What role the authotrophs are played in the apartment. Apartment as an ecosystem Ecology Apartments Avtotrophy in the apartment (houseplants). AutoTrophy, heterotrophs: comparative characteristics

Apartment as an ecosystem

Ecology of the apartment

AutoTrophy in the apartment (houseplants)

• Plants in the apartment play aesthetic and hygienic role: improving the mood, moisturize the atmosphere and highlight useful in-Va - phytoncides. Some indoor plants are used as a medicine

Fauna Apartments

At least two dozen animal species have been living in the houses, settled in the apartment in addition to the will of a person.

Pollution in the apartment

There are 4 types of pollution:

• Chemical

• Biological

• Physical

• Microclimatic

Chemical pollution

• It is air pollution of the room. Source sources are building and finishing materials, furniture, as well as pollution from the street.

Biological pollution

• Air pollution by disputes of mold mushrooms, bacteria, viruses and finally dust.

dust

• This is a set of allergens, the main of which is a microscopic tick referring to saprophytes and can cause allergies accompanied by edema throat and respiratory disease.

Physical pollution

• This is an impact on the human body of electromagnetic waves, radiation background, noise level and vibration.

Microclimatic pollution

• The main parameters are the temperature, humidity and speed of air.

Summarize

• Thinking about the deteriorating environmental situation, a person tries to make every effort and opportunities to create a favorable habitat. Each of us spends each of us in apartments, therefore, the issue of the ecology of the apartment should become the primary issue of the reorganization of environmentally friendly housing.

Question 1. What role do autotrophic organisms play in the community, what are heterotrophic?
The first trophic level of the ecosystem form autotrophes - green plants, photo and chemosynthetic bacteria. As a result of the vital activity of which rhanic substances are formed, which serve as a source of energy for the rest of the population of Biogeozenza. Auto-flowing organisms in the community are produced (produce) primary biological (organic) substance and stock energy in it. All other elements of the natural community are indirectly depended on these substances - heterotrophs, which are absorbed, rebuild and decompose ready-made organic matter. These include consiefs, or consumers - organisms that live due to nutrients created by producers. Consiefs form secondary ecosystem products.
Ratescents, or ECHOLDERS - this is a complex of organisms decomposing a dead organic matter to mineral compounds. These include bacteria, mushrooms, the simplest and many multicellular animals, such as rainworms.
Thus, the autotrophs form complex organic substances from simple inorganic under the influence of the energy of the Sun. The organic substances formed have a hidden energy of chemical bonds, which is released during their splitting by heterotrophic organisms. In this case, heterotrophic organisms synthesize new organic compounds, and their livelihoods, such as carbon dioxide, ammonia, and others, in turn, are used by autotrophs. As a result, the biogeocenosis borders create a biogenic element circulation and a stream of energy. The energy of the Sun supports this cyclic process and compensates for energy loss in the system resulting from thermal radiation.

Question 2. What rule is subject to changing the rate of energy flow on the food chain?
In each room, the power chain loss is loss of some part of the energy. In the supply chains, there is a pattern that reflects the efficiency of use and the conversion of energy during the nutrition of living organisms. At each subsequent trophic level, only 5-15% of biomass energy is utilized, which turns into a newly constructed organic matter. The remaining energy is dissipated in the form of heat or simply not absorbed. Thus, as a result of an imminent energy loss, the amount of organic matter formed on each next one. The food level decreases sharply. The efficiency of each link on average is about 10%. Therefore, the supply chains consist of not more than 4-6 food levels.

Question 3. What is an inverted pyramid of numbers?
The pyramids of the number reflect only the actual number of organisms at each trophic level, but not the rate of self-publishing of organisms. If the speed of reproduction of the victim population is high, even at low numbers, such a population can be a sufficient source of food for predators having a higher number, but low reproduction rate. For this reason, the pyramid of the number can be inverted. Examples of an inverted pyramid of numbers:
- On the same tree can live and feed a lot of insects;
- Water ecosystems primary producers (phytoplankton) are quickly divided and maintain a greater number of their consumers (zooplankton), which have a long cycle of reproduction.

Question 4. What are the types of animals and plants that occupy adjacent trophic levels and in a single food chain.
The single food chain form the types of animals and plants occupying adjacent trophic levels. For example, one chain can be: nettle (producer) - TLL (Console of the first order) - the larva of God's cow (a console of the second order) - the title (third-order consumption). Another example: phytoplankton - zooplankton - roach - perch.

The apartment is a heterotrophic ecosystem resembling a city in miniature. Like the city, it exists by the receipt of energy and resources, as its main inhabitants are people and animals living with them, heterotrophne.

Avtotrophs in the apartment are indoor plants (flowers in pots, parsley in a drawer on the windowsill, several steels of aquatic plants and microscopic plankton in the aquarium).

Plants in the apartment play aesthetic and hygienic role: improving our mood, moisturize the atmosphere and excrete useful substances in it - phytoncides that kill microorganisms. There is a special science - phytodesign (the design is called the type of engineering design activities to give industrial attractive items) - the ability to create a beautiful interior, elegantly placing on the windowsill, walls or special stands, racks, pyramids, various indoor plants. The larger in the plant's room, the cleaner atmosphere, the greater the oxygen and fewer microorganisms in it. (Fig. 99.)

Room air well purifies chlorophytum, highlights a lot of phthoncides geranium into the air.

Fauna Apartments. In addition to cats, dogs, wavy parrots, hamsters, fish in the aquarium in houses live at least two dozen species of animals, settled in apartments in addition to the will of a person. From mammals - these are mice and rats, and in wooden houses, in addition, and ordinary voles. Rodents are especially many in warehouses, starting with Chulanov and ending with large grocery warehouses. The more food, the faster they multiply, and therefore the main way to control the number is to deprive rodents. There are special preparations that are poisoned rats and mice, and mechanical means of combating them (mousetrap).

There were many different insects in the houses. The most ordinary insects in the apartments were various moths (furniture, wrapping and fur coat). Today there are practically no chemical substance that she would "be afraid." Mole quickly adapts to new drugs and there may be socks and caps, crossed by naphthalene, tobacco, lavender. Mole prefers woolen things with sweat smell. Therefore, they are well ventilated and stored in fresh newspapers (typographic paint mole is not afraid, but does not like) or in closed polyethylene packages.

Sometimes lice and fleas appear in the apartments, but from these insects it is easy to get rid of the hygienic rules. During the Great Patriotic War, when there was not enough soap, the lice became a carrier of dangerous diseases, such as typhus.

Microscopic ticks causing scabies or a variety of allergic diseases can live in apartments: bronchial asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, dermatosis.

The main place of their habitat is the feather pillows, mattresses and bedspreads, as well as old furniture, carpets, soft toys. They are on the clothes of people living in infected apartments.

Well "custodified" into the ecosystem of the apartment cockroach - black and red ("Prusaki"). You can fight with them in support of cleanliness: store products in tightly closing banks, luring the slots for which these "apartments" walk out of the room into a room or an apartment in the apartment. Use against cockroaches poisonous drugs is dangerous for a person. Biologists have developed a safe cockroaches safe for people - the use of drugs that act on their breeding system. The cockroaches that have tried these drugs do not give offspring.

The usual inhabitants of the apartment also include bugs, based on flour or croup. To protect against them, products need to be stored in tightly closed banks, placing there several pieces of garlic. You can store products in canvas bags, pre-boiled for 30 minutes in a saturated salt solution.

In apartments, many animals that spend only part of their time in them. The main of them in summer is indoor flies, dangerous in that it can carry pathogens of microorganisms. The larvae of green and blue meat flies can destroy the fish and meat left for a short time. Fighting flies is easy: the mesh is stretched on the windows, and insects in the apartment are destroyed with flats, catching with adhesive tapes.

In recent years, mosquitoes have appeared in apartments, and not only those that fly from the street, but also those that constantly live and be fruit in basements and other raw places. This house Komar is so small that it is not possible to feel how he sits on the body, and the bites of his painful. You can fight mosquitoes, only eliminating their environmental niches - leaks from pipes and wet places in basements.

Only in the apartments live tiny yellow pharaohs ants that feed on the residues of human food.

Air pollution. The source of pollution can be poisonous allocations of synthetic resins, which are impregnated with chipboard (from them furniture), evaporation of the chemical coatings of the floor - linoleum and PVV films, gas combustion products in gas furnaces and stoves. It is dangerous to health air pollution tobacco smoke.

In each case, it is necessary to take concrete measures to reduce the concentration of harmful pollutants in the air of the room. Furniture made of chipboard are covered with paint and varnishes, which reduce the release of harmful substances, the linoleum is not used in the bedrooms, the exhaust instruments are installed above the gas plates that are collecting unburned residues. And, of course, to reduce the pollution of the atmosphere of the room are ventilated. Clean air and some indoor plants.

A lot of dust accumulates on books. Therefore, they need to be regularly cleaned with a vacuum cleaner and, if possible, keep in glazed shelves and cabinets. They accumulate dust and carpets, especially if they go to the same shoes, as on the street (it is necessary to returned to home shoes). Carpets need to be regularly cleaned with a vacuum cleaner or knock out on the street with a stick, well cleans snow from dust. One of the main pollutants is a pile, falling from bed, underwear and outerwear in the process of wear. The source of dangerous pollution is the old foam rubber in chairs and sofas, which is destroyed and contaminates the air with the smallest particles. Porolon must be replaced every 5-7 years.

Energy saving and resource saving. As in a miniature city, the energy of an apartment comes from outside - in the form of electricity, gas, hot water. Water enters water pipes in the apartment. Man, the main inhabitant of the apartment, acquires various things and food products. Both in the city ecosystem and in the apartment ecosystem, it is very important to reduce the consumption of resources and especially energy. Reduces resource consumption. Any accurate mistress, which does not spoil products; Due to the timely repair and neat circulation, clothes are worn and household appliances are used for a long time; Roof taps and drain tanks.

Energy savings in the apartment can be very effective. If unnecessary electrical bulbs do not burn, when opening the refrigerator, the necessary products quickly remove from it, a limited number of hours is working, the electricity savings will be significant. It is important to save heat, warming doors and windows. Gas savings are possible when using gas plates and columns.

The problem of waste. From waste, which is formed in each apartment is formed a huge mass of household waste in the dumps and a significant part of urban wastewater. In countries such as Germany or Sweden, apartment waste itself divides the fractions - paper, organic food residues, plastic, etc., folds in containers of different colors and facilitates their recycling. In Russia, such a sorting of household waste has not yet been organized.

Control questions

1. Why can an ecosystem of an apartment be called "the city in miniature"?

2. What plants are grown in the apartment?

3. What animals make up the fauna of the apartment?

4. What sources of air pollution are available in the apartment?

5. How can I save resources and energy?

Reference material

Some indoor plants are used as medicinal products (for example, Aloe and Colane, the leaves of which are applied to the rims, and the juice is taken inside with various internal diseases), from the onions grown on the windowsill we get vitamins and phytoncides.

Electromagnetic pollution (electrical was able) is a considerable danger to the health of the inhabitants of the modern apartment, stuffed with electrical appliances and eliminated synthetic carpets, walking through a person charges with static electricity. All this is the cause of headaches. There were even cases when such electrified tenants, sowing for a computer, washed all the information from his memory. In particular, electric meters in the bedroom, where the TVs should not be placed and even electronic alarm clocks.

Forced inhalation of tobacco smoke with non-smoking is called passive smoking. It makes great harm to health, as in the smoke that a smoker does not inhale, many toxic substances may be contained in higher concentrations than in smoke, inhale smokers. When tightening the temperature in the combustion zone of the cigarette rises sharply, and the supply of oxygen turns out to be sufficient for complete combustion of tobacco. At the same time, if the smoker consumes smoke filtered by a cigarette filter, then the non-smoking contacted with it at the moment of smoking is obtained by the combustion products of the cigarette smoke without any cleaning.

To save energy when using an electric stove, you need to choose a potential pan. The bottom of the pan must be completely even and coincided with the diameter with the burner, since if it is convex or dirty, the bottom and the burner is reduced, and the heating time increases. You can save electricity if after the pan is warm up, reduce power. In Western Europe and especially in Japan, where energy is very expensive, use the "taverged" way of cooking: a saucepan on a saucepan. Peas, beans are sprinkled in the upper saucepan, the second dishes are heated.

In Japan, a microwave oven size was created in the size of the fridge, in which at night, when the energy is cheaper, burned home trash.

An example of one of the options of ecologically organized housing leads T. Miller, the author of the three-volume "Life in the Environment". For the device of his house, he used a written off school bus (building material savings, the use of secondary raw materials), which she crossed the boards and installed on the heat insulating foundation. The wheels from the bus were sold. To heat your home, Miller uses solar cells and thermal collectors, and for its cooling in hot time - cold air, which is chasing the fan from pipes, buried to the ground to a depth of 5.5 m. In the future, Miller is going to install such a number on the roof of his house Solar batteries, which will not only provide a house with electricity, but also sell it. Light bulbs are used for 2.5 times more economical light bulbs than ordinary, and they are at least 5 years old. A toilet is used with low water consumption. All organic waste is composed and used as fertilizer. Paper is recycled. Old things are not thrown away, and they are distributed free of charge. Miller is constantly improving its "ecological berrylogu" to reduce energy and resources for its provision.

All living beings on Earth need food to survive. Food is not only what people and animals eat are also useful minerals and nutrients that absorb plants. The view is that plants are an initial power source, it would be a great understatement, since for survival they should also eat. Everything was created by nature in such a way that living beings could harmoniously coexist with each other. In simple language, autotrophic and heterotrophs are plants and animals that differ in their way of nutrition.

Avtotropy.

For plant plants are starch and nutrients that are produced from soil and sunlight. They do not need to be searched for food, it will be enough to simply use their own innate abilities and features to obtain the necessary nutrients that ensure growth and development. Avtotrophs are plants that make themselves feeding from rain, soil and sunlight.

An important role in the supply of cells with nutritional and mineral substances is played by photosynthesis (the use of light), as well as chemosynthesis (chemical energy). During these complex processes, "raw" nutrients and minerals are converted into special cells that absorb solar light and transform it into energy. Avtotrophs are also referred to as manufacturers.

Heterotrophs.

Heterotrophs are organisms that are not able to independently synthesize their food. These include animals and man, that is, consumers who need external sources of food. Energy generation for the preservation of life and the correct functioning of the body requires absorption and digestion of food. Without these processes, heterotrophs simply could not exist.

Heterotrophs are also called consumers. This includes herbivores (for example, cattle, deer, elephants, and so on), carnivorous animals (lion, snakes and sharks, all those who feed on other animals), as well as omnivorous creatures (people). Heterotrophs are also considered earthworms, eating remnants of dead plants and animals, mushrooms.

AutoTrophy, heterotrophs: comparative characteristics

AutoTrophic receive carbon from inorganic sources, for example, carbon dioxide (CO2), while heterotrophs receive their carbon fraction from other organisms. Avtotrophs are usually plants, heterotrophs - animals. Avtotrophs and heterotrophs differ from each other in many indicators. AutoTrophs create meals with photosynthesis or chemosynthesis using non-life components of the ecosystem.

Heterotrophs depend on autotrophic in the food plan. Avtotrophs directly depend on the energy from the Sun and convert the inorganic substance to the organic. Heterotrophs depend on solar energy only indirectly, and organic substances acquire from autotrophic and use them in metabolic processes.

Photosynthesis and chemosynthesis

In the process of photosynthesis, autotrophic use the energy of the Sun to convert water from soil and carbon dioxide from air to glucose. The latter provides energy and is used to create cellulose (which is indispensable for the construction of cell membranes), for example, plants, marine algae, phytoplankton and some bacteria. Insectivorous plants use photosynthesis to generate energy, but depend on other organisms to obtain nutrients such as nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Consequently, these plants are also considered autotrophis.

Chemotrofses use the energy resulting from chemical reactions for food. Most often in the reaction enters hydrogen sulfide (methane with oxygen). Carbon dioxide is the main source of carbon for hemotrofs. An example may be bacteria found in existing volcanoes, thermal sources, geysers and on the seabed. These organisms survive in the most extreme conditions.

Food chain

AutoTrofa do not depend on other organisms, they themselves are the main manufacturer and occupy the initial level of the food chain. Herbivores that feed on autotrophs occupy the second trophic level. Next, omnivorous and carnivorous heterotrophs are located. Finally, there is a person who uses both the first and second to feed the food chain.

Biological organisms AutoTrophic and heterotrophs are two types of biotic components of the ecosystems that interact with each other. All living organisms can be classified as autotrophy or as heterotrophs. In the ecosystem, the stream of energy from one organism is described to another concept of the food chain. Each body, depending on the following body, in the saturation plan, forms a linear sequence through which the energy moves from one body to another. Simply put, the food chain shows who anyone eats.

AutoTrophy, heterotrophs, Hemotrofa: role in the ecosystem

All food chains begin at the level of the manufacturer. Major consumers eat manufacturers for energy. The main consumers are eaten by secondary consumers; Secondary consumers eat tertiary consumers and so on.

A common example for explaining the concept of a food chain is an ecosystem, where the grass is a manufacturer, and the mouse that eats grass becomes the main consumer. The mouse is prey for the snake, which becomes the secondary consumer. Eagles eat snakes and become tertiary consumers.

The role of hemotrofs and autotrophs, as well as hemotrofs in nature is impossible. Dead animals decompose, and thus nutrients return back to the soil. This cycle of the flow of nutrients from one level to the next periodically repeated between biotic and non-fat components of the ecosystem.

Despite the many differences, autotrophic and heterotrophs are directly dependent on each other. For survival in the global sense of the word, they simply need to each other, as they are among the most important components of the ecosystem, although in the theory of chemotrofas and autotrophs could exist without heterotrophs, the latter without someone else's vital energy will not live.