On the layout and interior of the Russian hut: the front angle and the furnace. "Men's" and "female" half in the hut. Interior decoration of the Russian Bench in Russian
Through the threshold of the hands not to serve, windows overnight close, do not knock on the table - "The table of God's palm", in the fire (oven) do not care - these and many other rules ask behavior in the house. - Microcosm in Macrocosm, its opposing someone else's.
xdir.ru.
A man is equipping a dwelling, likening him by the world order, so every corner, each item is filled with meaning, demonstrate the relationship of a person with his world.
1. DVER
So we entered, crossed the threshold, which may be easier!But for the peasant the door is not just an entrance and exit from the house, it is a way to overcome the boundaries between the inner and external worlds. There is a threat, danger, because it is through the door that can penetrate the house and an evil person, and evil spirits. "Small, puzzy, the whole house is escaped" - the castle was supposed to protect from the unfair. However, in addition to the shutters, the Casov, the locks of the symbolic methods protecting the dwelling from the "unclean power": crosses, nettles, spinders, knife, or threshold candle, stuck in the threshold or jamb. You just don't go to the house and do not go out of it: the approach to the doors was accompanied by a brief prayer ("without God - no before the threshold" Meet the threshold and let go ahead yourself.
2. Oven
What do we see in front of yourself when entering the hut? The furnace, which served simultaneously and the source of heat and the place of cooking, and a place for sleep, was used in treating from a wide variety of diseases. In some areas in the oven wearing and batted. The oven pore personified all the dwelling, its presence or absence determined the nature of the construction (home without a furnace - non-residential). The folk etymology of the word "hut" from "Isodetopka" from "Turn, toasty". - Cooking - comprehended not only as economic, but also as sacred: raw, unauthorized, unclean turned into boiled, mastered, clean.
3. Red corner
In Russian hollow, a red corner was always diagonally from the furnace - a sacred place in the house, which is emphasized by his name: Red - beautiful, solemn, festive. All life was focused on red (senior, honorary, God) angle. Here we trapes, prayed, blessed, it was to the red corner that the head of beds were turned. Here the majority of rites associated with the birth, wedding, funeral.4. Table
An integral part of the red corner - the table. The table was tired - a symbol of abundance, prosperity, completeness, stability. The weekly, and the festive life of a person is concentrated here, a guest is planted here, they put bread, holy water here. The table is likened to the shrine, the altar, which imposes an imprint on the behavior of a person at the table and in general in the red corner ("Bread on the table, so the table of the throne, and the bread is neither a piece and a board"). In various rites, the table was made of particular importance: during difficult birth, the table was put forward to the middle of the hut, in the event of a fire from the neighboring hut, a table covered with a tablecloth was carried out and went around with a circular structure with him.
5. LaWs
Along the table, along the walls - pay attention! - benches. For men, long "male" shops, for women and children facial, located under the window. The benches connected the "centers" (oven corner, red angle) and "periphery" at home. In one or another ritual, they personified the way, the road. When the girl, previously considered a child and wearing one lower shirt, was 12 years old, the parents made her go along the shop back and forth, after which, crossing, the girl should have jumped from the shop into a new sundress, stitched specifically for such a case. From that moment on, the virgin age began, and the girl was allowed to go to round dances and to be considered a bride. But the so-called "beggar" shop, located at the door. He received such a name because the beggar could be buried on her and any other who entered the hut without permission of the owners.6. Matitsa
If you stand up on the middle of the hut and look at the top, we will see the bar, which serves as the base for the ceiling, is Matitsa. It was believed that the uterus was a support of the top of the dwelling, therefore the process of laying the Mathitz is one of the key moments of the construction of the house, accompanied by sopping of bread grains and hops, prayer, treating carpenters. Matitsa was attributed to the role of the symbolic border between the inside of the hut and the external associated with the entrance and exit. Guest, going to the house, sat down on the shop and could not go for Matitsa without inviting the owners, going to the road, followed by Matitsa, so that the road was happy, and to protect the huts from the bugs, cockroaches and fleas, under Matitsa pushed the found from the harrow tooth.7. Windows
Looking out the window and see what happens outside the house. However, the windows like the eyes of the house (window - OKO) allow you to observe not only to those who are inside the hut, but also to the one who is outside, from here the threat of permeability. Using the window as an unwanted input and exit was undesirable: if the bird flies into the window - to be trouble. Through the window, they endured dead unresolved children, adult decesses who have fallen with hot. Only the penetration of sunlight in the window was desirable and beaten in various proverbs and riddles ("a red girl in the window looks", "a lady in the courtyard, and the sleeves in the hut"). From here and the solar symbolism, which we see in the ornaments of the platbands, adorned windows and at the same time who protected from the unknown, unclean.
A source
Russian hut has always been a bad, kind and distinctive. Its architecture testifies to the loyalty to centuries-old traditions, their durability and uniqueness. Its layout, design and interior decoration were created over the years. Not so many traditional Russian houses have been preserved to this day, but still in some regions you can meet.
Initially, the huts in Russia were built from a tree, partially blocking their foundation under the ground. It ensured greater reliability and durability of the structure. Most often, it was only one room, which the owners were divided into several separate parts. A mandatory part of the Russian hut was a furnace corner, to separate the curtain. In addition, individual zones were distinguished for men and women. All corners in the house were built in accordance with the parties of the world and the most important among them were East (red), where the family organized the iconostasis. It was on the icons that guests had to pay attention immediately after the entrance to the Izbu.
The porch of the Russian isob
The architecture of the porch has always been thoroughly thought out, her house owners paid enough time. It combined with excellent artistic taste, centuries-old traditions and ingenuity of architects. It was the porch that combined the hut with the street and opened all guests or passersby. Interestingly, on the porch in the evenings after heavy work, the whole family often gathered, as well as neighbors. Here, guests and owners of the house danced, sang songs, and the children ran and smelling.
In different regions of Russia, the shape and sizes of the porch were significantly different. So, in the north of the country it was high enough and large, and the southern facade of the house was chosen for installation. Thanks to this asymmetric placement and unique architecture of the facade, the whole house looked very peculiar and beautiful. Also quite often it was possible to meet the porch, set on the pillars and decorated with openwork wooden columns. They were a real decoration at home, making his facade even more serious and good.
In the south of Russia, the porch was installed on the front side of the house, attracting the attention of passersby and neighbors in openwork threads. They could be both two steps and with a whole staircase. Some home owners adorned their porch canopy, while others left open.
Seni.
In order to preserve in the house the maximum amount of heat from the furnace owners separated the living area from the street. Seni is exactly the space that immediately saw the guests at the entrance to the hut. In addition to conservation of heat, the Seni was also used to store the rocker and other necessary things, it was here that many did chulaans for products.
For the separation of hay and heated residential zone, a high threshold was also made. It was made to prevent the cold penetration into the house. In addition, for centuries-old traditions, each guest was supposed to walked at the entrance to the hut, and it was impossible to go inside before the high threshold. Otherwise, the guest just hit the bare naked.
Russian oven.
The life of Russian huts rotated around the furnace. It served as a place to cook, rest, heating and even bath procedures. The top led the steps, there were niches in the walls for different utensils. The furnace has always been with iron departments. The device of the Russian oven - the hearts of any hut is surprisingly functional.
The furnace in the traditional Russian skeins has always been placed in the main area, to the right or left of the entrance. It was her who was considered the main element of the house, because the furnaces were preparing food, slept, she heated the whole house. It is proved that the food cooked in the oven is the most useful, since it retains all useful vitamins.
Since ancient times, many believes associated with the stove. Our ancestors believed that it was on the furnace to live in houses. The garbage was never endured from the hut, and burned in the oven. People believed that so all the energy remains in the house, which contributes to an increase in family wealth. Interestingly, in some regions of Russia, the furnace was batted and washed, and also used to treat serious diseases. Lekari of that time claimed to cure the disease, simply leaving for the furnace for several hours.
Chimney
He was also called "Babi Angle", because it was exactly the whole kitchen utensils. It was separated by a curtain or even a wooden partition. Men from their family almost never came here. The huge insult of the owners of the house was the arrival of someone else's man for the curtain in a furnace corner.
Here women were erased and dried things, they prepared food, treated children and gadal. Almost every woman was engaged in needlework, and the most calm and convenient place for this was the chimney. Embroidery, sewing, painting is the most popular types of needlework girls and women of that time.
Claws in the hut
There were mobile and fixed shops in Russian, and from the 19th century chairs began to appear. Along the walls of the house, the owners installed fixed beats that were attached by supplying or legs with carved elements. The stand could be flat or narrowed by the middle, in its decor, carved patterns and traditional ornaments were often present.
Also in every home there were mobile shops. Such benches had four legs or installed on the deaf boards. The backs were often done so that they could be shifted to the opposite edge of the bench, and a carved decor was used to decorate. The bench has always been done longer than the table, and also often covered with a dense cloth.
Male angle (Konics)
He was on the right of the entrance. Here it was sure to stood a wide bench, which was fencing with wooden boards on both sides. They were cut in the form of a horse head, so the male corner is often called "Konik". Under the bench men kept their tools intended for repair and other male works. In this corner, men repaired shoes and utensils, as well as splashed baskets and other products from the vine.
All guests who came to the owners of the house for a short time were embarrassed on the bench in the male corner. It was here that the man slept and rested.
Women's Corner (Head)
It was an important space in the female fate, because it was because of the chimney curtain that the girl went out during a glance in an elegant attire, and waited for the groom on the wedding day. Here women gave birth to children and fed them away from prying eyes, hiding behind the curtain.
Also in the female corner of the guy you liked the girl had to hide the magazine to get married soon. They believed that such a magazine would help the daughter-in-law to make friends with mother-in-law and become a good mistress in a new house.
Red corner
This is the brightest and important corner, since it was he who was considered a sacred place in the house. By tradition, during the construction, it was highlighted on the eastern side, where two adjacent windows form an angle, so the light drops, making the corner with the brightest place in the hollow. Here I necessarily hung icons and embroidered towers, as well as in some sprues - the faces of ancestors. Be sure to put a large table in the red corner and took food. Under the icons and towels, freshly baked bread always stored.
To this day, some traditions associated with the table are known. So, young people are not desirable to sit at the corner to create a family in the future. The bad sign leave dirty dishes on the table or sit on it.
Cereals, flour and other products Our ancestors were kept in the hannels. Thanks to this, the mistress could always quickly cook food from fresh products. In addition, additional buildings were provided: a cellar for storing vegetables and fruits in winter, hlev for livestock and individual structures for the hay.
The secrets of Russian huts and its sacraments, small wisdom and traditions, the basic rules in the construction of Russian horses, signs, facts and history of the "hut on the couch legs" - everything is very brief.
The generally accepted fact that the most eco-friendly and suitable homes can be built only from wood. The tree is the most ancient building material presented to us the most perfect laboratory on Earth - Nature.
In the premises of the wooden structure, air humidity is always optimal for human vital activity. The unique structure of the wood massif, consisting of capillaries, absorbs excess moisture from the air, and with excessive dryness gives it to the room.
Logs have natural energy, create a special microclimate in the hollow, provide natural ventilation. From wooden walls, it makes domicitality and rest, they protect in summer from the heat, and in winter from frosts. The tree perfectly holds heat. Even in the cracked frost wall of a wooden cut Warm inside.
Anyone who at least once visited the real Russian elevation will never forget her charming blatant spirit: thin sheets of wood resin, the aroma of freshly baked bread from a Russian oven, spice therapeutic herbs. Due to its properties, the tree neutralizes heavy smells, ozing air.
And no reason that interest in wooden construction arises again and grows with incredible speed, conquering increasingly popular.
So, small wisdom, secrets and secrets of Russian huts!
The name of the Russian house "Izba" comes from the ancient Russian "Istiba", which means "House, Bath" or "Forest" from the "Tale of Bygone Years ...". The ancient Russian name of a wooden dwelling is rooted in Praslavyanskoye "JJBA" and is considered borrowed from the German Stub. In the ancientness "Stub" meant "Warm room, a bath."
During the construction of a new hut, our ancestors followed the rules developed by centuries, because the construction of a new house is a significant event in the life of the peasant family and all traditions were respected to the smallest detail. One of the main covenants of the ancestors was the choice of place for the future hut. The new hub should not be built on the spot where there was once a cemetery, a road or a bath. But at the same time it was desirable that the place for the new house was already cursed, where the lives of people in full well-being, light and dry place.
The main tool when building all Russian wooden structures was an ax. From here they say not to build, but cut down the house. The saw began to apply at the end of the XVIII century, and in some places from the middle of the XIX century.
Initially (until the 16th century), the hut was a log structure, partially (up to third) leaving to the ground. That is, the deepening dug out and the 3-4 row of thick logs were completed. Thus, the hut itself was a twilight.
The doors were originally not, it was replaced by a small inlet, approximately 0.9 meters per meter, covered by a pair of log cabins, connected together and canopy.
The main requirement for the construction material was familiar - the log house quietly either out of pine, ate or larch. The trunk of coniferous trees was high, slim, well-tested with an ax and at the same time was durable, walls of pine, ate or larch well kept warm in the house in winter and did not heat up in the summer, in the heat, while maintaining a pleasant coolness. At the same time, the selection of wood in the forest was regulated by several rules. For example, it was impossible to cut down the patients, old and dried trees, who were considered dead and could, by believing, bring the sickness to the house. It was impossible to cut down trees, grew on the road and the roads. Such trees were considered "violent" and in a fierce such logs, on reference, can fall out of the walls and press the owners of the house.
The construction of the house was accompanied by a number of customs. During the laying of the first crown of a cut (mortgage), the coin or paper bill was put on each corner, in another piece of wool from the sheep or a small mix of woolen yarn, the grain was plucked into the third, and the fourth put incense. Thus, at the very beginning of the construction of the hut, our ancestors did such rites for the future dwellings, which marked his wealth, family warmth, fusion life and holiness in the future life.
There is no overhead item in the surroundings of the hut, each thing has its own strictly defined destination and the place illuminated by tradition, which is a characteristic feature of the people's dwelling.
The doors in the hut did as low as possible, and the windows had higher. So heat was less left of the hut.
RUSSIAN IBA was either a "quadper" (simple crate), or a "five-line" (cage, bombarded inside with a wall - "Oversea"). During the construction of hips to the main volume of the cage, the utility premises ("Porch", "Seni", "Dvor", "Bridge" between Iply and the yard, etc.) were attached. In Russian lands, not spoiled by heat, the whole complex of buildings tried to collect together, press each other.
There were three types of organization of the complex of buildings that made up the courtyard. A single large two-storey house into several related families under one roof was called "Wallet". If the shopping premises were attached to the side and the whole house acquired the appearance of the letter "g", then he was called "verb". If the economic extensions were adjusted from the end of the main log cabin and the whole complex was pulled out in the line, they said that it was a "timber".
Behind the porch horses usually followed the "Songs" (Sen - Shadow, Shaded Place). They were satisfied for the door to open right outside, and the heat in winter did not come out of the hut. The front of the building together with the porch and hay was called in antiquity "shoot".
If the hut was a two-storey, then the second floor was called "vicious" in the economic buildings and the "hill" in the residential premises. The premises over the second floor, where the maiden was usually called "Terem".
The house was rarely built every person. Usually the whole world was invited to construction ("Obloming"). The forest was bought in winter, until there is no deposit in the trees, and they started to build from early spring. After the bookmark of the first crown of the church, the first treats were arranged ("Broasting treat"). Such treatments - the echoes of the ancient ritual pills, which were often with sacrifices.
After the "busting treats" began to arrange a log house. At the beginning of the summer, after laying the ceiling maths, there was a new ritual treat to the lobs. Then proceeded to the roofing device. Having reached the top, putting a hat, suited a new, "skate" treat. And at the end of construction at the very beginning of autumn - a feast.
Demyanova Ear. Artist Andrei Popov A cat should be logged in the new housing. In the north of Russia still retains the cult of cats. In most northern houses in thick doors in Songy, a hole for a cat is made at thenime.
In the depths of the hut there was a folded focus folded from stones. There was no holes for the exit of smoke, in order to save heat, the smoke was stored in the room, and the surplus went through the inlet. Curly huts probably contributed to a small lifespan in the old days (about 30 years for men): firewood burning products are cancer substances.
Floors in the hut were earthen. Only with the spread in Russia and sawders in cities and in the homes of landowners began to appear wooden floors. Initially, the floors were laid out of the boards made from corpus in half logs, or from a massive thick geepboard. However, the mass and floors from the boards began to spread only in the XVIII century, since sawmill production was not developed. Only by the efforts of Peter I saws and sawmills began to distribute in Russia with the publication of the Petrovsky Decree "On the teachment of woodcutters to saw cutting" in 1748. Up until the twentieth century, the floors in the peasant hollow were earthen, that is, the leveling land was simply covered. Sometimes the upper layer smeared the clay mixed with the manure, which prevented the formation of cracks.
The logs for the Russians were preparing for the Russians from November-December, bodies of trees trunks in a circle and giving them to dry on the root (stand) for the winter. The trees have reached and exported the logs in the snow until the Spring Rasputle. When cabing, the loose of the logs of the log lay the northern more dense side to the outside so that the wood cracks less and better transfers the impact of the atmosphere. At the corners of the house on the construction, coins, wool and incense were placed in order for the inhabitants of him lived healthy in sufficient and warm.
Until the IX century, there were no windows in the Russian skeins at all.
Until the 20th century, the windows in the Russian skeins did not open. They ventilated the hut through the door and the smoke (wooden ventilation pipe on the roof). Shutters defended heating from bad weather and dashing people. The window closed by shutters could serve as a "mirror".
In the old days, the shutters were single. Double frames in the old days were also not. In winter, the windows of the window were closed outside with straw mats or simply covered with copper straws.
Numerous patterns of Russian horses served (and serve) not how much decoration, how much protection of the house from evil forces. Symbols of sacred images came from pagan times: solar circles, thunder-shakes (arrows), fertility signs (field with dots), horse heads, horseshoes, celestial pants (diverse wavy lines), weaving and knots.
The hut was installed directly on the soil or on the poles. Oak decks were supplied under the corners, large stones or stumps, on which there was a log house. In the summer, the wind walked under the walker, dries off the bottom of the so-called "black" floor. By winter, the house was covered with the earth or satisfied from Durna Zavaling. In the spring, the population or embankment in some places rinsed to create ventilation.
The "red" angle in the Russian hollow was arranged in the far corner of the hut, on the east side diagonally from the furnace. The icons were placed in the Borean in the "Red" or "Holy" angle of the room with such a calculation, so that the person entering the house immediately saw them. It was considered an important element of the protection of the house from "Evil Forces". Icons were to be sure to stand, not hang, as they worshiped "alive."
The appearance of the image of the "hut on the bitter legs" is historically associated with wooden cuts, which in antiquity in Russia were put on hemp with chopped roots, to protect the tree from rotting. In the dictionary of V.I. Dalyu, it is said that "Boke" is rafters on the peasant sinks. In swampy places, the huts were built on such rafters. In Moscow, one of the vintage wooden churches was called "Nikola on Courish Legs", because due to the marshness of the terrain stood on hemp.
The hut on the bitter legs - in fact, they cannoze, from the word Kurkureza. Curly hollows were called the huts that have tried "in black", that is, who did not have a chimney. A stove was used without a chimney called the "Kurkin stove" or "black". The smoke went out through the doors and during the firebox hung under the ceiling with a thick layer, which is why the tops of the logs in the hollow were covered with Soch.
In ancient times, there was a funeral rite, which includes smoking the "hut legs" without windows and doors, into which the corpse was placed.
The hut in the courier legs in folk fantasy was modeled in the image of the Slavic Possess Little House of the Dead. The house was put on the pillar supports. In fairy tales, they are presented as chicken legs, too, not by chance. Chicken-sacred animal, indispensable attribute of many magical rituals. In the house of the dead Slavs folded the dust of the deceased. The coffin itself, the houses or the graveyard from such houses were presented as a window, Laz into the world of the dead, a means of a passage to the underground kingdom. That is why our fabulous hero is constantly coming to the hut on chicken legs, to get into a different time measurement and reality of no longer people, but wizards. There is no other path there.
Chicken legs are just a "translation error".
"Courish (curly) legs" the Slavs called hemps, for which the hollow was put, that is, Baba Yaga's house was originally stood only on smoky hemp. From the point of view of supporters of the Slavic (Classical) origin of Baba-Yagi, an important aspect of this image seems to see her immediately to two worlds - the world of the dead and peace of living.
Curly huts existed in Russian villages until the XIX century, they even met at the beginning of the 20th century.
Only in the XVIII century and only in St. Petersburg, King Peter I forbade building houses with a black heating. In the other settlements, they continued to be built until the XIX century.
The peasant hollow out of the log impeding the centuries is considered a symbol of Russia. According to Archaeologists, the first horses appeared in Russia for another 2 thousand years ago BC. For centuries, the architecture of wooden peasant houses remained almost unchanged, connecting everything that was necessary for each family: a roof over his head and a place where you can relax after a hard work day.
In the XIX century, the most common plan of the Russian hut included a residential premises (hut), senses and a plug. The main premises were hut - heated residential premises of a square or rectangular shape. As a folding room performed a crate, which was connected to rally at the expense of Seine. In turn, the Seni was an economic premises. They were never heated, so it was possible to use them as a residential premises only in the summer. Among the poor layers of the population there was a two-chamber planning of huts, consisting of hut and hay.
The ceilings in wooden houses were flat, they were often laid in painted shade. The floors were made of oak bricks. The decoration of the walls was carried out with the help of red tesa, while in rich houses, the finish was complemented by red leather (less wealthy people were usually used by Rogozh). In the XVII century, the ceilings, vaults and walls began to decorate painting. Around the walls under each window put shops, which were reliably attached directly to the design of the house. Approximately at the level of human growth over the shops along the walls, long shelves made of wood, which were called the Voronians. On the shelves located along the room, kitchenware stored, and on others - tools for men's work.
Initially, the windows in the Russian spa were wicked, that is, viewing windows that were cut down in adjacent logs on half the logs down and up. They looked like a small horizontal gap and sometimes decorated with carvings. They closed the opening ("clouded") with the help of boards or fish bubbles, leaving a small hole in the center of the valve ("Glotchka").
After some time, the so-called red windows became popular, with a frame framed by shoals. They possess a more complex design, rather than wicked, and always decorated. The height of the red windows was at least three diameters of the log in the srub.
In the poor, the windows were so small that when they were closed, it became very dark in the room. In rich houses, the windows from the outdoor side were closed with iron shutters, often using pieces of mica chunks instead of glasses. Their these pieces could create various ornaments, painting them with paints with images of grass, birds, colors, etc.
The word "Izba" (as well as his synonyms of "Yizba", "Istiba", "empty", "Introduction", "Eastopki") is used in Russian chronicles, starting from the most ancient times. It is obvious the connection of this term with the verbs "Turn", "to expire". In fact, it always indicates a heated structure (in contrast, for example, from cage).
In addition, all three Eastern Slavic peoples - Belarusians, Ukrainians, Russians - the term "Istopka" remained and indicated again the heated structure, whether it is a pantry for winter storage of vegetables (Belarus, Pskovschina, Northern Ukraine) or a residential hives of tiny sizes (Novogorskaya , Vologda region), but without fail with a stove.
The construction of the house for the peasant was a significant event. At the same time, it was important for him not only to solve a purely practical task - to provide a roof over his head for myself and his family, but also to organize a living space so that it was filled with the life benefits, warm, love. Such a home can be built, according to the peasants, only following the traditions of the ancestors, the retreats from the covenants of fathers could be minimal.
During the construction of a new house, a great importance was attached to the choice of place: the place should be dry, high, light - and at the same time, its ritual value was taken into account: it should be happy. Happy was considered the place of cubs, that is, the time spent time, a place where people's life took place in complete well-being. The unsuccessful for construction was the place where people had previously stored and where the road was held or stood the bath.
Special requirements were presented to building material. Russians preferred to chop out of pine, spruce, larch. These trees with long smooth trunks were well in the log house, tightly adjacent to each other, kept well inner heat, did not rot for a long time. However, the choice of trees in the forest was regulated by many rules, the violation of which could lead to the transformation of the house built from the house for people to the house against people bringing misfortunes. So, for the cut, it was impossible to take "sacred" trees - they can bring death to the house. The ban spread to all old trees. According to reference, they must die in the forest with their death. It was impossible to use dry trees that were deemed dead - from them at home will be "dry tok". A big misfortune will happen if a "violent" tree falls into the log cabin, that is, a tree that has grown at the crossroads of the roads or in place former forest roads. Such a tree can destroy the log house and set the owners of the house.
The construction of the house was accompanied by a variety of rituals. The start of construction was noted by the rite of the sacrifice of the chicken, the ram. It was carried out during the laying of the first crown of horses. Under the logs of the first crown, the window pillow, Matitsa laid money, wool, grain - symbols of wealth and family heat, incense - symbol of holiness at home. The end of construction was celebrated by the rich treats of all participating in the work.
Slavs, like other peoples, "unfolded" the building from the body from the body sacrificed to the gods. According to the ancients, without such a "sample" a log could not be formed in an ordered design. "Building Sacrifice" as if he passed the exhaust his form, helped create something reasonably organized from primitive chaos ... "Ideally, a person should be a construction victim. But the human victim was resorted only in rare, truly exceptional cases - for example, when laying a fortress to protect against enemies, when it was about the life or death of the entire tribe. In conventional construction, they were content with animals, most often a horse or a bull. Not one thousand Slavic dwellings were investigated by archaeologists and detailed: Based on some of them, the skulls of these animals were found. Especially often find the horse skulls. So the "skates" on the roofs of the Russians are not "for beauty." In the old eye to the back of the skate, the tail from the urine was attached, after which the hut was already absolutely like a horse. Actually, the house was represented by the "body", four corners - four "legs". Scientists write that instead of a wooden "skate", there was no time a real horsepower skull. The surpassed skulls are found under the ranks of the X century, and under the last five centuries after baptism - in the XIV-XV centuries. For half a thousandth, they except to put in a less deep hole. As a rule, this jamb was located under the holy (red) angle - just under the icons! - either under the threshold so that the evil failed to penetrate the house.
Another favorite sacrificial animals when bookmarking the house was a rooster (chicken). It is enough to remember the "Petushkov" as the roof decoration, as well as the widespread conviction that the evil should disappear when the rooster cries. Put in the base of the hut and skull of the bull. Still, an ancient faith that the house is built "on someone's head," talked to be inexperienced. For this reason, they tried to leave at least something, even though the edges of the roof, unfinished, deceiving fate.
Diagram of the roofing device:
1 - chute,
2 - Okhlupin,
3 - stamik,
4 - End,
5 - fire,
6 - the princess stop ("Knes"),
7 - Pedal Snow,
8 - male,
9 - Foving,
10 - Schelch,
11 - chicken,
12 - skip,
13 - bull,
14 - Gnet.
Overlooking
What kind of house built for myself and your family our great-grandfaraded, who lived a thousand years ago?
This, first of all, depended on where he lived, to which tribe belonged. After all, even now, having visited the villages in the north and in the south of European Russia, it is impossible not to notice the difference in the type of dwelling: in the north it is a wooden chopped hut, in the south - Hut Mazanka.
No span of folk culture was invented in the same way, in which his ethnographic science found: People's thought worked in continuation of centuries, creating harmony and beauty. Of course, it also concerns the dwellings. Historians write that the difference between the two main types of traditional houses can be traced during the excavations of the settlements in which people even live before our era.
Traditions were largely determined by the climatic conditions and the presence of a suitable building material. In the north, at all times, wet soil prevailed and there was a lot of building forest, in the south, in the forest-steppe zone, the soil was landing, but the forests did not always have enough, so it had to turn to other building materials. Therefore, in the south, up to a very late time (until the XIV-XV centuries), the mass folk housing was a twilight of 0.5-1 m in the soil. And on the rainy north, on the contrary, there was a terrestrial house with a floor, often even somewhat raised above the ground.
Scientists write that the vintone of the villagers "chose" from under the earth for the light of God for many centuries, gradually turning into the ground hut of the Slavic south.
In the north, with his raw climate and abundance of the first-class forest, the semi-underground housing has become ground (housing) much faster. Despite the fact that the traditions of housing construction from the Northern Slavic tribes (Crovics and Ilmensky) cannot be traced as far back into times, like their southern neighbors, scientists believe that the log horses were erected here in the II millennium to our Era, that is, long before these places entered the sphere of the influence of the early Slavs. And at the end of the first one millennium, our era has already developed a steady type of log dwelling, while in the south, the twilights were dominated for a long time. Well, each dwelling was best suited for its territory.
This is how, for example, the "average" residential hill of the IX-XI centuries from the city of Ladoga appeared (now old Ladoga on the Volkhov River). It was usually square in the plan (that is, if you look at the top) built with a side of 4-5 m. Sometimes the log house was built directly at the place of the future at home, sometimes it was first collected on the side - in the forest, and then, disassemble, transported to the construction site and folded already "full". Scientists told about it - "Numbers", in order of the logs, starting from the bottom.
The builders took care not to confuse them during transportation: a log house required a thorough fit of the crowns.
In order for the logs to make the tight to each other, in one of them they did a longitudinal deepening, where and was convex side of the other. Ancient masters made a deepening in the lower log and watched the logs to be up to the top of the side that had a living tree looked north. From this side, the annual layers are denser and smaller. And the grooves between the logs were caught by marsh moss, having, by the way, the property to kill bacteria, and often wicked clay. But the custom of sowing a log house for Russia is historically relatively new. For the first time it is captured on miniatures of the manuscript of the XVI century.
The floor in the hut porcely was made by an earthen, but more often - wooden, raised above the ground on the beams, logged in the lower crown. In this case, the floor arranged a LAZ into a shallow cellar underground.
Wealthy people usually built themselves at home in two housing, often with a superstructure at the top, which gave house outside the type of three-core.
To the hollow, often attached a kind of hallway - Seni about 2 meters wide. Sometimes, however, Seni has significantly expanded and arranged in them a hlev for livestock. Used Seni and differently. In extensive, tidy sables held property, mastered something in bad weather, and in the summer they could, for example, lay guests there. Such a dwelling archaeologists call "two-chamber", having in mind that there are two rooms in it.
According to written sources, starting from the X century, unheated extensions to the hill are spread - the crates. They were reported again through the sense. Cool served as a summer bedroom, year-round pantry, and in winter - a peculiar "refrigerator".
The ordinary roof of the Russian houses was wooden, seed, trimmed or from Drash. In the XVI and XVII centuries, it was in the custom of covering the roof birch bark from dampness; It gave her a variety; And sometimes on the roof put Earth and Dern in fire protection. The shape of the roofs was scope on two sides with frontones on other two sides. Sometimes all departments of the house, that is, to put down, the middle tier and the attic, were under one slope, but more often the attic, and others and the average floors had their own special roofs. In the rich specimen there were roofs of intricate forms, for example, kemer in the form of barrels, Yapakhnaya in the form of a raincoat. On the outskirts of the roof, the roofs were fade by slit ridges, scars, polishes, or railings with accurate bales. Sometimes teremki was made throughout the outskirts - recesses with semicircular or heart lines. Such recesses were preferably made on Teremes or attics and were sometimes so small and frequent, which was the border of the roof, and sometimes it was so great that there were only three of them on the pair or three, and in the middle of them the windows were inserted.
If the semi-windows, on the roof of the ground, were, as a rule, are deprived of windows, then the windows are already available in Ladoga. True, they are still very far from modern, with binders, vents and clear glasses. The window glass appeared in Russia in the X-XI centuries, but even later it was very expensive and was used mostly in the princely palaces and churches. In simple spasiness, the so-called woolls were arranged (from "dragging" in the sense of push-stick) windows for skipping smoke.
Two adjacent logs cut up to the middle, and a rectangular frame with a wooden latch that went horizontally was inserted into the hole. In such a window it was possible to look - but only. They were called and called "enliter" ... the need was tensioned on them; In general, these holes in the outstands were small, to preserve warmth, and when they were closed, they were almost dark among them. In wealthy houses, the windows were made large and small; The first were called red, the latter were their oblong and narrow figures.
Not small controversy among scientists caused an additional crown of logs, hailing Ladoga huts at some distance from the main one. I won't forget that from ancient houses to our time, it was well preserved if one-day of the lower crown and the random wreckage of the collapsed roof and the flooring: disassemble, the archaeologist, where that. Therefore, the constructive purpose of the found parts is made sometimes a variety of assumptions. What purpose served this additional external crown - a single point of view was not worked out so far. Some researchers believe that he fought Zavaling (a low insulation embankment along the outer walls of the hut), not letting it crawl. Other scientists think that the ancient horses were not glad, the wall was like a two-layer, the residential logo was surrounded by a kind of gallery, which served simultaneously and the thermal insulator and the economic pantry. Judging by the archaeological data, in the rear, the impassely end of the gallery was often located toilet. It is clear to the desire of our ancestors who lived in a harsh climate with frosty winters, use to heat the restroom with an elevant heat and at the same time prevent a bad smell in the dwelling. The toilet in Russia was called "Sad". This word is first found in the documents of the beginning of the XVI century.
Like a sonorn of southern Slavs, the ancients of the northern Slavic tribes remained in use a lot of centuries. Already at that long, the people's talent developed a type of dwelling, very successful to local conditions, and life almost until recently did not give rise to people to move away from the usual, convenient and consecrated samples by the tradition.
Internal space is
Instantyanic homes were, as a rule, one or two, less often three residential premises connected by genes. The most typical for Russia was a house consisting of a warm, heated stove and Seine. They were used for household needs and as a kind of vestibule between the cold of the street and the warmth of the hut.
In the houses of wealthy peasants, in addition to the heaven heated by the Russian oven, there was another, summer, the front room is a hill, which was used in large families in everyday life. The hill snapped in this case is a dutch furnace.
The interior of the hut was distinguished by the simplicity and appropriate placement of items included in it. The main space of the hut occupied the ovens, which was located at the most part of Russia at the entrance, to the right or left of the door.
Only in the South, Central Black Earth Strine of European Russia, the oven was in the far from the corner. The table has always stood in the corner, diagonally from the furnace. Over it was located the Borean with icons. Along the walls were stationary shops, over them - embedded shelves embedded into the walls. In the back of the hollows of the furnace to the side wall under the ceiling, wooden flooring was satisfied. In the South Russian areas behind the side wall of the oven could be a wooden flooring for a sphanish - Paul, Sitting. All this fixed setting of horses was built together with the house and was called the choir outfit.
The oven played a major role in the inner space of Russian dwelling throughout all the stages of its existence. No wonder the room, where the Russian oven was called "Iply, Forep." The Russian oven refers to the type of wind furnaces, in which the fire is divorced inside the furnace, and not on the open area. Smoke comes out through the mouth - the hole in which the fuel is laid, or through a specially designed chimney. The Russian oven in the peasant elevation was the form of Cuba: its usual length is 1.8-2 m, the width is 1.6-1.8 m, the height is 1.7 m. The top of the furnace is flat, comfortable for lying. The furnace furnace is comparatively large: a height of 1.2-1.4 m, up to 1.5 m wide, with a vaulted ceiling and a flat bottom - sub. The mouth, usually rectangular shape or with a semicircular upper part, was closed with a damper cut out on the shape of an iron shield with a handle. Before the mouth, there was a small playground - the sixth, which was put on economic utensils, so as to plunge her in the oven. Russian furnaces always stood on a scrub showed in three - four crowns of round logs or plates, a log-made log was made on top of it, which was smeared with a thick layer of clay, it served under the furnace. Russian ovens had one or four chimneys. The furnaces differed in the design of the chimney. The ancient type of the Russian oven was a stove without a chimney called a curly stove or black. The smoke came out through the mouth and during the firebox hung under the ceiling with a thick layer, which is why the upper wints of the logs in the hollow were covered with a black resinous soot. For the sedimentation of the soot served by ship - shelves, located around the perimeter of the overlooking windows, they separated the flurry top from pure nose. For the exit of smoke from the room, the door and a small hole in the ceiling or in the back wall of the heavers were opened. After the firebox, this hole was covered with a wooden shield, in the southern lips. The hole stuck with rags.
Another type of Russian oven is a semi-dealer or demigound - is a transitional form from a black furnace to a white furnace with a pipe. The demochelter furnaces do not have a brick chimney, but the pipe is arranged above the sixth, and a small round hole goes into the wooden tube is made on it in the ceiling. During the furnace between the nozzle and the hole in the ceiling, the iron round tube is inserted, somewhat wider than self-sinking. After going to the furnace, the pipe is removed, and the hole is closed.
White Russian oven suggests a pipe to exit smoke. Above the sixth of the brick is laid out the nozzle collecting smoke, which comes out of the mouth of the furnace. From the nozzle smoke enters the horizontally laid out on the attic of the boring from the burned brick, and from there to the vertical smoke tube.
In the former times of the furnace were more often from clay, the stones were often added to the crowd, which allowed the oven to heat up harder and keep warm. In the North-Russian provinces, cobblestones were driven into clay layers, alternating clay and stones.
The location of the furnace in the exhaust is strictly regulated. On the larger territory of European Russia and in Siberia, the furnace was located near the entrance, to the right or left of the door. The mouth of the furnace, depending on the terrain, could be turned to the front facade wall of the house or to the side. In the South Russian provinces, the furnace was usually located in the far right or left corner of the sleeve with the mouth, turned to the side wall or the entrance door. A lot of ideas, believes, rites, magic techniques are associated with the furnace. In the traditional consciousness, the furnace was an integral part of the dwelling; If there was no oven in the house, he was considered non-residential. For popular beliefs, under the stove or for her living houses, the patron saint of a homely hearth, kind and helpful in some situations, invested and even dangerous in some situations. In the behavior system where it is essential to such opposition, as "His" - "Alien", the attitude of the owners to the guest or a stranger changed, if he happened to sit on their ovens; As a person who has learned from the host family at one table, and the one who sat on the furnace was perceived already as "his". The appeal to the furnace occurred during all rituals, the main idea of \u200b\u200bwhich was the transition to a new state, quality, status.
The furnace was second in the meaning of the "holiness center" in the house - after the Red, God's corner, and maybe even first.
Some of the mouths from the mouth to the opposite wall, the space in which all female work was performed associated with the preparation of food was called an oven. Here, near the window, against the mouth of the furnace, in every house there were manual millstones, so the angle is called still pickle. The front corner contained a vessel or shelves with shelves inside, used as a kitchen table. On the walls there were observables - shelves for dining rooms, lockers. Above, at the level of the climbers, there was a furnace bar, which was put on kitchenware and laid a variety of economic accessories.
The oven angle was considered a dirty place, unlike the rest of the pure space of the hut. Therefore, the peasants always sought to separate him from the rest of the room with a curtain of a motley sither, a colored domain or a wooden bulkhead. A stove corner closed by a female partition formed a small room, which had the name "Chulad" or "Silub".
He was exclusively female space in the hut: Here women prepared food, rested after work. During the holidays, when many guests came to the house, the oven was put on the second table for women, where they were drank separately from men sitting at the table in the red corner. Men even their families could not go without particularly need to female half. The appearance of a foreign man was considered in general unacceptable.
The traditional stationary dwelling atmosphere longer was held near the furnace in the female corner.
The red angle, like the oven, was an important reference point of the inner space of the hut.
On the larger territory of European Russia, in the Urals, in Siberia, the red angle was the space between the side and the front wall in the depth of the hut, a limited angle, which is diagonally from the furnace.
In the South Russian regions of European Russia, a red angle is a space concluded between the wall with the door in the senia and the side wall. The furnace was in the depths of the hut diagonally from the red corner. In a traditional housing, almost throughout Russia, with the exception of South Russian provinces, the red corner is well covered, since both components of his walls had windows. The main decoration of the red corner is the Borean with icons and the lamp, so it is also called the "holy". As a rule, everywhere in Russia in the red corner, in addition to the Borean there is a table, only in a number of Pskov and Velikoluksky lips. It is put in the simpleness between the windows - against the angle of the furnace. Two benches are docking the tables in the red corner, and on top, above the divinence, - two shelves of the cliff; Hence the Western-South Russian title of the angle "day" (the place where the elements of the housing decoration are connected).
All significant marital life events were celebrated in the Red Corner. Here at the table passed both everyday meals and festive feasts, many calendar rites took place. In the wedding rite, the wedding of the bride, the redemption of her at girlfriends and brother was performed in the red corner; From the red corner of the house at home, she was held on a wedding to church, brought into the house of the groom and led too into a red corner. During harvesting, the first and the latter was installed in a red corner. The preservation of the first and last ears of the crop, endowed with folk legends, magical strength, promised the well-being of the family, home, the whole household. In the red corner there were daily prayers from which any important thing began. It is the most honorable place in the house. According to the traditional etiquette, a person who came to the hut could only go there at a special invitation of the owners. The red angle was trying to keep clean and eleven decorated. The name "red" means "beautiful", "good", "light". He was cleaned with embroidered towels, luffed pictures, postcards. On the shelves near the red corner put the most beautiful homemade utensils, stored the most securities, items. Everywhere, the Russians have been common with a custom when bookmarking at home put money under the lower crown in all angles, and under the red angle lay a larger coin.
Some authors associate the religious understanding of the red angle exclusively with Christianity. In their opinion, the only sacred center of the house in the pagan times was a furnace. God's corner and stove are even interpreted by both Christian and pagan centers. These scientists see in their mutual arrangement, a peculiar illustration to the Russian procheservation was simply changed in God's corner more ancient - pagan, and at first they undoubtedly adjacent to them with them.
What is before the stove ... Think seriously, whether the oven could "kind" and the "honest" sovereign, in the presence of which did not dare to say a grave word, under which, according to the concepts of the ancients, the soul of huts - the house, - could she impersonate " Darkness "? Yes, in no way. With a much larger probability, it should be assumed that the furnace was put in the northern corner as an irritable barrier on the way of the death of death and evil, seeking breaking in housing.
A relatively small space of horses, about 20-25 sq.m, was organized in such a way that in it with a large or less convenience there was a rather large family in seven-eight people. This was achieved due to the fact that each family member knew his place in the overall space. Men usually worked, rested in the afternoon on the male half of the hollows, which included the front angle with icons and shop near the entrance. Women and children were in the afternoon on the female half near the oven. Places for night sleep were also distributed. Old people slept on the floor near the doors, a furnace or on the furnace, on Golbz, children and a hedge of youth - under the caulders or on the reagents. Adult marriage couples in a warm time spent the night in the casions, Seine, in the cold - on the bench under the cauldron or on a platform near the oven.
Each family member knew his place and at the table. The owner of the house during the family meal was sitting under the images. His eldest son was located on his right hand from the Father, the second son - on the left, the third - next to the elder brother. Children who have not reached the marriage, put on a bench, walking from the front corner of the facade. Women ate, sitting on the submissive benches or stools. It was not necessary to violate once the order of order in the house without an extreme need. The man who broken them could be strictly punished.
On weekdays, the hives looked rather modest. There was nothing superfluous in it: the table was stood without a tablecloth, walls without decorations. In the furnace corner and on the shelves were placed everyday utensils.
On the festive day, the hut was transformed: the table was put forward in the middle, covered with a tablecloth, the festive utensils were exhibited on the shelves, stored before that in the casions.
The interior of the hill was different from the interior of the inner space of the presence of the Dutch instead of a Russian oven or in general the absence of a furnace. In the rest of the choir outfit, with the exception of the climb and the peel for the spongas, repeated the stationary outfit of the hut. The penetration feature was that she was always ready for reception.
Under the windows of the huts were made by a shop, which did not belong to the furniture, but were part of the building extension and were attached to the walls stationary: the board was shed by one end to the wall of the hut, and on the other they did the backups: legs, grandmothers, metals. In the vintage sacks, the shops were decorated with an "edge" - a board, brought to the edge of the shop, who hung from her like a frill. Such benches were called "sowing" or "with a canopy", "with a supervision". In the traditional Russian, the housing of the shop went along the walls in bulk, ranging from the entrance, and served for seating, spongas, storage of various economic trifles. Each shop in the hut had its name related either with the benchmarks of the indoor space, or with the presentations of the business of men or women to a certain place in the house (men's, female shops). Under the shops kept various items that, if necessary, it was easy to get - axes, tools, shoes, and so on. In traditional rituals and in the field of traditional behaviors, the shopkeeper acts as a place for which it is not allowed to sit down. So entering the house, especially someone else's people, it was customary to stand at the threshold until the owners will be invited to go and sit down. The same applies to the matchmaker: they went to the table and sat on the shop only at the invitation. In the funeral ritualness of the deceased put on the shop, but not any, but on the flooring along the half.
Long shop - a shop, distinguished from the other in its length. Depending on the local tradition of the distribution of objects in the space of the house, the long shop could have a different place in the hut. In North Russian and mid-Russian provinces, in the Volga region, she stretched from the conic to the red corner, along the side wall of the house. In the Southern Gubnia, she went from a red corner along the wall of the facade. From the point of view of the spatial division of the house, a long shop, like a furnace corner, was traditionally considered a female place, where at the appropriate time they were engaged in those or other women's work, such as spinning, knitting, embroidery, sewing. For a long shop, located always along the Half, put dead people. Therefore, in some provinces of Russia, the match was never sat on this shop. Otherwise, their business could be divided.
A short shop - a shop walking along the front wall of the house leaving on the street. During family meals, men were sitting on it.
The shop, which was near the stove, was called a bunny. They put buckets with water, pots, castors, laid just baked bread.
Powdow's shop went along the wall where the door is located. It was used by women instead of the kitchen table and was distinguished from other shops in the lack of edge on the edge.
Ship's shop - a shop, walking from the oven along the wall or door partition to the front wall of the house. The level of the surface of this bench is higher than other shops in the house. The head of the front has a folder or sliding doors or closes the curtain. Inside it is the shelves for dishes, buckets, pig-iron, pots.
The conic called the male shop. She was short and wide. For most of the territory of Russia, there was a drawer shape with a folded flat lid or drawer with fittings. It was likely to receive its name of the konvik, thanks to the carved side of the horse head, decorated his side side. The konics was located in the residential part of the peasant house, near the doors. He was considered a "male" bench, as it was a workplace of men. Here they were engaged in small crafts: Pellee Napti, baskets, repaired harness, knit fishing nets, etc. The conic was also the tools needed for these works.
The place on the shop was considered more prestigious than on the bench; The guest could judge the attitude towards him, depending on where he was seated - on a shop or on the bench.
Furniture and decoration
The necessary element of the housing decoration was a table that serves for daily and festive meals. The table was one of the most ancient types of mobile furniture, although the earliest tables were global and immobile. Such a table with global shops near him was discovered at the princesses of the XI-XIII centuries (Ryazan lips.) And in the Kiev dugout of the XII century. Four legs of the table from the dump truck in Kiev are racks, lined in the ground. In the traditional Russian dwelling, the mobile table has always had a permanent place, he stood in the most honorable place - in the Red Corner, in which the icons were located. In the North-Russian houses, the table was always located along the flooring, that is, a narrower side to the facade wall of the hut. In some places, for example, in the Upper Volga region, the table was put only at the time of the meal, after eating it put sideways on the side of the way. It was done in order to be in the hill there were more space.
In the forest strip of Russia, carpenter's tables had a kind of form: a massive bottom, that is, the frame connecting the legs of the table, closed by boards, the legs were made short and thick, the big countertop was always removable and advocated a prestole in order to be more convenient to sit. In the substole, a locker with double-hearted doors for dining room utensils, bread, necessary for the day.
In traditional culture, in ritual practice, in the sphere of behavior standards, etc., the table was attached great importance. This is talking about the clear spatial consolidation of it in the Red Corner. Any nomination from there can be connected only with the ritual or crisis situation. The exceptional role of the table was expressed in almost all rituals, one of the elements of which was a meal. With special brightness, it was manifested in a wedding rite, in which almost every stage completed a feast. The table was comprehended in the folk consciousness as the "God's palm", giving bread, so knocking on the table, for which they eaten, was considered a sin. In the usual, unpleasant, time on the table could only be bread, as a rule wrapped in a tablecloth, and salt rod with salt.
In the field of traditional behaviors, the table has always been a place where the unity of people occurred: the person who was invited to dine at the business table was perceived as "his own".
The table was covered with tablecloth. In the peasant dress, the tablecloths were made from dominant as a simple linen weave, and made in the technique of grain and multi-generic weaving. Used everyday tablecloths stitched from two pillar panels, as a rule with a cell pattern (the color of the most diverse) or simply coarse canvas. Such a tablecloth was covered with a table during lunch, and after eating or filmed, or covered her bread left on the table. The festive tablecloths were distinguished by the best quality of the canvas, such additional details as a lace past between two panels, brushes, lace or fringe around the perimeter, as well as a pattern on the fabric.
In Russian life, the following types of bench distinguished: Plurred, portable and don. The bench is a flip - a bench with a flipping back ("Movement") served for seating and spongas. If necessary, arrange a sleeping place on top of the top, on the circular grooves made in the upper parts of the side limiters of the bench, shifted on the other side of the bench, and the last moved to the bench, so it was formed a bed, limited from the front "Move". The back of the patch bench was often decorated with through thread, which significantly reduced its weight. This type of bench was mainly used in the city and monastery life.
The bench is portable - a bench with four legs or two deaf boards, as needed to be assigned to the table, used for seating. If there was not enough space for the spa, the bench could be transferred and put along the bench to increase the space for an additional bed. Portable benches were one of the oldest forms of furniture among the Russians.
The bench Pottal - the bench with two legs, located only at one end of the seat, put such a bench at the shop. Often this type of bench was made from a whole piece of wood in such a way that the legs served two root of the tree, hard on a certain length.
The bed in the old day was attached to the wall of the bench or a shop, to which the other bench was placed. On these lavas lay a bed consisting of three parts: down jackets or perins, headboard and pillows. The headboard or head restraint is a stand under the head that put the pillow. It is a wooden swollen plane on a parsing, the rear could be a solid or lattice back, in the corners - carved or accurate columns. There were two headings - the bottom was called paper and was under the top, the pillow was on the top lay. The bed was covered with a sheet from a canvas or silk matter, and from above was closed with a blanket, which included under the pillow. Beds retained in advance on holidays or weddings, easier during ordinary days. In general, however, beds were the belonging of only rich people, and those stood more for the species in their decoration, and the owners themselves were more willingly slept on a simple animal skins. People of the metropolitan state, we usually destroy the lips, and the poor are sleeping in the furnaces, post-headed their own dress, or on bare shops.
The dishes were put in the banks: these were pillars with numerous shelves between them. On the lower shelves, wider, kept massive dishes, to the upper shelves, narrower, put a small Posa-Doo.
For storage separately used by the court served as a wooden shelf or an open coil cabinet. The desire could have a form of a closed frame or be open from above, often its side walls were decorated with threads or had curly shapes (for example, oval). Over one or two shelves of the dishnowing from the outside, the rail can be nailed for the stake in the dishes and for the plates on the edge. As a rule, the desire was located above the vessel shop, at hand at the hostess. It has long been the necessary detail in the stationary decoration of horses.
The main decoration of houses was the icon. The icons were put on a shelf or an open locker called the Boresh. It was made of wood, often decorated with carvings and painting. The Borean was quite commonly bunk: new icons were put in the lower tier, in the top - old, faded. It was always located in the red corner of the hut. In addition to icons on the thing, the objects were kept in church: holy water, willow, an Easter egg, sometimes the gospel. Important documents were made there: accounts, debt receipts, payment notebooks, memories. Here lay a wing to waste icons. A curtain, closing the icons, or the shit, was often hung on the ship. Such a shelf or locker were distributed in all Russian skeins, as, according to peasants, the icons were supposed to stand, and not hang in the corner of the hut.
The shit was a narrow, long grinding canvas, decorated along one side and at the ends embroidery, woven ornaments, ribbons, lace. The shore hungry hungry to cover the icons from above and from the sides, but did not close the faces.
Decoration of a red angle in the form of a bird, a size of 10-25 cm, called a dove. It is suspended to the ceiling in front of the images on the thread or rope. Doves were made of wood (pines, birch), sometimes painting in red, blue, white, green. The tail and wings of such doves were performed from radiant chips in the form of fans. Birds were also common, the body of which was made of straw, and head, wings and tail - from paper. The appearance of the image of a pigeon as a red corner decoration is associated with a Christian tradition, where the pigeon symbolizes the Holy Spirit.
The red angle also decorated with a cauldress, a rectangular tissue tissue, sewn of two pieces of white thin canvas or sither. The sizes of cautant can be different, usually 70 cm long, 150 cm wide. White pests decorated at the bottom edge embroidery, woven patterns, ribbons, lace. The cauldron was attached to the angle under the images. At the same time, from above, the Bores or icons were obeyed by the shit.
Old Believers considered it necessary to close the face icons from prying eyes, so they were walked by the bellyst. It consists of two crosslinked white canvas panels, decorated with an embroidery geometric or stylized floral ornament in several rows with red cotton threads, cumaches between rows of embroidery, flounces along the bottom edge or lace. The canvas field free from the embroidery bands were filled with asterisks made by red threads. The beloved was suspended in front of the icons, fastening on the wall or a bore with the help of the plated loops. It was integrated only during prayer.
For the festive decoration, the hollow was used by a towel - a tissue of white fabric home or less often factory production, trimmed with embroidery, woven colored pattern, ribbons, stripes of color sither, lace, sparkles, pellets, braid, fringe. It was decorated, as a rule, at the ends. Polytera towels ornamental rarely. The nature and number of decorations, their location, color, material is everything was determined by the local tradition, as well as the appointment of a towel. They hang out on the walls, icons to large holidays, such as Easter, Christmas, Pentecost (Holy Trinity Day), to the prestial holidays of the village, i.e. Holidays in honor of the Sacred Patron of the village, to the cherished days - holidays, held about the important events that have passed in the village. In addition, the towels were stationed during weddings, on a baptized dinner, on the day of meals on the occasion of the return from the military service of the son or the arrival of the long-awaited Rodney. Towels hang out on the walls that make up the red corner of the hut, and in the very red corner. They were put on wooden nails - "hooks", "matches", driven into the walls. According to custom, the towels were the necessary part of the Great Dowry. They were taken to demonstrate her husband's relatives on the second day of the wedding pyr. The modumost hung the towels in the hollow over the mother-in-law of the mother-in-law, so that everyone could admire her work. The number of towels, quality of the canvas, the skill of embroidery - all this allowed to evaluate hardworking, accuracy, taste of a young woman. The towel generally played a big role in the ritual life of the Russian village. It was an important attribute of the wedding, homeland, burial-memorial rituals. Very often, it performed a worship object, the subject of particular importance, without which the ritual of any rite would not be full.
On the day of the wedding, the towel was used by the bride as Fata. It was thrown on his head, it should have protected her from a bad eye, damage in the most responsible moment of her life. The towel was used in the rite of "joining the young" in front of the crown: they were associated with the hands of the bride and groom "forever, for years, long." The towel was gifted by the grandmother, who took childbirth, Kuma and Kum, who were kingdom. The towel was present in the rite "Baby Kasha", which occurred after the birth of a child. However, a special role was played by a towel in the funeral-memorial ritual. According to the beliefs of Russian peasants in a towel, posted on the day of the death of a man on the window, the forty days was his soul. The slightest movement of the fabric was considered as a sign of her presence in the house. In the fortieth, the towel was shaken behind the village of the village, thereby sending the soul from the "Our World" in the "other world."
All these actions with a towel were widespread in the Russian village. They were based on the ancient mythological representations of Slavs. The towel performed in them as an overlap, the sign of belonging to a certain family-generic team, comprehended as an item that embodied the souls of the "parents" ancestors who carefully watched lives.
Such a symbolism of the towel excluded its use to wip hands, face, floor. For this purpose, enjoyed a handicraft, wiping, woolbelt, etc.
Many small wooden items per thousand years disappeared without a trace, rotted, crumbled in the dust. But not all. Something is found by archaeologists, something can tell the study of the cultural heritage of related and neighboring peoples. Single light shed and later, fixed samples fixed by ethnographers ... in a word, we can talk about the inner decoration of the Russian hut.
Utensil
The peasant house was difficult to imagine without numerous utensils, a decade, unless centuries, and literally filling the space. In the Russian village, utensils called "all movable in the house, dwelling," according to V.I. Dalya. In fact, the utensils are the whole set of objects needed by a person in his everyday life. Utensils are dishes for workpiece, cooking and storing food, feeding it on the table; Various containers for storing household goods, clothing; Objects for personal hygiene and housing hygiene; Objects for burning fire, storage and use of tobacco and for cosmetic accessories.
In the Russian village used mainly wooden pottery utensils. Metal-leech, glass, porcelain has been spread less. Wooden manufacturing techniques could be duck, boulder, coolant, carpentry, turning. In a large consumption there was also utensils, made and barks, woven from rods, straw, pine roots. Some of the wooden items needed in the farm have been manufactured by the forces of the male half of the family. The larger part of the objects were purchased at fairs, Torzhok, especially this concerned the coolest and turning utensils, the manufacture of which required special knowledge and tools.
Pottery utensils used mainly for cooking in the oven and serve it on the table, sometimes for suolars, serving vegetables.
The metallic conventional type utensils was mainly copper, tin or silver. The presence of her in the house was a bright evidence of the prosperity of the family, her leaning, respect for family traditions. Such utensils were sold only at the most critical moments of the family's life.
The utensil-filled house was manufactured, acquired, was kept by Russian peasants, naturally on the basis of its purely practical use. However, in some, from the point of view of the peasant, important moments of life, almost each of its items turned out of a utilitarian thing in symbolic. The chest for dowry to one of the moments of the wedding rite from the clothing storage tank turned into a symbol of a family's prosperity, the diligence of the bride. A spoon that turned the recess drawing up, meant that it would be used on a memorial meal. An excess spoon, which turned out to be on the table, foreshadowed the arrival of guests, etc. Some utensil objects have a very high semiotic status, other lower.
Bedia, the subject of homemade utensils, was a wooden container for storing clothes and small household items. In the Russian village there were two kinds of bodies. The first appearance was a long extended wooden deck, the side walls of which were made of solid boards. The hole with the lid on the leather hinges was in the upper part of the deck. The second-type jerny is a dolly or coolest eared with a lid, a height of 60-100 cm, a diameter of the bottom 54-80 cm. Bodnyi usually stored on the castle, stored in the cables. From the second half of the XIX century. began to be replaced with chests.
For storage of bulky household supplies in the cables, barrels, bans, lumps of different magnitude and volume were used. The barrels in the old days were the most ordinary spacing and liquids, and bulk bodies, for example: bread grain, flour, flax, fish, dried meat, rock and different small goods.
For the workpiece of incrustion of pickles, quays, urenations, kvass, water, for storing flour, cereals were used. As a rule, there were bonding works, i.e. Delivered from wooden planks - rivets, pulled by hoops. They were made in the form of a truncated cone or cylinder. They could have three legs that were a continuation of rivets. The necessary supplies of the bag were a circle and a lid. The circle pressed the products placed in the tub, the oppression was put on top. This was done so that the pickles and urines always were in the brine, did not float on the surface. The lid shook the products from dust. The mug and the lid had small handles.
Lookoo was called an open cylindrical container from a loose, the bottom is flat, made of wooden borders or bark. It was done with a handle-spoon or without her. The dimensions of the lubble were determined by the appointment and were called accordingly: "Nabirism", "Mostinka", "Berryman", "Mushroom", and the like. If Lukoshko was intended for storing bulk products, then closed on top of a flat lid.
For many centuries, the main kitchen vessel in Russia was a pot - utensils for cooking in the form of a clay vessel with a wide open top, having a low wreath, a round tool, smoothly narrowing to the Don. The pots could be of different sizes: from a small pot on a 200-300 g of porridge to a huge pot, which accommodate up to 2-3 buckets of water. The shape of the pot did not change at all the time of its existence and was well adapted for the preparation of food in the Russian oven. They were rarely ornamed, the narrow concentric circles or a chain of shallow sneakers, triangles, crushed around the bog or on the shoulders of the vessel, served as decoration. There were about a dozen and more pots of different sizes in the peasant house. Potted pots, tried to handle them neatly. If he gave the crack, he was powered by bark and used for storage of products.
The pot is the subject of household, utilitarian, in the ritual life of the Russian people acquired additional ritual functions. Scientists believe that this is one of the most ritualized items of homemade utensils. In the beliefs of the people, the pot comprehended as a living anthropomorphic creature, which has a throat, handle, spout, shard. Pots are made to divide into pots, carrying a feminine beginning, and pots with a male essence embedded in them. So, in the southern provisions of European Russia, the hostess, buying a pot, tried to determine his genius-sexuality: He is a pot or a pot. It was believed that in the pot the cooked food would be more delicious than in a pot.
It is also interesting to note that in the folk consciousness, the parallel between the fate of the pot and the fate of man is performed. The pot found itself quite widespread use in funeral ritual. So, for the most part of the territory of European Russia, the custom was common to break pots when removal from the house of the dead. This custom perceived as a statement of human care from life, houses, villages. In Olonetskaya lips. This idea was somewhat different. After the funeral, the pot, filled with the deceased hot coal, was put upside down on the grave, while the coals were crumbled and Gasley. In addition, the dead man two hours after death were washed with water taken from the new pot. After use, it was carried away away from home and drove into the ground or threw into the water. It was believed that the last life force of a person focuses in a water pot of water, which is merged during the shelf of the dead man. If such a pot is left in the house, the dead man will return from the world and scare living in the hut.
The pot was used as an attribute of some ritual action at weddings. So, according to custom, the "wedders", headed by his friend and dumps, came to beat the pots to the room, where the wedding night was going on, while they had not come out yet. Beating pots perceived as a demonstration of a fracture in the fate of a girl and a guy who became a woman and a man.
In the beliefs of the Russian people, the pot often acts as a charm. In the Vyatka lips., For example, to protect the chickens from hawks and raven, the bottom of the old pot hung up on the fence. This was done necessarily in the great Thursday before the sunrise, when the witchcraft spells were especially strong. In this case, the pot in this case, as it were, absorbed them into themselves, received additional magical power.
For feeding on the table, the eats were used by such a hundred-loving utensils as a dish. It was usually round or oval shape, shallow, at a low pallet, with wide edges. In the peasant houses were common to the main images of wooden dishes. Dishes designed for holiday days decorated with painting. They depicted vegetable shoots, small geometric shapes, fantastic animals and birds, fish and skates. The dish was used both in everyday and festive everyday. On weekdays, fish, meat, porridge, cabbage, cucumbers and other "thick" eats, eaten after chowers, were served on the dish. On holidays, besides meat and fish on a dish were served pancakes, pies, buns, cheesecakes, gingerbread, nuts, candies and other sweets. In addition, there was a custom to bring the guests to the guests to the guests with wine, a medical, brand, vodka or beer on the dish. The horses of the festive meal was indicated by the removal of an empty dish, covered with another or cloth.
The dishes were used during folk rituals, ghostas, magical procedures. In the maternity rituals, the dish with water was used during the rite of magical cleansing of the guinea and the obstacle, which was held on the third day after delivery. The female "silver grandmother", i.e. Throwing silver coins in a poured woman's woven woman, and the pitiful washed her face, chest and hands. In the wedding ritual, the dish was used for the general showing of ritual items and bringing gifts. The dish was used in some rites of the annual cycle. For example, in the Kursk lips. On the day of Vasily Kaesariovsky January 1 (January 14), a fried piglery was laid on the dish - a symbol of the richness of the house expected in the new year. The head of the family three times raised the dish with a pig to the icons, and everyone else prayed to St. Vasily about the numerous range of livestock. The dish was also an attribute of the soda gadas of girls called "reflores". In the Russian village there was a ban on its use in some days of the folk calendar. It was impossible to serve a dish with a meal on the table on the court of the head of John the Baptist on August 29, (September 11), since, according to the Christian legend, on this day, the cholema's head presented on the dish of his mother Iodiad. In the late XVIII and in the XIX century. The dish also called a bowl, plate, bowl, saucer.
A bowl served for drinking and reception. The wooden bowl is a semicpeurial vessel on a small pallet, sometimes with handles or rings instead of a handle, without a lid. Often along the edge of the bowl made an inscription. Either the crown or over the entire surface, the bowl was decorated with painting, including a vegetable and zoomorphic ornament (bowls with Severodvinsky painting are widely known). Bowls were made of different values \u200b\u200b- depending on their use. Bowls of large size, weighted weight up to 800 g and more, used on a par with scratches, brothers and buckets during holidays and events for drinking beer and braga, when there were many guests. In the monasteries, large bowls were used to serve at the Kvass table. Small bowls, sweeping out of clay, were used in the peasant life during lunch - for feeding on the table, chowers, oars, etc. During the dinner, the kushan was served on the table in a common bowl, separate dishes were used only during the holidays. There were started on the sign of the owner, they did not talk for meals. Guests who came to the house were treated in the same way that they were eating themselves, and from the same dishes.
The bowl was used in various rites, especially in the rituals of the life cycle. It was also consumed in calendar rites. Signals and beliefs were associated with the bowl: at the end of the festive lunch, it was customary to drink to the bottom of the Bow for the health of the owner and the hostess who did not make it considered the enemy. Having caught a bowl, wished the owner: "Good luck, victory, health, and that blood remains no more in his enemies than in this cup." Mention of the bowl and in conspiracies.
For drinking various drinks used a mug. The circle is a cylindrical dishes of a different volume with a handle. Clay and crazy mugs were decorated with painting, and wooden-threaded, the surface of some mugs was covered with weaving from Beresta. They were used in everyday and festive everyday life, they were the subject of ritual actions.
For the drinking beverages used the charm. It is a small round-shaped vessel having a leg and a flat bottom, sometimes a handle and cover could be. Charks usually signed or decorated with carvings. This vessel was used as individual dishes for braga drinking, beer, hint honey, and later - wine and vodka on holidays, as it was allowed only for holidays and this kind of drinks were a festive meal for guests. To drink was taken for the health of other people, and not for themselves. Lifting the guest of the charm of wine, the owner waited from him a response charm.
The charm is most often used in the wedding ritual. The charm with wine offered a newlywed priest after a wedding. In turn, they disappeared from this charm three throat. Doping wine, the husband threw a charm under his feet and stalling her at the same time with his wife, sentenced: "Let those who are going to walk between us and dislikes will be swept away with our legs and disadvantages. It was believed that some of the spouses would come to her, he will dominate the family. The first charm with vodka, the owner brought the sorcerer at the wedding party, who was invited to a wedding as an honorary guest to save young from damage. The second charm sorcerer asked himself and only after that he began to protect newlyweds from the unkind strength.
The only device for food until the forks appeared, served spoons. Basically they were wooden. Spoons decorated with painting or carvings. Complied with various signs associated with spoons. It was impossible to put a spoon so that she restored a cutlets on the table, and the other end of the plate, as an unclean force could penetrate into a bowl of a spoon. It was not allowed to knock with spoons on the table, because from this "the crazy rejoices" and "they will split on the lunch of the worship" (creatures that personify poverty and misfortune). It was considered a sin to remove spoons from the table in the midst, on the eve of the posts put by the church, so the spoons remained on the table until the morning. It is impossible to put an excess spoon, otherwise there will be an extra mouth or sit down at the table. As a gift, it was necessary to bring a spoon on the housewark, together with Karaborate bread, salt and money. A spoon in ritual actions was widely used.
Traditional utensils for the Russian feast were underscians, buckets, brothers, bugs. Endovians were not considered valuable objects that need to be placed on the best place in the house, as, for example, was made with brother or buckets.
Kocherga, gravit, frying pan, bread shovel, pomelo are objects associated with a hearth and a stove.
The kocherga is a short thick iron rod with a curved end, which served for stirring coal in the oven and heat signer. With the help of grasp, pots and cast iron moved into the furnace, they could also be removed or installed in the oven. It is a metallic arrangement fortified on a long wooden handle. Before planting breads into the oven under the oven was purified from coal and ash, sweeping it. The pomelo is a long wooden handle, by the end of which pine, juniper branches, straw, rogged or rag were tied. With the help of bread shovels in the furnace planted bread and pies, and also took them out from there. All this utensils participated in certain ritual actions.
Thus, the Russian hut, with its special, well-organized space, a fixed outfit, mobile furniture, decoration and utensils, was one for the whole world for a peasant.
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