Facade structures - functions, types, technologies. Varieties of building facade structures Installation of facade panels: do-it-yourself cladding and fastening

If you want to make your home more comfortable, then you should insulate its facade. A zealous owner will not place a layer of thermal insulation only indoors. This is due to many factors. Firstly, this way you will make the interior space less spacious. Secondly, external insulation allows you to shift the dew point outside the facade. Thirdly, such work can be performed without harming the interior decoration. The main thing in this case is only to choose a method of thermal insulation and cladding of external walls.

You may prefer the installation which involves the installation of panels or porcelain tiles. Some prefer wet technology. It involves the use of plaster. In order to make a choice, you should consider these options, having familiarized yourself with the technology of the work.

Porcelain stoneware facades: preparation

The porcelain stoneware device begins with the preparation stage. On the surface, mark the points by which you will navigate when installing the brackets. Lighthouse lines are initially defined. You will need to draw a bottom horizontal mark.

Define extreme points can be done with a leveler. Vertical lines are marked along the facade. From the parapet for this, it is necessary to lower the plumb lines. Then you should start installing the brackets. Using a perforator, holes are made in the wall where the paronite gasket is installed. To fix the bearing brackets, you will also need a screwdriver.

Installation of wind and thermal insulation

The technology of the device at the next stage provides for the installation of a layer of thermal insulation. The insulation plate is hung through the holes for the brackets. Next comes the wind protection, which will also perform the role of waterproofing. These layers are temporarily fixed. It is important to observe the overlap of the canvases, which is 100 mm.

Holes must be drilled in the wall through the wind and hydroprotective film and thermal insulation for the installation of dish-shaped dowels. You need to start from the bottom row. Insulation plates are first installed on the plinth or starting profile. Then you can follow from the bottom up.

The canvases should be located horizontally in a checkerboard pattern. There should be no through gaps between the elements. If necessary, the plates are cut with a hand tool. When the project involves laying insulation in two layers, plate-shaped dowels are used. With the help of them, the internal plates are fixed on the wall.

Installing guides

The device of the facade of the house according to the technology of a ventilated system at the next stage involves the installation of guides. Vertical profiles are attached to the brackets. Their fastening is carried out with rivets. In the support brackets, the profile is installed freely. This will ensure its vertical movement if temperature deformations occur. In places of vertical joining of profiles, 10 mm gaps must be left. This will eliminate deformation during humidity fluctuations.

Wall cladding with porcelain stoneware

The facade device technology consists of several stages. On the next one, you can start facing. You can fasten in one of two ways - visible or invisible. In the first version, the elements of the fastening system will protrude beyond the coating. In this case, the frame is made of metal and will be profiles on which panels are attached using self-tapping screws.

You can also install on:

clips;
rivets;
kleimers.

After finishing work fasteners are painted in the color of porcelain stoneware. The device of the facade of the building with the help of porcelain stoneware panels is usually accompanied by the use of invisible fasteners. This allows you to do external walls monolithic in appearance.

Mounting methods may vary. Sometimes glue is used. In this case, the plates are installed on the bearing profiles. If the fastening is mechanical (hidden), then holes are pre-drilled in the products for installation on anchor dowels. But if profiles are used, then cuts are made at the ends of the finish.

Another method is to use pins that replace dowels. Mounting can be combined. It allows you to achieve the greatest reliability. The technology is a combination of mechanical and adhesive fasteners. The plates are glued to the profiles and additionally fixed with mechanical fasteners.

Facade device technology using panels

Having decided to use panels for decoration, you will have to choose the material. It may be single layer. In this case, the basis is polyvinyl chloride, which imitates brick or masonry. PVC panels have fillers that improve the performance of the cladding.

Multilayer products are also called thermal panels. They should not be confused with sandwich panels, which are used to build partitions and walls. It is based on a solid insulation and a protective outer layer. As thermal insulation can act:

basalt or mineral wool;
expanded polystyrene;
extruded polystyrene foam;
polyurethane foam;
foam glass.

The device of facades from panels provides for the observance of several stages, at the first of which it is necessary to check the condition of the walls. On a well-prepared surface, the panels are fixed without glue or mounting foam. You can use self-tapping screws or anchors for this.

If the base is rather uneven, then the panels can be installed on foam or glue. The method of mounting on the frame is also used. It consists in creating a facade covered with metal profiles or wooden slats. This technology provides for insulation. The facade device involves the installation of thermal insulation, and then the panels themselves are mounted. This technology also allows you to create a system between the plates and the thermal insulation will remain a narrow layer of air.

If you want to use thermal panels, then you can cut them with a grinder with a diamond blade. At the lower mark of the facade, a starting profile is installed, which is fastened with dowel-screws. Installation should start from the corner. Plate-shaped dowels with a flat head are used to fasten the panels. Under each dowel, holes are drilled in the insulation for the diameter of the head. It is important that after installing the fastener it is flush with the thermal insulation and does not interfere with the junction of the cladding products.

Additionally, you can fix the panels with dowel-screws. For them, holes are drilled, which should be placed in the seams between the tiles. After completion of work, traces are hidden with putty. It will need to be matched to the color of the wall.

Stucco facade technology

Wet finishing is so popular because of the minimum number of cold bridges. At the preparatory stage, the foundation should be assessed. The wall is cleaned of dirt, and then checked for load-bearing and adhesive characteristics. Damaged trim areas are removed and replaced with new ones.

If the facade is uneven, then errors can be eliminated with the help of a plaster mortar. The technique involves the installation of a profile bar. It will contribute to the uniform distribution of the load from the thermal insulation boards, which are laid next.

The profile is fastened at a height of 0.4 m from the ground level. Self-tapping screws or dowels can act as fasteners. Next, you can proceed to install the thermal insulation layer.

The device of the plaster facade usually involves the use of polystyrene foam boards or mineral wool. Installation of thermal insulation is carried out on the basement profile. It is necessary to retreat 3 cm from the edge of the plate and apply the adhesive solution around the perimeter. In the central space, the glue is applied pointwise. You should fill about 40% of the slab area.

The insulation is well pressed against the wall and adjacent plates. Excess glue is removed. 3 days after these works, the thermal insulation layer is additionally reinforced with dowels. Then you can start installing the reinforcing layer.

The device of the facade involves the processing of corner bevels of door and window openings. The reinforcement process will look like this: adhesive composition, into which a reinforcing fiberglass mesh is recessed. A covering layer of the same composition is applied on top of it.

Finishing stage

After the reinforcing layer has dried, which will happen in about a week, a finishing layer of plaster is applied on top. The mixture must be moisture-resistant, steam-conducting and resistant to mechanical stress. The basement should be waterproofed. Additionally, this area of the building is insulated with materials with a reduced moisture permeability coefficient.

When to start decorating

Facade device according to wet technology is carried out after the installation of the roof and electrical wiring, as well as the installation of doors and windows. Work must be carried out in the warm season. The base layer is protected from direct sunlight otherwise the material may crack. This also applies to precipitation, they can wash off dry plaster. She is covered for about a day. Matte polyethylene is ideal for this.

decoration

The device of the facade according to this technology may include the application of a decorative layer after the plaster has dried. A water-based emulsion is usually used as a material for this. acrylic paint. It is also applied for a primer, previously diluted with water. Cement-based mineral plasters are a little more expensive. They give the surface a different texture like "bark beetle" or "fur coat".

What composition to choose for the finish

Even more expensive are silicone compounds with a filler in the form of fine-grained granite chips. The most expensive decorative layer will be. Its high cost is due to the presence of colored stone chips and transparent resins in the composition. After hardening, the mixture forms a glassy smooth top layer.

Finally

The device of facades today is carried out by different technologies. It can be a ventilated system or wall decoration with plaster. You can choose the technique that you can handle on your own, because this will save you money.

The facade is the most important part of the building, which plays a leading role in creating the external appearance, it perceives the action of wind loads and precipitation. According to the type, material and color scheme of the facade, the shape, size and location of window openings, the presence architectural elements various types such as gables, entrance groups, balconies and loggias, cornices, sandriks, pilasters, etc. you can always determine the style and purpose of the building, as well as whether it belongs to a particular architectural style. Commercially, for good consumer demand for square meters in a building, the façade is also very important, as dull and nondescript buildings are usually less in demand than buildings with a bright, individual and richly executed front façade.

Additional Ways to Express Architectural Style

It often happens that the arrangement of enclosing structures is not enough for the expressiveness of the facade, and the architect resorts to additional elements. These can be columns on the facade of a building with a false roof above them, plaster and composite decorative elements located in characteristic places of the facade. Forged front gardens, statues, bas-reliefs give undoubted expressiveness to the facade. Not the last role in shaping the appearance is played by architectural lighting, located in the most favorable for visual perception places.

And the most modern solutions include the use of spectacular media facades, arranged mainly on public buildings, the appearance of which is open for viewing from afar.

Various types of facades

Today, in the construction industry of our country, it is proposed a large number of facade solutions for buildings of any type, the main features of which are described below:

Installation of facades made of bricks and other small-piece elements

Most often, masonry, which is a non-bearing enclosing structure, two-layer or three-layer, acts as such facade solutions. The three-layer wall structure over the past decade has lost its popularity due to the lack of reliability of design solutions, which consist of backing (internal) and facing (external) masonry made of bricks, SKZ blocks and other materials to the floor height with filling the space between them with effective insulation- expanded polystyrene or mineral wool, vapor barrier and windproof film. At the same time, the inner and outer versts of the masonry are spaced apart from each other at a distance of 100 to 300 mm with interfacing using flexible connections made of glass composite, basalt fiber or stainless wire.

The rigidity of this masonry is carried out with the help of small-piece elements locally laid "in a poke" at the points of attachment to the supporting structures of the building, the location of fire cut-offs, and also, in the area where window openings are located. The danger of the main masonry is the free movement of the flexible connection in the body of the insulation and poor shear performance in case of displacement of the outer verst of the facade structure relative to the inner one.

Two-layer wall construction is more popular today and is offered mainly in the form of large porous backing blocks with high resistance to heat transfer as an internal masonry verst. The materials here can be foam concrete, gas silicate, ceramic hollow, polystyrene concrete blocks and other types of heat-efficient materials. The outer verst is made of the same small-piece materials - brick (most often) or SKZ blocks with connection with backfilling using metal or composite masonry meshes.

The architectural expression of the facade is formed in this solution by alternating the color of the brick, laying it with an overhang in certain places, as well as applying an additional layer of plaster in places of cornices, framing window openings, etc.

Ventilated facade device

A modern facade solution, originally used mainly in public buildings, but gradually gaining the attention of consumers in the field of residential construction.

Design features consist in the installation of backfill masonry between the building supports within the floor, or, if available, the use of reinforced concrete walls and the fastening of guides under the facade made of stainless or galvanized profile steel to the wall elements or the ends of the floor slabs. A vapor barrier, wind protection are laid between the guides and the facade is insulated, most often from mineral wool.

The plane of removal of the guides is located somewhat further than the plane of laying the insulation, forming an air gap between the insulation and the decorative layer of the facade for the possibility of draft - ventilation. A system of kleimers is arranged along the guides, designed for the installation of an external decorative layer of a hinged facade.

Often, work on the arrangement of the facade is combined with the installation of aluminum stained glass structures.

The device of the facade of porcelain stoneware and other flat materials

The material for the decorative part of the facade is flat decorative elements, such as porcelain stoneware and agglomerate tiles, fiber cement boards, metal and composite panels, aluminum, stemalite and other materials.

Wet facade installation

It is used as an economical option for the aesthetic design of a building and consists in the installation of several layers of plaster on a grid over an effective insulation, followed by a coating with weather-resistant decorative paints. This option, despite the relatively low cost, is a highly professional solution that requires the qualification of the working staff.

When installing a plaster facade, external decorative plaster can be not only smooth, but also with various fillers that form a textured layer when applied - shagreen, bark beetle, etc.

Construction of facades based on a three-layer wall panel

This type of facade design is applicable for houses built according to standard series from large-panel elements produced at DSK factories. In this case, the outer wall panels, which have a layer of insulation in their composition, are molded with the cladding elements already installed. These can be tiles in the form of bricks - clinker, imitating masonry, continuous polishing, and vice versa, resurfacing of a panel that has not yet fully hardened to form an external textured layer.

Construction of facades from sandwich panels

This type of facade is formed by alternating sandwich panels of various color solutions outer layer. Often, panel makers have the option of producing smaller, lightweight decorative elements to mount on top of the main panels and pattern the façade.

Device decorative facades wood or wood-polymer composite

Main scope wooden facades– private low-rise construction- structural elements - logs, boards, beams form the appearance of the building, being also load-bearing elements. There are also special decorative wooden elements- lining made of wood polymer composite etc. which can be used for decorative finishes facades of public or industrial buildings from sandwich panels to give them an aesthetic and modern appearance.

Facade is an important structural element of any structure. In addition to the aesthetic function, it protects the supporting structures of the building from the penetration of moisture, cold and destruction under the influence of external factors. Our houses, office buildings, industrial premises daily exposed to mechanical, climatic, chemical and bacteriological stress, high humidity, resist solar ultraviolet radiation and it is the condition of the facade that determines the duration of trouble-free operation of the building and the climate inside the premises. That is why it is necessary to keep the facade in good condition.

Facade work from KRONOTEK is a guarantee of the durability of your building!

We are a professional construction organization and carry out a full range of facade works, starting from design, obtaining permits, performing construction and installation works and ending with after-sales service of the implemented objects. In the arsenal of our masters there are technologies that have been worked out over the years, as well as the know-how of our Organization.

Prices for facade work

Name	Price
Facade area measurement	is free
Development of technical specifications and estimates for the performance of work	is free
Installation of scaffolding	from 100 rubles/m2
Surface dusting	from 30 rubles/m2
Cleaning facades from complex dirt and fungus with chemical reagents	from 90 rubles/m2
Dismantling of the plaster layer up to 1 cm thick	from 150 rubles/m2
Dismantling of the plaster layer up to 3 cm thick	from 450 rubles/m2
Jointing and repair of cracks	from 200 rubles/m2
Solid plaster	from 350 rubles/m2
Wall priming	from 50 rubles/m2
Puttying	from 150 rubles/m2
Painting (for 1 layer)	from 50 rubles/m2
Insulation installation	from 300 rubles/m2
Installation of hinged facade panels with subsystem	from 900 rubles/m2
Sealing panel joints	from 80 rub./m2

Guarantees

KRONOTEK personnel has all necessary tolerances for carrying out high-altitude and steeplejack works. Regular master classes and refresher courses for engineering and operating personnel help maintain the culture construction industry at a high level and provide quality construction services. The quality of work is evidenced positive reviews our clients. We work only with trusted Suppliers and certified materials. Among our partners are factories for the production of dry mixes, paints and varnishes, facade panels - such as Knauf, Caparol, Ceresit, Bayramix, Tikkurila, Techno Nicole, Bildex, Rockwool, Baswool and many others. The quality service of our Company regularly tests finishing materials and chooses the best of those on the market. For all types of facade work, we provide an official guarantee for a period of 24 months.

Among our services:

Cosmetic and overhaul of the facade

We carry out repair work of any complexity, from the repair of small cracks on the facade, ending overhaul, which includes the complete dismantling and erection of a new facing layer. Depending on the complexity of the task, we work with the "classical" method using building structures And lifting mechanisms or industrial mountaineering.

Cosmetic repairs: from 300 rubles/m2

We work with wood, stone, facade panels, granite, clinker and many other building materials and carry out projects from the simplest, such as stucco or building siding, to complex architectural projects in granite and marble.

Our prices start from 300 rubles/m2

Many residents of our country are faced with the problem of thermal insulation of their homes. The best way- Insulation from the side of the facade. Every year we carry out many projects for the insulation of facades, both by ventilated and plaster methods, and by modern systems built on facade panels and thin-layer coatings. Given the high turnover, we can offer prices that are very pleasant for our Clients.

Cost of work: from 800 rubles/m2

Looking for an opportunity to refresh the facade in the shortest possible time and with the smallest budget - painting the facade will be the best solution. In addition to aesthetic properties, some types of paints are able to protect the facade from cracking.

The cost of work: from 50 rubles / m2 (for 1 layer)

One of the most modern, reliable and durable ways to give your building a beautiful appearance on long years. In addition to external beauty, you can put a layer of insulation under the panels of a ventilated facade and make your home not only beautiful, but also energy efficient. We work with ceramic granite, fiber cement boards, aluminum and aluminum-composite panels.

Installation cost: from 900 rubles/m2

Historic buildings require special treatment, both technically and legally. Our team will resolve the issue with the execution of the necessary permits for repair work and return your building to its beautiful original appearance. We work with cultural heritage sites and carry out complex architectural projects.

Among the facing systems of buildings, hinged facades today occupy a worthy place. The reasons for their popularity are the variety of types of material used, the fast pace of work. The system of hinged ventilated facades is a great opportunity to insulate the building from the outside and make it energy efficient. This design one of the few that allows you to make a reconstruction with a radical change in appearance. At the same time, labor costs will be minimal, due to the thoughtfulness of the mounting system and guides. Even the most complex units of hinged facades are carefully calculated and solutions for them are published in the public domain by manufacturers of structures. All this is the reason why developers prefer hinged façade more often than any other type of façade system.

Features of the hinged facade device

Modern hinged ventilated facades have the same basic design. Guides are attached to the load-bearing wall with the help of brackets, which can be carried out at different distances. It depends on the thickness of the thermal insulation used, which is fixed between the rails to the load-bearing wall using dish-shaped dowels. The front layer is installed so that there is space between it for ventilation. It will ensure the absence of condensate and high humidity, prevent the thermal insulation from getting wet, from which it can lose its properties.

Brackets, extensions, supporting profile are best used for those intended for this system. The use of components for drywall is not permissible, since the loads experienced by the hinged facade are disproportionately higher. For example, if for interior decoration a profile made of galvanized steel with a thickness of 0.5 mm is enough, then for outdoor work it is best to use steel guides with a thickness of 1-2 mm.

Basic facade materials for ventilated facades

At the moment, the system of hinged facades made of porcelain stoneware or natural stone is popular with customers and builders. Buildings lined with these materials have a respectable appearance, especially if builders use hidden clips for installation. Porcelain stoneware is represented today by hundreds of collections of well-known manufacturers, which allows you to give the building an individual exterior. Slabs of marble, granite, onyx or other natural stone will help make it more exclusive. This finish perfectly emphasizes the status of an office, bank or government institution.

The device of a hinged facade is also used in the decoration of private houses, small commercial real estate. Their owners often pursue the same goal: a reliable facade and insulation with minimal cost. In this case, inexpensive vinyl or metal siding, facade panels, fiber cement boards are used. A more prestigious and expensive option is facade cassettes made of steel, at least 1 mm thick and coated with a polymer coating.

IN last years increasingly used as finishing material hinged facades ceramic brick. In this case, the design changes significantly, since instead of guides, a system of brackets is used that transfers the load to the load-bearing wall. Produced fastener made of thick quality steel, capable of withstanding high loads for many decades. Bricks can additionally be attached to brackets using clamps, which will allow complex masonry, creating exclusive facades.

In our perception of architecture, the main role is played by the appearance of the building. Planning convenience, well-thought-out engineering and reliability of design solutions are not immediately realized, and the beauty of the facade makes an impression at first sight. Facade constructions are the calling card of the building, the focus of the architect's creative thought, they reflect the main aesthetic and compositional principles of the author. The history of construction knows many options for exterior walls and finishing their front surface. Actually, once the construction of the wall and the facade were a single whole. masonry medieval fortresses and no one hid logs of huts behind decorative cladding.

Variety of facades

But humanity strove for beauty, and brutal aesthetics gave way to more complex, multi-component structures. Just as clothes became more elegant, covered with embroideries and ruffles, houses were dressed up in stone carving lace, lined with luxurious marble, decorated with mosaics and painted with paints. More and more new elements appeared on the facades: pilasters, architraves, cornices, belts, rustications, medallions. Architects created masterpieces from stone and plaster, which still amaze with harmony. Over time, materials, designs, aesthetic views have changed. And most importantly, the attitude to the facade has changed.

MAIN FUNCTION

Like any part of the building, the facade must meet the basic requirements formulated by Vitruvius in the 1st century BC: "usefulness, strength, beauty." The outer walls of the building are not only its face, but also the main protection. Both the comfort of staying in the house and its service life depend on them. In order for the house to be warm, the outer walls must either be very thick or consist of several layers: bearing, insulating and protecting. This was known in ancient times, but at the end of the 19th century it began to be used on a fundamentally different scale. Buildings grew, which required significant lightening of external structures. Walls modern houses it is impossible to build according to the same principles as the walls of ancient fortresses. They should be light enough and at the same time durable and warm. With a frame structural scheme, the outer walls can be either hinged or self-supporting, with a minimum thickness of the main bearing layer. thermal insulation function. The walls of modern houses cannot be built according to the same principles as the walls of ancient fortresses. They should be light enough and at the same time durable and warm. With a frame structural scheme, the outer walls can be either hinged or self-supporting, with a minimum thickness of the main bearing layer.

Note

Main natural factors affecting preservation of facades: strong temperature fluctuations can cause cracking, wind and precipitation can lead to complete destruction of the facade, humidity can lead to corrosion and decay, ultraviolet solar radiation discolors the facade, the destruction process is accelerated under adverse environmental conditions.

The function of thermal insulation was successfully taken over by durable non-combustible heaters developed in the middle of the 20th century, and the actual outer layer of the wall that forms the facade protects the load-bearing structures and insulation from direct environmental exposure, ensuring their durability and strength.

Today, a variety of facade structures are used in construction. They can be conditionally divided into several groups: single-layer (stone, brick, wood, plaster), using external cladding ( board materials, front brick, all types of lining, etc.), multilayer facade systems. In addition, there are traditional facades and modern ones. The first one consists of natural ingredients and have a long history of use (for example, plaster - more than 4000 years). The history of modern has no more than 150 years. They use artificial materials or derivatives of natural ones. Their development is associated with technical progress in the construction and chemical fields, as well as with increased requirements for thermal insulation of buildings. Energy has never had such an impact on architecture as it does today. The tasks of energy saving and reduction of thermal pollution of the environment have become a determining factor in the evolution of facade systems in recent decades.

Facades are becoming high-tech heat-insulating systems that incorporate all the achievements of materials science, heat engineering and structural mechanics. The traditional methods of finishing with the help of paints and varnishes and decorative plasters have been replaced by new ones that meet the increased requirements for the performance properties of coatings and can drastically reduce the energy consumption of buildings by improving the thermal insulation qualities. Multi-layer facade thermal insulation systems, or ETICS (External Thermal Insulation Composite Systems), provide up to 25% heat savings. IN Western Europe ETICS gained momentum during the energy crisis of the early 1970s. The Russian ETICS market was born in 1996 with the advent of increased heat engineering requirements for the design of external wall enclosing structures.

HEAT LOSS AND ENERGY SAVING

It is known that heat losses in residential buildings occur not only due to walls, but it is external fences that are traditionally considered to be their main cause. Even for low-rise buildings, this value reaches 35% of the total losses. IN high-rise buildings it can reach up to 60-80%. The materials used also affect the amount of heat loss. Water significantly reduces thermal resistance, so building envelopes must be reliably protected from precipitation. At the same time, they must provide effective removal of excess moisture from the room. A house is not a space station, it cannot be airtight. Moreover, the durability of the structure and the comfort of staying in the building directly depend on how well its walls “breathe”. Designers are faced with a difficult task - to create a wall structure that, with considerable strength, would provide an effective transfer of water vapor from the room to the outside and at the same time a barrier to external moisture, as well as high thermal resistance. Only the coordinated work of the entire “pie” gives optimal results. The required thickness of each layer and their combinatoriality is determined thermotechnical calculation, which takes into account such factors as the location of the house, its purpose and configuration, number of storeys, orientation to the cardinal points. This is how it is defined necessary design external walls that meet current standards (SNiP 23-02-2003 "Thermal protection of buildings"). According to the requirements imposed since January 1, 2000 for wall structures - SNiP II-3-79, the values of the reduced thermal resistance of heat transfer (Rtr °) in Russia are determined in the range of 2.1–5.6 sq. m °C / W and make it economically impossible to use traditional wall materials. So, for Moscow, Rtr ° is 3.2 square meters. m °C / W, which corresponds in thickness to 5.0 m of reinforced concrete or 2.0 m of brickwork.

The estimated operating costs for heat supply come to the fore, which are so high that they dictate a strict need for the use of modern heat-saving technologies in new construction and reconstruction. The law on technical regulation allows builders to erect facades of any type, except for those that are clearly fire hazardous. However, the reality is that any panel or brick house, not equipped with heat-insulating facade systems, is already forced to have its own power plant and boiler room, and soon the rent in it will equal the prices in five-star hotels. In the conditions of an acute and ever-increasing shortage of energy supply, there is no alternative to heat-saving facade structures.

OBJECTIVE REALITY: A CHOICE SMALL

Among existing options to increase the thermal resistance of external enclosing structures, the most effective and, accordingly, promising systems can be considered systems with external wall insulation and subsequent protection of the insulation either with layers of plaster (the so-called “wet” method) or structural hinged elements that form a protective and decorative screen separated from the insulation air layer (ventilated facades). Each of the systems has a number of advantages and disadvantages, and only their objective analysis, taking into account the historically established architectural appearance of the city, allows the designer to make a choice. The best option facade is determined by the requirements specific situation: the task set by the architect; restrictions on construction in a given location; the result that the customer wants to receive, and the means that he has at his disposal. The advantages and disadvantages of both systems, as is often the case, make it possible to find the optimal solution.

PLASTER SYSTEMS

Implementation of both external and internal plastering works has always been considered particularly time-consuming and requiring high qualifications. Most of the architectural monuments that have survived to this day used the technique of plastering on the facade, and hundreds of years later we can admire these masterpieces. they are a multi-layer "coat" of insulation attached to the wall, reinforcing mesh, primer plaster and putty. Finishing such a facade is performed paintwork materials, decorative plaster or others. Although there are significant innovations in the technology of modern plaster facade systems associated with the addition of additional layers of insulation, the composition of operations and the nature of the work have not changed significantly. Precise observance is still required - the sequence and timing of execution, as well as high level plasterer skills. Even at the stage of installation of thermal insulation, careful control is necessary, because. it is at this moment that the final alignment of the walls is carried out and operations are performed that ensure the strength and durability of the structure as a whole.

TECHNOLOGY OF PERFORMING PLASTER SYSTEMS

In terms of complexity and labor costs, the process of installing a plaster facade significantly exceeds the technology of installing ventilated systems.

Basic Operations:

Preparation of the base (self-supporting, load-bearing walls or fences), leveling, impregnation (priming) of the leveled wall with a special solution;
Installation of brackets for thermal insulation;
Installation of insulation on an adhesive solution (mineral wool boards);
Sealing joints between thermal insulation boards (foam propylene shown);
Driving plate-shaped dowels into pre-drilled holes according to a special scheme;
Grouting dowel caps with a special solution;
Additional strengthening of the points of interface with the details of the facade with special fittings;
Application and grouting of reinforcing mesh;
Application of the main plaster layer;
Application of the upper (decorative) plaster layer;
Painting in one (for tinted plaster) or two layers (for white).

All "wet" operations require significant drying time. Operation at temperatures below +5°C is not permitted. Despite the need to use more expensive insulation, the total cost of components and materials for this technology per unit area of the facade is much lower than that of ventilated systems. In addition, it is not difficult to perform interfaces with facade elements. And most importantly, it is possible to perform complex decorative elements on the facade, which makes this technology indispensable when performing restoration work. However, the use of additional lining in the form of tiles or bricks is limited by the requirements of vapor permeability and weight parameters.

Advantages of plaster facade systems: relatively low cost, effective insulation and soundproofing of the structure, the ability to level the walls in any plane, the possibility of combination with other systems, the device of a monolithic area of insulation, low weight.

The main disadvantages of plaster facade systems: long terms performance of work, the dependence of work on weather conditions, problems with the humidity regime of the insulation - steam, penetrating from the building, does not have time to dry completely and accumulates in the insulation. As a result, cracks appear, peeling of the plaster layer, etc.

VENTILATED SYSTEMS

Systems with a ventilated air gap were widely used even before the introduction of expanded requirements for thermal protection - to normalize the moisture content of the building envelopes of industrial buildings with a "wet" mode, to prevent overheating of structures from the sun, to protect against slanting rains, etc. The very concept of "ventilated facade" originated in Germany (German: beluefteten fassaden). Since the mid-1950s, such systems have been widely used in residential and administrative construction. The main elements of facades with an air gap are: a powerful heat-insulating layer, a metal substructure and a facing layer that determines the architectural appearance of the building. Due to the pressure drop along the height of the building, a constant vertical air flow occurs in the air gap, which allows you to effectively remove moisture from both bearing wall, and from insulation, which increases the effective thermal insulation of the building, reducing heat loss by about 8%, since the air temperature in the gap is 2-3 degrees higher than outside.

The temperature fluctuations of the wall massif are aligned, which prevents the appearance of deformations; the dew point shifts to the outer heat-insulating layer, the inner part of the wall does not dampen, no additional vapor barrier is required. In general, the use of any vapor barrier is undesirable in ventilated facades, as it prevents the free removal of water vapor to the outside. It is generally accepted that they have practically no thermophysical problems and the regulatory requirements for thermal protection are easily met. When calculating the resistance to heat transfer, the value of the coefficient of thermal uniformity is usually taken equal to 0.9. Meanwhile, the design is saturated with metal parts in combination with an effective heat-insulating material, and the heat transfer process is complicated by radiant and convective heat transfer in the gap, therefore, the accepted value of the heat engineering uniformity coefficient should be determined taking into account these factors based on heat engineering calculation.

The characteristics of ventilated facades make it possible to use them in regions with large temperature differences, in regions with high humidity, as well as in conditions where traditional facade materials have a fairly short service life. To provide fire safety the system of suspended facades includes slow-burning or non-combustible materials and products. A steel, preferably galvanized, fastening system and artificial stone panels, ceramics or asbestos-cement sheets, special aluminum panels of the NG category are used. As a heater, mineral wool is used, which can withstand temperatures of 1200 ° C. This is especially important for high-rise buildings.

Advantages of ventilated facade systems:

effective insulation and sound insulation possibility of year-round installation in the most short time, increased service life of facades, ease of post-installation revision, a wide range of options for external panels.

Disadvantages of ventilated facade systems:

high cost, limited architectural solutions, the need to increase the thickness of the wall due to the air gap and brackets, limiting the possibility of insulating slopes (shaped openings), the occurrence of "cold bridges" due to metal fastening elements, the difficulty in mounting relatively heavy elements - stainless steel cladding, porcelain stoneware and natural stone.

MOST COMMON ON THE RUSSIAN MARKET WITH AIR GAP

U-KON, manufacturer - Alkon-Trade (Moscow), Yukon Engineering (Nizhny Novgorod) Volna, manufacturer - Volna Combine (Krasnoyarsk) VF VIDNAL, manufacturer Mosmetallokonstruktsiya (Moscow) Interal ”, Technocom, manufacturer - EZ Technocom STM (Moscow) Kaptekhnostroy, manufacturer - Kaptekhnostroy (Moscow) ISM-Facade, manufacturer - InfoServiceMarketing (St. Petersburg) (Krasnoyarsk) Minerit, manufacturer – OY MINERIT AB (Finland) Marmorok, manufacturer – RVM-2000 (Moscow) Facade-Master, manufacturer – Brevitor Construction (Moscow) DIAT, manufacturer – DIAT-2000 (Moscow) Granitogres, manufacturer – "Granitogres" (Moscow) "Polyalpan", manufacturer "Polyalpan" (Moscow)

TECHNOLOGY OF INSTALLATION OF VENTILATED SYSTEMS

Installation of a ventilated system is a screw-driven assembly process, with the exception of fitting the cladding in place, in which, as when laying tiles, it is necessary to ensure the conjugation of the geometric elements of the system with the configuration of window openings and conjugation on adjacent walls. Only on the facade, as a rule, there are no elements that allow you to hide the cropped places. In addition, the need to trim the cladding leads to a significant increase in the cost of construction. Assembly can be carried out from cradles, surface preparation is not required, the results of work are relatively easy to control.

With proper supervision and properly selected technical solutions(calculation of anchoring and doweling) the result depends mainly on the quality of the components and the system as a whole. The heat-insulating layer does not require gluing with pre-treatment of the substrate, because it is practically not subjected to static and wind loads. Thermal insulation does not need to be additionally covered, reinforced, less durable and cheaper types of materials can be used for it than in plaster systems.

The main stages of assembling a ventilated systems:

installation of brackets and inserts;
substructure assembly;
installation of thermal insulation;
alignment of the subsystem by adjusting the inserts;
cladding installation.

Since heat exchange processes are provided inside the outer cladding, the designer's options for choosing facing materials limited only by fire safety considerations. To date, ventilated systems use: panels made of aluminum, porcelain stoneware, copper, of stainless steel, glass, fiberglass; asbestos-cement boards with painting or finishing, incl. plastering. Modern systems allow facing with natural stone. In this case, to compensate for the significant weight of the slabs, it is necessary to provide for reinforcement of the substructure and carefully calculate the number of fasteners per 1 sq. m. The domestic construction industry has mastered the production of almost the entire line of elements for ventilated systems. The exception is fasteners - self-tapping screws, rivets, clamps, anchors and dowels. To ensure normal quality, it is necessary to use fasteners from leading world manufacturers.

STATUS OF THE MARKET OF FACADE SYSTEMS

According to market review thermal insulation materials and systems of the regions of Russia, carried out by CJSC Agency for Construction Information (St. Petersburg), more than 70 systems of facade insulation are presented on the markets of the regions of Russia, and this number is divided approximately in half between plaster systems and hinged systems with an air gap. On the basis of the data of the companies-system holders and their regional representatives, expert assessments and open data, estimates of the capacity of the Russian market of insulation systems are formulated. Last year, 4.3-4.5 million square meters were insulated on the territory of the country using plaster systems. m of building facades. The growth rate can be estimated as 35–40% in real terms. 5.4–5.8 million sq. m was insulated with hinged systems with an air gap. Market hinged systems also grew quite rapidly - in 2005 it increased by about 30-40%. In the next 2 years, we should expect continued rapid growth of the markets in question. Against the backdrop of a gradual growth in housing and other construction, with increased requirements for the heat-saving capacity of buildings, given that insulation systems have “come into fashion” among designers and builders, it is hardly worth predicting an increase of less than 20-25% per year for both types of systems . According to analysts' forecasts, the growth rate will be even higher - 30-35%.