When choosing one of the two named forms in the function of the predicate, the differences between them should be taken into account.

1. The semantic difference is expressed in the fact that some short forms of adjectives differ sharply in their meaning from the corresponding full ones. Wed: deaf from birth - deaf to requests; the child is very alive - the old man is still alive; the method is very good - the guy is handsome... Wed also the disuse in a short form of individual adjectives expressing a constant property of objects or serving as a terminological designation of signs: The opposite wall is blank; flowers in a vase alive etc.

   Some short forms are used in a limited way. So, usually they are not used when indicating the weather, for example: the days were warm, the wind will be cold, the weather is beautiful.

   The names of some colors or are not used at all in a short form ( blue, brown, pink, purple and others), or are used with certain restrictions. So, almost no forms are found male boer, blue, black(with the use of feminine and neuter forms and plurals).

   In phraseological units, in some cases, only full forms were fixed, in others only short ones. Wed:

   a) hopeless position, hot time, light hand and etc.;

   b) everyone is alive and well, bribes are smooth, business is bad, sweet to heart, hands are short, conscience is unclean and etc.

2. The full forms usually denote a permanent trait, timeless quality, while the short ones denote
   temporary sign, short-lived state; Wed: mother is sick - mother is sick; his movements are calm - his face is calm etc.

   This provision is not categorical. Wed:

   1) At that moment he was very worried, his face was red(the full form, although a temporary sign is indicated, the limited use of the short form of the adjective denoting color affects, see above);
   

   2) Our land is rich, but there is no order in it(short form, although indicated constant feature; such constructions are used in scientific statements, definitions, descriptions, for example: space is infinite; our young people are very talented, the girl is young and beautiful; these requirements are unacceptable etc.).

   The third option is the full form in the instrumental case, indicating, like the short form, a temporary sign, but shades of semantic difference are revealed in the context between the last two forms. Wed:

   He was old(constant sign).

   He was old when I met him(sign in relation to this moment).

   He was old when I knew him(a feature limited to a certain period).

3. In other cases, the full form denotes an absolute sign that is not associated with a specific situation, and a short form denotes a relative sign in relation to a specific situation. Typically, this difference appears in adjectives denoting size, weight, etc., with the short form indicating inadequacy or excess. Wed: room is low(a sign in general) - the room is low(for tall furniture); heavy note(regardless of who will carry it) - the note is heavy(for a weak person, for a child). Wed also: boots are small, gloves are large, the corridor is narrow, the coat is short etc.
4. The grammatical (syntactic) difference between both forms is that the short form has the ability to syntactically control, and the full one, used in the nominative case, does not have this ability, for example: he is capable of music, we are ready to leave, the child is prone to colds, she was sick with the flu(the use of the full form is not possible in these examples). Found in fiction constructions with the presence of controlled words in their full form are associated with a stylistic task (introduction of colloquial coloring into a statement), for example: I am no longer capable of such a burden; Old man ... on the tongue is light and amusing.
5. The stylistic difference between both forms is expressed in the fact that the short form is characterized by a shade of categoricality, for the full one - a shade of softened expression. Wed: he is cunning - he is cunning, she is brave - she is brave etc. The short form is often inherent in the book language, the full - in the spoken language. Wed: The conclusions and conclusions of the author of the study are clear and accurate. – Student answers are clear and accurate... Wed the use of a short form in book-writing: Every field of activity is infinitely diverse ...(Belinsky); True wisdom is laconic(L. Tolstoy); Our speech is predominantly aphoristic ...(Bitter).

   You can choose between the short form and the full form in the instrumental case, for example: became rich - became rich, became famous - became famous.

   Wed with some linking verbs:

   I would like to be of service to you. – I cannot be of use to your son.

   His babbling became illegible. – He got drunk quickly, became chatty.

   Grandfather became noticeably greedy. – The silence was becoming painful.

   The corporal turned out to be extremely naive in his admiration for the captain's activities. – The stock of raw materials in the laboratory turned out to be quite significant.

   V modern language the second option prevails. But with a linking verb to be the design with a short form is more common. Wed: he was young - he was young, she was beautiful - she was beautiful.

6. As a rule, homogeneous predicates are either only full or only short forms of adjectives, for example:

   a) October was unusually cold, rainy(Paustovsky); I was young, hot, sincere, intelligent ...(Chekhov);

   b) The open neck is thin and tender(A. N. Tolstoy); The strength of the sailors is unstoppable, persistent, purposeful(L. Sobolev).

   The following constructions are a violation of the norm: “He is kind, but weak-willed”; "The views are original, albeit primitive in their essence" (in both cases, the forms of adjectives should be unified).

   Only in special conditions of context or with a stylistic task is it possible to combine both forms as syntactically homogeneous, for example: How sweet she is, how smart she is(Turgenev) - in the presence of words how and So only the short form is used, if there are words which and such- full form only.
   

7. With a polite address to "you", either a short form is possible (you are kind, you are persistent), or complete, consistent in gender with the real sex of the person to whom speech is directed (you are kind, you are so persistent).

§ 160. Variant forms of short adjectives

1. From doublet forms of short adjectives (on -en and on -enen ) formed from full forms with an unaccented -enny , in neutral styles of speech, the form on -en ... These are, for example:
   
2. Distinguish between short adjectives in -enen and short participles on -en ... Wed:

   the case is quite certain(clear) - departure date has already been determined(installed, scheduled);

   the old man is very respectable(worthy of respect) - the hero of the day is honored with our attention(he was honored with attention).
   

3. Some adjectives have a short vowel between the final consonant of the root and the suffix, while others do not have a fluent vowel in these cases. Wed:

   a) sour - sour, light - light, warm - warm;

   b) round - round, wet - wet, dark - dark, rotten - rotten.

   Doublet forms are possible: sharp - sharp and sharp(colloquial); full - full and full(book, obsolete).

§ 161. Forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives

1. Simple form comparative used in all speech styles, in particular in colloquial speech, and the word is mainly characteristic of book (scientific and business) speech. Wed household: brother is taller than sister, this house is taller than next; and books: foreign trade growth rates this year are higher than last... Wed also: Olya was more serious than Nina. – Further experiments were more complex than the previous ones..
   

   Possible book and spoken versions of the simple form of the comparative degree, for example: faster - faster, louder - louder, more agile - more agile, sweeter - sweeter, whip - trenchant... From the word young a form is formed younger (younger means “lower in position, in rank, in rank”). The form is clearly colloquial prettier.

   Conversational nature is inherent in expressions lives better than before(meaning "better than before"), tired more than yesterday("More than yesterday"), etc.

   Comparative form on -her (hurry up, bolder etc.) is used in spoken language and in poetic speech.

   The combination in one construction of a simple and complex form of a comparative degree of the type “more interesting” does not correspond to the norms of the literary language; Wed quite common expressions better position, worse habits etc. The combination older.

   Forms with prefix on- , introducing an additional value of a small degree of increase or decrease in quality, are characteristic of colloquial speech, for example: do better, get taller, wake up early etc. (cf. in business speech: a little better, a little higher, a little earlier). Unjustified combinations of the type: tell a little more(in the form "in more detail" there is already the meaning "a little, a little"). The same colloquial connotation has forms of a comparative degree with the prefix on- and in other meanings: 1) in the meaning "to a greater extent than usual", for example: My business, if you figure it out, is more important than this piano(Paustovsky); 2) in the meaning "as much as possible", for example: Having chosen a more spacious porch, we settled down on it(Soloukhin).
   

   In adverbial pairs more - more, less - less, further - further, earlier - earlier the first options (on -her ) are typical for book speech, the latter (on -she ) are used in neutral styles. Wed: the more this needs to be emphasized, to speak more than seriously - to wait more than two hours... The same distinction is made in pairs later - later.
   

2. The simple form of the superlative degree (as opposed to the same form of the comparative degree) has a bookish character, and the compound is used in all styles of speech; Wed: the highest peaks of knowledge - the most high buildings in the town; the strictest penalties - the strictest caregivers in the boarding school.

   An obsolete shade is inherent in constructions formed by the combination of the word most with a superlative adjective (in the form on the most – -dearest the expression of the limiting attribute has already been concluded); such constructions were found among writers of the 19th century, for example: by the very the best price (Gogol); one of the most honest people(Aksakov); most convincing evidence(Belinsky); most honorable guest(Dostoevsky). Less commonly, they were used in the later era: most valuable energy(Bitter); in the most insolent way(Novikov-Priboy); citizens of the most remote places(Mayakovsky); the oldest of our circle(Surkov). Single expressions of this type are preserved these days: the closest way, the shortest way, the closest way and few others.

   It is necessary to distinguish between a complex superlative form, which has a pronoun most(in cases where a high degree of quality is expressed outside of comparison, the so-called absolute superlative degree), and the adverbial form most, least(relative superlative degree; the latter form is characteristic mainly of scientific and journalistic speech), for example: the most suitable conditions- the most suitable conditions... Therefore, the option in the sentence was chosen unsuccessfully: “All this requires the participants of the meeting to take the most serious approach to the matter” (instead of: ... the most serious approach to business, since a high degree is expressed without comparing the carriers of the characteristic).

§ 162. Use of possessive adjectives

To express possessiveness (meaning of belonging), there are several forms that differ in semantic and stylistic shades.


1. -ov (-ev), -in (-yn) are not used in scientific and journalistic language and are found only in colloquial speech and in fiction, for example: Morgunok himself, like everyone else, at first did not believe in grandfather's words(Tvardovsky); About twenty minutes later, these neighbors were summoned to the old woman's hut.(Kazakevich).

   Wed colloquial expressions with a double expression of belonging: a genitive noun and a possessive adjective ( to Uncle Petya's house, in Aunt Machine's sweater) or two possessive adjectives ( aunty lizin husband).

   Possible endings in the genitive and dative cases of masculine and neuter adjectives in -in ; Wed: near grandfather's house - near grandfather's house; to a neighbor's son - to a neighbor's son... Short forms (with endings -a, -y ) are obsolete and have long been in literary language are superseded by forms with full ending ( th, th ).

   Deprecated forms on -ov (-ev) formed from surnames: instead of Marxov "Capital", Hegeleva "Logic", Dalev "Dictionary" combinations with the genitive case of the noun are used - "Capital" by Marx, "Logic" by Hegel, "Dictionary" by Dahl... The specified forms are saved, as well as the forms on -in in formations from personal names ( Ivan's childhood, Verina's dolls) and in stable phraseological combinations fixed in the language ( Adam's apple, antonov fire, pansies, Ariadne's thread, Achilles' heel, Judas kiss, Promethean fire, Sisyphean labor, Solomon's solution and etc.).
   

2. When choosing options in synonymous constructs fathers house - fathers house it should be borne in mind that adjectives in -skiy (-ovskiy, -inskiy) more often express a qualitative value; Wed: paternal care, maternal love.
3. Possessive adjectives on -new, -new denote not an individual, but a group belonging - belonging to a whole class or breed of animals, for example: whalebone, ivory, snake venom, bee sting... Such forms easily lose the meaning of possessiveness and acquire a qualitative or relative meaning (expression of property, similarity, attitude towards someone, etc.), for example: beaver collar, mink coat, snake cunning, eagle vigilance... Wed phraseological units: night blindness, swan song and etc.
4. Adjectives in -th, -th, -th also express group affiliation or property, attitude, etc., for example: Cossack village, fishing village, camel wool, swan's down, bear fat... These forms often acquire qualitative and relative significance, for example: wolfish appetite, rabbit cowardice, fox cunning, hunting dog, shepherd's horn.

§ 163. Synonymous use of adjectives and indirect cases of nouns

In the same function of definition, adjectives and nouns with the same root can appear in indirect cases without prepositions or with prepositions, for example: fathers house - father's house, mountain peak - mountain top, bookcase - bookcase, spelling exercises - spelling exercises... When choosing one of the two parallel structures, one should take into account the shades of meaning and stylistic peculiarities inherent in them in the context of the context (book or colloquial version, shade of obsolescence, expressive coloring).

1. In pairs factory workers - factory workers, apprentice work - apprentice work, garden trellis - garden trellis the first combinations have a more specific meaning (meaning the workers of the plant, about which in question, the work of a specific student, the lattice of a specific garden), and the latter are more general; in the first version two objects are named, in the second - an object and its sign. Wed in the context:

   Factory workers finished their shift. – Factory workers make up a high percentage of manual workers;

   The student's work was rated as good. – The novel under review is far from a mature work, it is still a student's work;

   The grate of the garden is painted in green color . – Garden trellis encloses and protects green spaces.

   The brother's help was very timely. – They gave me true brotherly help.

2. Adjectives-definitions have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic, indicate distinctive feature subject, characteristic and stable, and nouns in indirect cases highlight any specific meaning (belonging, origin, purpose, etc.). Wed:

   father's house - father's house(affiliation);

   company commander - company commander(relationship between objects);

   water pipe - water pipe(the ratio of the part to the whole);

   emerald color - emerald color(attributive relations);

   morning exercises - morning exercises(circumstantial relationship);

   Moroccan oranges - oranges from Morocco(origin);

   laboratory equipment - laboratory equipment(appointment);

   bronze chandelier - bronze chandelier(material);

   raspberry jam - raspberry jam(substance);

   watch chain - watch chain(separate relations: one object is called apart from the other).

   One of the above options is chosen depending on the context. In a generalized form, it can be indicated that combinations of an adjective with a noun are more often used than combinations of two nouns.

   So, the usual constructions woolen muffler(and not a "comforter made of wool"), leather gloves (and not "leather gloves") to indicate characteristic feature subject, not just material.

   Combinations are also common Georgian wines(not "wine from Georgia"), pacific herring(not "Pacific herring"), Orenburg shawl(and not a "scarf from Orenburg"), since it is more important to give qualitative characteristic subject than to indicate its origin. Wed breaking this last connection in such combinations as Riga bread, Poltava sausage, safety pin etc.

   More useful than a combination Kids toys(not "toys for children"), writing paper(not "writing paper"), Desktop(and not a "table for work"), since they show not only the purpose, but also the distinguishing feature of the subject.

   It should be pointed out, however, that in some cases, each of the two options has its own advantages. So, paired climb with monkey agility - climb with monkey agility the first construction is supported by its broader applicability (the concept of "monkey dexterity" is broader than the concept of "monkey dexterity", since both man and animal can display this dexterity); its imagery speaks in favor of the second construction: we not only define the word dexterity, but also evoke the idea of ​​the bearer of the trait - the monkey. In addition, the second construction has richer expressive possibilities, since it allows you to more fully and more accurately characterize the dependent noun using the adjective defining it; Wed: howl of wolves - howl of hungry wolves(which cannot be done when combining wolf howl).

   Wed also the justification of each option in a pair: After knocking, I took up doorknob . – There was a doorknob on the table.

3. Parallel revolutions can diverge in their meanings, express different meanings. Wed:

   The enlarged village has real city streets(and not "city streets"). - Before the advent of electricity in Moscow, city streets were lit with gas burners.(and not "city streets");

   A new city center has been created in the region. – After reconstruction, we have created a new city center.

4. Combinations with an adjective-definition can have a figurative meaning (cf. the body was covered with goose bumps, his crane gait is ridiculous, move at a snail's pace), metaphorical use ( a man on thin, birdlike legs).

Every student knows about that. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules for this part of speech, as well as what groups it is divided into, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old armchair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mom's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is indicated and what feature, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:

• relative;
• high quality;
• possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any attribute, action or object through its relation to another attribute, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookcase, play for children, destructive force, Brazil nut, double whammy, religious beliefs, etc.

Qualitative adjectives

Such a group has its own characteristics, namely:

• Indicates signs of objects: age (old), the size (sick), speed (quick), Colour (blue), human properties (angry), rating (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
• Forms such as excellent ( the strongest, the most subtle, the most important, the most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
• Have short forms (for example, fast, fat, mighty etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all qualitative ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of such a group answer the question "whose?", And also denote the belonging of something to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or a person ( daddy's wallet, petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are derived from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -th, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; father - fathers, etc.

Short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in the Russian language there are:

• short;
• full adjectives.

Moreover, the former are formed by a kind of reduction of the latter. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing a text or in an oral conversation.

Endings

Short singular adjectives have the following generic endings:

• Feminine - ending -a... Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, thin, etc.
• The masculine gender is zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, sturdy, skinny, new, handsome, etc.
• Neuter gender - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, bad, thin, etc.).

In plural there are no generic differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -and or -NS (strong, sturdy, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be inclined by gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Here is the perimer: She's very smart. In this case, the word "smart" is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" has no short adjective if it means "miserable, unhappy." In addition, some adjectives also cannot be fully formed. These words include must, glad, love and much.

What is the difference from full ones?

Only their difference from full ones has a short form is in the definition of morphological characters. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but declines only in number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full syntactic roles. So, in the proposal, they do not act as a definition, but in or its component part. Although in some cases they are still referred to as a definition. Often this phenomenon observed in phraseological phrases or in works folk art(for example, n but I barefoot, in broad daylight, a red girl, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling short adjectives

To correctly use the short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules of their spelling.

Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

• zero or masculine;
• middle (-e or -o);
• female (s or s).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these forms formed? These rules are very simple:

The ratio of full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, there are 3 types of ratios between short and full forms of adjectives:

1. Matching in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day, beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. They coincide only in certain values:

• Fake means fake. In this case, there is no short form.
• Fake means insincere. In this case, the short form will be "fake".
• Poor means unhappy. In this case, there is no short form.
• “Poor” means “have not”. In this case, the short form will be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full one in its meaning:

• the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the full form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
• the short form indicates an excessive manifestation of the trait (for example, grandmother is old or grandmother is old);
• the full form indicates a non-relative sign, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, the dress is tight and the dress is tight).
• in some cases, the meanings of both forms of adjectives diverge so much that they are used and perceived as completely different words(for example, the purpose of the trip was quite clear and the weather was clear).

Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from full by certain morphological features(do not change in cases, have only the form of gender and number) and syntactic role (in a sentence they are predicates). For example: Molchalin was so stupid before! (Gr.). In the role of definitions, short adjectives appear only in separate phraseological turns (around the world; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art (good fellow, red maiden).

Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change in cases and acting, as a rule, in the role of a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that differs from the meanings of full adjectives.

The adjectives visible and visible, right and right, capable and capable, etc. can become different in meaning. Moreover, such adjectives as much, necessary, glad and some others, are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda-peasant, what kind of rent do you need? (P.), But is the handsome Lel really good at songs? (A. Ostr.).

The adjective should be used in separate phraseological turns in its full form: in the proper measure, in the proper way, etc., but has a different meaning.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, the generic endings are: for the masculine gender - the zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for female ending -а (strong, new, skinny); for the neuter gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, lean). There are no generic differences in the plural: all short adjectives end in -ы, -и (strong, new, skinny).

If the base of a full adjective has two consonants at the end, then when short masculine adjectives are formed, a fluent vowel o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives in -ny and -нny (-enny, -anny). V masculine they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - cloudy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).

If the short form of adjectives is derived from passive participles on -н, it ends in -en (-an, -yan) (confident - sure, second-hand - second-hand).

There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the form na -en, the forms na -enen are also used (natural and natural, related and related). Na-en forms are more productive for the modern Russian language.

In modern Russian, they do not have short forms:

• 1. Qualitative adjectives, which are relative in origin, as evidenced by their derivational connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, gratuitous, combat, draft, advanced, etc.
• 2. Adjectives that are part of qualitative terminological names: deep rear, fast train, hurried mail, etc.
• 3. Some polysemantic adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of "nice, good": Glorious song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning of "complete": The second misfortune of the prince was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of "unhappy": Never mind, Polya, you are laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of "unfortunate": Oh, poor Snow Maiden, wild, come to me, I will love you (A. Ostr.) and some others. The same adjectives, acting in a different sense, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the meaning of "famous, worthy of glory": Rich and glorious Kochubey ... (P.); round in the meaning of "having the shape of a ball": Round, with a red face she [Olga] ... (P.); bitter in the meaning of "sharply unpleasant in taste": Without me, a joke begins in the house: that is not so; the other is not for you; now the coffee is bitter, now the dinner is late ... (A. Ostr.); poor in the meaning of “lacking something”: Her [Gorchakova's] low voice was deaf and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of "inexpensive, miserable": The candle sadly and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Her atmosphere is poor and bare ... (S.-Sch.).
• 4. Adjectives with the suffix -л-, formed from verbs and retained a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the past tense forms of the verb: I was, I was thin, I fell behind, I could. When the connection with the verbs is lost, adjectives are able to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
• 5. Separate adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with pre- and once- and with suffixes -usch-, -usch-, -enn-: kind, premium, cheerful, thin, hefty and other.

The short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from the truncated adjectives, i.e. such that are formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Wed, for example: The fields were covered with a gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the stem, in the sentence it serves as a definition (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the emphasis in it falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.

Forms of adjectives