Layout of a 9-storey panel house. Typical series of residential buildings

1957-1962: First batch of episodes

Series I- 515 (5-floor panel, 9-floor - in the 70s)

Multi-section, panel residential building with ordinary and end sections.
In house 1, 2, 3 room apartments.
Ceiling height 2.48 m.
Exterior walls are claydite-concrete panels-blocks 400 mm thick.
Internal - concrete panels of thickness. 270 mm.
Partitions gypsum concrete panels 80 mm thick.
Ceilings reinforced concrete multi-hollow panels 220 mm thick.

Had a continuation as a mass 9-storey series
and experimentally - 12-storey.

As a rule, they are relatively well preserved.
Reconstructed series

Reconstruction project for a 5-storey residential building series 1-515
without resettling residents.

Series II-32 (5-story panel)

II-32 - a series of panel five-story multi-section residential buildings,
one of the first series of industrial housing construction, the basis of some areas
mass housing development of the 60s.
Distinctive feature:
the balconies rest on supports extending from the foundation to the last floor.

There are no elevators in the houses, but garbage chutes are usually present.
Heating, cold and hot water supply - centralized.
The houses provide 1, 2 and 3-room apartments with separate and combined bathrooms,
three apartments per floor.
Ceiling height - 2.60 m.
The outer walls of the facades are made of vibro-brick panels with a thickness of 320 mm
with insulation from large-porous expanded clay concrete.
Internal walls - vibrobrick panels in one brick.
Calculations showed that the bearing properties of vibro-brick panels are twice as high,
than ordinary wall brick, however, due to the smaller thickness and greater
filling voids with mortar, many positive properties were lost.
Ceilings and external end walls are reinforced concrete panels.

There is also a version of the II-32 series houses with small apartments.
Several of these houses can be found on Zelenogradskaya Street. in Moscow.
In this case, there are no balconies, the ends are deaf, consisting of 4 panels,
and in the entrance there can be 8-10 apartments per floor.
Part facade panels has two narrow vertical windows - these are kitchen windows
two neighboring apartments at the same time.
After the end of the production of panels for the II-32 series, another
several dozen houses with small apartments,
but already with purely brick walls.

Destroyed series. Interesting relatively high floor height.
As a rule, they are quite significantly worn out, the Nodes were especially affected,
balcony supports and roofing.

The most massive and most unsuccessful series in terms of durability.
Practically demolished. Only a few copies remain. See the link in the title for more.

Series I-335 (5-story panel, partial frame)

Most common throughout former USSR a series of panel 5-storey residential buildings.
In the form of individual inclusions are found even in Moscow. The first house in this series was built in
Cherepovets. The largest number houses of this series can be found in St. Petersburg-
Leningrad. There they were produced by Polyustrovskiy DSK. The series was recognized as the most unsuccessful of all
a series of residential buildings designed under Khrushchev. However, oddly enough, they were not included in the list.
houses demolished in Moscow in the first place. The houses of this series were built from 1958 to 1966,
after which they switched to the construction of the modernized series 1-335A, 1-335AK, 1-335K and 1-335D,
which were produced until the late 1980s.

Relative of K7 by design. Has similar problems.

"About the main complexity of the reconstruction work of panel housing
mass series will be semi-frame structures with external load-bearing walls and
inner row of columns, i.e. basic series I-335, widely used
until 1966."

In Moscow, presented in a single copy of the 5th st. Falcon Mountain

The external difference between the 1-335 series and other series in Moscow is wide windows
(double-leaf windows look square), iron 4-pitched roof
and elongated windows almost the entire height of the panel on the stairwells.
The end walls consist of 4 panels with windows on the outer ones.
Usually there is an external fire escape at one of the ends of the house.
In another modification, including which he built
Polyustrovskiy DSK (it is also found in the Moscow region)
may be flat roof no attic at all. There are 4 apartments on the site.

1-2-3-room apartments, ceiling height - 2.55 m. The central room is a walk-through.
Bathroom combined. Water, - and - centralized heat supply.

- spatial rigidity and stability of frame-panel buildings
provided by the joint work of floor panels, columns
and stiffening diaphragms in the form of prefabricated reinforced concrete walls,
interconnected and with metal columns
connections on welding or bolts;

Semi-framed residential buildings of the I-335 series are almost everywhere
are now in a pre-emergency state with almost exhausted reliability
design scheme, therefore, first of all, need to be strengthened
and increase the rigidity of the system load-bearing structures the entire building as a whole.

Series I-464 (5-floor panel)

The construction of the 464 series of houses began in 1960.
However, these houses did not receive wide distribution,
In addition, the 464 series had a small step of transverse carriers.
walls 2.6-3.2 m. The house of the 464-series was 3
sectional five-story house. Section consists of 4 apartments
on the floor: one 1-room, one two-room
(with adjoining rooms) and two 3-room
(with adjoining-separate rooms) apartments.
The main characteristics of the 464-series:

Bearing wall thickness: 0.35 m
Load-bearing wall material: concrete with ceramic tiles
Ceilings: reinforced concrete, flat per room. (See attached drawings)
Kitchen area: 5-6 m2

Main disadvantages: poor layouts,
small kitchens, thin load-bearing external walls, thin coverings,
moral and physical aging of buildings of the series.

Building construction:
External walls are foam block 400 mm.
Internal panel thicknesses 200.
Partitions - gypsum concrete panels 160, 80 mm thick.
Overlappings - panels 140 mm thick.

A very rare and interesting project. Unlike its progenitor 439a, the very same walls with floor support that we see now in modern monoliths are used here. IN
Moscow did not come across to me ...

And the rest is the standard set of options at that time ...

Well, using these drawings, you can easily understand constructive solution building.

Well, the architectural concepts are presented below.

Reconstruction project for a 5-storey residential building series 1-511 without resettlement of residents for mass

II-29 (9-storey brick)

House type - panel
Floors - 5
Apartments - 1,2,3 rooms
Floor height - 250mm
Three-layer outer panels
Ceilings per room 140mm thick
Manufacturer - until 1962 Giprostroyindustriya trust, further DSK-2
Years of construction - 1958-1966
Distribution cities - Moscow, Dolgoprudny,

Series1605 (5-floor panel)

In the history of large-panel development in Moscow, there are one-day ones, like the already considered II35th & K7th and centenarians. Undoubtedly, the 1605 series, originally developed and produced by the GIPROSTROYINDUSTRIY trust, also belongs to the centenarians. The first versions of the series appeared in 1958, a little late compared to the K-7. BUT latest version built in 1985. when they were already building 44M in full. The record held for a long time and only in last years was beaten by the P44 and P3 series, but at the same time, the 1605th kept the record in conditions of fierce competition with the series of other authors and sometimes changed beyond recognition.

to be continued...

Previous series:

these cities. According to the construction technology, serial houses are divided into panel , block and brick .

History

Due to political, ideological and demographic reasons, the period of the Khrushchev “thaw” was the first in the history of the Soviet planned economy, when, along with the development of heavy industry, a significant increase in the production of consumer goods and everything, one way or another connected with the needs of people, was supposed, and the non-military-industrial complex and resource-consuming raw materials industries.

The first in the USSR four-story frame- panel house built in 1948 in Moscow on the 5th st. Falcon Mountain (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov). Currently, his address is Budyonny Avenue, 43. At that time, the country's leadership set the builders the task of creating the cheapest project for a residential building with the possibility of family settlement (that is, with separate, not communal apartments). The first step in this task was the introduction of the idea of industrial panel housing construction with a load-bearing frame. In 1948-1951 M. V. Posokhin ,A. A. Mndoyants and V. P. Lagutenko built up a quarter in Moscow (Kuusinen, Zorge streets) with 10-storey frame-panel houses. In the same year, a frameless project was developed panel house(under construction since 1950 in Magnitogorsk). In 1954 in Moscow on the 6th street. Oktyabrsky field built a 7-storey frameless panel house (G. Kuznetsov, B. Smirnov, L. Wrangel, Z. Nesterova, N. A. Osterman). 1955 "On the elimination of excesses in design and construction" ("The outwardly ostentatious side of architecture, replete with great excesses", characteristic of the Stalin era, now "does not correspond to the line of the Party and the Government in the architectural and construction business. ... Soviet architecture should be characterized by simplicity, rigor forms and cost-effectiveness of solutions).

The ideological and scientific substantiation of the new course was reduced to the following points:

the communal apartment was not a project of the Soviet government, but was the result of cost savings during industrialization;
living of several families in one apartment is not normal and is a social problem;
communal apartments - an economically disadvantageous type of housing that does not meet modern requirements;
the problem of communal apartments can be solved through mass construction using new technologies.

The turning point was the resolutions "On measures for further industrialization, improving the quality and reducing the cost of construction" of 1956 and "On the development of housing construction in the USSR" of 1957. The task of the party to the builders was to develop by the autumn of 1956 projects that would dramatically reduce the cost of building housing and make it affordable for the working people. So the famous "Khrushchev" appeared. The goal of the project was that in 1980 every Soviet family would meet communism in a separate apartment.

However, by the mid-1980s, only 85% of families had separate apartments: in 1986, Mikhail Gorbachev pushed back the deadlines by 15 years, putting forward the slogan "Every Soviet family - a separate apartment by the year 2000."

The prototype for the first "Khrushchev" steel block buildings (German. Plattenbau ), built in Berlin and Dresden since the 1920s. The construction of residential buildings "Khrushchev" lasted from 1959 to 1985. In 1956-1965, more than 13 thousand residential buildings were built in the USSR, and almost all of them were five-story buildings. This allowed the annual introduction of 110 million square meters housing. An appropriate production base and infrastructure was created: house-building plants, reinforced concrete factories, etc. The first house-building plants were created in 1959 in the Glavleningradstroy system, in 1962 they were organized in Moscow and other cities. In particular, during the period 1966-1970 in Leningrad, 942 thousand people received living space, with 809 thousand moved into new houses and 133 thousand received space in old houses. Since 1960, the construction of residential 9-storey buildings has been underway. panel houses, since 1963 - 12-story.

Technology

Among the typical ones, large-panel residential buildings are most widely used.

Prefabricated house components

Components of a panel house, which are large reinforced concrete slabs, which are manufactured in factories. In the factory, reinforced concrete products are manufactured according to existing GOSTs, therefore it is assumed that their quality should differ in positive side from products made directly on the construction site. Ready-made parts of the structure are delivered to the construction site, which the builders only have to mount. As a result, labor productivity in such a building is very high. Area construction site much less than what is needed during construction brick house. Such lengthy and labor-intensive processes, such as the installation of reinforcement or concreting, which are typical for monolithic housing construction, are completely excluded. It is precisely in this that specialists see the main advantage of panel housing construction over other types of construction.

List of residential building series

1940s

Since 1947, the USSR Academy of Architecture has been developing a fully prefabricated large-panel dwelling. Frame-panel and frameless houses are being built:

4-5-storey buildings (Moscow, Leningrad, Magnitogorsk)
8-storey with panels on two floors (Moscow)

1950s

The height of 5 floors was chosen because, according to the norms of that time, it was the highest number of floors at which it was allowed to build houses without an elevator (however, sometimes houses were built with 6 floors - with a store on the ground floor).

Stalinki:

II-01
II-02
II-03
II-04
II-05
II-08
mm 1-3 . One of the not very well-known series of five-story residential buildings, built in 1956-1959. Cities of distribution - Moscow (north of the city), pos. Rublevo.
1-440. Developer: Workshop im. Vesnina, 1958 Cities of distribution - the USSR (All-Union series).
1-149. Developers: Gorstroyproekt (Moscow) and PO Box 53 ( construction company serving nuclear facilities). It is found in the centers of the nuclear industry (Sarov, Zheleznogorsk, Pervouralsk, etc.), as well as in the Novosibirsk Academgorodok (a quarter of the historical housing stock of the Upper Zone).

Since 1957, the construction of panel houses began - the so-called "Khrushchev". The people began to call them "Khrushchev" for a number of certain inconveniences:

small and often irrational sizes of kitchens and living rooms,
narrow corridors And stairwells,
low ceilings,
passage rooms,
shared bathrooms,
bad soundproofing,
insufficient thermal insulation - coolness in winter and, conversely, heat in summer (especially on the upper floors),
a number of shortcomings during construction, which residents often had to fix on their own.

1960s

1-510 Block five-story house.
1-511 Brick five-story house.
1-447 Brick five-story house.
K-6 Panel five-story house.

K-7 Panel five-story house. They have been demolished in Moscow since the late 1990s. The panels from which these houses were built are in most cases lined with white square tiles with a side of about 5 cm. Houses of this and similar types were popularly called: "Khrushchev". Another feature is the protruding elements of the frame at the corners of the rooms. Basically, the houses of this series were built with 1-, 2- and 3-room apartments, three apartments per floor. In the 1st and 2nd microdistricts of Zelenograd there were also houses of this series with 4-room apartments (for example, building 101-103, but now they have all been demolished). Ceiling height - 2.48 m (according to other sources 2.59 m). Vertical pitch - approximately 2.85 m. Horizontal pitch - 3.20 m. Internal concrete panels 270 mm thick. Partitions - gypsum concrete panels 80 mm thick. Ceilings - reinforced concrete panels 220 mm thick. In St. Petersburg, the series was called "OD".
II-32- a series of panel five-story multi-section residential buildings, one of the first series of industrial housing construction, the basis of some areas of mass residential development in the 60s. They have been demolished in Moscow since the late 1990s.
II-29 Brick 9-storey building. In Moscow, one house of this series stands inside the Boulevard Ring (Khokhlovsky lane, building 10, building 7)
1-318 Brick 5-storey residential building. The houses of this series have been built since 1958 (Ukraine, Lithuania, Estonia)
1-335 Panel 5-storey residential building. The most common series of panel 5-storey residential buildings throughout the former USSR. The houses of this series were built from 1958 to 1966, after which they switched to the construction of the modernized series 1-335a and 1-335d, which were produced until 1976 inclusive.
1-464 Panel 5-storey residential building (Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Lithuania, Latvia).
BM-4 A series of residential buildings for regional centers and small towns (Belarus).
Shch-5416 Brick 12-storey building with 84 apartments gray color. A series of houses was built at the expense of housing construction cooperatives in different districts of St. Petersburg.

1970s

Adopted in 1970 Unified catalog of building parts, on the basis of which further developed standard projects.

1-515/9sh Multi-section panel house with ordinary sections. The house has 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. The project includes balconies. Floors: 9 floors. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
1605/9 Multi-section panel house with ordinary and end sections, 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. Floors: 9 floors. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
1605/12 analogue of 1605/9 with the number of floors increased to 12
II-18/9 - a series of block 9- and, initially, 8-storey one-section (single-access) residential buildings, one of the first series of high-rise buildings of industrial housing construction.
II-29 - Brick multi-section residential building with ordinary and end sections. The house has 1-, 2-, 3-room apartments. Number of floors: 9. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
II-32
P-46
II-49 - Multi-section panel house with ordinary and end sections. With 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-room apartments. Possible various options layout of apartments in the section. Floors - 9. Height of residential premises: 2.64 m.
II-57 - Multi-section panel house. Floors: 9 (early representatives of the series), 12 and 17 floors (experimental, 2 such houses were built, the so-called "houses on legs"). Height of living quarters - 2.64 m. Expanded clay concrete floors - 140 mm (slab "per room") bearing walls transverse, longitudinal diaphragms of expanded clay concrete stiffness - 120 (9-, 12-storey), 160 (12-, 17-storey) mm, external expanded clay concrete panels - 350 mm, 320 mm (17-storey).
II-66 - a series of residential 9-storey brick houses.
II-68 - a series of single-entrance 16-storey houses. A feature of this series are thickened walls, consisting of two panels, as well as improved noise and heat insulation due to expanded clay flooring. Buildings of this series with a height of 14 floors are less common. The houses of this series were built almost unchanged for 30 years. Floors: 16 floors. Ceiling height: 2.48 m.
II-68-03 Multi-section block residential building with ordinary and end sections. In the house - 1 (only on the ground floor), 2-, 3-room apartments. Number of floors: 12. Height of residential premises: 2.50 m. Technical premises: Technical underground for accommodation engineering communications. Elevators: Passenger with a carrying capacity of 400 kg, cargo-passenger.
1LG-600 (Avtovsky DSK) - the so-called "home-ships".
111-90 - a series of large-panel multi-section residential buildings for industrial housing construction. The series was developed by TsNIIEP Dwellings in the late 1960s. IN industrial production the series was launched in 1971.
III-96 - a series of large-panel 9-storey houses for Ukraine.
M111-90 - a series of large-panel 9-, 12-, 16-storey buildings for Belarus.
111-108 - a series of large-panel 5-, 9- and 10-storey houses (Vitebsk, Veliky Novgorod, Luga, Tosno, Cherepovets, Smolensk, Vologda and the cities of Bashkiria - Ufa, Salavat, Ishimbay and Beloretsk).
111-120V - a series of large-panel 5-storey houses (Vilnius).
111-121 - (series 121) apartments are distinguished by relatively good layouts.
M-464 - a series of large-panel 9-storey houses (Minsk, Minsk region).
1-LG-606
Complex series 135 - Complex series 135 includes projects of large-panel buildings for various purposes for construction in the city, as well as in the countryside. Projects of one-, two-, three-, four-, five-, nine-, twelve-story houses and a different set of block sections for them have been developed, which allow building houses of various configurations and lengths, hostels of various capacities, dormitories of sanatoriums, rest houses, schools, kindergartens, nurseries, houses with built-in shops and other public facilities.
4570-73/75 Developed by the 1st Central Military Project of the Moscow Region. Typical 5-storey buildings for building military garrisons.

1980s

P-44
P-43
P-4

In the early 1980s, Moscow proposed a project developed under the guidance of the architect A. G. Rochegov, a series of KOPE (composite space-planning elements), designed for the development of "buffer zones" between new buildings and protected areas of architectural monuments and areas of mass development, as well as for the "revitalization" of existing areas. The first houses of this series were erected in 1982 near the Vorontsovsky park. The project provided for the possibility of building houses up to 22 floors. At the same time, in many districts of Moscow and other cities of the USSR, standard panel houses continued to be built.

1990s

The ruins of the demolished Khrushchev in Moscow

The territories of demolished 5-story panel houses are built up with 17-25-story residential buildings, mainly new series of panel houses. Also continuing to build panel houses of the 1988-1991 series, since 1995 they began to build brick panel houses with beige polygonal wagon triangles.

2000s

HMS-1
IP-46S
I-155
I-1723 - External walls - from bricks, internal structure - from panels
I-1724
KOPE - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. The series is a house of layout (catalog) space-planning elements (abbreviated as " KOPE"), representing a vertical block in the height of the house and part of the section in terms of. The combined "KOPE" form residential complexes of various architecture.
Kope-m-sail - More than 60% of the facade area - glass
MES-84
MSSM
P-3M - Height of residential premises - 2.64 m. Type - panel houses. Floors from 8 to 17.
P-44T - modification of the P-44 series, the main project of the DSK-1

Own housing, any citizen of the Russian Federation wants to carry out the acquisition procedure with the highest quality. In addition to the financial component in this matter, there is another, no less important - the choice of a new home. When we are talking about buying a private house, then there are no particular difficulties, but when purchasing an apartment there are noticeably more of them.

For the most part, the question of choosing an apartment revolves around housing and how apartment building it's built.

For those people whose choice fell on 5, 9 and 10-story "panels" from the USSR, of which there are a lot in our country, our resource presents today's material. We will talk about apartment buildings of this particular type and their characteristics below.

Typical projects of apartment buildings in the USSR

What are the most typical projects apartment buildings were built in the USSR? Photo No. 1

In the early 60s of the last century, the Soviet authorities recognized that the country was lagging behind its main Western competitors in terms of the overall level of development. To solve the problem that arose, reforms followed in many areas of the life of Soviet citizens. The most large-scale modification affected the living conditions of the inhabitants of the USSR.

The main “housing reform” of that time was to provide each citizen of the “unions” with housing using the minimum amount of funds. With this feature in mind, thousands of the best construction engineers began to work on the creation of the cheapest, but quality technologies construction of apartment buildings (MKD). The apogee of the work of specialists was five-ten- and nine-story "panels". By the way, the authorities expected to operate such houses and apartments in them until 2000, but the unique Soviet quality made it so that these buildings are still in operation.

The projects of the Soviet MKD had an innovative feature - the implementation of such projects was carried out by panel construction, the essence of which is to use reinforced concrete slabs(panels) for assembling a house as a constructor, which significantly reduced the cost construction works and greatly increased their speed.

In general, in the period from the 40s until the 90s, entire series of MKDs were built in the USSR. The most common and running were Stalin, Khrushchev and Brezhnev.

Hence the whole series received the corresponding names, or rather:

The Stalinist series of MKDs were distinguished by the predominance of Stalinka apartments of both the old format and the more modernized one.
Khrushchevskie - Khrushchev apartments of a standard format. Almost all the "sockets" of the 60s were built in the "Khrushchev style".
Brezhnevskaya - Brezhnevka apartments are also of a standard format. They peaked in the 80s.

How do standard projects differ from each other? Photo #2

It should be noted that most of the panel MKDs of the 60-90s are standard Khrushchevs, however, among them there were also variations with Stalin-era apartments and Brezhnevka apartments, since they were quite popular.

In general, the housing reform was quite successful and the USSR authorities completely decided their main task- providing Soviet citizens with innovative housing. Surprisingly, a lot of citizens of modern Russia still use and acquire this type of housing.

Building characteristics

In the previous paragraph of the article, the main series of MKD in the USSR were mentioned in passing. For a better understanding of the concept of these, let's look at their characteristics in the following table:

Series MKD	Stalinist	Khrushchev	Brezhnev
building type	brick	panel, brick	panel, brick
number of storeys
availability of an elevator/garbage chute	missing	missing
number of rooms in apartments
apartment features	large size, combination of a bathroom, wooden base of floors, isolation of rooms, small kitchens, high shelves and large area	small size, combined bathroom, no room insulation, the walls in the house are mostly load-bearing, small kitchens, low ceilings and a small area	average dimensions, separation of the bathroom, insulation of rooms, mostly non-load-bearing walls, average kitchens, average ceilings and medium-large area
price	medium-high
heat capacity	medium-high	low-medium	stable average

It should be noted that the housing stock from these series is mostly worn out, so there is no need to talk about the reliability of buildings.

Regarding general performance characteristics we can say that the Khrushchev apartments fully justify their status of social housing and do not differ in special comfort, but the Stalin this moment practically not for sale due to heavy wear) and Khrushchev - more comfortable housing, aimed not only at providing a person's housing needs, but specifically at the comfort of his life.

About MKD series

For what apartment buildings assigned serial names? Photo #3

Popular series in the USSR did not have any features, with the exception of Khrushchev's "panels". Due to the fact that this housing was built in large numbers, it was given a serial name.

By the way, there were quite a lot of series, since each of them reflected certain changes in the concept of building an MKD of a particular period. Surprisingly, in 25 years - from the late 50s to the early 90s, almost a hundred series of houses were produced.

The most common of these were:

Series 1-500 - typical panel MKD from the time of Khrushchev. They differed by 5-storey and one-, two-room nondescript character.
Series 1-468 - improved panel houses. Differed 5-10-storey and more comfortable apartments with 1-4 rooms.
Series 83, 90 and 97 are the apogees of the Khrushchev era of the construction of MKD. They had a similar number of floors to the 1-468 series, but were more comfortable in terms of use.

We repeat, a lot of MKD series were produced in the 50-90s on the territory of the USSR. Some of them differed in prevalence (described above), some - in greater solidity (602, series-PP, etc.), and others - in the number of floors (series-II up to 18 tiers, for example). You can more accurately find out the serial number of your particular MKD in several ways:

having carefully studied the technical documentation for the apartment;
by contacting the BTI at the place of residence with a corresponding request;
by going to the official website of the housing control of the Russian Federation or another resource where there is information about the entire series of MKDs being built on the territory of our country.

As a rule, a series of houses are recognized to consider the specific features of their housing. However, the wear and tear of most houses of the Stalinist, Khrushchev and even Brezhnev series puts under big question the relevance of this issue. Let's finish with this. We hope that the above material was useful to you.

You can learn about the history of the construction of Khrushchevs in the USSR by watching the video: