Only qualitative adjectives have a short form. Short adjectives differ from complete ones in certain morphological features (they do not change in cases, they have only the form of gender and number) and syntactic role (they are predicates in a sentence). For example: Molchalin used to be so stupid! (Gr.). Short adjectives act as definitions only in certain phraseological turns(in broad daylight; on bare feet; in broad daylight, etc.) or in works of oral folk art(good fellow, red girl).

Short adjectives, having lost the ability to change in cases and acting, as a rule, in the role of a predicate, sometimes acquire a new lexical meaning that is different from the meanings of full adjectives.

Adjectives prominent and visible, right and right, able and capable, etc. can become different in meaning. Moreover, such adjectives as much, necessary, glad, and some others are used only in a short form: Hello, Balda-man, what quitrent do you need? (P.), But is the handsome Lel really good at songs? (A. Ostr.).

The adjective must in separate phraseological units is also used in full form: in due measure, properly, etc., but has a different meaning.

In modern Russian, short adjectives are formed from full ones. In the singular, generic endings are: for male- zero ending (strong - strong, new - new, skinny - skinny, etc.); for female ending -a (strong, new, skinny); for the middle gender - the ending -o, -e (strong, new, skinny). In plural there are no generic differences: all short adjectives end in -s, -i (strong, new, skinny).

If the stem of a full adjective has two consonants at the end, then when short masculine adjectives are formed, a fluent vowel o or e sometimes appears between them (sharp - sharp, eternal - eternal, etc.). Short forms are also formed from full adjectives into -ny and -ny (-enny, -anny). AT masculine they end in -en or -nen (red - red, honest - honest, muddy - muddy, hungry - hungry and modern - modern, fragrant - fragrant).

If the short form of adjectives is formed from passive participles on -ny, then it ends in -en (-en, -yan) (confident - sure, second-hand - second-hand).

There are fluctuations in the use of these forms. For example, along with the -en form, the -enen forms are also used (natural and natural, related and related). The -en forms are more productive for the modern Russian language.

In modern Russian, they do not have short forms:

• 1. Qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as evidenced by their word-building connections with nouns: fraternal, tragic, comradely, enemy, friendly, blood, whole, efficient, slanderous, gift, combat, draft, advanced, etc.
• 2. Adjectives that are part of terminological names of a qualitative nature: deep rear, fast train, urgent mail, etc.
• 3. Some polysemantic adjectives in their individual meanings. For example: glorious in the meaning of "pleasant, good": Nice song, matchmaker! (G.); round in the meaning of "full": The second misfortune of the prince was his round loneliness (Ch.); bitter in the meaning of "unfortunate": Nothing, Fields, you are laughing at your happiness, bitter widow (Trenev); poor in the meaning of "unfortunate": Oh, poor Snow Maiden, savage, come to me, I will love you (A. Ostr.) and some others. The same adjectives, acting in a different meaning, can also have a short form. For example, glorious in the sense of “famous, worthy of glory”: Kochubey is rich and glorious ... (P.); round in the meaning of "having the shape of a ball": She [Olga] is round, red-faced ... (P.); bitter in the meaning of "sharply unpleasant in taste": Without me, jumble begins in the house: that is not so; the other is not for you; either the coffee is bitter, or the dinner is late ... (A. Ostr.); poor in the sense of "having a lack of something": Her [Gorchakova's] low voice was deaf and poor in shades (Shol.); poor in the meaning of "inexpensive, miserable": The candle is dull and somehow blindly illuminates the room. Its environment is poor and bare... (S.-Shch.).
• 4. Adjectives with the suffix -l-, formed from verbs and retaining a connection with them: experienced, emaciated, backward, skillful, etc. The short forms of such adjectives would coincide with the forms of the past tense of the verb: I used to, grew thin, lagged behind, knew how. With the loss of connection with verbs, adjectives get the opportunity to form short forms: flabby - flabby, dull - dull, etc.
• 5. Separate adjectives that receive the meaning of an enhanced degree of quality (without changing the main lexical meaning), with prefixes pre- and raz- and with suffixes -usch-, -yusch-, -enn-: kind, clever, cheerful, thin, hefty and other.

Short forms of qualitative adjectives differ from truncated adjectives, i.e. those formed by cutting off the final vowel of the full form. Compare, for example: The fields were covered with a gloomy night (Lom.). - My soul is gloomy (L.). The first adjective is truncated, the stress in it falls on the stem, in the sentence it performs the function of a definition (like all truncated adjectives in general). The second adjective is short, the stress falls on the ending, and it acts as a predicate. Truncated forms were widely used in the poetic language of the 18th-19th centuries.

The adjective name is one of the main ones used by its speakers constantly. It has a number of indicators, therefore, before answering the question of how the adjective changes, it is necessary to clarify what exactly should be understood by this part of speech.

The term "adjective" appeared in the Russian language a long time ago, and it was formed from the Latin word adjectivum, which means "addition" in translation. That is why the lexical meaning of the word "adjective" should be considered "a name that is attached to a noun."

In general, the adjective denotes a lexico-grammatical class of word forms denoting a non-procedural attribute of an object. The lexical meaning in this case is expressed with the help of inflectional categories. Adjectives in a sentence have their own syntactic function - a definition, in particular difficult cases they are a compound nominal predicate.

Adjective: three in one

Speaking of adjectives, three understandings should be noted this term. According to the first, adjectives proper, pronouns-adjectives, participles and ordinal numbers should be attributed to this part of speech. The lexical meaning of these words (an attribute of an object) is supplemented with new shades. This point of view is called the broad understanding of the adjective.

There is a formal position of a moderate type, in which only adjectives proper and ordinal numbers are included under adjectives. This point of view was popular in the 60-70s of the XX century, until it gave way to a broad understanding actively lobbied by Russian Grammar-80.

With a narrow understanding of the name of the adjective, only adjectives proper are included in it. Many linguists prefer to adhere to this particular approach, since only it takes into account all the features by which a particular part of speech is distinguished. It is on the basis of this point of view that the analysis of the adjective is carried out today.

How does the adjective change?

The adjective has a number of morphological categories, with which it can be changed if necessary. All these categories are dependent on other parts of speech, the adjective ending is a universal morpheme that can indicate inflectional categories.

Adjectives change according to gender, number and case, while when the word passes into the plural, the gender disappears as unnecessary. Most often, the inflectional categories of an adjective can be clarified by using its ending in combination with the ending of a noun. Sometimes it happens that the adjective is used with and at the end get full information about the word is not possible. In this case, the meaning of the gender, number and case of the noun will depend on the ending of the adjective. The number of the adjective name plays an important role here, since it affects all indicators at once.

Short and long forms of adjectives

Most adjectives have short and long forms. During the existence of the Old Slavonic (Old Russian) language, short forms enjoyed priority, now the situation has changed exactly the opposite.

Adjectives in the full form are most often placed before the noun, in which case they play the role of a definition in the sentence. If the full adjective is behind the noun, it is most often the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If there is no verb in the sentence, the adjective takes on the role of the predicate.

Most often they are located after the noun, in this case they play the role of the nominal part of the compound nominal predicate. If the sentence contains a predicate expressed by a verb, a short adjective can play the function of a separate agreed definition.

Short forms of adjectives (qualitative)

Some qualitative adjectives have retained a short form, these are the remnants of the active use of this phenomenon in Old Russian. These forms usually denote temporary signs that may be applicable to a particular situation, in addition, they can convey a softened categorical assessment of a particular sign.

The short form is formed using the bases of full adjectives, to which generic endings should be added. In the formation of short masculine adjectives, the alternation of the letters “o” and “e” with zero sound may appear, this phenomenon is a consequence of the fall of the reduced ones.

It is important to be able to distinguish short forms from truncated adjectives that are actively used in folklore and fiction. Short adjectives can only be qualitative and change only by gender and number; they are most often used in postposition in relation to a noun.

Ranks of adjectives

To understand how the adjective changes, it is necessary to touch upon its lexical and grammatical categories. Qualitative adjectives can denote the qualities of people, objects and animals, color features, and also give overall score any phenomenon that in question in a sentence.

Relative adjectives differ in that they express the attribute of an object indirectly, through their relationship to an object or some action. With the help of them, the relation to persons, animals, objects, actions, concepts, places, times and numbers is indicated. Lexical meaning is conveyed with the help of special suffixes.

Possessive adjectives are the most difficult category. In the broad sense of the word, it includes adjectives with possessive suffixes, in the narrow sense, a part of speech must simultaneously have two features - a suffix and an individual belonging to a person or object.

How to analyze an adjective?

Morphological parsing of an adjective is a fairly simple procedure that can be completed in a few minutes. The parsing scheme works the same for both the school level and the university level, so it will not cause any difficulties or additional trouble. If necessary, you can consult linguistic reference books.

In the analysis, it is necessary to indicate: the word form, the belonging of the word form to the part of speech, categorical meaning, the initial form + a question to it and a semantic question. Next, you need to specify all the lexico-grammatical indicators and the type of declension (with indicators). For quality adjectives, you will need to specify comparatives and short forms (with evidence in the form of indicators). Further, it is necessary to note by what nominal indicators the adjective is consistent with the number, case), and indicate its syntactic function in the sentence.

Unstressed adjective endings

Quite often, a situation arises when it is very difficult to check, since it is unstressed. In this case, you will need to use whole line questions (what? what? what? what? what?). You should also remember about exceptions - adjectives ending in “-s”, “-s”, “-s”, “-s”, in most forms they put before the end soft sign: rabbit, rabbit, rabbit.

The exception is the nominative and accusative singular masculine. If the adjective was formed from the name of any month, the soft sign will be preserved: July - July.

How is an adjective learned?

Previously, the period when the adjective name (Grade 3) began to be studied did not suit everyone, which is why children today learn about parts of speech much earlier than previous generations. The adjective is much easier to learn because it is closely related to another part of speech - the noun, and even has similar grammatical indicators.

To find out how the adjective changes, you need to make every effort in the classroom and listen carefully to your teacher. However, if a child accidentally missed a lesson and it is now very difficult for him to catch up, he can open any directory from a large number scientific literature and find the answer to the question of interest to him. The answer in this case may not always be correct, and this must be taken into account when searching.

In the university format, the adjective is studied much deeper, but a small number of hours are provided for its development, which will help the student to repeat only a basic understanding of this part of speech. However, university students have access to libraries and can easily and as soon as possible find the information they need.

Forms of adjectives

Forms of adjectives

Introduction

1. general characteristics adjectives

2. Full and short form of adjectives

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Morphology is a section of grammar that studies parts of speech and forms of their change.

Parts of speech are certain lexico-grammatical classes of words that have common semantic, morphological and syntactic properties.

Based on semantic, morphological and syntactic principles, one of the significant parts of speech, such as an adjective, can be distinguished in the Russian language. This is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering the questions what? what? whose?

It should be noted that adjectives are qualitative, relative and possessive. Also, adjectives have degrees of comparison: comparative and superlative, and differ in forms, i.e. have short and long forms.

In his control work, I tried to consider in detail the question of the forms of adjectives, their distinctive features and the conditions under which the formation of these forms is possible.

1. General characteristics of adjectives

An adjective is a part of speech denoting a sign of an object and answering questions which? what? whose?

Unlike verbs denoting a sign that exists in time ( whitening sunrise), and nouns denoting a sign of an object or phenomenon, divorced from this object, phenomenon (white), adjectives show a constant sign of a particular object, indicated by a noun.

Adjectives have categories of gender, number and case, which are dependent on nouns: tall tree(noun wood refers to the middle gender, used in the nominative singular; adjective high has the same shape) high dream, high pillar, tall trees (with a change in the categories of nouns, the categories of adjectives change accordingly).

Adjectives that characterize the pronouns I and you (in the form of different cases), devoid of the meaning of gender, can acquire independent generic meanings and be the only exponents of these meanings: I, young and talented, am waiting for the recognition of success. You, strong and generous, will protect me. They tried to humiliate and insult you, proud and independent.

Adjectives can be qualitative, relative and possessive.

2. Full and short form of adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have full and short forms: fresh-- fresh, cute-- mil.

The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expression (usually in artistic speech), For example: Here are those strings. Like copper and like cast iron.(March.)

Only full forms are used in the definition function. In the function of the predicate, both full and short forms of adjectives can be used: Short night. The night is short. The night is short.

Full and short forms of adjectives in the function of the predicate differ stylistically: short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial, for example: And again the soul of poetryfull. (N.) Pupildiligent.

Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, while short ones denote a temporary one: From now on I know the price of the words of successful and stingy.(Born) To the forests, to the deserts silently endure, full of you, your rocks, your bays, and shine, and shadow, once the sound of the waves.(P.)

In some cases, full forms indicate an absolute attribute of an object that is not associated with any specific conditions for its appearance, and short forms indicate a relative attribute, for example: short skirt-- the skirt is short(not at all, for someone) low door-- the door is low(not at all, but in order to carry a closet into it).

Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not: currant black, red; white mushrooms etc.

The short form is characterized by a shade of greater categoricalness. in the designation of an attribute of an object, cf .: Masha is smart. Masha is smart.

With words as and So only short forms are used: how beautiful, how fresh the roses were...(I. Myatlev.), with the words what kind-- complete: What a smart kid

The predicate expressed by the adjective in full form does not have the ability to syntactic control: Ivan-- malchik capable. The forest is beautiful. The short form can control dependent words: Ivan is capable of mathematics.

The short form can be synonymized with the full form in the instrumental case: was helpful-- was helpful, became greedy-- stal greedy.

With ligaments become, become, become the creative predicative predominates. When bundled be both the short form and the instrumental predicative of the long form are possible.

When addressed politely You possible or short form B you are resourceful and smart), or the full form, agreed in gender with the real gender of the person to whom the speech is addressed: You are resourceful smart. You are resourceful and smart.

The use of the full form of the adjective in the plural when referring to one person is a speech error. One cannot say: "You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart." Necessary: You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart or You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart.

The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.

Historically, the short form is primary. She was older. Full forms were formed from short ones by adding case forms of a demonstrative pronoun to them.

In the Old Russian language there was a special demonstrative pronoun: masculine - and (m), feminine - ha (I), middle - to (e). The nominative case of this pronoun disappeared from the language a very long time ago, and its indirect cases have been preserved (with changes) and are used in modern language as indirect pronouns he: him, him, them etc. Thus, in feminine from young+ I happened young, neuter from young + e happened young. In the masculine gender, at the end of short adjectives, a special sound was pronounced, similar to [o] and depicted in writing by the letter b: from odds young+ aboutand happened young. In a similar way, from merging with pronouns, forms of other cases were obtained: from mloda+ his happened young from young+ him it turned out m old etc.

At first, short and full adjectives were declined and changed by gender and number: short adjectives were declined by nouns of the 1st (feminine) or 2nd (m. and Wed.) declension, full - as demonstrative pronouns that, that, that or all, all.

Both short and full adjectives were used as definitions, that is, they agreed with the noun they referred to in gender, number and case. This is evidenced by some turns, which include case forms of krat-adjectives, for example: on bare feet, from young to old, his fuss flared up, in broad daylight, in broad daylight, as well as > chia and adverbial expressions formed from such aiming: I’ll pick up, hello, red, white, white, left, a. Traces of indirect cases of short forms of adjectives are preserved in the works of oral folk art: The young man finally turned to the red sun; announced the royal will; he speaks sweetly, as if a river is murmuring.(P.)

In the role of a predicate in the Old Russian language, short adjectives could act; full forms in this role began to be used no earlier than the 15th century.

In Old Russian, short adjectives are used with an indefinite noun denoting an unknown or first-mentioned object, and full adjectives with a definite noun denoting a known object, for example: good sister- this is some kind of sister and the one who is first mentioned, and kind sister is a certain, well-known sister.

The category of certainty-uncertainty turned out to be unstable in the Old Russian language, and short adjectives began to be preserved only as a nominal part compound predicate. Since the predicates are connected with the subjects, which are always in the nominative case, then the predicates, expressed by short adjectives, began to be used in only one case, that is, they began to decline.

Short forms are not formed from some adjectives, mainly those qualitative adjectives that are relative in origin, as indicated by their derivational connection with nouns. These include:

a) adjectives with a suffix -sk-: brotherly, heroic, heroic, rustic, friendly, comradely;

b) adjectives with a suffix -oe- (-ev-): combat, strong-willed, business, advanced;

c) adjectives with a suffix -n-: near, upper, spring, evening, inner, far, old, autumn, last, color;

d) verbal adjectives with a suffix -l-, having the meaning "being in some state": backward, frozen, droopy, shabby;

e) adjectives denoting animal colors: bay, ne-(ey, savrasy;

f) adjectives denoting color not directly, but through relation to the subject: pink(cf. rose), coffee(cf. coffee), cream(cf. cream), lilac(cf. lilac);

g) adjectives with the meaning of subjective assessment: feisty, hefty, amiable.

Some adjectives are used only in short form: much, should, love, right, glad.

It is necessary to pay attention to some cases of the formation of short adjectives:

a) a short form of the masculine gender with a stem in sibilant does not have at the end s odorous, comely;

b) in the basis of some short masculine adjectives, fluent vowels appear between consonants one: strong-- strong, beautiful-- beautiful;

c) in the short form of the adjective so much n, how much in full form: valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable; between masculine nn appears fugitive e: valuable -- valuable, extraordinary-- unusual;

d) from an adjective worthy form short form worthy;

e) for adjectives ending in -enny, Short forms may be: immoral-- immoral and immoral. Adjectives that are formed from nouns with a stem ending in two or more consonants have a short form na - en: irreproachable - irreproachable, painful - painful, feminine - feminine, ambiguous - ambiguous, etc.

Relative adjectives in literary language are not short: folk, folk, folk, possessive adjectives ending in - in, - ov (- ev), - ij, on the contrary, are not complete: aunt's house, grandfather's story, teacher's portfolio, fox tail.

Short adjectives have three types of stress.

They are shown in the table:

Fixed accent based	Adjectives with non-derivative stems	Kipuch, kipuch, kipuch, kipuch; Curly, curly, curly, curly; Useful, useful, useful, useful; Submissive, submissive, submissive, submissive.
Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the form of the feminine	Monosyllabic and two-syllable adjectives with a non-derivative stem and adjectives with a derived stem with suffixes - ok (- yok), -к-.	Bel, white, white, white; Boss, barefoot, barefoot, barefoot; Fast, fast, fast, fast; Merry, merry, merry, merry.
Emphasis on ending		Hot, hot, hot; Must, must, must; Easy, easy, easy; Small, small, few; Tricky, tricky, tricky; Equal, equal, equal.

Conclusion

In my test, I considered two forms of adjectives: full and short. Thus, I would like to highlight the main theses:

Ш Full and short form have qualitative adjectives

Ш The short form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness.

Ш Only full forms are used in the definition function

Ш Short forms have a predominantly bookish stylistic coloring, full forms are neutral or colloquial.

Ш Full adjectives sometimes denote a permanent attribute of an object, and short ones denote a temporary one.

Ш Full adjectives can have a terminological meaning, but short ones do not.

Ш The short form is formed from the bases of full adjectives by adding generic endings in the singular and the plural ending common to all genders.

Ш The short form is historically primary.

Ш Relative adjectives in the literary language are not short

Ш Short adjectives have three types of stress.

Ш Fixed accent based on

Ш Stress on the ending

Ш Movable stress, passing from the stem to the ending in the feminine form.

Bibliography

1. Kovadlo L. Ya., Starichenko V. D. 1750 examination questions, tasks and answers in the Russian language for schoolchildren and university applicants. - M.: Bustard, 2001.

2. Rosenthal D. E. A guide to the Russian language for university students. - M., 1994.

3. Russian language: Theory and practice. - Minsk, 1995.

4. Russian language: Encyclopedia. - M., 1998.

5. Shansky I. M. Russian language is excellent. - Rostov n / a, 1998.

Every student knows about it. However, not everyone knows the spelling rules of this part of speech, as well as which groups it is divided into, etc.

general information

It is a part of speech that names the properties and qualities of objects (for example, old armchair), events ( incredible incident), states ( strong feeling) and other phenomena of the surrounding world ( Hard childhood). In addition, the adjective indicates that the object belongs to someone ( mother's bag, fox hole).

Main types

Depending on how the adjective is designated and what feature it has, as well as what grammatical properties it has, this part of speech is divided into the following groups:

• relative;
• quality;
• possessive.

Relative adjectives

Such a group describes the properties of any sign, action or object through its relation to another sign, action or object.

Here are some examples: bookshelf, children's fun, destructive power, brazil nuts, double whammy, religious beliefs, etc.

Quality adjectives

Such a group has its own characteristics, namely:

• Indicates signs of objects: age (old), the size (sick), speed (fast), Colour (blue), human properties (evil), score (normal), physical properties (strong, dense, thick, etc.).
• Forms such as excellent ( strongest, thinnest, most important, most important) and comparative ( stronger, thinner, more important, etc.).
• have short forms (for example, fast, fat, mighty etc.). It should be especially noted that short adjectives may not be formed from all qualitative ones.

Possessive adjectives

Adjectives of this group answer the question "whose?", and also indicate that something belongs to an animal ( hare hole, cow's milk) or person ( dad's wallet, Petya's car). It should also be noted that all possessive adjectives are formed from animate nouns using suffixes such as -nin, -in, -y, -ev, -ov.

Here are some examples: grandfather - grandfather; father - fathers, etc.

short name adjective

In addition to the division into relative, qualitative and possessive groups, this part of speech also differs in special forms. So, in Russian there are:

• brief;
• full adjectives.

Moreover, the first are formed by a kind of reduction of the second. To understand what features short adjectives have, you should consider all the rules regarding their formation and spelling. After all, only this information will allow you to correctly use this part of speech in writing a text or in an oral conversation.

endings

Adjectives in the short form in the singular have the following generic endings:

• Feminine - ending -a. Here are some examples: new, thin, strong, thin, etc.
• Masculine - zero ending. Here are some examples: strong, strong, thin, new, beautiful, etc.
• neuter - ending -o or -e (beautiful, strong, strong, new, bad, skinny, etc.).

In the plural, there are no gender differences in this part of speech in this particular form. Thus, all short adjectives have endings -and or -s (strong, strong, beautiful, new, graceful, skinny, etc.).

Features of the short form

As you can see, this part of speech can be declined by gender and number. However, it should be remembered that short adjectives never change by case. In a sentence, such members usually act as a predicate.

Let's give an example: She is very smart. In this case, the word "smart" is a short adjective that acts as a predicate.

It should also be noted that some types of this part of speech with several lexical meanings can form a short form only in some of them. For example, the word "poor" does not have a short adjective if it means "wretched, miserable." In addition, some adjectives also cannot have a full form. Such words include should, glad, love and much.

What is the difference from full?

They have a short form only. Their difference from the full ones lies in the definition of morphological features. That is, as mentioned above, this form of the presented part of speech does not change in cases, but is declined only in number and gender. Besides, short names adjectives differ from full ones in their syntactic role. So, in a sentence, they act not as a definition, but in or as part of it. Although in some cases they are still referred to as a definition. Often this phenomenon observed in phraseological turns or in works of folk art (for example, n and a bare foot, in broad daylight, a beautiful girl, a good fellow, etc..).

Spelling of short adjectives

To correctly use the short forms of adjectives, you should definitely study the rules for their spelling.

Formation of short adjectives

Short forms from full forms. This happens by adding generic endings to them:

• zero or male;
• medium (-e or -o);
• feminine (-i or -a).

In addition, short adjectives can be plural (ending -ы or -и) or singular. So how are these forms formed? These rules are very simple:

The ratio of full and short forms of adjectives

From the point of view of lexical meanings, 3 types of ratios of short and full forms of adjectives are distinguished:

1. Coincident in lexical meaning (for example, good day and good day beautiful baby and beautiful baby).

2. Coincide only in individual values:

• "Fake" means "fake". In this case, there is no short form.
• "Fake" in the meaning of "insincere". In this case, the short form will be "false".
• "Poor" in the meaning of "unfortunate". In this case, there is no short form.
• "Poor" in the meaning of "poor". In this case, the short form would be "poor".

3. The short form is considered as a semantic synonym and differs from the full one in its meaning:

• the short form denotes a temporary sign, and the long form denotes a permanent one (for example, the baby is sick and the baby is sick);
• the short form indicates an excessive manifestation of a trait (for example, old grandmother or old grandmother);
• the full form indicates an irrelevant sign, and the short form indicates a relation to something (for example, dress tight and dress narrow).
• in some cases, the meanings of both forms of adjectives are so divergent that they are used and perceived as completely different words(For example, the purpose of the journey was quite clear and the weather was clear).

§one. General characteristics of the adjective

The adjective is an independent significant part of speech.

1. grammatical meaning - "sign of the subject."
Adjectives are words that answer the questions: what?, whose?

2. Morphological features:

• constants - rank by value, for qualitative ones: full / short form and degrees of comparison,
• inflected - case, number, in the singular - gender.

3. Syntactic role in a sentence: for full forms of quality adjectives, as well as for relative and possessive adjectives - a definition, for short forms of quality adjectives - part of a compound nominal predicate.

§2. Morphological features of adjectives

The adjective, like other parts of speech, has a set of morphological features. Some of them are permanent (or immutable). Others, on the contrary, are non-permanent (or changeable). So, for example, the adjective sweet is a quality adjective, full form, positive degree of comparison. In a sentence, this word can be in different cases and numbers, and in the singular - in different kinds. In the illustration, dotted lines lead to variable features. The ability to be in full or short form, in a positive - comparative - superlative degree, linguists refer to constant features. Various permanent signs are expressed differently. For example:

sweeter - comparative adjective sweet expressed by the suffix -sche- and the absence of an ending,
less sweet - the comparative degree of the adjective sweet is expressed by the combination less + sweet,
sweet - a short form of the adjective in singular. m.r. has a null ending, while the full form sweet has an ending -y.

Non-permanent signs: case, number, gender (in the singular) are expressed by endings: sweet, sweet, sweet, sweet, etc.

§3. Ranks of adjectives by meaning

Depending on the nature of the meaning, adjectives are divided into:

• quality: big, small, good, bad, funny, sad,
• relative: golden, tomorrow, forest, spring,
• possessive: fox, wolf, father, mother, fathers.

Quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives denote features that can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent. Answer the question: Which?
They have:

• full and short forms: good - good, cheerful - cheerful
• degrees of comparison: small - less - smallest and smallest.

Most quality adjectives are non-derivative words. The stems of quality adjectives are generating stems from which adverbs are easily formed: bad ← bad, sad ← sad.
The meaning of quality adjectives is such that most of them enter into relationships

• synonyms: big, large, huge, enormous
• antonyms: big - small.

Relative adjectives

Relative adjectives correlate in meaning with the words from which they are formed. Therefore, they are so named. Relative adjectives are always derived words: golden ← gold, tomorrow ← tomorrow, forest ← forest, spring ← spring. The signs expressed by relative adjectives do not have different degrees of intensity. These adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms. Answer the question: Which?

Possessive adjectives

These adjectives express the idea of ​​belonging. They, unlike qualitative and relative adjectives, answer the question: Whose? Possessive adjectives do not have degrees of comparison, as well as full and short forms.
Suffixes of possessive adjectives: fox - -iy- [iy '], mother's - -in-, sinitsin - [yn], fathers - -ov-, Sergeev -ev-.
Possessive adjectives have a special set of endings. Even from the above examples, it is clear that initial form(im.p., singular, m.r.) they have a zero ending, while other adjectives have endings - oh, oh, oh.

Forms im.p. and v.p. possessive adjectives. and plural as in nouns, and the rest as in adjectives:

Singular

Im.p. zh.r. - a: mother, fox, m.r. -:, mother, fox cf. - oh, e: mom, fox.

Rod.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - wow, his: mother's, fox.

Data p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - oh, him: mother's, fox.

Win.p. zh.r. - y, y: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. R. - as im.p. or r.p.

Tv.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - th, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. zh.r. - oh, to her: mother's, fox, m.r. and cf. - om, eat: mother's, fox.

Plural

Im.p. - s, and: mother's, fox.

Rod.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Data p. - th, them: mother's, fox.

Win.p. - as im.p. or v.p.

Tv.p. - s, them: mother's, fox.

P.p. - oh, them: mother's, fox.

Adjectives can move from one category to another. Such transitions are due to the peculiarities of the context and are associated, as a rule, with the use of adjectives in figurative meanings. Examples:

• fox nora is a possessive adjective, and fox cunning - relative (does not belong to a fox, but like a fox)
• bitter medicine is a quality adjective, and bitter truth is relative (corresponding to bitterness)
• light bag is a quality adjective, and light life is relative (corresponding to ease)

§4. Full and short forms of quality adjectives

Qualitative adjectives have both forms: both full and short.
In full form, they are inclined, i.e. change by numbers, by gender (in singular) and by cases. Full adjectives in a sentence can be an attribute or part of a compound nominal predicate.

Late at night they left the house.

Late is a quality adjective, positive. degree, complete, in the form of singular, f.r., tv.p.

In the short form, adjectives are not declined. They do not change by case. Short adjectives change by number and gender (singular). Short forms of adjectives in a sentence are usually part of a compound nominal predicate.

The girl is sick.

Sick - a quality adjective, put. degree, short form, singular, female In the modern language, as definitions, short adjectives are in stable lexical combinations, for example: a beautiful girl, in broad daylight.

Do not be surprised:

Some qualitative adjectives in modern language have only short forms, for example: glad, must, much.

Relative and possessive adjectives have only the full form. Please note: for possessive adjectives with the suffix -in- in im.p. coinciding with it form v.p. ending - as in short forms.

§5. Degrees of comparison

Qualitative adjectives have degrees of comparison. This is how the language expresses that signs can have a greater or lesser degree. Tea can be sweet to a greater or lesser extent, right? And the language conveys this content.
The degrees of comparison thus convey the idea of ​​comparison. They do it systematically. Three degrees: positive, comparative, superlative.

• Positive - this means that the trait is expressed without assessing the degree: high, cheerful, warm.
• Comparative determines a greater or lesser degree: higher, more cheerful, warmer, higher, more cheerful, warmer, less high, less cheerful, less warm.
• Superlative expresses the greatest or least degree: the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest, the highest, the most cheerful, the warmest.

It can be seen from the examples that the degrees of comparison are expressed in different ways. In comparative and superlative degrees, the meaning is transmitted either with the help of suffixes: higher, more fun, highest, funniest, or with the help of words: more, less, most. Therefore, comparative and superlatives comparisons can be expressed:

• simple forms: higher, highest,
• compound forms: higher, less high, highest.

Among simple shapes in Russian, as in other languages, for example, in English, there are forms formed from a different stem.

• good, bad - positive degree
• better, worse - comparative degree
• best, worst - superlative

Words in simple and complex comparative and superlative degrees change in different ways:

• Comparative degree (simple): above, below - does not change.
• Comparative degree (complex): lower, lower, lower - the adjective itself changes, the change is possible by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender.
• Superlative degree (simple): highest, highest, highest - varies by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.
• Superlative degree (complex): the highest, the highest, the highest - both words change by cases, numbers, and in the singular - by gender, i.e. as in a positive way.

Adjectives in a simple comparative form in a sentence are part of the predicate:

Anna and Ivan are brother and sister. Anna is older than Ivan. She used to be taller, but now Ivan is taller.

The remaining forms of comparison are both in the role of a definition and in the role of a predicate:

I approached the older guys.
The guys were older than I thought.
I turned to the older guys.
These guys are the oldest of those who are engaged in the circle.

test of strength

Check your understanding of the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Is an adjective an independent part of speech?

2. What adjectives can express signs expressed to a greater or lesser extent?

   • quality
   • relative
   • Possessive

3. Which adjectives are characterized by lexical relations of synonymy and antonymy?

   • For quality
   • For relative
   • For possessive

4. Are relative adjectives derived?

5. Which full adjectives have a special set of endings?

   • Quality
   • Relative
   • Possessive

6. Do adjectives in full form change by case?

7. What forms of adjectives are characterized by the syntactic role of the attribute?

   • For full
   • For brief

8. Do all adjectives change by case?

   • Not all

9. Do all adjectives change by gender?

   • Not all

10. Do adjectives in the superlative change in case?

11. Can comparative or superlative degrees be expressed in one word?

12. Can adjectives move from one class of meaning to another?

Right answers:

1. quality
2. For quality
3. Possessive
4. For full
5. Not all
6. Not all

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