• Date: 29-05-2014
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Proper cellar flooring

The size of the cellar room primarily depends on how much things you plan to store in it, and in shape it can be round, square and multifaceted. V : Bottom part, which goes into the ground, and the ground part (cellar), which is designed to protect the premises from high summer temperatures and winter frosts.

We will talk about how best to make the ceiling of the cellar, what are the nuances and what you need to pay special attention to in certain options for building a basement.

External arrangement of the basement

For the construction of the cellar, various construction material such as wood, concrete, natural stone, brick or boards with their further backfilling. The cellar can be used as a regular pantry. Above the cellar, a ceiling is made in the form of flooring from boards on pre-mounted beams, and from above it is covered heat-insulating material.

It is necessary to take a very responsible attitude to the construction of the vault of the cellar:

• earthen cellar must have gable roof which descends to ground level. For its construction, you can use reeds, branches or straw, which is mixed with clay. The roof sheathing itself is made of boards, under the bottom of which roofing material or roofing felt is placed. Often, in order to exclude freezing, the ceiling is insulated with peat;
• the roof of the cellar, in the design of which the cellar is provided, is pitched, and to ensure the dryness of the walls, the overhangs must be protruding;
• performing the correct calculation and masonry of the vaulted roof of the stone cellar will ensure the strength and reliability of the entire building. It is made on formwork made of wood with circles, which must be carried out simultaneously on both sides. In the presence of dry places, vaults can be built from unfired red brick;
• roof ground cellar with boning is made from clay, which is mixed with straw. After that, polyethylene or roofing material is applied to it.

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Basement floor options

The scheme of waterproofing from the side of the cellar: 1- cellar overlap; 2- wooden frame; 3- brick wall of the cellar; 4- coating with bituminous mastic; 5- backfilling of the sinuses; 6- concrete base; 7- preparation from compacted rubble; 8- pasting anti-pressure waterproofing; 9 - protective wall; 10 - cement plaster.

After the foundation pit is filled at ground level, the next stage of construction follows - the cellar overlap. As a rule, for this purpose, a kind of cornice is built around the entire perimeter of the pit of ceramic red brick. It should be noted that the laying of each row of bricks should protrude outward by about 3 cm more than the previous row. Then the cornice is covered with roofing felt, on top of which any of bulk heaters. After that you need to do cement screed, the thickness of which is at least 2 cm, and paste over with roofing material.

For the construction of the vault can be used various material, it all depends on the type of structure and the availability of funds for this, but in any case, the structure must be strong, since it will be subjected to a large load. In addition to everything close attention should be given to the performance of work on the waterproofing of the basement floor.

You can also make a basement ceiling out of wood. For this, beams are initially made, and after that they are covered with bars or boards. It should be noted that when using wood for the construction of a basement floor, it must be treated with an antiseptic.

After installation of the floor from the boards, thermal insulation material is applied. Alternatively, you can use ordinary clay, which is subsequently covered with dry earth. The thermal insulation layer must be at least 0.5 m thick.

In the use of wood for the construction of the basement, there is one, but a very significant drawback - the wood is susceptible to decay.

The scheme of the cellar overlap is from a slab insulated with clay grease and earth.

So wooden floors quite often it needs to be repaired.

According to experts, the most best material for covering the basement is reinforced concrete slab or concrete mix. Of course, due to the presence of reinforcement in a reinforced concrete slab, it is much stronger than concrete. With this design of the overlap, special attention should be paid to the sealing of the seams. For this purpose, you need to use a cement mortar. Often, it is necessary to produce concrete, and mortar, at home, while it is best to give preference to cement with the M 200 or M 300 brand.

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Features of the use of concrete slabs

After the iron concrete plates laid, and the connecting seams are sealed cement mortar, their surface is covered with 2 layers of heated bitumen, and sheet roofing material is laid on top of them. For insulation of the plate, as a rule, slag wool is used.

Often, a cellar is built above the cellar with such an overlap, this will create additional protection for it. The shelter of the cellar itself is recommended to be made of materials that do not transmit heat well. Experts also argue that the door must be built on the north side so that on a hot summer day it is less heated by the sun's rays.

In the basement floor, a hatch is often made, which is intended for entry fresh air. It is recommended to build a ventilation system in the basement. For this, only two pipes are needed, which are brought out into the street through a hatch or directly through the ceiling.

The cellar can be built either under the building, or on open area terrain. In the first option, the floor is always built flat, and in the second it can also be made gable.

The correct overlap created under the building must necessarily rest on the ground or on the beams. In both options, it is best to use large-panel reinforced concrete slabs. It should not be forgotten that before installing them, it is necessary to first lay boards under the plates, which will be necessary for filing the ceiling surface. The resulting ceiling voids must be filled with heat-insulating material before filing. The slabs must be welded at their crest and rest on the beam, and the lower part on the ground. This position of the plates will reduce the load on the walls.

How to make a basement floor in the absence of large-panel reinforced concrete slabs? According to experts, slate can be used, under which a solid base must first be mounted. At the same time, the floor seams are sealed with cement mortar, after which the slate floor is covered with soil, which is tightly compacted.

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Covering the basement during the construction of the garage

Many vehicle owners have a garage that has basement from concrete blocks. Such a garage will allow you to store in it not only equipment and spare parts, but also products. In order to feel completely safe while in the garage, you need to adhere to some fundamental conditions when building a cellar.

When building a basement, the main attention should be paid to the design of the floor itself, since its diversity depends on the size of the garage, the size of the basement, and, of course, on the amount of equipment that will be left in the garage. Experts recommend providing for a basement in terms of implementation construction works even before they start. Then, when organizing the sequence of work, it will be possible to optimally take into account all the requirements imposed on the design.

One of the important parameters of the overlap is its strength. It should not be forgotten that it primarily depends on the strength of the support of this overlap. In complex construction garage space with a basement, it is best to use standard concrete slabs as a floor. Thus, the basement walls will act as a supporting foundation for the entire garage building and at the same time a support element.

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The influence of soil on the construction of the basement

During operation, the basement walls will be subjected to horizontal forces from all sides of the surrounding soil. These forces are trying to deform them. Based on this, the thickness of the walls being erected should increase in proportion to the depth of the pit. Cellar walls are best built from concrete blocks. If there are not enough funds to purchase them, you can build instead concrete walls using sliding formwork.

The bottom of the cellar is covered with a layer of crushed stone approximately 10 cm thick and a layer of sand at least 5 cm thick. After that, a strip foundation. It should be noted that the walls of the cellar, its ceiling and the entire structure of the garage space will affect this foundation.

In order to do everything properly, experts recommend conducting survey work at the building site. This will make it possible to find out if underground utilities are located below, for example, an electric or telephone cable, or maybe groundwater is close enough to the surface.

When the garage is planned to be placed on soil that is abundantly saturated with moisture, it is necessary to create a circular drainage system - this will allow moisture to be removed from the area adjacent to the garage. But under any circumstances, it is necessary to perform external waterproofing of the cellar foundation.

If the construction will take place on sufficiently dry ground, waterproofing can be done by applying two layers of hot bitumen. If the soil at the construction site is wet, it will be necessary to glue the concrete blocks with a rolled roofing material, which has a bitumen base.

Excellent waterproof and at the same time also insulation material considered polystyrene foam. This material is highly resistant to rot and mildew. Installation of this type of insulation is done by gluing concrete blocks from their outer side. It should be noted that the size of the plates is carefully adjusted to each other, and the joints are also subject to finishing.

For owners of private houses, the cellar is an indispensable building for storing food. long time. arrange below ground level.

This design has many advantages - the place on the site remains free, a stable temperature is maintained throughout the year. Overlapping of the cellar, made according to building codes, must ensure the strength of the structure, maintain the required temperature and humidity conditions.

Before starting the construction of the cellar with your own hands, you must consider the following points:

• work begins with the layout of the premises;
• determine the level of occurrence ground water. Waterproofing the room is necessary if the groundwater level is higher than the cellar floor. For this, as a rule, roofing material and brick are used. - important point, which affects the temperature and humidity of the room.

At the end of the work related to the construction of walls and waterproofing of the premises, the question arises - how to make the ceiling of the cellar.

Types of floors

To ensure the tightness of the cellars are used various designs that apply:

• solid reinforced concrete slabs;
• reinforced concrete monolithic prefabricated elements;
• bearing beams;
• wooden structures;
• monolithic covering on a professional flooring.

A common option, practical and reliable - monolithic reinforced concrete block made of concrete and reinforcing cage.

Monolithic overlap

The cellar is covered with concrete after the construction of the wooden formwork. Overlapping in its dimensions should exceed the dimensions of the room. Special supports must withstand the formwork structure after pouring it with concrete and during drying. Formwork is pre-sealed to prevent leakage of mortar during pouring.

After the formwork is installed, the concrete slab frame is strapped. The reinforcing mesh of the frame should protrude beyond the walls of the cellar by several centimeters from all sides. The interval between the bars of the grid is 20-25 cm. Single-layer reinforcing cage provides reliability, but to increase strength, it is recommended to perform two-layer reinforcement.

Then the process of pouring the concrete composition begins, which forms the future slab; usually, the height of the slab does not exceed 30 cm. The pouring of concrete is carried out evenly, continuously, until the entire slab is formed.

The concrete is vibrated during pouring. regular board or fittings to prevent the formation of air cavities. Proper pouring of the composition will make the ceiling monolithic and durable, which will last for decades. After pouring, the concrete slab should stand for a month until it completely hardens.

According to experts, such a do-it-yourself cellar overlap is durable and effective. High strength monolithic construction allows you to use it as a foundation for the construction of various buildings.

Plates

Overlapping from prefabricated monolithic slabs can be used for various types cellars. For carrying out construction work, it is required to hire special lifting equipment. In this case, the dimensions of the cellar are adjusted to the dimensions of the slab at the stage of developing the premises.

Several slabs are laid on the cellar. A heat-insulating layer is laid in the hollow spaces of the plates. The joints between the slabs are sealed with concrete. This method of construction significantly reduces the time of work.

Use of beams

Method of overlapping on load-bearing beams. How to cover the cellar? It is possible to use conventional rails. I-beams are also distinguished by high strength as load-bearing beams.

Metal load-bearing beams can be used to cover the cellar. For this purpose, conventional rails are suitable, which can be purchased at metal depots or at scrap metal collection points.

With this method of erecting the cellar floor at the stage of wall construction, it is necessary to provide for the presence of special grooves for attaching the supporting beams. A ceiling with beams will exert significant loads on the walls, so the walls must be as strong as possible.

Work order:

• Bearing beams are laid in pre-prepared grooves in the wall. Beams can be of considerable weight, so it is more convenient to stack them with two people.
• Reinforcing bars fixed with wire are mounted in the space between the beams.
• A wooden formwork is installed and a waterproofing layer is applied to it. After the formwork is installed, supports are placed that can withstand the load of the cement mortar.
• The concrete mortar is evenly poured into the formwork without interruption. The solution is compacted with wooden rammers so that there are no voids in the thickness of the structure.

Thermal waterproofing of concrete floors

Overlapping requires high-quality thermal insulation. For this purpose, you can use almost any heat-insulating material available for sale. A concrete floor made in this way can withstand severe loads. After waterproofing work, the ceiling can be covered with soil from above or additionally protected from precipitation by a gable roof.

Wooden structures

Wooden beams - a time-tested material for overlapping. Work order:

• treat with an antiseptic all the wooden parts of the structure;
• wrap the supporting surfaces of the beams with two layers of roofing material;
• install wooden bars on the upper part of the walls of the cellar;
• fix the end part of the beams with small planks, creating the basis for the rolling boards;
• lay the boardwalk, securing it with self-tapping screws.

Before covering with wooden beams, waterproofing is being done

We cover with corrugated board

Monolithic ceiling on corrugated board - modern way to cover the cellar. The technology does not require significant costs and reduces the time of work.

An I-beam is placed in the grooves on the cellar wall. A sheet of corrugated board is installed on an I-beam. The corrugation is oriented with its expansion downwards. Fastening is carried out with self-tapping screws at the joints and at the junction with the beams.

A longitudinal reinforcement is placed in each rib with a pitch of 190-200 mm and connected with a transverse bar placed over the sheet in vertical segments. Supports are evenly mounted between the beams to avoid deflection of the corrugated board. Concrete is being poured. A month later, the supports are dismantled.

In another variant on inner shelf I-beams lay out corrugated board. Laying is carried out along the length of the sheet, i.e. corrugations across the span of the beams. The structure is fixed with self-tapping screws. Reinforcement is laid and concrete is poured over the entire thickness of the I-beam.

In the third option, the corrugated board is installed without supporting beams. Installation is carried out with the support of corrugated board and reinforcement on the walls with temporary supporting supports. The sheet of corrugated board is fixed on the embedded columns with an anchor for metal. The reinforcement is welded to the embedded columns at all points of contact. Overlapping is recommended to be poured with concrete at a time.

Ventilation

When choosing options for how to block the cellar, it is necessary to think over the installation of ventilation in advance. At the stage of the overlap device, it is recommended to make holes for the installation of ventilation pipes in the future.

From good ventilation the safety of products in storage largely depends. The best ventilation will be provided by two pipes, one of which will be exhaust and the other supply. The pipes are placed diagonally in opposite corners, due to which the air circulation will be more intense.

One of the asbestos-cement pipes should be lowered almost to the basement floor and not reach it by 15-20 cm. The other pipe should be installed almost at the level of the basement ceiling and protrude no more than 5-7 cm.

No objects should be placed near the pipes so as not to obstruct the air flow. To prevent precipitation, debris, insects and rodents from entering the cellar, caps are mounted above the ventilation pipes, and a metal mesh is installed inside the pipe.

Floor insulation

Floor insulation - another milestone construction along with waterproofing and thermal insulation of walls. The heat-insulating layer can be created with a cement mortar with wood chips about 4 cm thick.

Provides a high level of thermal insulation modern material polyurethane foam. The advantage of the material is ease of installation; it practically does not increase the weight of the insulated surface. The disadvantage is that the material is expensive.

How to fill the ceiling in the cellar - the answer to the question depends on financial capabilities, individual preferences. Right choice will make the room functional and durable.

The owners of private houses use the basement to ensure the safety of the crop and conservation. The construction does not require additional space, since the cellar is located below the soil level in the foundation part of the building. In this case, it is important to carry out the overlap of the cellar in compliance with the rules of construction. This will ensure the reliability of the design, will maintain favorable humidity and temperature. Consider how to make the ceiling of the cellar on your own.

Getting ready to build a ceiling for the cellar - preparatory work

Storage for grown crops is often arranged in a garage. When planning to build a basement in a garage with your own hands, it is important to take into account all the nuances:

• make sure there is no engineering communications below ground level at the work site. This requirement is especially relevant in the city, where various highways can be located. If it is possible to go deep into the soil up to three meters, you can proceed to the next task;
• carry out survey activities aimed at determining the depth of the aquifers and assessing the quality of the soil. Professional surveyors will perform research, present an official conclusion. With increased moisture saturation, drainage should be provided and reliable protection walls and floors;
• develop optimal layout basement with all the features. You should pay attention to the shape and dimensions of the basement, which in size should correspond to the contour of the garage room. It is important to choose the right material, as well as the technology for building the foundation.

The traditional cellar is arranged so that its entire room is located below ground level.

To ensure a comfortable microclimate, it is important to pay attention to the following points:

• providing reliable moisture insulation. Under conditions of normal humidity, dampness will not develop;
• performance of effective thermal insulation. One of the main tasks in this is proper insulation cellar ceiling;
• building ventilation system. Thanks to air circulation, comfortable conditions will be maintained.

Having comprehensively solved the listed tasks, it is possible to equip the ceiling of the cellar in the garage.

How to protect the cellar from moisture with your own hands

Basement waterproofing protects it from moisture saturation. It is produced according to the following algorithm:

1. Plaster the wall surfaces with a moisture-resistant cement mortar.
2. Glue the sheet roofing felt to the surface of the plaster.
3. Build the brickwork by pressing the waterproofing material.

To waterproof the floor, pour a gravel-sand mixture on the surface, compact it to a thickness of 15–20 cm.

This design has many advantages: stable temperature throughout the year

The construction of the basement ceiling is carried out after the construction of the walls, the concreting of the base and the performance of waterproofing works. There are a number of points to consider:

• choose the material for the manufacture of the ceiling;
• study the technology of work;
• calculate the amount of necessary building materials;
• determine the overall level of costs;
• prepare tools and building materials.

To maintain a comfortable humidity, it is necessary to consider the design of the hood. Air exchange is carried out in various ways:

• natural. Ventilation is provided with the help of a supply line and an exhaust pipe due to a temperature difference;
• forced. To improve circulation efficiency, a small-sized fan unit is used.

By doing all the activities yourself, you can save a lot of money.

Before making any cellar, the level of groundwater is taken into account

What designs of ceilings for the cellar are used

For the construction of the basement ceiling, various solutions are used:

• solid concrete slabs reinforced with reinforcement;
• prefabricated reinforced concrete ceilings made of standard elements;
• beam structures made of wood;
• durable beams made from rolled metal.

Let us dwell in detail on the features of each option and construction technology.

How to make a cellar ceiling in the form of a monolithic slab

When thinking about how to make a cellar with your own hands, it is important to ensure reliability ceiling structure. Many prefer a solid ceiling made of reinforced concrete.

The sequence of actions for the formation of a monolithic concrete surface:

1. Decide on the dimensions of the solid block, cut the material for the manufacture of formwork.
2. Assemble the panel formwork, securely reinforce it with strong vertical supports.
3. Check tightness wooden structure and, if necessary, seal the gaps.
4. Tie the spatial reinforcement grid using steel rods with a diameter of 1–1.2 cm.
5. Make sure that the frame is immobile, as well as a fixed distance to the formwork edge of 40–50 mm.
6. Fill the assembled formwork with concrete mortar without stopping until the volume is completely filled.
7. Delete air bubbles from a liquid solution using special vibrators or reinforcing bars.
8. Ensure the immobility of the hardening concrete for a month, then dismantle the formwork.

As soon as the work on the creation of formwork and reinforcing mesh are completed, you can start the filling process concrete mortar

To ensure the strength of the erected structures, the following requirements must be observed:

• ensure a distance between horizontal formwork beams of 0.5–0.6 m;
• keep a constant interval between uprights 1–1.5 m;
• maintain a step between reinforcing bars equal to 15–20 cm;
• form a solid reinforced concrete slab with a thickness of 18–20 cm.

For the construction of a shield frame, you can use moisture resistant plywood, and the supporting structure is made of steel telescopic racks. The formed reinforced concrete slab must rest on the walls of the basement by at least 15 cm.

We form the ceiling of the cellar in the garage from prefabricated panels

To form the flow, you can use prefabricated-monolithic technology. It involves the use of standard reinforced concrete panels produced in an industrial environment.

Given the significant mass and size of the plates, certain difficulties arise when performing work:

• transportation requires lifting equipment and the involvement of professionals who will install the ceiling for the basement;
• the dimensions of the room must correspond to the dimensions of the plates. Standard reinforced concrete panels are 9–12 meters long;
• plates must be ordered in advance, as well as delivered to the work site in a timely manner;
• the width of the basement should be a multiple of the width of the panel, taking into account the gaps that must be carefully concreted.

Overlapping of prefabricated monolithic slabs is suitable for various types of cellars

The sequence of actions for installing a prefabricated monolithic structure:

1. Lay the slabs with a minimum gap on the top plane of the walls.
2. Seal the joints with heat-insulating material.
3. Pour concrete mix gaps between panels.
4. Glue the roofing material to the surface of the plates with mastic.

The advantages of this method are an insignificant level of costs and the ability to reduce the time of work.

We make a floor in the basement of wood

Using a wooden beam structure is a proven method for arranging a basement floor.

Sequence of work:

1. Saturate the wood with an antiseptic.
2. Waterproof the supporting planes of the beams with roofing material.
3. Install the beams on the end surface of the walls, fix them.
4. Attach boards to the beams, lay the heat-insulating material.
5. Cover the thermal insulation with sheet roofing material.
6. Fill the resulting structure with soil or fill it with a thin layer of screed.

To ensure the rigidity of the structure, it is important to install the bars in pre-prepared grooves.

Overlap that is obtained after use this method, needs high-quality thermal insulation

We build a steel ceiling in the cellar

With the help of an I-beam, you can easily form robust design doing the work in the following order:

1. Install the profiles, secure them with steel rods.
2. Assemble the panel formwork and secure it with vertical posts.
3. Lay waterproofing, fill the formwork with concrete mix.
4. Spread and compact the concrete evenly.

This design is capable of taking significant loads.

Thermal insulation of the ceiling for the cellar

Various materials are used for thermal insulation of premises:

• mineral wool;
• Styrofoam;
• expanded polystyrene.

Allowed use sawdust, which are mixed with cement and applied in a uniform layer to the surface.

How to block the ceiling - summing up

Making a Choice Decision the best option overlapping is carried out individually. It is important to figure out how to make the ceiling of the cellar, and carefully study the technology. A properly made structure can be used for decades.

Most car owners prefer to have a garage with a concrete block basement. In such a garage you can store food, spare parts and equipment. In order to feel safe while in the garage, some fundamental conditions should be observed when building a cellar. When constructing a basement, the main attention should be paid to the design of the cellar ceiling. It can be varied and depend on the size of the garage, the size of the basement and the number of cars left in the garage. It is best to plan for a basement before starting the construction of a garage. Then, during the organization of the work sequence, all design requirements can be optimally met. When arranging the cellar, after the garage is built, there are inconveniences that require time and effort.

The focus should be on strength concrete floors over the basement. Its strength is greatly influenced by the support of this overlap. With a complex arrangement of a garage with a basement, standard concrete slabs are most often used as a floor. In this embodiment, the walls of the cellar are bearing foundation for the entire garage and at the same time a support on which the ceiling is placed. During operation, horizontal forces from the surrounding soil begin to act on the walls of the basement. These forces tend to deform the basement walls. Therefore, the thickness of the walls should increase in proportion to the depth of the basement. The bottom of the excavated pit is covered with a layer of crushed stone 10 cm and sand 5 cm. Then a strip foundation is made. A garage with all its weight, cellar walls and ceiling will act on this foundation. Basement walls are best built from concrete blocks. But if it's too expensive, then instead of concrete blocks, you can make the walls concrete using sliding formwork.

If everything is done properly, then you need to order survey work at the construction site. This will let you know if there is underground utilities such as electrical or telephone cable, or nearby groundwater. If the garage is on soil saturated with moisture, then you need to make a circular drainage system to remove moisture from the area adjacent to the garage. In any case, you need waterproofing of the foundation and basement blocks from the outside. If the construction is on dry ground, then it is enough to coat the blocks outside with hot bitumen in two layers. If the soil is wet, then it is required to paste the blocks with roofing material on bituminous mastic. Expanded polystyrene is a good insulating and at the same time waterproof material. This material has a high resistance to mold and decay. Installation of such a heater is done by simply pasting the blocks on the outside. The size of the plates must be carefully adjusted to each other. The joints are also glued.

Cellar in built garage

If the basement is being built in a built garage, then standard concrete slabs cannot be used as a ceiling, because they are installed by a crane. Overlapping is done by laying load-bearing beams. It is best to use I-beams. Motorists use for this purpose pieces of railway rails purchased at scrap metal collection points. Mine rails for the carrier beam will be rather weak. They can be used as transverse elements laid perpendicular to the supporting beams. For the ends of the load-bearing beams, beds are provided on the walls of the basement. In general, the walls of the basement serve as the foundation for the entire garage. Reinforcement is placed in the space between the supporting beams. The lower formwork is installed, on which the concrete is laid. It turns out a homemade reinforced concrete slab.

If the size of the cellar in terms of is small compared to the area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe garage, then there may be another option. If the car is placed in a place under which there is no basement, then only an inspection ditch is arranged at the place of its installation. The basement will be located in a place where there is no load from the weight of the car and its overlap can be made lightweight. In all cases, the ceiling above the basement requires insulation. Insulation ensures the absence of wet condensate and therefore directly affects the protection metal structures from corrosion. Great importance for the absence of humidity is given to the ventilation of the cellar and garage. Insulation and ventilation need to be considered in more detail.

Insulation of the ceiling, walls and blocks

You can insulate in several ways. One of them is that 15 cm from the ceiling, pipes with a diameter of 25 mm are installed horizontally with a fastening pitch of about 60 cm. These pipes can be attached to walls or to the ceiling. Reinforcing bars made of wire with a diameter of 8-10 mm are attached perpendicular to the pipes. They are attached with soft wire. It is better to paint the entire structure with chromium oxide, red lead or other waterproof paint. Polyethylene bags are placed in the space between the ceiling and the resulting structure. Previously, forest moss or chopped straw is placed in the bags and sealed with an iron. The bags are stacked without a gap on each other and tightly between them. Sheets of galvanized iron, waterproof plywood or polyethylene film. They are used as an umbrella, from which condensate must drain into a bucket or some other container along pre-arranged grooves.

Can be used for ceiling insulation building mixture with the addition of cement and sawdust. The layer of such a solution can reach 20 cm. After complete drying, a plaster mortar is applied after a few days. The basement walls can also be insulated in the same way. The floor is insulated with glass wool or other insulation laid between the logs under the finishing coating. If the groundwater level is high, then a drainage system should be arranged around the garage. The bottom of the cellar deepens by 30 cm from the expected floor level. A layer of crushed stone of about 10 cm is poured onto the leveled soil. Sand is poured onto the crushed stone with a layer of 5 cm. All layers are compacted. The cover of the entrance to the basement is made with a grate or mesh, so that both ventilation is better and small animals cannot enter. For the winter, the lid is closed with a heater.

The best insulation for the floor, walls and ceiling will be polyurethane foam. It is applied by spraying directly onto the surface of the insulation. The entire inner surface of the basement is blown with foam. The insulation fills all the cracks, penetrating into inaccessible places. Upon rapid solidification, Smooth surface without seams and voids. Polyurethane foam has a very low thermal conductivity. It is practically weightless, so it will not additionally load bearing structures. With this method, the basement is insulated very quickly, and the only drawback is the high price of the material.

Space ventilation

Proper ventilation is a guarantee that moisture will not linger in the basement. With good ventilation, dampness will not damage the food supply. Knowing how dangerous exhaust fumes can be in a garage, ventilation should be at a height and in the main area of ​​the garage. In most cases, it applies natural ventilation, in which the movement of air is carried out due to the temperature difference between the incoming air and the air inside. If the air change is done in insufficient volume, then it makes sense to install a fan. At such a time of the year, when the air temperature outside and inside the cellar is equalized, ventilation stops. There will be no ventilation even when the outside temperature is higher than in the basement. Artificial and natural ventilation can be carried out through one channel. artificial ventilation may have one hole.

Garage ventilation not only protects food and wall surfaces, but also the car itself. When the car is put in the garage in winter, snow remains on the wheels and body. After thawing, the air becomes very humid, which increases the likelihood of corrosion of metal parts.

Working conditions

The opening of the supply pipe is arranged at a distance of 10-15 cm from the cellar floor. Above the ground, the suction hole should be at a height of 30-40 cm. It is supplied with a mesh from the penetration of small animals. The hole must be protected by a so-called deflector. This device consists of a sheet curved in an arc and attached in the form of a fungus to the suction port. The deflector is designed to protect against precipitation.

For natural ventilation to work, there must be a difference in height between the suction and outlet openings in the ventilation pipes. The minimum value of such a difference, providing a pressure drop, is 3 meters.

The supply pipe should be positioned so that it is constantly affected by the wind. The lack of natural ventilation is manifested in severe frosts, when the pipe can be covered with frost. To prevent this shortcoming, it is necessary to insulate pipelines. Periodically, pipes should be cleaned of snow and frost.

It turns out that natural ventilation can fail, not coping with the work year-round. Therefore, a fan can be inserted into the chimney. It pushes the exhaust air into the pipe and creates conditions for the influx of fresh air. The disadvantage is that in the cold season, the basement and garage can become supercooled. There are systems with fans at the inlet and outlet, and a two-speed fan is installed at the outlet. The ventilation control system is equipped with temperature and gas level sensors. When the garage fills with exhaust fumes, the second gear is engaged. exhaust fan. Modern systems in European garages, they are equipped with fans, taking into account the need for an optimal climate in the garage. All switching and fan speeds are controlled by computer program. We consider the simplest devices and the usual garage of our domestic motorist so that the owner of the garage has a good idea of ​​​​the effect of ventilation and takes timely measures to eliminate failures.

Implementation results

Garage with a cellar of concrete blocks - enough reliable construction. No one denies the usefulness and functionality of such a structure. However, when installing the ceiling of the cellar in the garage, all the nuances associated with the distribution of loads on the walls of concrete blocks, the effect of insulation and ventilation on the state of the structure and the atmosphere of the garage should be foreseen. When planning, you need to organize the sequence of work in such a way as to provide maximum comfort. It is best to design a garage completely with a basement of concrete blocks so that the functionality of all devices is ensured. Neglect of insulation can damage the ceiling due to increased moisture condensation, followed by corrosion of the supporting structures.

The ventilation value is also high to prevent unnecessary condensation. Insufficient waterproofing of walls and foundations, as well as the absence of circular drainage system can lead to basement flooding. Such a garage will turn into a breeding ground for mosquitoes with a marsh smell.