts were a sonorn. Since the log structures partially went to the ground. And from the ground, as a rule, several rows of logs were completed. This was enough. Doors and windows in such sprues were absent. Instead of the door there were a small holes up to 1 meter. The locomotive was located in the room, which was stones. The chimney was not, so the whole smoke went through the inlet. The floors indoors were earthen. And with time began to fit the boards. Gradually, the huts were improved and eventually the image of the hut appeared, which is familiar to many: with windows, door and Russian oven.

Views

We can highlight 2 basic principles for which the huts are divided. According to the principle of heating and by the number of walls. Depending on the heating, the following hips can be distinguished:

• Kurnyza
• White Izba

Kurnyza - This is a hut, which existed in Russia sincecale. Their main feature was the lack of a chimney. The people existed the expression "Turn in black". The furnaces in such houses were called "smoke." Smoke from them went through the door. As a result, at the ceilings settled soot. Later, holes with valves (wipes) began to appear in the walls.

Russian hut 15-16 centuries - a modified house that took the appearance of the "white hut". This is a h. S. chimneywhich allowed to avoid smoke hitting the room. Such houses first began to appear in cities in secured people. Over time, they became the main place of residence. Emperor Peter 1 In the 18th century, he forbade building curly horses in St. Petersburg. Nevertheless, black huts in Russia continued to build up to the 19th century.

By the number of walls, the following types can be distinguished:

• Four-colored hut is the simplest structure of four walls. Such a dwelling could be built both with hay and without them.
• Help five-rank - in such dwellings, the entire structure was shared by an additional transverse wall. One part was the hill, and the second genes. If the Seni was addicted to additionally, then in such cases the second part could be a living room.
• Hire of six - in this case, everything is similar to a five-lane hollow, only instead of one transverse wall used two.
• Hole housing housing, in which the main frame of four walls was shared by two intersecting walls. In such a structure it turned out 4 separate roomsWhat makes it possible to live in the same house a big family.

Before construction is much attention was paid to the place where the new dwelling will be applied.. So, for example, a well-lit place on the hill was considered the most favorable. But unsuccessful places are the places of the former burials of people, roads and territories where the bath had previously been located.

An important role in construction was played and selection of material for construction. It was believed that best breeds For construction are pine, spruce or larch. But little to be able to choose the breed. The age of trees is also important. On the one hand, there is a reference to the belief, and with another understanding of the properties and characteristics of each breed and the age of trees:

"The forest must be chopped carefully and with meaning."

For example, cannot be used in construction dry trees. Since they are dead. Also not used in the construction of trees growing at crossroads of roads. They were called "violent". It was believed that they could destroy the log house.

Feature required MaterialThe construction of the house began. Today the basis of any structure is the foundation. But the hood can be installed without foundation. For example, arriving in some kind of village and see two standing at home, who knows a person might think that there are absolutely identical huts. But actually it turns out that one is installed on the foundation, and the second on oak columns. During the construction of the hut as a basis, you can use temporary lining (1), which will further establish the foundation. Next, the log house is installed. The log house is the main design of the building consisting of laid logs. One row of rectangular laid logs are called crown.

"The crown of the start."

The logs between themselves were combined with a lock connection. In Russia, used 2 main ways to connect logs:

• in Obloman - in the form of a bowl with protruding edges
• in paw - clean angle without protrusions

For insulation in the castle connections fit linen pala or moss. They can be put between logs to ensure greater heat retention in the hut.

The more the crowns at the building, the higher the hut. The first crown of the church is called a salary(2). For him, the biggest logs are taken. Next goes main Crown (Lower Vent)(3), in which lags (4) are cut. Lagges are used for floor laying. Crowns Ot lower strapping Before the start of the window opening, it is customary to call the subcast (5). Next are the window crowns (6). When the windows end, the supervisory crowns begin to fit, the first of which is called shuttering(7).

The next stage of construction - Roof setting. First of all, the roof base is established - top strapping. She is consists of upper runs(8) And Substropil(nine). To which rafters are installed (10), which are a frame for installing the roof. If the plan is planned to install the veranda, then veranda poles (11) are installed before installing the upper runs.

After installing the rafter, it remains to install the roof. To do this, the lines are installed on the rafted, to which the roof will be fastened. The main advantage of similar roofs is that replacement individual elements The roof does not require full parsing. Roofing allows you to quickly replace one spoiled board.

At the top of the hut was installed oven. He also called a horse or prince. He connected 2 sides of the roof. His installation made it possible to avoid skewersSo he was considered one of the most important elements in construction. Choose installed on the roof meant a quick completion of construction:

"Ohlupin - the case of the crown."

When the roof was ready, proceeded to the installation of the breeding. The breeds are the side boards, keeping the roof on the sides.. In addition, they defended the space under the roof from snow entering. More modern hubs are used to be dedicated to hiding the ends of the logs.

The last stage of construction is the installation of carved elements. One of these is a platband on the windows. Their installation means that the hut is waiting for its master. The carved porch and the pareels are also a symbol of completion.

Traditional Russian hollow today

For a long time, the days were formed when our ancestors lived in Kurkureza. Over time, the Russian hut has undergone significant changes. It is indisputable to have unique works of masters who have no analogues. But arriving today in any village, you will notice that a huge number Houses are very similar to each other. It is these houses that are finite the result of the development of traditionally Russian huts. Despite their overall similarity, each house remains unique due to its individual design.

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