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Izba in the form of a cerebral wooden log cabin of various configurations is a traditional Russian dwelling for the countryside. The traditions of the huts rise to dugouts and houses with earthwood walls of which gradually began to rise purely wooden cuts Without outdoor insulation.

Russian Rustic Holes usually represented not only a home for the housing of people, but a whole complex of buildings, which included all necessary for the autonomous life of a large Russian family: this is a residential premises, and storage rooms, livestock and poultry premises, indoors for feed reserves (Senakers), the premises-workshops, which were integrated into one fenced and well-protected from bad weather and strangers The peasant yard. Sometimes part of the premises was integrated under a single roof with the house or was part of the indoor courtyard. Only the baths that revered the habitat of the unclean forces (and sources of fires) were built separately from the peasant estate.

For a long time in Russia, horses were built solely only with the help of an ax. Such adaptations as saws and drills appeared only in the XIX century, which to some extent reduced the durability of Russian woodenSince saws and drills, in contrast to the ax, left "open" to penetrate moisture and microorganisms of the tree structure. The ax "sealing" the tree, the humming of its structure. Metal was practically not used in the construction of the AB, as it was quite expensive due to its handicraft production (swamp metal) and production.

From the fifteenth century central Element The interior of the hut has become a Russian oven, which could take up to one quarter of the area of \u200b\u200bthe residential part of the hut. Genetically, the Russian oven goes back to the Byzantine Bread Furnace, which was concluded in the box and fall asleep with sand in order to maintain warmth longer.

Announced for centuries of Russian life The design of the hut has not undergone strong changes Since the times of the Middle Ages until the 20th century. And to this day, wooden buildings are preserved, which has 100-200-300 years old. The main damage to the wooden house-building of Russia was not nature, but a human factor: fires, war, revolution, regular limits of property and "modern" reconstruction and repair of Russians. So every day is less and less becoming around unique wooden buildings, adorning Russian land, having your own soul and unique originality.

RUSSIAN HAVE OF SOME ASSOCIATED WITH THE HOUSE, in which the chests are wooden furniture. Modern interior decoration Russian horses are significantly different from a similar image, it is quite comfortable and modern. Despite the fact that the house creates a rustic style, modern technique is used here.

Historical roots of the Russian house

If earlier during the construction of the house, the peasants were guided by practicality, for example, they were built over the rivers, they did small windows that went to the fields, meadows, forest, now special attention is paid to internal decoration. In addition, earlier people near the river or the lake put a Russian bathroom, and in the yard, barns were built for grain storage, hlev for livestock. But at all times, a red angle was allocated in the Russian elevated, in which the icons were placed, the furnace was installed. At that time, the interior of the Russian hut was chosen so that all items were multifunctional, nor what luxury speech did not go.

The Russian house tried to place on the plot so that it was closer to the north. To protect the house from the winds planted trees and shrubs in the garden.

Attention! To increase the level of illumination of the Russian home, it should be placed by windows on the sunny side.

In the old days, for the construction of a Russian house, they chose the place that was chosen for his rest cattle.

Interesting facts about the Russian house

On the swamps, as well as near them, no one built at home before. Russian people believed that swamp is a "chubby" place, and in the house built on the swamp, there will never be happiness and prosperity.

The rowing of the Russian house began early in the spring, be sure to new moon. If the tree was cut down on a decreasing moon, it quickly rotted, the house came into disrepair. The Russian house was considered the incarnation of stability, constancy, calm, so it was never put on crossroads on the road. Also bad admission It was believed to be the construction of the burnt house. To their homes, the peasants were treated as living beings.

She was distinguished by a man (face), they considered the Fronton of the Russian House. We called decorations on the windows, and the forehead called the boards used in the construction of walls.

The well of the Russian heaven was called "Zhuravlem", and the boards on the roof called the "skate".

The inner decoration of the Russian hut was rather modest, and corresponded to the interior style, referred to in our days Provence.

In the appearance of the house it was easy to determine the religion, the material well-being of the owner, the nationality of its owner. It was difficult to find in one village absolutely the same houses, each Russian huts had their own individual characteristics. Some differences also had the interior of Russian huts, with the help of certain household items, people tried to talk about their interests, hobbies.

It was believed that the child who grew up in a pure and solid house, has bright thoughts and intentions. Since childhood, a child has formed an idea of \u200b\u200bthe features of the structure of the Russian hut, he studied and remembered household items in the Russian isa. For example, a red corner in the Russian hill was considered a holy place.

Features of the internal decoration of the Russian house

The internal decoration of the house was always engaged in the woman, it was she who picked up the household items, watched the cooler, causing order. Behind the condition of the facade, as well as the landlord always followed the owner. In the interior of the Russian house there was a male and female half, their design had some distinctive features.

The decoration of the Russian hut is the task of a woman. It was she who was engaged in the manufacture of home textiles, in some Russian sinks even there were weaving machines, on which women fabrics rugs, a cloth for decorating windows.

The contemporary sofas and beds were replaced by modern sofas and beds, for their separation from the rest of the room used linen curtains. Already in those distant times, zoning was conducted, separating the living room from the bedroom. Receptions of interior art used in the design of Russians, currently became the basis of Russian Provence.

Some distinguishing features were among the interior of Russian houses located in the Russian north. Due to the complex climatic conditions characteristic of this region, in one hut, there were no residential part, and economic buildings, that is, cattle and people lived under the same roof. This was reflected in the inner decoration of the house, it was absent any excesses, only the good and simple elements of furniture were used. One of the corners of the room was highlighted for the chests in which the dowred for the girl was gathered.

Some traditions associated with the external decoration of the houses used in Russia are preserved in our time. For example, in the top of the facade, a carved wooden sun was fixed. This decorative element was considered to be a kind of guard, his presence was a guarantee of happiness, health, well-being of all the inhabitants of the house. Carved roses on the walls of the huts considered the symbol of happy and secured life, and now they are used in the external decoration owners country houses. Symbols of pagan charms were considered lions that their appearance should be scared from the house of evil spirits.

The massive horse on the roof of the hut is the Sun sign. Despite the fact that a lot of time has passed since then, the construction of the installation on the roof of the skate has been preserved to the present day. Among the mandatory elements of the ancient Russian horses, it is necessary to celebrate the bore. The construction of the house was erected under the law, strictly observed proportions so that the hose had not only aesthetic appearance, but also remained a good and durable structure, withstood the strong gusts of the wind.

Features of the Russian house

The Russian House is customary to divide into three tiers (peace):

• basement, acting as the bottom;
• residential premises make up the middle part;
• the attic and the roof are the top

For the construction of hubs used logs, they were associated with each other in the crowns. For example, in the Russian north, during construction, nails did not use, while getting durable and solo houses. Nails were needed only for attaching platbands, other decorative elements.

The roof is an element of the protection of the house from the outside world, atmospheric precipitation. In Russian sputs used duplex types of roofs, which are still architects consider the most reliable structures for wooden buildings.

The upper part of the house was decorated with sunny signs, and in the attic stored those items that were used in everyday life quite rarely. Russian huts were two-storey, at the bottom of the house there was a dump, protecting the inhabitants of the hodge. Everything residential Rooms Placed on the second floor, highlighting the minimum space for them.

The floor tried to do double, first had a "black" floor, who did not miss the cold air into the hut. Next was the "white" floor made of wide boards. Hinders did not cover paint, leaving wood in natural form.

In a red corner of B. ancient Russia They considered the place where the oven was located.

Tip! In the country or in country house Instead of a furnace in the interior of the living room, a fireplace will look at a harmoniously.

The furnace was installed in the direction of sunrise (east), was associated with light. Next to her, the wall was put on the wall, and in the temples this place was given to the altar.

The doors were made from natural woodthey were massive, associated with reliable protection Houses from evil spirits.

A horseshoe was placed above the door, which was also considered a symbol of the protection of the house from the troubles and misfortunes.

The windows did from natural treeThey were small so that he did not go from the hut. It was the windows that believed the "eyes" of the owner of the house, so they were located from different sides of the hut. For decorating window Operactions used natural materialwhich the fault itself is the hostess. In the old days it was not accepted to make windows dense porther fabricswho have not passed inside the room sunlight. For hips, the three options were chosen:

Modern interior of Russian hut

Currently, many urban residents dream of their own chopped out, furnished in rustic style. The desire to be alone with nature, distract from urban fuss and problems.

Among those interior items that still exist in the decoration of the Russian hut, lay out the oven. Some country property owners prefer to use instead modern fireplace. Of particular interest is the design of the walls and the ceiling in a modern wooden russian house. Nowadays, you can still see carved wooden decorations on the facade of the house, which are a typical manifestation of Provence

Tip! When finishing the walls of the Russian hut, you can use light wallpapers having a small drawing. For Provence it is undesirable to apply artificial materials in the decoration, because the style involves the maximum harmony, unity with nature.

Professional stylists engaged in the design of wooden Russians, advise neutral colors for finishing. Special attention they offer to devote home textiles, which is a rustic style business card.

3 in peasant hut

The dwelling of the peasant was adapted to his lifestyle. It consisted of cold premises - trueand seineand warm - hiswith a stove. Seni joined the cold curtain and warm horses, a household courtyard and a house. In them, the peasants were kept their good, and in the warm season we slept. In the house was necessarily chillor underground (i.e., what was under the floor, under the crate). It was a cold room, edible supplies stored there.

The Russian hut consisted of horizontally folded logs - the crowns, who folded each other, having shut down round recesses around the edges. In them, and laid the next log. Between the logs for heat laid moss. The huts were built in ancient spruce or pine. From the logs in the hut was a pleasant resinous smell.

Cutting corners: 1 - "in Oblom"; 2 - "in the paw"

The roof was done by a highway on two sides. The rich peasants covered with her thin skirts from Osin, who fastened one on the other. Poor wings their houses straw. The straw on the roof was folded by rows, starting below. Each row tied to the basis of the roof of a scroll. Then the straw was "combed" with robbles and watered liquid clay for strength. The top of the roof pressed the heavy log, the front end of which had the shape of a horse head. Hence the name cracker.

Almost all the facade of the peasant house was decorated with carvings. Threads were done at shutters, windows of windows that appeared in the XVII century, the edges of the porch canopies. It was believed that images of animals, birds, ornament guard housing from unclean strength.

Izba on the 12th century of the XII-XIII centuries. Reconstruction

If we enter into the peasant hut, we will definitely stumble. Why? It turns out that the door hung on forged loops was low at the top and high threshold below. About him that stumbled ingoing. Heat burned and tried to not release it in this way.

The windows did small so that the lights enough only for work. In the front wall of the huts there were usually three windows. These enders were closed (clouded) with plates and were called mastels.Sometimes they were tightened by a bull bubble or washed canvas. Through the window, which was closer to the stove, produced smoke during the furnace, since there were no pipes on the roof. It was called Top "Black".

In one of the lateral walls of the peasant huts did kosychywindow - with jambs and vertical bars. Through this window was watched by the yard, through it the light fell on the bench, sitting on which the owner was engaged in craft.

Mastel window

Kosy window

Izba on a residential box. Reconstruction. On the second floor you can see the oven

Gearing and cast iron

In the northern regions of Russia, its central fields were laid out from halp- Half logs, along the heating of the door to the front windows. In the south, the floors were earthen, lubricated liquid clay.

The central place in the house was the furnace. It is enough to remember that the word "hut" itself occurred from the word "toasty": "Istopka" - heated part of the house, from here and "Istiba" (Izba). In the hollow, where the furnace was treated in black, the ceiling was not: smoke went out into the window under the roof itself. Such peasant horses were called curient.The furnace with a pipe and the hut with the ceiling were only rich. Why is that? In Kurknya, all the walls were black, worsted. It turns out that such wrapped walls do not rot for longer, the hollow could serve hundreds of years, and the firewood oven without a pipe "eaten" less.

The furnace in the peasant house was put on hearts- Foundation from logs. Inside laid out under - The bottom where the firewood burned and prepared food. The upper part of the furnace was called vaulthole - usty.The furnace took almost the fourth part of the peasant hut. From the location of the furnace depended internal planning Hazards: even the saying arose - "dance from the stove." The furnace was put in one of the corners, to the right or left of the entrance, but so that it was well lit. The location of the mouth of the furnace relative to the door depended on the climate. In localities with a warm climate, the furnace put the furnace to the entrance, in areas with a harsh climate - the mouth to the wall.

The furnace was always built at a certain distance from the wall so that there was no fire. A small space between the wall and the stove was called bake- It was used for household needs. Here, the hostess kept the necessary accessories for work: mixtdifferent sizes, kochergu, chapelnik,large shovel.

Gipping is "horned" semicircular devices in order to put pots into the stove. Bottom pot, or cast ironhe was among the horns of grasp. Chapelnik got frying pan from the furnace: for this, a crowded tongue was made in the middle of the iron strip. These devices sat on a wooden handle. With the help of a wooden shovel put bread in the furnace, and the coal was burned by coal, ash.

The furnace was necessarily shelobwhere stood pots. Angled coals on him. Under the sixth in Nich, the inventory was kept, Luchin, and in winter ... Chicters lived there. There were also small niches for storing business trifles, drying mittens.

The furnace in the peasant family loved everything: she fed a delicious, stealed, with nothing with comparable food. The oven warmed the house, the stoves slept the old men. But most of all spent around the furnace hostess at home. Corner near the mouth of the furnace and called - babi Kut,i.e. female corner. Here the hostess prepared food, there was a wardrobe for storing kitchenware - dishwoman.

Another angle - near the door and opposite the window - was male. There was a shop, on which the owner worked, and sometimes slept. Under the bench stored the peasant good. And on the wall hung a horse breaking, clothing and accessories for work. The corner of this, as well as the shop standing here, called cope:on the shop did patterns in the form of a horse head.

Wooden spoons. XIII and XV centuries.

Scrapers. XV century

Think why so often in the peasant hut is a pattern with a horse head.

Between the oven and the side wall under the ceiling weathered pollswhere children slept, the property was kept, dried onions, peas. Even the patter lay on this:

Under Matitsa, under the ceiling

Hanging half collap of pea

Without a worm, without wormworms.

From the entrance to the stove adjacent an extension from the boards - sacks,or golball.It was possible to sit on it, to get into the stove or on the stairs to go down to the cellar. Sleep stored and homemade utensils.

In the peasant house everything was thought out to the smallest detail. Special iron ring was inserted into the central beam of the ceiling of huts - matitsachildren's cradle was attached to him. The peasant, sitting at work on the bench, inserted the leg in the loove of the cradle and shook her. So that there was no fire, where the beaches was burning, it was necessary on the floor put a box with the ground, where I sparks flew.

The inner view of the spindles. Reconstruction

The inner view of the 18th century hut. Reconstruction

The main angle of the peasant house was red angle: a special shelf hung with icons - boreanunder it stood a dining table. This honorable place in the peasant hollow was always located diagonally from the furnace. The man who was in the hut surely rushed his eyes at this corner, took off his cap, baptized and lowered the icons low. And only then greet.

In general, the peasants were very believers, and the very word "peasant" itself occurred from a kindred "Christian", "Christian". The most importance of the peasant family attached to prayers: morning, evening, before meals. It was a mandatory ritual. Do not pray, did not start anything. Regularly visited the peasants the church, especially in winter and in the fall, when they were free from the economic burden. The peasant family also strictly observed posts.Loved the peasants icons: they were kept carefully and passed from generation to generation. Icons were lit. lampady- Special small vessels with butter. The bore was decorated with embroidered towels - pewshniki.

Russian village in the XVII century. Engraving

Water dispenser. XVI in.

Russian peasants, sincerely believed in God, could not work badly on earth, which was considered divine creation.

In Russian, almost everything was done by the hands of the peasants themselves. The furniture was homemade, wooden, simple design: the table in the red corner of the size of the number of consumers, shops, nailed to the walls, portable benches, chests. In the chests stored good, so in several places they were offended by iron stripes, closed on the locks. The more chests in the house, the richer the peasant family was considered.

The peasant hub differed in purity: the cleaning was made regularly, the curtains and the towers changed often. Next to the stove in the hollow was always water dispenser- clay jug with two nose: on the one hand, the water was poured, on the other, they poured out. Dirty water Collected B lohan - Special wooden bucket. Water was also worn in wooden buckets on rocberry.It was talked about him: "Neither the light went down to the light, bent, from the courtyard."

All the dishes in the peasant house was wooden, and pots and latties(Low flat bowls) - clay. Cast iron did from solid material - cast iron. Chunk cast iron had a rounded torso and a narrow bottom. Thanks to this form, the chimney is evenly distributed over the surface of the pots.

Liquids stored in clay crinkswith a round torso, a small Don and an elongated throat. For storage of kvass, beer was used korchagi, Endovma(with a nose) and bratina(without him). The most common form bucketin Russia was floating duck, the spout of which served as a handle.

Clay dishes were covered with simple glaze, wooden decorated with painting and carvings. Many of the buckets, cups, bowls and spoons are today in the museums of Russia.

Ladle. XVII century

Wooden dishes XII-XIII centuries: 1 - Plate (seeds of meat cutting); 2 - bowl; 3 - Stovets; 4 - dish; 5 - Endow

Cooperations of the X-XIII century.: 1 - Kaza; 2 - Shaka; 3 - barrel; 4 - ears; 5 - Lohan; 6 - bucket

Tesl and Babel

In the peasant economy, coolant products were widely used: barrels, tubs, chants, ears, loshans, butters. Tubit was called that because from two sides, there were ears with holes. They made a stick to be more convenient to wear water in tub. Shaiki.were with one handle. Barrelscalled large containers of the rounded form with a narrow bottom, and daskthe bottom was wide.

Bulk products were kept in wooden supplywith covers, bark tuesahand burabs.In the course there were wicker products - Lukoshka, baskets, boxes from a scroll and rod.

All the utensils peasants were made using unnecessary tools. The main one was ax.There were carpentry, large axes and carpentry, small hatchets. During dumping, a special ax was used to produce barrels and dask - adze.For planing and skin sand bobel- flat, unintent, slightly curved plate with blade on the working part. For drilling used buravs.I did not immediately appear in a drink: everything was done in ancient times with axes.

We walked centuries, and the peasant hollow with her home simple utensils were transmitted from generation to generation, without changing. The new generation acquired only more experience and skill in the manufacture of products and buildings.

Questions and tasks

1. How did the peasant hut built? What parts did it consist? Try to draw her plan.

2. Describe how the peasant hose from the inside looked.

3. How was the windows, stoves and shops in the peasant hollow? Why?

4. What role did the Russian oven playing in the peasant house and how was it arranged?

5. Draw objects of peasant utensils:

a) stove utensils; b) kitchen utensils; c) furniture; d) work tools.

6. Rewrite, paste the missed letters and explain the words:

kh-Rga

k-p-thought

kR-Santinan.

plovitsa

hand-washer

p-Stoves

7. Make a detailed story "in the peasant hollow."

8. Reloze the riddles and draw a deposit to them.

1. The basis is Posnos, ducks - straw.

2. Marya-Tsarevna itself in the hives, sleeves in the yard.

3. Two fijami lead Mare Chapel.

4. White eats, black drops.

5. Mother fat, daughter Krasnova, son - falcon, left under the skies.

6. It is suitable to pray, the pots are suitable to cover.

7. Black horse jumps into the fire.

8. Not bull, but barely

Does not eat, and I have enough food,

That grabbing, gives,

The corner itself goes.

9. - Chernysh Zanary!

Where did you go?

- Silent, twisted,

There you will be there.

10. Three brothers

Let's go swimming,

Two bathe

The third on the shore is lying.

Fought, went out,

The third hought.

11. Fish in the sea,

Tail on the fence.

12. Standing Popula

Three belts subsidence.

13. With ears, do not hear.

14. All doves

Around one proloba.

Raddows:buckets and rocker, icon, burning beaches, bucket, jacket, roof, kocherga, spoons and bowl, mathitz, loops and door, stove, grasp, ears, cast iron and pot.

Russian hut: Where and how our ancestors, device and decor, elements, videos, riddles and proverbs were built household.

"Oh, what choirs!" - So often we say now about the spacious new apartment or dacha. We speak without thinking about the meaning of this word. After all, choirs are a peasant antique housing consisting of several buildings. What were the choirs in the peasants in their Russian sings? How was the Russian traditional hut?

In this article:

- Where did they build before the hut?
- Attitude towards Russian isa in Russian folk culture,
- the device of the Russian hut
- decoration and decor of the Russian hut,
- Russian oven and red angle, male and female halves of the Russian house,
- elements of Russian huts and peasant yard (dictionary),
- Proverbs and sayings, signs about Russian hut.

Russian hut

As I come from the north and grew up on the White Sea, then I will show the article in the northern houses. And I chose the epigraph to my story about the Russian hill, I chose the words D. S. Likhacheva:

"Russian North! It is difficult for me to express my admiration for my admiration, my worship before this edge. When I drove for the first time for the first time, I drove on the Barents and the White Seas, on North Dvina, I visited Pomorov, in the peasant skews, listened to songs and fairy tales, looked at these unusually beautiful people, I was just and with dignity, I was completely stunned. It seemed to me that it was only possible to live truly: measured and easily, working and receiving so much satisfaction from this work ... In the Russian north, the amazing combination of the present and past, modernity and history, watercolor lyrical water, land, sky, terrible strength of the stone , storms, cold, snow and air "(D.S. Likhachev. Russian Culture. - M., 2000. - P. 409-410).

Where did the hut before?

The beloved place to build the village and the construction of Russians was the bank of the river or lake. The peasants were guided by both practicality - proximity to the river and boat as a means of movement, but also aesthetic causes. From the windows of the hut standing at a high location, opened beautiful view On the lake, forests, meadows, fields, as well as on their yard with barns, on the bath at the river itself.

Northern villages are visible from afar, they never were located in the lowlands, always on the hills, in the forest, in the water on the high bank of the river, became the center beautiful painting Unity of man and nature, fited organically into the surrounding landscape. At the highest place, the church and the bell tower in the center of the village were built.

The house was constructed thoroughly, "on the century", the place for it was chosen quite high, dry, protected from cold winds - on a high hill. The villages tried to locate where there were fertile lands, rich meadows, forest, river or lake. The horses were put so that a good entrance and approach would be provided to them, and the windows were addressed "for the summer" - on the sunny side.

In the north of the house, they tried to have a hill on the south slope so that his top reliably closes the house from the brown cold northern winds. The south side will always warm well, and the house will be warm.

If we consider the location of the hut on the plot, then it was tried to arrange closer to the northern part of it. The house covered the garden part of the site from the wind.

In terms of orientation of the Russian hut in the Sun (North, South, West, East) Also there was a special structure of the village. It was very important that the windows of the residential part of the house were located on the sun. For better illumination of houses in the ranks, they were put in a checkerboard relative to each other. All houses on the streets of the village "watched" in one direction - in the sun, on the river. From the window it was possible to see sunrises and sunsets, movement of ships on the river.

Prosperous place for building horses It was believed to be at which the horned cattle was resting. After all, cows were considered by our ancestors as fertile life, because the cow was often a family feed.

They tried not to build houses on the swamps or next to them, these places were considered "chilly", and the crop on them often suffered from frosts. But the river or the lake next to the house is always good.

Choosing a place to build a house, men wondered - used experiment. Women never participated in it. They took sheep wool. It was placed in a clay pot. And left for the night at the place of the future at home. The result was considered positive if the wool will answer the morning. So the house will be rich.

There were other divisions - experiments. For example, in the evening left the chalk at the place of the future at home. If the chalk attracted the ants, it was considered good sign. If the ants do not live on this earth, then better home Not to install here. The result was checked in the morning the next day.

Chicken the house began early in spring (great post) or in other months of the year in the new moon. If the tree cut down on a decreasing moon, it will quickly rot, so there was such a ban. There were more stringent prescriptions by day. The forest began to harvest from Winter Nikola, from December 19. Better time For the workpiece of wood, December is January, according to the first frosts, when an extra moisture comes out of the trunk. Dry trees or trees with growths, trees, who fell to the north, did not cut the dry trees or trees. These beliefs were treated precisely to trees, other materials were not seen such norms.

They did not build houses on the site of houses burned with zipper. It was believed that Zlinia Ilya - the Prophet amazes the places of unclean strength. They also did not build at home where there was a sauna earlier, where someone was covered with an ax or a knife, where human bones were found, where there used to be a bath or earlier the road was held, where there was some misfortune, for example, flood.

Attitude towards Russian hut in folk culture

The house in Russia had a lot of titles: hut, Hut, Terem, Huples, choirs, Khorichnie and Temple. Yes, do not be surprised to -Hram! The choirs (Izba) were equated to the temple, because the temple is also a house, the house of God! And in the hut was always holy, red angle.

The peasants belonged to the house as a living being. Even the names of the parts of the house are similar to the name of the parts of the body of a person and his world! This feature is the Russian house - "Human", that is anthropomorphic names of parts of horses:

• Chela hings- This is her face. Broma could be called the frontal hut and the outer hole in the furnace.
• Schelch- from the word "man", that is, the decoration on the chel is
• Platbands - From the word "face", "on the face" of horses.
• Wanted- From the word "eyes", window. Thus called and part of the female headdress was also called the window decoration.
• Forehead- So called the frontal board. There were also "lobovins" in the design of the house.
• Fifth, Stop - So called part of the doors.

There were in the device of huts and yard and zoomorphic names: "Bulls", "Chicken", "Konk", "Zhuravel" - Well.

Word "Izba" Comes from the Vine Slavonic "Istiba". "Istbie, Istopkoy" was called heated residential log house (and "crate" is a unheated log house of a residential building).

House and hollow were for people living models of the world. The house was the innermost place in which people expressed ideas about themselves, about the world, built their own world and their lives according to the laws of harmony. The house is part of life and the way to combine and form your life. The house is a sacral space, the image of the kind and homeland, the model of the world and life of a person, the connection of a person with the world of nature and with God. The house is a space that a person builds with his own hands, and which with him from the first to last days His life on earth. The construction of the house is the repetition by the man of the Creator's case, because the human dwelling, according to the ideas of the people, is the small world created by the rules of the big world.

According to the appearance of the Russian house, it was possible to determine social status, religion, the nationality of its owners. In one village there were no two absolutely identical homes, because each hut carried individuality in himself and reflected inner world kind, living in it.

For a child, the house is the first model of the external large world, he "feeds" and "grows" the child, the child "absorbs" from the house of the laws of life in a large adult world. If the child has grown in a bright cozy good house, in the house in which the order reigns is so the child will continue to build his life. If the chaos house is chaos and in the soul, and in a person's life. Since childhood, the child mastered the system of ideas about his home - radiated and its structure - Matitsa, red angle, female and male parts of the house.

The house is traditionally used in Russian as Synonym for the "Motherland". If a person has no feeling at home - then there is no feeling of the homeland! Attachment to the house, care for him was considered virtue. House and Russian gettingborn, the embodiment of the native, safe space. The word "house" was used and in the sense of "family" - and they said "on the hill four houses" - this meant that four families. In the Russian hollow under the same roof, the overall farming lived several generations of the kind - grandfathers, fathers, sons, grandchildren.

The internal space of the Russian hut has long been associated in popular culture as a space of a woman - she followed him, put on her order and comfort. But the external space is the courtyard and further - it was the space of a man. My husband's grandfather still recalls such a division of duties that was taken into the family of our great-grandfathers: a woman wore water from a well for home for cooking. And the man also wore water from the well, but for cows or horses. Shame was considered if the woman began to perform male duties or vice versa. Since they lived in large families - there were no problems. If someone from women could not wear water now - then this work was performed by another family woman.

The house also strictly observed men's and female half, but there will be a conversation further.

In the Russian north, residential premises and economic were combined under the same roof, So that you can run the economy without leaving the house. So the vital sequal of northerners living in harsh cold natural conditions was manifested.

The house was understood in folk culture as a center of the main life values. - Happiness, wealth, prosperity, faith. One of the functions of the hut and the house was a protective function. The carved wooden sun under the roof is the wish of happiness and well-being to the owners of the house. Image of roses (which are not growing in the north) - the wish of a happy life. Lions and lionesses in the painting - pagan charms, scare away by their terrible kind of evil.

Proverbs about Izbu

On the roof - a heavy hat from a tree - the sign of the sun. The house has necessarily a homemade man. Interestingly, S. Yesenin wrote about the skate: "The horse both in the Greek, Egyptian, Roman and Russian mythology has aspiration sign. But only one Russian man guessed to put him to his roof, likening his hut under him - the chariot "( Nekrasov M, and. The folk art of Russia. - M., 1983)

The house was built very proportionally and harmoniously. In its design - the law of the golden section, the law of natural harmony in proportions. Circled without measuring instruments and complex calculations - on a little, as the soul suggested.

In Russian hollow, a family of 10 or even 15-20 people sometimes lived. It was preparing food and spruce, slept, the fabrics, were rushed, the utensils were repaired, they were engaged in all their homework.

Myth and truth about Russian hut. There is an opinion that in the Russian skeins was dirty, there was an antisanitary, illness, poverty and darkness. I also thought so before, so we were taught at school. But it does not fit the truth completely! I asked my grandmother shortly before her care to the world was different when she was already over 90 years old (she rose near Nyandomy and Kargopol in the Russian north in the Arkhangelsk region), as they lived in their village in her childhood - did soap and removed the house in the year and lived in the dark and in the mud?

She was very surprised and told that always in the house was not just clean, but very light and cozy, beautiful. Her mother (my great-grandmother) embroidered and knit beautiful seats to the beds of adults and kids. Each bed and lulee were decorated with her podzors. And each bed has its own pattern! Imagine what kind of work it is! And what beauty in the frame of each bed! Her dad (my great-grandfather) cut out beautiful ornaments on all home utensils and furniture. She recalled how she was a child under his grandmother's supervision with her sisters and brothers (my great-grandfathers). They not only played, but also helped adults. It happened, in the evening, her grandmother will say to children in the evening: "Soon the mother and father will come from the field, you need to take it in the house." And ah - yes! Children take brooms, rags, suggest the full order so that neither the sorts in the corner there are nor dust, and all things in their places were. To the coming of mother and father, the house was always clean. Children understood that adults came from work, tired and they need to help. She also remembered her mother always bleached the stove so that the oven was beautiful and in the house was cozy. Even on the day of birth, her mother (my great-grandmother) blew the stove, and then went to give birth to the bath. Grandma remembered, as she, being an older daughter, helped her.

There was no such that it was clean outside, and inside - dirty. Climbed very carefully and outside, and inside. My grandmother told me that "What is outside is what you want people" (outward is the appearance of clothes, houses, cabinet, etc. - what do they look for guests and what we want to present to people Clothes, outdoor view of the house, etc.). But "what inside is what you really are" (inside is an embroidery is an embroidery or any other work, a clothing wear, which should be clean and without holes or spots, the inner part of the cabinets and other invisible to other people, but visible We are the moments of our life). Very instructive. I always remember her words.

Grandma remembered that the beggars and dirty huts were only in those who did not work. They were considered as if weakly, a little sick, they were sorry for people sick with soul. Who worked - even if he had 10 children - lived in bright clean beautiful outbreaks. Decorated your house with love. Led a big farm and never complained about life. There was always order in the house and in the yard.

The device of the Russian is

The Russian House (Izba) like the Universe shared for three worlds, three tiers: Nizhny - this is a basement, underground; Middle - these are residential premises; Upper under the sky - the attic, roof.

Izba as a design He was a log house from the logs that bind to the crowns. In Russian North, it was customary to build houses without nails, very durable houses. The minimum number of nails was used only to attach the decor - the breeding, towels, platbands. Built houses "How measure and beauty will say."

Roof- The upper part of the hut gives protection from the outside world and is the boundary of the inside of the house with space. No wonder the roof was so beautifully decorated in the houses! And in the ornament on the roof, the symbols of the sun were often depicted - solar symbols. We know such expressions: "Schirling", "live under one roof." There were customs - if a person was sick and could not leave this world for a long time, then that his soul was easier to move into the world of others, they took off the lid on the roof. Interestingly, the roof was considered a female element of the house - the hut itself and everything in the hollow should be "covered" - and the roof, both vendors, and dishes, and barrels.

Top of the house (People, Towel) Decorated with solar, that is, solar signs. In some cases, the towel depicted the full sun, and on the panels - only half of solar signs. Thus, the sun was shown at the most important points of its path across the sky - at sunrise, in Zenith and at the occasion. In folklore there is even an expression "three-flowered sun", reminiscent of these three key points.

Attic It was located under the roof and it was stored on it that did not need at the moment, remote from the house.

The hut was a two-storey, the living rooms were located on the "second floor", as it was warmer. And on the "first floor", that is, in the lower tier, was sweet.He prevented residential premises from the cold. The soil was used to store products and shared on 2 parts: basement and underground.

Floor Double to preserve heat: downstairs "black floor", and on top on it - "white floor". They laid the floorboards from the edges to the center of the hut in the direction from the facade to the exit. This was a value in some rituals. So, if they came to the house and sat on the shop along the floor, this meant that it came to match. Never slept and did not put the bed along the floor, since along the floorings put a deceased man "On the way to the doors". That is why they did not sleep heads to the exit. Always slept on the head in a red angle, to the front wall, on which icons were located.

Important in the device of the Russian hut was diagonal "Red Angle - Furnace".The red corner always pointed to noon, on the light, on God's side (red face). He was always associated with Veroko (Sunrise) and South. And the oven pointed at sunset, on darkness. And associated with the West or North. Always prayed on the image in the red corner, i.e. To the east, where the altar is located in the temples.

a doorand the entrance to the house, the exit to the outside world is one of the most important elements of the house. She meets everyone in the house. In antiquity there were many believes and different protective ritualsassociated with the door and threshold of the house. Probably no wonder, and now many are brought to the door of the horseshoe for happiness. And even earlier, the braid was put on the threshold ( garden tools). This reflected the ideas of people about the horse as an animal associated with the Sun. As well as metal created by man with the help of fire and being a material to protect life.

Only closed door Saves life inside the house: "Do not believe everyone, lock the door tightly." That is why people stayed in front of the threshold of the house, especially at the entrance to a strange house, this stop was often accompanied by a brief prayer.

At the wedding in some localities, a young wife, entering the house of her husband, should not have touched the threshold. That is why it was often made on their hands. And in other localities, the sign was exactly the opposite. The bride, entering the house of the groom after the wedding, be sure to be delayed on the threshold. It was a sign of that. That she is now her in the way of her husband.

The doorway threshold is the border of "their" and "alien" space. In the people's ideas, it was a border, and therefore unsafe place: "Through the threshold does not greet," "is not served through the threshold." Through the threshold is impossible and take gifts. Guests are found behind the threshold outside, then admit ahead through the threshold.

In height, the door was lower than human growth. I had to tilt at the entrance and head, and take off the cap. But at the same time the doorway was wide enough.

Window- Another entrance to the house. The window - the word is very older, the chronicles are first mentioned in 11th and is found in all Slavic peoples. In popular beliefs, it was forbidden to spit through the window, throw out the garbage, to pour out something out of the house, as under it "stands an angel of the Lord." "To serve the window (thorough) - to give God." The windows were considered the eyes of the house. A man looks through the window in the sun, and the sun looks at him through the window (eyes of the hut). Therefore, the signs of the Sun often cut on the platbands. In the riddles of the Russian people, it is said like this: "A red girl in the window looks" (the sun). The windows in the house traditionally in Russian culture always tried to orient "for the summer" - that is, east and south. The biggest windows of the houses always looked outside and on the river, they were called "red" or "kosy".

The windows in the Russian gab could be three types:

A) The wolf window is the most ancient view of the windows. Its height did not exceed the height of the horizontally laid log. But in the width it was one and a half times more than height. This window from the inside was closed with a valve, "dragging" on special grooves. Therefore, the window was called "Volokovoy". Through the wolf window, only dim light penetrated. Such windows more often met on economic buildings. Through the wolf window from the huts were output ("outdated") smoke from the stove. Through them also ventilated the towers, Chulans, Take and Chleva.

B) Wild window - consists of a deck made up of four firmly interconnected BRUSEV.

C) The roaming window is the opening in the wall, fortified by two side bars. These windows are also called "red" regardless of their location. Initially, the central windows in the Russian hill were made.

It was through the window that it was necessary to transfer the baby if the children born in the family were dying. It was believed that so you can save the child and provide him long life. In the Russian north, there was such a belief that the man's soul leaves the house through the window. That is why the window was put on the window with water so that the soul, who left the person could be washed and fly away. Also, after the commemoration, the towel was postponed to the window, so that the soul was climbed into the house, and then descended back. Sitting by the window, waited to lead. The window at the window in the red corner is the place of honor, for the most honored guests, including the matchmaker.

The windows were highlighted high, and therefore the view from the window did not stumbled into neighboring buildings, and the view from the window was beautiful.

When construction, there was free space (sedimentary grooves) between the windows bar and the log wall of the house. He was covered with a blackboard, which we all are well known and called concubine ("On the face of the house" \u003d platband). The platbands were decorated with an ornament to protect the house: circles as symbols of the sun, birds, horses, lions, fish, caressing (animal, considered a cumulator - believed that if you depict a predator, it would not harm the pet), floral ornament, juniper, rowan .

Outside the window was closed by shutters. Sometimes in the north, so that it is convenient to close the windows, galleries were built along the main facade (they looked like balconies). There is a master of the gallery and closes the shutters on the windows overnight.

Four sides of hut Add to four sides of the world. The appearance of the hut is facing the outside world, and the inner decoration is to the family, to the family, to a person.

The porch of the Russian isob It was more often open and spacious. Here were those family events that the whole village streets could see: they were accompanied by soldiers, met the woven, met newlyweds. They communicated on the porch, exchanged news, rested, talked about things. Therefore, the porch occupied the prominent place, it was high and rose to the pillars or fires up.

Porch - " business card At home and its owners, "reflecting their hospitality, prosperity and glad. The house was considered non-residential if his porch was destroyed. Decorated the porch carefully and beautifully, the ornament was used the same as on the elements of the house. It could be a geometric or vegetable ornament.

What do you think from what word the word "porch" was formed? From the word "pitch", "Roof". After all, the porch necessarily was with a roof that protects against snow and rain.
Often there were two porches in the Russian hut Two inputs. The first entrance is the main, shops were arranged for conversation and rest. And the second entrance is "dirty", he served for household needs.

Bakelocated near the entrance and occupied about a quarter of the spacing of the hut. The furnace is one of the sacred centers of the house. "The oven in the house is the same that the altar in the church: there is bread in it." "Oven our mother's mother", "House without a furnace is a non-residential house." The oven had a feminine start and was in the female half of the house. It is in the furnace, a raw, unfounded turns into boiled, "his", mastered. The furnace is located in the corner opposite from the red corner. It slept on it, it was used not only in cooking, but also in healing, in folk medicine, in her small children washed in winter, children and old men were buried on it. In the furnaces necessarily kept the damper closed if someone went out of the house (to return and the road was happy), during a thunderstorm (because the oven is one entrance to the house, the connection at home with the outside world).

Matitsa - Bar, walking across the Russian hut, on which the ceiling is held. This is the boundary of the front and rear of the house. The guest coming into the house, without the permission of the owners could not go further by Matitsa. Sitting under Matitsa meant to match the bride. To succeed everything, it was necessary to hold out for Matitsa before leaving the house.

All space of the huts shared on the female and male. Men worked and rested, took guests on weekdays in the male part of the Russian huts - in the front red corner, aside from him to the threshold and sometimes under the remedies. The workplace of the man with the repair was near the door. Women and children worked and rested, walked in the female half of the hollows - near the oven. If women took guests, then guests sat at the stove threshold. Only the female territory of the guests can only go on the invitation of the hostess. Never of representatives of the male half without much extremely needed did not enter the female half, and women are on men. It could be perceived as an insult.

Lawn served not only the seat for seating, but also a place to sleep. Under the head with a dream on the shop led the head restraint.

The shop's shop was called "Konik", she could be a workplace of the host of the house, as well as anyone who went into the house, beggar could be spent on it.

Shelves were made over the shops above the windows above the windows. They put caps, threads, yarn, straws, knives, spice and other household items.

Adult couples in marriage slept in the journals, on the cauldron, in some of their own cells - in their places. Old men slept on the stove or in the stove, kids - on the furnace.

All the utensils and furniture in the Russian northern hollow are located along the walls, and the center remains free.

Svetlitsy It was called the room - the lightweight, the rore on the second floor of the house, clean, well-groomed, for needlework and net lessons. There were a wardrobe, bed, sofa, table. But as well as in the hut, all items were separated along the walls. In the journal there were chests, in which gathered dowry for daughters. How many daughters on the issuance are so many chests. Here girls lived - the bride to issue.

Dimensions of Russian isubi

In antiquity, the Russian hut had no internal partitions and was in the form square or a rectangle. The average sizes of the hut were from 4 x 4 meters to 5, 5 x 6, 5 meters. The middle peasants and wealthy peasants were hindered by 8 x 9 meters, 9 x 10 meters.

The decoration of the Russian isob

Four angle differed in Russian hives: Chimney, Babi Kut, red angle, rear corner (at the entrance under the reservation). Each corner had its own traditional destination. And the whole hollow in accordance with the angles was divided into the female and male half.

Women's half is It goes from the mouth of the furnace (Outside of the furnace) to the front wall of the house.

One of the corners of the female half of the house is Babi Kut. It is also called "bakes". This place is near the oven, the female territory. Here they prepared food, pies, stored utensils, millstone. Sometimes the "female territory" house was separated by a partition or shirma. At the female half of the hollows, there were cabinets for kitchen utensils and edible supplies, shelves for dining rooms, buckets, cast iron, bags, furnaces (bread shovel, kocherga, grasp). "Long shop", which went on the female half of the hollow along the side wall of the house, was also feminine. Here women hung, the fabrics, sewed, embroidered, hung a baby cradle here.

Never a man on the "female territory" did not enter and did not touch the utensil, which is considered female. And someone else's person and guest can even look in Babi Kut could not, it was offensive.

On the other side of the furnace was male space, "Male kingdom of the house." There was a threshold men's shop, where men were engaged in their homework and rested after a working day. Under it, it was often a cabinet with tools for male work. Weekly sit on the threshold shop was considered indecent. On the side shop in the back of the huts they rested during the day.

Russian oven.

Approximately the fourth, and sometimes the Russian oven occupied the third part of the hut. She was a symbol of a homely hearth. It was not only prepared for food, but also prepared the food cattle, baked cakes and bread, washed, heated the room, they slept and dried clothes, shoes or products, dried mushrooms and berries in it. And in the sun, even in winter could contain chickens. Although the furnace and very large, it does not "eaten", but, on the contrary, expands the life space of the hut, turning it multidimensional, bottling.

No wonder there is a saying "to dance from the stove", because everything in Russian beast begins with the oven. Remember the epics about Ilya Muromets? We have said to us that Ilya Muromets "lay on the furnace 30 years and 3 years," that is, could not walk. Not on the reagents and not on the shops, but on the furnace!

"The furnace to us as a mother is native," people said before. Many folk medical practices were associated with the stove. And signs. For example, it is impossible to spit into the oven. And it was impossible to swear when the fire was burning in the furnace.

A new furnace began to warm up gradually and evenly. The first day began with four lungs, and gradually they added one day every day to rolling the entire oven and so that it was without cracks.

First, in Russian houses there were global furnaces that were treated in black. That is, the oven then did not have an exhaust pipe for the exit of smoke. Smoke was released through the door or through a special hole in the wall. Sometimes they think that black huts were only in beggars, but it is not. Such furnaces were in rich sorry. The black oven gave more heat and kept her longer than white. Purchased walls were not afraid of damp or rot.

Later, the ovens began to build white - that is, they began to make a pipe through which smoke went out.

The furnace was always in one of the corners of the house, which was called a chimney, door, small angle. A red, holy, front, large corner of the Russian house was always diagonally from the furnace.

Red angle in russian

Red angle - central main place in the hut, in the Russian house. It is also called the "saint", "God", "front", "senior", "big". It is lit by the sun better than all other corners in the house, everything in the house is oriented towards him.

The Borean in the Red Corner as an altar of the Orthodox Temple and comprehended as the presence of God in the house. The table in the red corner is the church throne. Here, in the red corner prayed to the image. Here all the meals and main events in the life of the family were held at the table: Birth, Wedding, Funeral, Wires in the army.

There were not only images, but also the Bible, prayer books, candles, brought twigs here. consecrated willow In Palm Sunday or birch twigs in Trinity.

The red corner was especially worshiped. Here, during the commemoration, an excess device was put on a different soul.

It was in the red corner that chopped birds of happiness, traditional for the Russian north suspended.

Places at the table in the red corner were tightly fixed by tradition And not only during the holidays, but also during ordinary meals. Trapez united the family and family.

• Place in the red corner, in the center of the table, under the icons, It was the most honorable. The owner was sitting here, the most respected guests, the priest. If the guest without an invitation of the owner passed and sat down in a red angle - it was considered a gross violation of etiquette.
• Next side of the side of the table - right from the owner and the nearest places to him on the right and left. This is a "male shop." Here they were sitting on the seniority of the family of the family along the right wall of the house to his exit. The older the man, the closer he sits to the owner of the house.
• A. "The lower" end of the table on the "Women's Lavea", Women and children walking along the front of the house.
• Mistress at home It was placed opposite her husband from the furnace on the donkey bench. It was more convenient to serve food and arrange lunch.
• During the wedding newlyweds Also sat under images in the red corner.
• For guests It was its guest shop. It is located at the window. Until now, there is such a custom in some areas to seen guests by the window.

This location of family members at the table shows the model social relationship within the Russian family.

Table - He was attached great importance in the red corner of the house and in general in the hut. The table in the hut was standing on permanent place. If the house was sold, it was sold to him together with the table!

Very important: the table is the ladies of God. "The table is the same as the throne altar, and therefore sit at the table and behave like in the church" (Olonetskaya province). It was not allowed at the dinner table to have foreign objects, because it is the place of God himself. It was impossible to knock on the table: "Do not beat the table, the table is God's palm!" Always on the table should have been bread - a symbol of wealth and well-being in the house. Same as: "Bread on the table - and the table of the throne!". Bread is a symbol of wealth, abundance, material well-being. Therefore, he always had to be on the table - God's Palm.

Small lyrical retreat from the author. Dear readers of this article! Probably, do you think all this is outdated? Well, what have the bread on the table? And you bake homeless bread houses with your own hands - it's easy enough! And then you will understand that this is completely different bread! Unlike bread from the store. Yes, and loaf in form - a circle, a symbol of movement, growth, development. When I didn't bake the pies, not cupcakes for the first time, but the bread, and the smell of bread, the whole house, I realized what a real house was a house where it smells .. bread! Where want to go back. You do not have time? I thought so too. So far, one of the moms, with the children of which I do and whom she has ten !!!, did not teach me the bake of bread. And then I thought: "If a mother of ten children finds the time of the oven your family bread, then I have a right time!" So I understand why the bread is everything head! It is necessary to feel it with your own hands and your soul! And then a loaf on your desk will become a symbol of your home and bring you a lot of joy!

The table was installed necessarily along the Half, i.e. The narrow side of the table was directed towards the western wall of the hut. This is very important, because The direction "Longitudinal - transverse" in Russian culture was attached to a special meaning. The longitudinal had a "positive" charge, and the transverse one is "negative." Therefore, all objects in the house tried to put in the longitudinal direction. Also, therefore, it was along the floorings sitting at rites (walling, as an example) - so that everything successfully passed.

Table tablecloth In Russian tradition, there was also a very deep meaning and constitutes a single integer with the table. The expression "table and tablecloth" symbolized hospitality, hospitality. Sometimes the tablecloth was called the "boss" or "self-bare". Wedding tablecloths kept as a special relic. The table was not always covered with a tablecloth, but in special cases. But in Karelia, for example, the tablecloth should always be on the table. On the wedding feast, the tablecloth took a special and champed it with an inlet up (from damage). The tablecloth could spread on Earth during the commemoration, because the tablecloth is "road", the relationship between the world of the space and the world of man, no wonder the expression "tablecloth - the road" came to us.

The dining table was going to families, baptized before meat and read prayer. Fir chinno, it was impossible to get up during the meal. The head of the family - a man - began to the meal. He cut the food into pieces, cut bread. A woman served everyone at the table, served food. The meal was long, leisurely, long.

On holidays, the red angle was decorated with woven and embroidered towels, flowers, trees branches. Embroidered and wovel towels with patterns hung on the divinence. IN palm Sunday The red corner was decorated with Willow sprigs, in the Trinity -Besov branches, Version (Juniper) - to the Great Thursday.

It is interesting to think about our modern homes:

Question 1. The division into the "male" and "female" territory in the house is not by chance. And we have a "female secret corner" in modern apartments - personal space as a "female kingdom", do men interfere in him? Do we need us? How and where can I create it?

Question 2.. And what is in the red corner of the apartment or giving - what is the main spiritual center of the house? Let's look at your home. And if you need to fix something, we will do it and create a red corner in your house, create it really unifying the family. Sometimes there are advice on the Internet to put in a red angle as in the "Energy Center of the Apartment" computer, organize your workplace in it. I am always surprised at such recommendations. Here, in the Red - the main corner - to be what is important in life, which unites the family, which carries true spiritual values, which is the meaning and idea of \u200b\u200bthe life of the family and the kind, but not a TV or office center! Let's think together that it can be.

Types of Russians

Now many families are interested in Russian history and traditions and build at home as our ancestors did. Sometimes it is believed that there should be only one type of house at the location of its elements, and only this type of house "Right" and "historical". In fact, the location of the main elements of the hut (red angle, furnace) depends on the region.

At the location of the furnace and the Red Angle, 4 types of Russian hut difflice. Each type is characteristic of some terrain and climatic conditions. That is, it is impossible to tell: always the furnace was strictly here, and the red angle is strictly here. Let's consider it more in drawings.

The first type is the north-russian hut. The furnace is located next to the entrance to the right or left from it in one of the rear corners of the hut. The furnace is turned to the front wall of the hut (the mouth is the outlet of the Russian oven). Diagonally from the furnace - a red angle.

The second type is the Western Russian hut. The furnace was also located next to the entrance to the right or left of it. But she was turned to the mouth to a long side wall. That is, the mouth of the furnace was near the entrance door to the house. The red angle was also diagonally from the furnace, but the food was prepared in another place of horses - closer to the door (see drawing). The side of the furnace did the flooring for sleep.

Third type - Eastern South Russian hut. The fourth type is Western South Russian Holes. In the south, the house was put on the street not a facade, but a side long side. Therefore, the location of the furnace was completely different. The furnace was placed in the corner far from entering. Diagonal from the furnace (between the door and the front long wall of the hut) was a red angle. In the eastern South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the entrance door. In Western South Russian skews, the mouth of the furnace was turned to the long wall of the house, which went out.

Despite the different types of His, they are respected general principle The buildings of Russian dwellings. Therefore, even being far from the house, the traveler could always navigate in the hut.

Elements of Russian huts and peasant estates: dictionary

In the peasant manor The farm was large - in each estate there were from 1 to 3 barns for storing grain and valuable things. And there was a bath - the most distant from the residential building building. Each thing is their place. This principle from the proverb was always observed and everywhere. Everything in the house was thought out and arranged reasonably not to spend extra forces and time on unnecessary actions or movement. All at hand, everything is convenient. Modern ergonomics of dwellings come from our history.

The entrance to the Russian manor was from the street through a strong gate. Above the gate was the roof. And at the gate on the side of the street under the roof. Not only villagers could sit on the bench, but also any passerby. It was at the gate that it was customary to meet and accompany guests. And under the roof of the gate, it was welcome to meet them or talk to goodbye.

Barn- Separately standing small structure for storing grain, flour, supplies.

Banya - Separately worth the building (the furthest from the residential building building) for washing.

Crown- logs of one horizontal row in the Siruba of the Russian Hisp.

Windman- Carved sun, attached instead of towels on the front of the hut. The wish of a rich harvest, happiness, well-being family living in the house.

GUMNO- Playground for grinding compressed bread.

Cool - Design B. wooden constructionForms put on each other crowns from logs. Choir consist of several centes combined by transitions and genes.

Chicken - elements of the roof of the Russian house built without nails. They spoke so "chicken and horse on the roof - in the hives will be quieter." In view of the elements of the roof - lump and chicken. The chicken was stacked by a watery - wrapped in the form of a chute log for removal of water from the roof. The image is the "chicken" not by chance. Chicken and rooster binds to the folk consciousness with the Sun, as this bird notifies the sunrise. A crock of a rooster, according to popular beliefs, distilled unclean power.

Glacier- Pradedunka Contemporary Refrigerator - Looking with Ice For Product Storage

Matitsa- Massive wooden beam, on which the ceiling is a chain.

Concubine - window decoration (window opening)

Barn -Pruck for drying sheaves before grinding. Sheaves laid out on the flooring and dried.

Хлупен- Horse - connects two wings of the house, two roof slides together. Horse symbolizes the sun moving across the sky. This is a mandatory element of the design of the roof, built without nails and charm home. The chick is also called "shell" from the word "helmet", which is associated with the protection of the house and means the helmet of an ancient warrior. Perhaps this detail of the hut was called "Gulup", because when laying in place, he publishes the sound "clap". Ohlupni used to do without nails during construction.

Warm -thus called the most beautifully decorated part of the Russian female headlife on the forehead ("The chewise was also called a part of the window decoration - the upper part of the" Decoration of the forehead, chela "at home. Warehouse - the top of the platband on the window.

Take - Senov, here it was possible to enter right on the cart or on the sleigh. This room is located right above the cattle courtyard. Here they also stored boats, fishing gear, hunting equipment, shoes, clothes. Here dried and repaired networks, malli flax and did other works.

Sink- Lower room under residential premises. The soil was used for storing products and household needs.

Polyati.- Wooden flooring under the ceiling of Russian hut. They were arranged between the wall and the Russian oven. On the climbing it was possible to sleep, as the oven kept the heat for a long time. If the oven for heating was not treated, then vegetables were stored on this time.

Politsa- Figure shelves for utensils over shops in the hut.

Towel - Short vertical board at the junction of two apartments, decorated with the Sun symbol. Usually the towel repeated the pattern of the breeding.

Schelins - Boards on a wooden roof of the house, navalized to the ends above the fronton (Holiday of Holidays), preventing them from Harrowing. The breeds were decorated with carvings. The pattern consists of a geometric ornament. But the ornament with grape berries is the symbol of life and the continuation of the kind.

Svetlitsa - One of the premises in the choir (see "choirs") on the female half, in the upper part of the structure, intended for needlework and other domestic training.

Seni.- The inlet cold room in the hut, usually can not be heated. As well as an entrance room between individuals in the sorry. It is always a shop for storage. The home apparers were kept here, there was a bench with vendines and subsidences, work wear, rocker, sickles, braids, rake. In the Seine did a dirty homework. In the Songy there were doors of all rooms. Seni - Cold Protection. The entrance door was opened, the cold was accustomed to Seni, but remained in them, not reaching residential premises.

Apron- Sometimes at homes from the main facade, "Aprons", decorated with fine threads. This is a boardwalk, protecting the house from precipitation.

Hlev - Placement for livestock.

Choirs- Big residential wooden housewhich consists of separate structures united by gene and transitions. Gallery. All parts of the choir were different in height - a very beautiful multi-tiered structure was obtained.

The utensils of Russian isob

Dishes For the preparation of food was kept in the stove and in the stove. These are boilers, cast-iron for porridge, soups, clay marks for baking fish, cast-iron pans. Beautiful porcelain dishes were kept so that it was visible to everyone. She was a symbol of wealth in the family. The festive dishes were kept in the hubby, in the closet - a post was put up. Casual dishes were kept in mounted cabinets. Dining tableware consisted of a big bowl of clay or wood, wooden spoons, bark or copper solon, cups with kvass.

For storage of bread in russian extended painted boxbrightly painted, sunny, joyful. The painting of the box highlighted it among other things as a thing is significant, important.

Tea drank out samovar.

Sieve The flour and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was used, and as a symbol of wealth and fertility was likened to be a heavenly column (the mystery "Sito Vito, heets is covered", the deposit is the sky and the earth).

Salt - This is not only the food, but also a charm. Therefore, it was served to guests with salt as a greeting, a symbol of hospitality.

The most common was clay dishes pot.In the pots prepared porridge and soup. The soup in the pot was well respected and became much tastier and the boost. Yes, and now, if we are comparable to taste soup and porridge from a Russian oven and from the slab - then you will immediately feel the difference in taste! From the stove - tastier!

For the economic needs of the house used barrels, hubs, luxury. Fat food in frying pan, as well as now. We knew the dough in wooden troughs and chains. Water was carried in buckets, jugs.

At the good owners immediately after meals, all the dishes were withered, wiped out and put on the shelves tilted.

Domostroy said this: "So that everything was always clean and ready for the table or in the supply."

To put the dishes in the oven and get from the furnace were needed mixt. If you have the opportunity to try to put a full pot in the oven filled with food or get it out of the furnace - you will understand how physically hard work is and how strong there were women even without fitness items :). For them, each movement was charging and physical education. It's seriously 🙂 - I tried and appreciated how difficult it is to get a big boiler with food for a big family with the help of grasp!

For increment coal used poker.

In the 19th century, metal came to replace the clay pots. They're called cartoon (from the word "cast iron").

For frying and baking, clay and metal Frying pans, marks, roasters, plates.

Furniturein our understanding of this word in the Russian hollow there was almost no. The furniture appeared much later, not so long ago. No wardrobes or dresser. Clothes and shoes and other things were not stored in the hut.

The most valuable in the peasant house - the main utensils, festive clothes, dowy of daughters, money was kept in chests. Chests were always with locks. The design of the chest could tell about the prosperity of his owner.

Decor of the Russian isob

To paint the house (they used to say "blooming") a master of painting. Descended on bright background. Warrant patterns. These are the symbols of the sun - circles and half-facing, and crosses, and amazing plants and animals. Also, the hut was decorated with wood carvings. Women fabrics and embroidered, knitted and decorated their house with their needlework.

Guess what tool made a carving in Russian hut? Ax! And the painting of houses did "Malyary" - the artists called this. They painted the facades of houses - Frontton, platbands, porch, whims. When white ovens appeared, they began to paint in the outbreak and partitions, lockers.

The decor of the front of the roof of the northern Russian house is actually an image of the space. Sun signs on the panels and on the towel - the image of the sun path - sunrise, the sun in the zenith, sunset.

Very interesting the ornament decorating the breeds. Below the solar sign on the panels, you can see several trapezoid protrusions - the paws of waterfowl. For the northerners, the sun rose from the water, and he also sat down into the water, because there were many lakes and rivers around there, therefore, waterfowl was depicted - the underwater world. The ornament on the panels personified the seven-layer sky (remember the ancient expression - "be on the seventh heaven from happiness"?).

In the first row of the ornament, the seaches - mugs, sometimes connected to the trapezes. These are the symbols of heavenly water - rain and snow. Another series of images from triangles is a layer of land with seeds that will wake up and give a crop. It turns out that the sun rises and moves along the seven-layer sky, one of the layers of which contains moisture reserves, and the other - plant seeds. The sun first shines not in full strength, Then is in the zenith and at the end rushes down to start your way across the sky back in the next morning. One row of the ornament does not repeat another.

The same symbolism ornament can be found on the tricks of the Russian house and on the decoration of windows middle strip Russia. But in the decoration of the windows there are its own characteristics. On the bottom of the platband - uneven relief of the hut (plowed field). At the lower ends of the side boards of the platband - the heart-shaped images with a hole in the middle - a symbol of seed immersed in the ground. That is, we see the world's projection in the ornament with the most important attributes for the farmers - the seeds of the land and the sun.

Proverbs and sayings about Russian horses and management

• Houses and walls help.
• Every house owner holds. The house is painted by the owner.
• What is at home - such and yourself.
• Nazhi Cherlehu, and there and cattle!
• Not at home Mr., and the house by Mr.
• Not a home owner colors, and the owner is a house.
• Houses - not visiting: Sideways, you will not leave.
• A kind wife's house will save, and thin-sleeve ceases.
• The hostess in the house is that pancakes in honey.
• Mount to someone who lives in the house.
• Kolya Kriva - the mistress is bad.
• What a builder is also the abode.
• Our hostess is all in the work - and the dogs wash the dishes.
• The house is not to weave.
• In the house owner more than a bishine
• Anchirts of the house to start - not the ruin of the mouth walk.
• The house is small, but you do not lie.
• What is born in the field, everything in the house will come in handy.
• Not the owner who does not know his farm.
• It is not a place for wealth, but the owner.
• The house did not utter - and the city does not help.
• The village is rich and the city is rich.
• Good head a hundred hands feeds.

Dear friends! I wanted to show in this hill it is not just a story of the Russian home, but also learn from our ancestors with you to keep a household - a reasonable and beautiful, pleasing soul and eyes, to extend in harmony and with nature, and with your conscience. In addition, very many moments in relation to the house as a home-based hearth of our ancestors are very important and now for us living in the 21st century.

Materials to this article were collected and studied by me for a very long time, checked in ethnographic sources. And I used the stories of my grandmother's stories, which shared memories of the early years of your life with me in the northern village. And only now, during the holidays and my life - to be in the village in nature, I finally completed this article. And I understood why I could not write it for so long: in the fuss of the capital in the usual panel house In the center of Moscow under the root of the cars I was too difficult to write about the harmonious world of the Russian home. But here - in nature - I am very quickly and easily, from the heart completed this article.

If you want to learn more about the Russian house in more detail, then below you will find a bibliography on this topic for adults and for children.

I hope that this article will help you to be interested in telling about the Russian house during summer travels to the village and in the museums of Russian life, and will also tell me how to consider with children with children to Russian fairy tales.

Literature on Russian

For adults

1. Bayburin AK Residence in rites and ideas of the Eastern Slavs. - L.: Science, 1983 (Institute of Ethnography. N.N. Miklukho - Maclay)
2. Buzin V.S. Ethnography of Russians. - SPb.: Publishing House of St. Petersburg University, 2007
3. Permlovskaya AB Peasant house in the culture of the Russian North. - Arkhangelsk, 2005.
4. Russian. Series "Peoples and Culture". - M.: Science, 2005. (Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology. N. N. Miklukho - Maclay RAS)
5. Sobolev A.A. Wisdom ancestors. Russian yard, house, garden. - Arkhangelsk, 2005.
6. Sukhanova M. A. House as a model of the world // Human House. Materials of the Interuniversity Conference - SPB., 1998.

For kids

1. Alexandrova L. Wooden architecture of Russia. - M.: White City, 2004.
2. Zarchevskaya E. B. About the peasant choirs. Book for children. - M., 2014.

Russian hut: video

Video 1. Children's informative voice video: Children's Museum of Rustic Life

Video 2. A film about the Northern Russian isa (Museum of Kirov)

Video 3. How to build Russian huts: a documentary for adults

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"Development of speech from 0 to 7 years: what is important to know and what to do. Cheat Sheet for parents"

Everyone modern man Must be sure to live somewhere: in an apartment or in the house ... Differently called the Housing of man now and are called now. Among these names can be remembered: House, Hut, Kurn, Chum, Chalash, Yaranga, Wigwam, Apartment, and others. But there is one more, an old russian name Human housing. This is the hut. The horses were built on Rus from logs, the so-called log hobs. The gaps between the logs were laid by special flutter ropes or herbs (for insulation) so as not to blow the wind. Skillful craftsmen used to build horses without a single nail. But for this it was necessary to learn long experienced masters. Hisp is often present in Russian folk fairy tales and epic. Let's get together in gradually draw the hut on our site.

Step 1. First, as usually draw the auxiliary lines of our future hut. The straight line of the Earth, on which the hut is standing up from it up at a short distance two straight features. We cross them the roof lines crossing each other. In the hollow there will be two ends - these are squares or small rectangles.

Stage 2. Under the hut Draw an elongated elongated curve along with a closed curve. It will then be a green lawn, which stands out the house.

Stage 3. Now on the sides of the hut on the straight lines of the walls draw circles with curls. These are log cabins, which are built by this dwelling. And curls on the cutters are lines on transverse spiles. The logs go under the roof.

Stage 4. Now we draw a roof. Along the intersecting upper straight lines, we draw contours of the oven two logs. They form the roof itself, raised above and lowered to the walls.

Stage 6. We will deal with a little decorated our hut. Around window Rams Draw beautiful sash. They are cut out of wood and form a patterned framing of our windows. On the sides of each window two sash, which, usually closed overnight.

Stage 7. Now the horizontal lines draw the logs from which our hut is. We spend them on one side to another.

Stage 8. Next to the hut, draw a fence. It consists of straight lines - boards. Lines have frequently. On the fence near the gangs, pots and castors were usually hung - dishes for cooking in the oven.

Stage 9. We will show the second part of the fence on the other side.

Stage 10. Now connect all vertical fence boards transverse lines like the ladder. Immediately remove all unnecessary lines, we will leave only the main lines of the pattern.