Pass of wires and cables through walls and overlaps. What should be pipe material? How to pave the wiring under the ceiling than stretching the cable through concrete floors

do not "forget" about new:
Federal Law of July 22, 2008 N 123-FZ
"Technical Regulations on Fire Safety Requirements"
Article 82. Fire safety requirements for electrical installations of buildings, structures and buildings
1. Electrical installations of buildings, structures and buildings should correspond to the class of a fire-hazard zone in which they are installed, as well as categories and a combustible mix group.
2. Cables and wires of fire protection systems, means of ensuring the activities of fire protection units, fire detection systems, alerts and managing people's evacuation during fire, emergency lighting on evacuation paths, emergency ventilation and anti-refinery, automatic fire extinguishing, internal fireproof water supply, transportation elevators Fire protection units in buildings, structures and buildings should be maintained in fire conditions during the time required for the complete evacuation of people in a safe area.
3. Cables from transformer reserve power supply substations before entering and distributing devices should be laid in separate fire-resistant channels or have fire protection.
4. Power supply lines of buildings, structures and buildings should have a protective shutdown devices that prevent the occurrence of a fire when the electrical receivers faults. The installation rules and the parameters of the protective shutdown devices must take into account the requirements of fire safety set in accordance with this Federal Law.
5. Switchboards must have a design that eliminates the spread of burning beyond the shield from the low-current compartment in the power and vice versa.
6. Wiring of cables and wires from floor distribution panels to premises should be carried out in the channels from non-combustible construction structures or jogging fittings that meet the requirements of fire safety.
7. Horizontal and vertical channels for laying electrical drivers and wires in buildings, structures and buildings should be protected from fire distribution. In places of passage of cable channels, boxes, cables and wires through building structures with the normalized fire resistance limit, cable penetrations with the fire resistance limit are not lower than the fire resistance limit of the structures.
8. Cables, laid open, should not spread combustion.
9. Emergency lighting lamps on evacuation paths with autonomous power sources must be provided with devices for checking their performance when simulating a disconnection of the main power source. The resource of the autonomous power supply should ensure emergency lighting on evacuation paths during the estimated time of the evacuation of people in a safe zone.
10. Electrical equipment without means of fire-proofs are not allowed to use in explosive, explosive, explosive and fire-hazardous premises of buildings, structures and structures that are not aimed at eliminating the risk of an ignition source in a combustible environment of additional protection measures.
11. Fire-proof electrical equipment is not allowed to use in explosive and explosive premises.
12. Explosion-proof electrical equipment is allowed to be used in fire hazardous and ill-hazardous rooms, and in explosive rooms - subject to the conformity of the category and group of explosive mixture in the room the type of explosion protection of electrical equipment.
13. The rules for the use of electrical equipment depending on the degree of its explosion and fire hazard in buildings, structures and buildings of various purposes, as well as the indicators of the fire hazard of electrical equipment and methods for their definition are established by federal laws on technical regulations for this product and (or) regulatory documents on the fire department security.

Despite the abundance of various wall-mounted and floor light sources that appeared in recent decades for premises, the use of ceiling lights, the chandelier in the apartment remains justified and necessary. After all, only falling from above can provide the desired illumination of the entire room. Very often under the ceiling place various electrical appliances - air conditioners and fans.

To work these devices, it is necessary to ensure uninterrupted power to their electricity and at the same time without prejudice to the interior of the premises.

Types and ways of performance

By material used for the conductor, the wiring is divided into the manufactured:

• from copper;
• from aluminum. The regulatory documents are currently allowed to use aluminum only for products with a cross section of a conductor at least 16mm 2, so inside the buildings such wiring is almost not used.

According to the method of execution, the wiring is divided into:

• open on the surfaces of the ceilings, walls, on beams, farms;
• hidden, located inside parts, buildings designs. The wiring performed in the voids of partitions and ceilings is also hidden.

When laying on the ceiling, the overlap material is taken into account.

On reinforced concrete floors

In buildings with monolithic or precast reinforced concrete floors, open wiring is used very rarely. In this case, the installation is made directly through the surface of the ceilings, on insulators, in boxes, electrical corrugated tubes (corrugations), pipes, metalworks, cable channels. Temporary wiring is allowed to be performed freely suspended.

When mounting the wiring to the surface of the ceilings, nail brackets are used (while nails are clogged into a pre-mounted dowel), a dowel-clamp, a dowel-tie. Before installation, placed location on the ceiling of electrical appliances, lamps, cables.

For a device of wiring in pipes, corrugations, metalworks use special clips or dowel-clamps. At the beginning of work on the ceiling there are places of fastening of lamps, cables. Then the installation of pipes, corrugations or metalworks are carried out, in which cables are stretched with wire. More often in buildings with reinforced concrete floors, a hidden ceiling wiring is performed.

If the overlap is monolithic, the wiring laying must be foreseen at the design stage of the design, for this, the cables are placed in plastic or metal pipes that are attached to the armofamocass before laying the concrete mixture.

It should be attached to the structural reinforcement using plastic screeds or wires.

The mounting of the wiring to the carrier rods is unacceptable. To replace the wires, it is simply stretched in the deputy pipes using steel wire, or the old replaceable wire is used as a conductor.

The device of incremented wiring, deposited in panels and monolithic designs of overlappings is not allowed.

In the precast concrete floors for installation of wiring use emptiness in the plates. The layout of the location on the ceiling of lamps and appliances is made. After that, the stove is drilled in the required places, and, with the help of the wire, the cable is stretched. It must be borne in mind that this method of installation is applicable if the direction of wiring coincides with the direction of emptiness in the stove.

If there is no possibility of laying inside the design, a device of non-permissible wiring under the layer of plaster is allowed. To do this, flat cables are used, which are attached to the ceiling with wire, steel ribbon, nail brackets before the start of plaster works. The second way is to stack the ceiling and lay the wiring into past channels. There should be no intersections of flat cables when laying under the stucco. If it is impracticable, insulation in the places of intersections is enhanced by three-four layers of insulating tape.

Stroke slab slabs or monolithic structures is strictly prohibited.

Also unacceptably lay cables in the seams between the overlap panels.

On wooden floors, beams, farms

According to wood designs, the wiring can be both open and hidden. Open wiring on the ceiling is performed by the same ways as along concrete structures. All mounting products must be produced from metal or from non-burning material.

The mounting of wiring to the ceiling through insulators in modern construction is extremely rare, mainly for imitating an old interior in the apartment. More often, the installation of the wiring is made in corrugations or metalworks, which are mounted to the ceiling with clip. Often, pipes are also used, which are attached with the help of clamps. Cables are stretched into the surfaces of the pipe or sleeves using steel wire.

Increasingly, plastic cable channels are used more often for the electrical wiring device on wooden surfaces. This material does not support combustion, and the plastic in production is painted and mimics the texture of the tree. Cable channels of suitable cross sections are fixed on the surface of the ceiling with screws or screws.

In places of bending, cable channels are trimmed at an angle. It is convenient to do, using a carpenter stupid. Special products are manufactured for bends, branching. They simply simplify the installation of electrical wiring on the ceiling. Further, the cables are placed inside and closed with snap-down lids.

Hidden wiring is made on wooden ceilings in layer plaster, under plasterboard, or inside ceiling designs.

When installing in plaster, cables must be attached to the asbestos lane or steel tape. To secure cables, clamps or nail brackets are used.

It is strictly forbidden to fix the cable, nailing it with a nail between the conductors. If the installation of the wiring is performed in the channels past in plaster, it is possible to attach the cables by quick-drying solution with the addition of alabaster.

When performing, the channels are not necessary, as the sheets are attached to the frame made of metal profiles. It is necessary when laying over suspended ceilings, put the cables inside the pipes from the metal, allowing to localize the ignition of the wiring when the closure occurs. Pipes are allowed to use steel water-gas, or copper.

The diameter of the pipes must provide the gasket of the required number of the required size of the desired size. Before using the pipe inspect, rejected crumpled. Next, they cut into pieces of the required length and cut the threads at the ends of steel pipes. Unable to remove the jar and burrs that can damage the insulation of cables.

Cut pipes are connected to the corners or couplings. Copper pipes bend with special pipe bending.

It should be noted that in the device in the apartment wiring of any type, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of replacing it due to physical wear or emergency. Properly performed will provide long-term and safe operation of the whole building or structure.

Nowadays, there is already rarely who uses only one lamp for lighting, hanging around the room. Everyone wants to have in their apartment in addition to the main lighting also additional, to allocate individual local areas, recreation areas.

When the number of luminaires on the ceiling becomes greater than one and they should be in the most unexpected places on the ceiling immediately arises the question of how to bring wires to them?

In the presence of a suspended or stretch ceiling, there are usually no problems, but there are cases when the suspension ceiling is not planned, and the lamps are used in large quantities. How best to do in this case? There are several options here. All of them differ in the complexity, reliability and beauty of the resulting result. Let's consider the basic ways of laying wires to lamps in the absence of a suspended ceiling.

1. Laying wire in plastic boxes. This method refers to. With its ease, he scares many because despite their large assortment spoil the room design. But if your smart and creative designer can beautifully disguise and enter boxes in the interior, then why not do it in this way? At the very least, this method of laying wires is considered the easiest and most convenient.

2. Laying the wires on the floor of the superior floor. The wire is paired on the floor, and then through the holes in the stoves falling to the luminaires. This method is applicable only in private houses and that if you decide to repair at once in the whole house.

3. Stroke ceiling. If there is a normal tool, you can make a stroke on the ceiling in the same way as they are made when mounting wires into the wall. This method, though it seems the most simple in our case, is the most dangerous and use it very undesirable, because With the stroke of the plate, the strength of concrete structures is disturbed (microcracks appear in the stove). Especially the ceiling after its stroke long longitudinal and transverse are dangerous for living in high-rise residential buildings, because The ceiling is the supporting structure of the house.

4. Laying wires on the ceiling under the plaster. To do this, the entire plaster is removed from the ceiling, the track markup is made, the flat wire is laid and fixed, which is then attached from above. The plaster is made the ceiling to which the lamps are attached. This method requires the proper compliance with the technology of laying and securing the wire and a large consumption of plaster, but it has to be used in the event that there are not hollow plates with channels, but monolithic ceiling floors.

5. Running wire between reinforced concrete slabs in voids between them. This method is possible only when precast floor slabs are used in the ceiling apartment. At the same time, you need to find these voids (usually the seams between the plates are visible) and make a stroke along them. The difference from the method with the stroke of the plate itself is that the strength of the ceiling plates is not disturbed, since the slabs themselves are not stroke, and the wire is stacked into the emptiness between them. Together the exit of the wire on the wall for the switch and on the ceiling to the luminaire there are two holes.

6. Laying Wires in Ceiling Plate Channels. Channels for laying wires are made in plates of overlaps with their manufacture in enterprises. With the help of the perforator, there are channels, and then a rigid steel wire or a cable is started into the channel, by the end of which the wire is tied. The wire stretches to the location of it from the stove. After the wire is broken, the wire turns out to be in the channel. If the channel is clogged with construction garbage, they make additional holes and clean it.

The number of wires that can be laid in one channel depends on the diameter of the channel and the cross section lived. When the diameter of the channel 15 mm in it can be paved 3-4 wires with a cross section of 1.5 - 2.5 mm2. This is the most preferred method of laying wires to lamps, although it is the most time consuming of all listed.

What do you think about this?

Modern renovation is no longer done by one chandelier hanging in the center of the room, often we highlight individual zones with their points of light or secrets on the ceiling. Extra equipment, such as smoke sensors or movement.

Sometimes it happens, you need to solve the problem that can put in a deadlock of an inexperienced master, namely, laying the wiring in the ceiling, without using suspended or stretch ceilings.

Here and the topic of wiring gaskets in the ceiling will try to reveal completely, disassembled 5 ways to solve the problem.

Wiring Laying in Plastic Box

Probably the easiest way to solve the problem of wiring laying, which relates to an open method of laying. About the aesthetics of this method of laying does not have to speak, but in time quickly.

Beauty: -

Simplicity: +.

Wire gasket on the floor of the top floor

The wiring is paved in the protective corrugation on the floor of the upper floor in the stroke or between the lags and through the through holes in the slab plate are lowered to points of lamps.

The way is convenient during the overhaul of your home, and for apartments in the panel house is not quite suitable.

Beauty: +.

The work is to be dusty, but the result is worth it. If the point light is to be trimmed, more precisely, it is not so if the thickness of the inter-layer overlap allows you to embed the point light, you can use special crowns for the perforator and cut the niches under them.

Beauty: +.

Easy: -

Wiring under the plaster in the ceiling

On the "dirty" ceiling, a flat wire of the PPV, GDP, PV1, more about the types of wire in the article and plastering on the beacons are laid. It is important that the wire firmly lightened to the ceiling, then the plastering solution will leave less.

The method is used in monolithic slabs of overlapping without voids.

Beauty: +.

Simplicity: +.

Laying Wires in Empties Overlapping Plates

In the slab overlap there are void channels on them and pull the wires. True there are also cons, such a channel first need to find, for this you can make a lot of holes in the railway plate of overlapping. Unlike the method with the stroke of intergenerational overlap, the lastness of the latter does not decrease.

After the emptiness channels in the overlap are found, it is possible to stretch the wire, using wire.

The one who came across the replacement of wiring in an apartment building knows that the most difficult to replace it in the slabs of overlapping, where it passes to supply the stress on the ceiling lamps and chandeliers. This problem does not exist for apartments, where there are suspended, stretch and other types of ceilings, in their designs between the stove and the decorative plane there is a space in which you can lay the wiring anywhere and as you like. But in the case when it is planned to paint the ceiling, damage with wallpaper or foam tiles, this procedure can deliver a lot of trouble. There are three types of slabs of overlapping. The first two are designs with inner channels - voids, where the wiring wires pass, the only difference is that they can go along or across the plates. If you are not lucky, you will have to face the third type, with P-shaped, in which there are no emptiness, and the wires are underway under the floor of the upper neighbors, then the outlet one is to do the suspended ceiling. In the first two cases, we begin with the fact that we are expanding the hole through which the wire on the chandelier comes out. We do this by the perforator, which first drill the holes of the brown, and then the nozzle - the chisel to destroy the jumper.

Now you need to determine the direction of the channel, as it can be imperpendacular to the walls. In order to drill control holes in the stove.

Having defined it, we find the place of exit a wire, it can be in the same room, and maybe in the next, but always next to the box of branching, which should be sought under the old plaster and wallpaper.

In a place where the wires are converged from different rooms and different lines it is necessary to find the right one. To do this, de-energize the apartment, disconnect all the twists or clutches and calls we find the desired. Then, as at the beginning of work, we expand the hole in the stove and try to pull the wire from different ends alternately. With some share of luck, he can immediately have a slack, but it is not worth it to pull him right away. It is necessary to connect it to the end with the end of the new wire and gently stretch this twist through the channel.
If it was not possible to pull out immediately, it is possible to increase the tool tool, for example, by passatages, sharply pulling the wire from one and another end, but in the event you can move, old aluminum wires are quite fragile and you can simply break them, then the further process becomes more complicated. Therefore, it is not necessary to hurry, it is necessary to firmly combine the end of the old wiring with a crunch of any wire on both sides and alternately make an effort without sharp jerks to try to pull it out. The channels in the stoves are quite large in diameter, but they can be clogged with a building garbage or a solution that fell into them, so it is not always removed. If it happened, we turn to the next stage, try to stretch the guide probe. The material for it should be quite rigid, but flexible. Soft when meeting with an obstacle will bend, and hard hard to give the right direction. The optimal option is a cable in the shell to clean the sewage, it is quite flexible to change the direction of movement in the channel and will not doubt when meeting with an obstacle. We enter the end of the cable into one of the two holes and giving it the desired direction, we promote forward.

When jamming, we make reciprocal movements with simultaneous twisting. If the channel is not packed with a solution, then everything will turn out. Then they firmly attach a new wire to the cable, making the twist, without protruding angles and stretch through the channel.

If it happened that the emptiness is not passing, you can use the neighboring, finding it with a trial drilling of the overlap panel at a distance of 15 - 20 cm from the old hole. But this is acceptable when the hollow plate and has several voids, but if it is monolithic with one special channel for wiring, then this option does not fit and remains only to conduct an outdoor penabile, which is not welcomed by SNiP or to do a suspended ceiling.