equipment intended for the production, transmission, distribution and change of characteristics (voltage, frequency, type electric current and etc.) electrical energy, as well as for its transformation into another form of energy. E. include machines, transformers, apparatus, measuring instruments, protection devices, cable products, household electrical appliances. regulations, developed on the basis of the standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), establish 4 classes (0, I, II, III) E. The classification indicates a method of protection against electric shock when using E. in various electrical installations. E. Class 0, characterized by the lowest level of electrical safety, is gradually being replaced by e. Class I, the use of which in electrical installations of buildings makes it possible to obtain more high level electrical safety. at present, the overwhelming majority of stationary and mobile household appliances (electric stoves, electric water heaters, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.), as well as part of portable appliances (electric kettles, electric irons, etc.) correspond to class I. A large number of portable appliances (electrified tools, electric hair dryers, vacuum cleaners, etc.) complies with class II. E. Class 0 - e., In which protection against electric shock is provided only by the basic insulation of live parts. open conductive parts of E., if any, are not connected to protective conductors of stationary electrical wiring, i.e., protective grounding of open conductive parts (OPCh) is not used. If the main insulation is damaged, protection against electric shock must be provided by the environment (air, floor insulation, etc.). If a person touches a live PCB, it may result in an electric shock. E. Of class I - e., In which protection against electric shock is provided by the main insulation of live parts and the connection of the PCB with protective conductors of stationary electrical wiring (protective grounding of exposed conductive parts is used). In case of damage to the main insulation of the current-carrying part and its short circuit on the frequency converter, the corresponding protection, automatic power off, must work. OPCh E. will be energized for a period of time required for the protection to operate. A person touching an energized PCB can get an electric shock only for a short period of time required for the protection to operate. E. Class II - e., In which protection against electric shock is provided by the use of double or reinforced insulation of live parts. The HRVs of Class II equipment, if any, are not attached to protective conductors stationary electrical wiring (i.e. there are no protective grounding means for the PCR). Protective properties the environment also not used for electrical safety. E. Of class III - e., In which protection against electric shock is based on power supply from a safe extra-low voltage source and in which voltages above the safe extra-low voltage (50 V AC and 120 V direct current). NS. with normal insulation - E., intended for use in electrical installations exposed to atmospheric overvoltages, with conventional lightning protection measures. NS. with lightweight insulation - E., intended for use in electrical installations that are not exposed to atmospheric overvoltages, or with special lightning protection measures that limit the amplitude of atmospheric overvoltages to values ​​that do not exceed the amplitude of atmospheric overvoltages and do not exceed the amplitude of a one-minute test voltage with a frequency of 50 Hz.

Since during operation a number of controversial questions arise about what equipment can be defined as an operating electrical installation, it is worth considering in detail the main regulatory documents PTEEP and PUE. The first of which is decisive in terms of operating standards, and the second sets requirements for installation and design.

Definition

In general, the concept of an electrical installation includes all kinds of elements in which the transmission, transformation, distribution and subsequent consumption of electricity can occur. And under an operating electrical installation should be understood not only those devices, lines or structures through which electric current flows or to which voltage is applied, but also all that this moment are disconnected but may be energized. In this case, the way the voltage appears on the electrical installation does not matter, it can be:

• switching switching devices;
• being near the equipment creating;
• the intersection of power lines in the vertical plane with other lines.

Crossing power lines

Therefore, to transfer an existing electrical installation to the category of inoperative, it is not enough just to turn off the switch or power switch. To do this, it is required to make it impossible for a potential to arise even with the presence, even without an electrical connection.

Appointment

Existing electrical installations are designed for the transmission and redistribution of electrical energy. Since modern consumers of electricity are characterized by big amount sensitive devices with a wide variety of operating principles, electrical installations should also ensure and high quality supplied energy. If we consider in detail the concept of electrical installation, then it includes not only devices for transmission and distribution, but also switching and protective devices. Therefore, another purpose is the timely shutdown of various categories of consumers and the supply of backup or second power.

Depending on the importance of powering the electrical circuit, three categories of consumers are distinguished:

• for the first category, a break of no more than the time required for automatic switching to the second or reserve power supply may be allowed;
• the second allows a break in power supply no longer than for the time of the departure of the brigade or manual input of the second source;
• the third allows a break in food for no more than a day, and for single apartments and houses two days, but no more than three times a year.

Classification

Depending on the parameter, existing electrical installations are divided into such types. According to the voltage level, devices up to 1000 V and above 1000 V are distinguished. Each of the categories includes all voltage levels within their limits.

Depending on the purpose, the following devices are distinguished:

• Power- are characterized by a large amount of power, flowing current, high voltage... They are usually used in industrial scale for work electrical networks and electrical substations.
• Converting- designed to convert one kind of current into another. They are used in a wide variety of areas.
• Commutation- are intended for making switchings in electrical diagram from high voltage to household.
• Electro-operating – auxiliary equipment, which can perform any technological operations (heating, movement, etc.).
• Lighting- designed to convert electrical energy into light.

By the method of installation, they are subdivided into:

Examples of

As an example operating electrical installations you can consider both specific equipment and their groups. In practice, the following devices should be distinguished as operating electrical installations:

• Electrical machines (motors, transformers, generators);
• Lines including wires, supports, brackets, insulators, cables and other equipment;
• Switches (air, oil vacuum and others), disconnectors and short-circuits;
• Rectifier and inverter plants for conversion;
• Devices for protection and overvoltage control, normalization of electricity parameters.

Residential consumers, in particular, wiring, switchboards, lighting devices and other devices can also be considered as an example of a working electrical installation.

Service

It should be noted that the operation of electrical installations must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the rules. Therefore, only specially trained workers who have passed a knowledge test on electrical safety can be involved in the maintenance of electrical installations. They are required to periodically inspect the equipment, Maintenance, scheduled and extraordinary repairs, testing of electrical equipment and other manipulations. In this case, the electrical personnel serving electrical installations must fill out the relevant documents on the performance of certain types of work.

For constant monitoring of operating modes, in practice, operational maintenance of existing electrical installations is used. At the same time, work is carried out to perform switching operations, inspect devices, admit repair and operating personnel. Various operating modes are recorded, the compliance of power supply schemes is monitored.

Security measures

To provide safe environment work in existing electrical installations provides for a number of measures. Which must be implemented at all stages - before the start, during and at the end of work. All activities are subdivided into organizational and technical. The first of them provide for the organization of certain actions in electrical installations (registration of work, appointment of persons in charge, preparation of the place of work, conduct of briefings, etc.). The latter provide for specific manipulations with electrical devices (switching switching, checking the presence or absence of voltage in live parts, installing protective earthing and others).

Depending on local conditions and the scope of application of existing electrical installations, safety measures can be supplemented in accordance with the characteristics of a particular industry.

Electrical equipment- this is a variety of equipment, which is intended for the separation, transmission, regulation and production of references, according to the type of voltage, energy or current.

Types of electrical equipment

Normally insulated electrical equipment is commonly found in electrical installations. Electrical equipment with lightweight insulation for overvoltages that do not exceed a frequency of 50 Hz.

Electrical equipment up to 50 Hz includes:

• household electrical appliances;
• transformers;
• cars;
• apparatus;
• protective devices.

Electrical equipment is considered a must for most engineering systems(parts, assemblies, connections), signaling communications, home consumption.

Electrical subcategories

This section has four subcategories:

• electrical equipment of cars;
• cables;
• electrical connections;
• CEE systems.

The first is a complex process of interconnection of process automation and functioning, which ensures the safety and comfort of passengers. Auxiliary devices include fuses, relays, switches, and power blocks.

There are anti-theft, navigation, ignition, heating systems, etc. Oddly enough, even some items household appliances can also perform various functions in the car.

Among the cables are: power, signal, network and fasteners. The former are designed to distribute energy that comes from electrical appliances... The latter transmit various signals, catch electromagnetic interference.

The most famous electrical connections twists, terminal blocks, wires and pressing are considered. Very reliable and safe for humans, easy to use.

The system for the rules of electrical equipment approval (CEE) is engaged in the coordination of different types connectors. Further, they are brought together into uniform and generally accepted ones. Among these are the Euro plug, German and French connectors, contour plugs.

Classes of electrical equipment

Electrical equipment has always been divided into classes, the main of which are ways to protect people from electric shock current:

1. Class zero deals only with minimal insulation. It provides air gaps.
2. The first class is connected to the electricity grid with three-core cables. It acts as a means of communication with a protective conductor.
3. The second class provides protection and reinforces insulation through grounding. This doubles the overall defense.
4. The third grade is engaged electrical supply from low voltage and its various sources.

For safe and productive process interaction with devices, circuits, apparatus and reasonable energy consumption will certainly help and help out in case of problems and malfunctions of this kind, basic knowledge.

Electrical equipment at the exhibition

In the modern world, it is very difficult to imagine your life without any electrical appliances. To look beautiful - you need an iron, store food - a refrigerator, follow the news in the world - a TV. They are our constant companions in life. To keep abreast of events, you should definitely visit the exhibition, where electrical equipment will be presented. It is annually exhibited by the international complex "Expocentre".

Articles, partners Energy

Electrical equipment - why and how

Energometrika - automation components for: APCS, "smart" building, electrical cabinet, metering systems for electricity parameters. SCADA systems.

Electrical equipment is a device or mechanism, the main purpose of which is the generation or consumption of electrical energy. This also includes electrical equipment used to convert, transmit or distribute electric current: transformers, cables, etc.

Equipment that generates electricity includes power plants and generators, while energy-consuming devices include household appliances, power tools, lighting fixtures, and manufacturing equipment and electrical equipment in cars.

Electrical equipment for home and office - from household appliances to industrial machinery - like electricity in general, has become a part of our lives. Depends on him manufacturing process, long ago put on an automated basis, because it was electrical equipment that made a huge leap towards increasing labor productivity. It is indispensable in every home, because our everyday life is no longer possible without such benefits of civilization as electric lighting, refrigerator, microwave oven, iron or Washer... In addition, when arranging any apartment or office, a person cannot do without accompanying all this variety of electrical appliances, equipment such as sockets, cables and wires.

The production and sale of electrical equipment has long been put on stream. Today there are a myriad of specialty stores (and even highly specialized stores offering a huge range of, say, lighting fixtures or cables), but electrical equipment can also be purchased in markets and supermarkets.

When buying any electrical equipment, you need to pay attention, first of all, of course, to specifications products. Decide on the purposes for which you need this or that device. Conventionally, the selection criteria for any electrical equipment can be divided into functional and technical. You define the functional depending on what you want to get from the device and what conditions of its functioning suit you. When buying, for example, a refrigerator, you must decide in advance on its volume, dimensions, various options, whether you need freezer etc. The technical criteria include the class of energy consumption (for large household appliances), the materials from which the device is made, the voltage for which it is designed. You may also need to buy a voltage regulator so that it does not burn out from a sudden voltage surge.

It should be noted that in recent times the economic crisis and the deterioration of the environmental situation caused an increase in popularity energy saving technologies allowing not only to reduce energy costs, but also to contribute to savings natural resources... The most common example is an energy saving lamp.

In addition, it is always necessary to carefully study the instructions for the safe handling of electrical equipment and strictly observe the operating rules set out in it.

What is electrical engineering?

What is Electrical Engineering?

In everyday life, the concepts of electrical engineering, electrical and electronics are often confused. In fact, these are completely different terms. In this article, we will clarify the difference between the two.

Electrical engineering

First of all, electrical engineering is an engineering science. Electrical engineering as a scientific discipline studies everything related to the practical use of electrical energy. Namely, its production, transmission, distribution and use. On the other hand, applied electrical engineering is also interpreted in a narrower sense. She deals with the calculation of electrical circuits and their components, ranging from power lines to lamps.
Also, the word electrical engineering can act as an abbreviation for "electrical engineering", denoting not a science, but a certain group of equipment - one that uses electricity. This group includes industrial or household electrical appliances that are connected to an electrical circuit.
A special place in electrical engineering is occupied by equipment, which is called the even more confusing term "electrical devices" or "electrical equipment". Unlike household and industrial appliances, which convert electricity into useful work(lighting, heating, etc.), electrical devices transform and control only the parameters of electricity. An example of an electrical device is a voltage transformer. In accordance with its parameters, electrical equipment is divided into high-voltage, intended mainly for the transmission of electricity, and low-voltage, ensuring its safe consumption. According to the principle of operation, electrical equipment can be electromagnetic, inductive, and can also be designed for alternating or direct current. Depending on the purpose of devices in the network, the following groups of electrical devices can also be distinguished:

• controllers - switch circuits in manual (sockets, switches, circuit breakers) or remote (relays, starters) mode;
• protective - protect equipment from overloads and short circuits (fuses, circuit breakers);
• control and measuring - sensors, measuring transformers, electricity meters;
• distribution - distribute energy between end users (electrical panels);
• regulating - automatically maintain the specified mode.

Electronics
In industry, electrical devices are used for automation technological processes... The circuit must respond to external signals - and this is already electronics. That is, the processes of information transfer come to the fore, and not the transfer of electrical energy.
Electrician
Electrician is a household word that denotes everything related to the installation and repair of electrical wiring, including what professionals call electrical equipment.