Which works contain phraseological units. Phraseologisms from works of art. Interstyle phraseological turns

The use of phraseological units in children's literature Author of the work: Nazarov Vsevolod Vladimirovich 4B class, school 26 Co-authors of the work: Bogdanova Ekaterina Pavlovna, Novikova Yulia Alexandrovna, Grebennikova Alina Olegovna 4B class, school 26 Supervisor: Terentyeva Marina Vyacheslavovna primary school teacher of school 26

The term "winged words" refers to brief quotations, figurative expressions, sayings of historical figures, names of mythological and literary characters that have become common nouns that have entered our speech from literary sources. Often this term is interpreted in a broader sense: they denote folk sayings, sayings, all kinds of figurative expressions that arose not only from literary sources, but also in everyday life.

Phraseology is a special section of linguistic science, reflecting the richness of the expressive means of the language. Historical events were reflected in Russian phraseological units, the people's attitude to these events was expressed. The expression "here's to you, grandmother, and St. George's Day" arose in Russia after the enslavement of the peasants. In the phraseological units of the Russian language, the attitude to human virtues and shortcomings was reflected: “golden hands”, “baklusha beats”.

The first feature of phraseological units is the accuracy with which a phraseological unit can characterize a phenomenon. Another feature of phraseology is figurativeness. The study of speech phraseology introduces us to the laboratory of the people - the language creator, and it is no coincidence that writers study it with such attention, who see magnificent examples in Russian phraseology: figurative expression of the phenomena of reality.

It is necessary to distinguish phraseologisms from free combinations. In free phrases, you can replace one word with another: "a typographic worker is a good worker." In a phraseological combination, a phrase cannot be arbitrarily replaced, i.e. they have the constancy of the lexical composition.

All phraseological units of the Russian language can be divided by origin into 2 groups: phraseological units of Russian origin and borrowed ones. Borrowed phraseological units are divided into borrowed from the Old Slavonic language and borrowed from Western European languages. Old Slavonic phraseological units: "parable in tongues", "throwing beads in front of pigs." Phraseological units borrowed from the Western European language: “blue stocking” (English), “Pandora’s box”, “Augean stables” (ancient Greek)

Phraseological units are phrases in which ""the meaning of the whole is connected with the understanding of the inner figurative core of the phrase, the potential meaning of words"". For example, “keep a stone in your bosom”, “take dirty linen out of the hut”, “shot sparrow”.

Phraseological combinations - "when a holistic meaning follows from the meaning of individual words" For example, you can say ""fear takes"", ""longing takes"", but you cannot say: ""joy takes"", ""pleasure takes"" and that similar.

Phraseological expressions - "" phraseological units are stable in their composition, which consist entirely of words with free meanings "". For example, ""work success"", "radish horseradish is not sweeter"", ""higher educational institution"", and the like.

The phraseological composition of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" is very rich. For example, many specific expressions refer to wars and campaigns: ""Break a copy"" i.e. engage in battle; "", ""seek honor for yourself, and glory for the prince"", ""stand paths"". The degree of saturation of the monument with figurative means of language can be judged by the following passage: ""I want more, speech, a spear to break through the end of the Tolovitsky field with you Rusishchi , I want to put my head on, but it’s nice to drink a helmet to the Don "".

In the works of M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, very many phraseological units of church and book origin are used: "Babylonian pandemonium", "stumbling block", "sea of ​​life".

Krylov's own fables, easy to remember, themselves became proverbs, entered the golden fund of folk speech. There are many such proverbs and sayings from his fables in the Russian language: And the chest just opened (Casket), You are to blame for the fact that I want to eat (Wolf and Lamb), Ay, Pug! She is strong to know that she barks at the Elephant (Elephant and Pug), And Vaska listens and eats (Cat and Cook).

The originality and originality of the language of the Tyumen writer P.P. empty”, “flew like an arrow”, “the trace caught a cold”, “it’s like rolling cheese in butter”, “sweat-salt leads”, “lies like a dead man”.

In N.N. Nosov's story "Mishkin's porridge", the idiom "you'll lick your fingers" is used so that the reader can feel the whole comedy of the situation in which the boys act as unfortunate cooks. And in the work "Blot" the phraseological phrase "to sit on pins and needles" perfectly reflects the state of the student.

The study and analysis of the works of S.V. Mikhalkov on the research problem showed that the author uses in his works phraseological combinations “with grief in half”, phraseological phrases “conscience is clear”, “by leaps and bounds”, “beats like clock" for the emotional expression of the behavior of the heroes of the poems, for the subtle and fragile designation of their state of mind.

Phraseologisms exist in the language in close connection with vocabulary, their study helps to better understand their structure, formation and use in speech. Acquaintance with Russian phraseology allows us to better understand the history and character of our people. Historical events were reflected in Russian phraseological units, the people's attitude towards them was expressed.

Stable combinations have existed in the history of the language for a long time. Already in the eighteenth century, examples of phraseological units with explanation could be found in collections of idioms, winged expressions, aphorisms, proverbs, although the lexical composition of the language had not yet been studied so closely. And only with the advent of V. V. Vinogradov in science, a basis appeared for the comprehensive study of set phrases. It was he who initiated the development of phraseology and called it a linguistic discipline.

The well-known linguist N. M. Shansky presented phraseological units as a fixed unit of the language, reproduced in finished form and having two or more stressed components of a verbal character. In addition to lexical indivisibility, phraseological units also have a lexical meaning, they are often synonymous with words. As an example: "the right hand is an assistant", "bite your tongue - shut up."

The use of phraseological units in Russian, examples with explanation

We use a variety of phraseological turns in our native speech imperceptibly to ourselves, due to the fact that they have become familiar from childhood. The most famous came to us from fairy tales, epics, folk legends, some from foreign languages. Originally Russian can be attributed to peculiar combinations that are found only in our native language and reflect Russian life, traditions and culture. Let's try to understand the meaning with the following example and explanation. Bread was considered the main product in Russia - it managed to become a symbol of prosperity, good earnings. Therefore, phraseological units: "to beat off someone's bread" or "to eat bread for nothing" are understandable only to Russian people.

Metamorphism and figurativeness are the main criteria of Russian phraseological units. It is the nationality inherent in the native language that allows you to understand set phrases not at the level of speech, but at the level of the language model that you absorb with mother's milk. Even obsolete phrases, the meaning of which is forgotten, become understandable and close to us thanks to their figurativeness. Below we will consider common examples of phraseological units with an explanation and their meaning.

Book and literary

The sphere of use of literary speech is much narrower than colloquial or interstyle. Book phraseological units are used mainly in written sources and give some shade of solemnity, elation, formality of action. Examples, explanations and meaning of book phraseological units are below:

• - do not let the case be postponed for an indefinite period. Cloth refers to the woolen cloth that used to cover the desk. If any paper or folder lay under the cloth, it means that it remained unsigned and did not go into work.
• "Raise to the shield"- that is, to honor, speak with praise about someone. As an example, the winners in the old days were literally raised on a shield and carried high so that everyone could see and thank them.
• "Write - it's gone." So they say about a thing that is obviously impossible to do due to the absence of certain conditions. In the nineteenth century, officials wrote in the ledger of expenditure items on the receipt and expenditure of goods. The embezzlers usually ordered their clerk to make a record of the loss of goods with the words “Write - it’s gone.” At the same time, the loss itself was appropriated.
• "Was there a boy?"- in this way, extreme doubt is now expressed in anything. Phraseologism came from M. Gorky's novel "The Life of Klim Smagin", which describes the scene of children skating. When the guys fall under the water, Klim saves the girl first. Then he throws his belt to the boy, but, afraid that he himself might drown, lets him go. While searching for a drowned child, Klim hears a voice saying the phrase: “Was there a boy, maybe there wasn’t a boy?”
• "Kisey young lady"- they speak so dismissively about a pampered girl who is absolutely not adapted to life. The turnover is taken from the story of N. G. Pomyalovsky “Petty-bourgeois happiness”.
• "Bear Corner"- deaf settlement, outback. For the first time, the expression was used by P.I. Melnikov-Pechersky in the novel of the same name about one of the distant towns of Russia.
• "Touch the inner core"- another book phraseological unit, the history of which goes back to the times when slaves were stigmatized. Cauterization delivered wild pain, especially when touching a healing wound. This turnover becomes relevant when the conversation touches on topics that cause mental anguish in the interlocutor.
• "Scapegoat"- the one who is blamed for someone else's fault. The phrase refers to literary phraseological units and has an ancient origin. The biblical tradition speaks of the rite of absolution. The priest laid his hand on an ordinary goat, as if transferring sins from a person to an animal, which was later expelled into the desert.
• "Like water off a duck's back"- all for nothing. The plumage of the goose is covered with a special lubricant that does not allow the bird to get wet. Water does not wet the wings of a goose. Thanks to this fat, it remains dry.

Examples of colloquial and borrowed phraseological units

Colloquial phraseological units are firmly entrenched in our speech. It is convenient for them to bring the thought to the interlocutor, especially when ordinary words are not enough for the emotional coloring of the phrase. Borrowed phraseological units are tracing papers and semi-calques taken from other languages ​​by literal translation of sayings. There are phraseological units that simply correlate in meaning with set expressions in other languages. Their examples are: "white crow" sounds like "rare bird" in English, and the expression "hanging by a thread" is replaced by the combination "hanging by a thread". Other examples of phraseological units with explanations and meaning:

• "First Among Equals"- that is, the best or leader. Borrowed from the Latin "Primus inter pare", which is literally translated as such. This title was held by the Emperor Augustus even before he assumed his high title. Thus, his prestige was maintained.
• "Good (fun) mine with a bad game"- that is, behind an external imperturbable look to hide your experiences and failures. At the same time, “mine” - from the old Breton language is translated literally as “facial expression”.
• "What is allowed to Jupiter is not allowed to the bull." For the first time the phrase was uttered by Publius Terence Aphrom. It is used when it is necessary to stop unfounded claims by indicating to the disputant his lower place.
• "Eat a pood of salt"- a common colloquial phraseology. This is an example of a long life together. In the system of measures, a pood is equal to 16 kg. To consume this amount of salt, you need to live together for a huge period, during which people learn almost everything about each other.
• "There is nothing behind the soul"- so it is customary to speak of a poor person. According to popular belief, the human soul was located in a dimple on the neck. In the same place it was customary to store money and jewelry in the old days. If there was nothing to hide in the dimple, then it was believed that there was nothing “behind the soul”.
• - that is, a little snack. The expression is a tracing-paper from the French "tuer le ver", which has a literal translation - "drink a glass of alcohol on an empty stomach." It was assumed that alcohol, taken with a minimal snack, destroyed helminths in the body.
• "The reins got under the tail"- colloquial phraseology denoting the reckless actions of someone. The expression was once used in the literal sense, and not figuratively, in relation to horses, in which, having fallen under the tail of the rein, caused pain and forced them to perform thoughtless actions.
• "Nick down"- remember once and for all. In the old days, illiterate people carried boards with them everywhere, on which they made notes with notches as a keepsake. The "nose" in this case is not an organ of smell, but a wearable thing.

Medical and other professional expressions with explanation

Some phraseological units are taken from the oral speech of people of various professions. These include the following sentences with phraseological units:

• "Chest Shoemaker"- a medical term that has its own meaning and explanation. This is what is called a funnel-shaped chest. The lower part of the sternum of shoemakers due to their professional activity is pressed inward, due to which the volume of the chest is significantly reduced.
• - so they say about unproductive work. As an example: in the old days, the pharmacist wrote just such a recipe directly on the bottles of medicine. This meant that the treatment should be carried out slowly in order to have time to respond to the appearance of allergic manifestations. If for a patient such an approach is quite justified, then for a working person it is an indicator of laziness and indecision.
• "Talk Teeth"- distract from the pressing problem with extraneous conversations. Unlike dentists, healers know how to temporarily eliminate pain with conspiracies. At the same time, they do not treat the teeth themselves and the problem remains unresolved.
• "Sit in the liver"- get bored, poison life. In ancient Russia, the liver was considered the receptacle of human life force. It was believed that a person who interferes with life takes away free energy, which means that he sits in the liver and directly draws other people's strength from there.
• "Holding breath"- that is, carefully, not missing even the smallest detail. In medicine, in order to clear the chest for a correct diagnosis, it is required to hold the breath for several minutes. It is believed that a person holding his breath will get the highest quality result.
• "Rolling Up Your Sleeves"- act diligently and energetically, not sparing at the same time their own strengths. If you remember, in the old days it was customary to wear clothes with long sleeves - for some, the length reached 95 cm. It was impossible to work in such clothes. To do anything useful, you had to first roll up your sleeves, after which the case was argued much faster.
• "Sleeveless"- lazily, slowly, without proper enthusiasm. This phraseological unit exists in contrast to the previous one and has a similar explanation. That is, the long sleeves dropped down did not allow the work to be done properly.
• "Wait by the sea for the weather"- do nothing, expect the situation to resolve itself. This term came from the speech of sailors who, before going out to fish, always watched the weather and waited for a favorable period so as not to get into a storm.

Stable and neutral phrases and their meaning

Unlike colloquial phrases, which are more figurative, phrases that do not have an emotional connotation are considered neutral. Examples of such phraseological units with explanation and their meaning:

• "Can't find a place"- that is, worried. So they say about a person who is in a state of great anxiety about someone.
• "Without bending your back" It means hard work and perseverance. So they said about the plowmen who worked in the field from morning to night.
• - torture with requests and talk about the same thing.
• "To lose heart"- finally lose faith in their own abilities.
• "Looking at night"- that is, before dark, when public transport is no longer running and the risk of becoming a victim of bad circumstances increases. In addition, there are many examples of the fact that a person will not have time to do anything significant late in the evening, since the daily resources of the body have been exhausted.
• "Stay with the nose" or fail. Examples of the use of the expression: when someone allows himself to be fooled, does not get what he expected. The word "nose" in the old days meant a bow with an offering. "Nose" - that is, "brought". The rich usually came to officials with money, the poor carried a pig, chicken, eggs. Deacons for offerings made decisions in favor of the one who brought the gifts. It was a bad sign that the official did not accept the "nose" if he was too modest. At the same time, the one asking remained with his gift, that is, “with a nose” and did not receive what he wanted.
• "Wash the bones"- that is, gossip, slander, disassemble the actions of another person. It was once believed that a sinner who was under a curse could come out of the grave in the form of a ghoul. To rid him of the spell, it was necessary to dig up the grave and wash the bones with clean water.

In the examples above, we see that the appropriate use of phraseological units saturates our speech, allows us to make communication emotionally rich and interesting. Sentences with idioms bring "zest" to the conversation and are perceived by everyone as a completely natural element of speech, reinforcing its meaning.

"The use of phraseological units" - Phraseological units and their role in the Russian language. Choose synonyms for these phraseological combinations. Choose antonyms for these phraseological units from another column. Phraseologism. relatives abroad. Name the phraseological unit, explain its meaning. The difference between phraseological units and free phrases. Which of the two phrases is a phraseological unit and why.

"Lesson Phraseology" - Finish phraseology using words for reference. Restore Dunno's story using the words for reference. There are barking at nine dog-knights Uncut ten dogs. Kill yourself on the nose: today you have to work rolled up your sleeves. Cow. Buy ... in a bag Stuffed like a barrel ... Mouse. At some point, the words merge into indivisible phraseological combinations.

"Phraseological units with plants" - Food substances. Choose from the given words in brackets those that are used in the given phraseological phrases. Hot pepper. Horseradish. Medicinal uses of food plants. Meanings of phraseological units. A sentence with phraseological units. Healing garden and phraseological units. Vegetables are healers. Peas. Continue with suggestions.

"Features of phraseological units" - Finish the phraseological units. Lay down your weapons. Dancing to someone else's tune. Distribute phraseological units according to the sphere of use. Find antonymic phraseological units. Write a short story. Demyanov's ear. Test yourself. The fourth is redundant. Nick down. Sing praises. Correspondence between phraseological units and their meaning.

"Russian Phraseology" - Scapegoat. Put the pig in. Phraseology. Greek catchphrases. Winged phrases. Nodding. Section of lexicology. After the rain on Thursday. Kazan orphan. Bosom friend. Set expressions. Know all the ins and outs. History of language. Herostratus glory.

"Phraseological words" - Vocabulary. Baklusha. Complete phraseological units. Mom cooks so delicious. Find synonyms for phraseological units. Choose a phraseological unit for the illustration. Phraseologisms. Replace with phraseology. Continue. Continue the offer. Acquaintance with phraseological units.

In total there are 21 presentations in the topic

Many phraseological units came to England from USA. They refer to intralingual borrowings. Some of these phraseological units were once created by American writers and are widely used in modern English speech.

The creators of many revolutions are known.

W. Irving: the almighty dollar - "almighty dollar" (usually used ironically); a Rip Van Winkle - "Rip Van Winkle", a retarded man (named after the hero of the story of the same name who slept for twenty years).

E. O "Connor: the last hurrah - "last hurrah"; ~ swan song (usually about the last election campaign, or about a politician who ends his stormy political career. By the name of the novel).

F. Cooper: the last of the Mohicans - the last of the Mohicans (according to the title of the novel). The Mohicans are an extinct tribe of North American Indians. The popularity of Cooper's works contributed to the introduction into the English language of phraseological units related to the life of the Indians: bury the hatchet - make peace, make peace, end hostility (the Indians buried a tomahawk in the ground when making peace); dig up the hatchet - start a war (the Indians had a custom before starting hostilities to pull out a tomahawk buried in the ground); go on the war-path - enter the path of war, be in a warlike mood.

G. Longfellow: ships that pass in the night - fleeting, random meetings ("Tales of Wayside Inn") (comparison: they dispersed like ships at sea). The popularity of the expression is also associated with its use as the title of one of the novels of the writer Beatrice Harraden (1893).

J. London: the call of the wild - “call of the ancestors”, “call of nature” (according to the title of the novel); the iron heel "iron heel", imperialism (after the title of the novel).

M. Mitchell: gone with the wind - disappeared without a trace, sunk into the past (the expression became popular after the publication of M. Mitchell's novel "Gone With the Wind") and the film based on this novel was created by the English poet E Dawson (1867 - 1900).

J. Howe: the grapes of wrath - grapes of wrath (turnover is first found in J. Howe's "Battle Hymn of the Republic" (1862), owes its popularity to J. Steinbeck's novel of the same name).

The number of phraseological units borrowed from American fiction is not as great as the number of phraseological units created by English writers. But, it should be noted that the above Americanisms have the most vivid imagery and increased expressiveness in comparison with the statements of English writers.

French fiction made a significant contribution to the phraseological fund of modern English. Many works of French writers have been translated into English and are still very popular in England. In this regard, one should single out such French writers as: Francois Rabelais, Jean-Baptiste Molière, Jerome d'Angers, La Fontaine and others.

You can give examples of phraseological units created by French writers and most used in modern English (all the following phraseological units, borrowed from French fiction, are translations and presented in English - in their original form, these phraseological units are not used in modern English speech):

Appetite comes with eating - appetite comes with eating (the expression was first found in the essay “On the Causes” (1515) by Jerome d'Angers, Bishop of the city of Le Mans; popularized by Francois Rabelais in Gargantua and Pantagruel);

Buridan "s ass - Buridan's donkey (about a person who does not dare to make a choice between two equivalent objects, equivalent decisions, etc.) (The 14th-century French philosopher Buridan is credited with the story of a donkey who died of hunger, as he did not dare to do choice between two identical bundles of hay. This story was allegedly given by Buridan as an example in his discussion of free will. The phraseological unit an ass (or a donkey) between two bundles of hay goes back to the same story; castles in Spain - castles in the air (expression , associated with the medieval heroic epic, the heroes of which, the knights, received in their personal possession the castles in Spain that had not yet been conquered);

For smb."s fair eyes (or for the fair eyes of smb.) - for the sake of someone's beautiful eyes, not for the sake of his merits, but for personal disposition, for nothing, for nothing (an expression from J. B. Molière's comedy "Simply");

Let us return to our muttons - let's return to the topic of our conversation (an expression from the medieval farce of Blanche about the lawyer Patlen, later the infinitive to return to one "s muttons arose through reverse formation);

To pull smb."s (or the) chestnuts out of the fire (for smb.) - to pull chestnuts out of the fire for someone; it is pointless, at the risk of working for the benefit of another (in Lafontaine's fable "The Monkey and the Cat" - the monkey Bertrand makes the cat Raton drag chestnuts out of the fire for himself). The expression to make a cat "s paw of smb is associated with the same fable. - to make someone your obedient instrument - to rake in the heat with the wrong hands).

It should be noted that the number of phraseological units borrowed from French fiction into English is not large, but despite this, they are often used by English writers to enhance imagery and are widespread in modern English speech.

Phraseological borrowings from German and Danish fiction few. Only a few writers from Germany and Denmark replenished the English phraseological fund with "winged" expressions. Here are examples of these phraseological units:

Speech is silvern, silence is golden - “the word is silver, silence is gold”; the proverb is first found in the German writer Thomas Carlyle: As the Swiss Inscription says: Sprechen ist silbern, schweigen ist golden (speech is silvern, silence is golden) ("Sartor Resartus");

Storm and stress - "storm and onslaught" (a trend in German literature of the 70-80s of the XVIII century); period of anxiety, excitement; tension (in public or private life), impetuous onslaught (German: Sturm und Drang - after the title of F. Klinger's play);

Between hammer and anvil - between the hammer and the anvil (according to the title of the novel (1868) by the German writer F. Shpilhagen);

The emperor has (or wears) no clothes - the king is naked (an expression from the fairy tale of the Danish writer G.H. Andersen "The King's New Dress", 1837);

An ugly duckling - “an ugly duckling” (a person unfairly assessed below his merits, which manifest themselves unexpectedly to others; according to the title of G.Kh. Andersen's fairy tale about an ugly duckling that grew up and became a beautiful swan).

In modern English, there are only a few phraseological units borrowed from Spanish fiction. In this regard, one of the most famous Spanish writers, Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra, who became famous throughout the world with his work Don Quixote, should be singled out. Miguel De Cervantes Saavedra is the author of the following idioms:

The knight of the Rueful Countenance - (book) Knight of the Sad Image, Don Quixote (Spanish: el Caballero de la triste figura. So Don Quixote was called by his squire Sancho Panza);

Tilt at windmills - fight with windmills, “quixotic” (Spanish: acometer molinos de viento. The battle with windmills is one of the episodes in the novel Don Quixote).

Currently, there are many phraseological units of Spanish origin in English, but only those phraseological units that are given above have literary roots.

Also in English there are phraseological units associated with Arabic artistic literature. From the tales of the Thousand and One Nights, several expressions came into the English language:

Aladdin "s lamp (book) - Aladdin's magic lamp (a talisman that fulfills all the desires of its owner). Phraseologism to rub the lamp is associated with the same tale - easy to fulfill your desire;

Alnascharn's dream (book) - empty dreams, fantasizing (in one of the tales of the "Thousand and One Nights" it is said about Alnashar, who bought glassware with all his money and put them in a basket, but, dreaming about how he will become rich, and angry with his future wife, he hit the basket and broke all the glass);

The old man of the sea - a person who is difficult to get rid of, get rid of, an obsessive person (a hint of an episode in one of the tales, which tells how Sinbad the Sailor could not get rid of the old man who sat on his shoulders);

An open Sesame - "Sesame, open!" - a quick and easy way to achieve something (the magic words that opened the door to the cave of the robbers in the fairy tale "Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves").

The fact that some expressions borrowed from Arabic folklore have become phraseological units of the modern English language testifies to the metaphorical and expressiveness of these phraseological units. Similar concepts exist in other languages ​​of the world, in this case we can talk about the internationality of phraseological units borrowed from Arabic literature.

Phraseology comes from two Greek words: "phrasis" - expression and "logos" - teaching. Separate expressions are called phraseological turns or phraseological units. “Phraseological turns,” writes N.M. Shansky, “consist of certain, always the same words, closely related to each other as parts of a whole and arranged one after another in a strictly established order.” In phraseology, one cannot arbitrarily replace words, because in it they lose their semantic independence. This can be confirmed by the fact that such expressions use words that are not clear to everyone. They say, for example, to get into a mess. What is a slip? The word vprosak came from the words v and prosak, which was the name of the camp for twisting ropes. Hence the meaning of the expression: getting hair into such a camp was very unpleasant.

Scientists pay much attention to the classification of phraseological units. They categorize them differently:

• by source of origin (etymological research, profession, literary source);
• by origin (borrowed and native Russian);
• by existence (in book or colloquial speech).

Phraseologisms can be conditionally divided into five groups: 1) separate words of the Russian language; 2) free phrases of Russian speech; 3) Russian proverbs; 4) phraseological units of the Russian language; 5) foreign language phraseological units.

From combinations of individual words, phraseological units arise quite often. You can recognize them by an unusual combination of words, for example: brains on one side, a man in a case, a soul wide open. In combinations of the soul wide open (cf. the door wide open), the brains on one side (cf. the hat on one side), the figurative nature of the meanings of the words wide open, sideways is well understood. The expression of the soul wide open defines the character of a person who does not hide his thoughts, “opens his soul” to people.

The largest number of phraseological units is formed on the basis of free phrases that are often found in speech. For example, the head is often compared to a bowler hat, hence the transfer to a free combination of bowler hats brews a new meaning - "the head understands someone."

Many phraseological units arose on the basis of proverbs. Usually, a part of a proverb becomes a phraseological unit, for example, from the proverb “I ate a dog, but choked on my tail”, a phraseological unit arose - I ate a dog. This proverb is used in relation to a person who has done something very, very difficult and stumbled over a trifle. And the phraseological unit ate the dog - in relation to a person who has acquired a great skill in something, knowledge.

Phraseological units of the Russian language also often become the basis for the formation of new phraseological units. They have two varieties: phraseological units with the same meanings: feed breakfast, → feed promises, and phraseological units with a new meaning: look away - “look away”, → look away → “distract someone, trying to hide something” .

Borrowed phraseological units are formed on the basis of phraseological units of other languages. For example, a phraseological unit is borrowed from the French language: to have a grudge against someone - to be dissatisfied with someone, to be offended by someone; harbor resentment, anger, hatred. From the English language - blue stocking - "a woman who has lost her femininity, engaged only in scientific affairs."

An important feature of phraseological units is the presence in it of at least two main stresses to prevaricate - to be insincere, to be hypocritical; to act, to act against conscience, contrary to one's convictions. N.M. Shansky writes: "Phraseological turnover is a reproducible linguistic unit of two or more stressed words, integral in its meaning and stable in its composition and structure."

Phraseologisms, like individual words, form synonymous, antonymic, homonymous, paronymic series.

Synonymous phraseological units are based on the same image, although the variants may differ in some words. For example, “diligently, diligently” - tirelessly, rolling up his sleeves, sparing no effort, up to a sweat, in the sweat of his face.

Phraseologisms-antonyms characterize the phenomenon on the one hand, but oppositely. So, a person can be defined by his height: from a mile away from Kolomna (“very tall”) - you can’t see from the ground (“very low”). According to its appearance, reflecting the state of health: blood with milk (“healthy look”) - they put it more beautifully in a coffin (“sickly, bad look”).

If there is no connection between different meanings of phraseological units consisting of the same words, then these phraseological units are recognized as homonyms. For example: let the rooster go - “falsely sing” and let the rooster go - “set fire”.

Among the phraseological units of the Russian language, along with phraseological synonyms, antonyms, homonyms, phraseological paronyms also take place. Phraseological paronyms are characterized by the fact that they do not coincide (as with synonyms), do not contrast (as with antonyms), their appearance (shell) does not overlap (as with homonyms). In the language, this manifests itself in the form of the impossibility of matching values. For example: swallow the tongue - “be silent, stop talking”, swallow the tongue - “very tasty”.

The phraseological units used in the modern Russian language have different origins. One of them originated in the distant past. For example: like water off a duck's back - nothing excites, touches, nothing works.

The origin of this expression is not known to everyone. This is not a simple saying, but part of an ancient spell.

It used to be that healers, pouring “slanderous water” over the patient, said: “Like water off a goose, thinness from our (child’s name)” (that is, a disease). And they believed that all sorts of misfortunes would “escape” from the patient in the same way that, without stopping, water rolls off goose feathers.

Each craft in Russia left its mark in Russian phraseology, so phraseological units associated with the profession appeared. From carpenters, the phraseologism clumsy work originates - rough (as if done with an ax) work.

Previously, clumsy work was called a simple product made with an ax. An ax is a cutting tool. Carpenters worked for them. And since our country is rich in forests, carpenters have always had a lot of work. The "clumsy work" of Russian carpenters can be judged by the huts, which were cut down "without a single nail" and have been standing for more than a hundred years. Intact and God's temples, set in the Russian North (in Kizhi).

Other phraseological turns are connected with mythology. For example: Achilles' heel - the weak side, the most vulnerable spot of someone.

In Greek mythology, Achilles is one of the most powerful and brave heroes.

The myth about him tells that the mother of Achilles, the sea goddess Fedita, wanting to make her son invulnerable, dipped the boy into the waters of the sacred river Styx. She held his heel (heel), and the heel was his only weak spot. It was there that he was mortally wounded by the arrow of Paris.

Also a satisfying description, the classification was given by academician Vinogradov. This classification was based on the principle of the degree of soldering of components. According to this feature, he divided all phraseological units into three groups:

• phraseological fusions; its components are inextricably linked and the meaning of a phraseological unit is not derived from the semantics of its constituent words: red maiden (too timid, shy, young man); golden company (tramps, declassed elements of society);
• phraseological units; the components of unity are also closely merged, but there is some motivation for the meanings: hothouse plant (a weak, pampered person); free bird (free, independent person).
• phraseological combinations; these are the most free phraseological units, in which only one word is not free (has limited compatibility). Purge beast [rogue] - a cunning, dexterous person, a rogue, a rogue. The snake is under the deck, the bag is a bag - a person who easily changes his place of residence.

N.M. Shansky singles out another fourth group - phraseological expressions (they are semantically articulated and consist of words with a free meaning).

Phraseologisms are bright and expressive means of language. They give speech liveliness, figurativeness. They help to expose enemies, reveal the true meaning of events. The bulk has an estimated value, that is, it expresses a positive or negative characteristic of a person or object.

For example, phraseological units-antonyms, through the sleeves - carelessly, badly, somehow; rolling up his sleeves - sparing no effort, a lot and diligently. This expression originated in those distant times when the Russians wore clothes with very long sleeves: for men they reached 95 cm, and for women they were even longer - 130-140 cm.

It was inconvenient to work with the sleeves down, as they are very in the way. Hence the expression slipshod. And vice versa, in order to work comfortably, the sleeves had to be rolled up.

There are also many phraseological units that characterize both industriousness and laziness: tirelessly, bend your back, from dawn to dusk; beat the buckets, sharpen the laces, count the crows, etc.

There are phraseological units expressing an emotional assessment of a person’s individual qualities or his position in society: the phraseologism milk on the lips has not dried up expresses, for example, an assessment of a person’s life experience, and the turnover of one’s own shadow is afraid - an assessment of an individual psychological appearance, certain character traits (timidity, fearful alertness) .

The external appearance of a person is contrasted by growth and health. Skin and bones, they put them in a coffin more beautifully, living relics, barely a soul in the body, in which only the soul is kept - a face like a poppy color, wider across itself, blood with milk; Kolomna verst, fire tower, get a sparrow - you can’t see it from the ground, two inches from the pot. Contrasted in phraseological units and internal personality traits. On my mind - the soul is wide open; seven spans in the forehead, a bright head - neither fish nor meat, a holey head; he won’t go into his pocket for a word - he took water in his mouth; passed fire, and water, and copper pipes - a greenhouse plant.

A contrast is possible in terms of attractiveness (like a picture, you will lick your fingers) and unattractiveness (no skin or faces; a tattered cat, a wet chicken).

The assessment of the internal appearance of a person covers a very wide and diverse sphere of conceptual content, which includes an assessment of the intellectual development of a person, his life experience, moral qualities and forms of behavior. So the assessment of intellectual development is divided into a high level of intellectual development, mental abilities of a person and a low level of intellectual development: seven spans in the forehead, a head cooks, a head on his shoulders, a bright head, he won’t get into his pocket for a word - without a king in his head, brains on one side, a garden head, cannot connect two words, there are not enough stars from the sky, not everyone is at home, etc.

Evaluation of life experience: “great life experience” - a grated kalach, an old sparrow, an old poisoned wolf, knows all the moves and exits, knows how much a pound is dashing; “a little life experience”: a yellow-mouthed chick, young-green, milk on the lips did not dry out, did not smell gunpowder.

Evaluation of the relationship between the individual and the surrounding team is also very diverse and selective. Who are the white crow, the scapegoat, the fifth wheel in the cart, on the side of the fire? The basis for such an assessment are both social factors and individual personality traits: “low social status” - swims shallowly, small fry; “high social position” - a high-flying bird, an important bird, flies high, lift it higher, you can’t reach it with your hand. The basis for the assessment can also be wealth: rowing with a shovel, like (as if, as if) riding cheese in butter, a golden bag - and poverty: naked like a falcon, not a penny for the soul, the wind whistles in your pockets, barely make ends meet.

Estimates of the individual qualities of a person are usually figuratively associated with ideas about certain qualities of animals of a particular species. So, the hare is a symbol of cowardice, the wolf is greed, the bear is clumsiness, the fox is cunning, the snake is cruelty, deceit, the elephant is cumbersome. That is why the composition of phraseological units included animalistic components, which are the names of animals of a particular species: a snake, a ladybug, a tattered cat, a shot sparrow, a wolf in sheep's clothing, an elephant in a china shop, a bear service.

A wolf in sheep's clothing is a hypocrite who hides his bad intentions under the mask of virtue.

The wolf is one of the most prominent figures among animals. How many fairy tales, stories, proverbs and sayings about him are composed! “We are talking about a wolf, and he is towards”, “To live with wolves - howl like a wolf”, “wolf appetite”, “Feet feed a wolf”. The meaning of these expressions is clear.

The expression "wolf in sheep's clothing" originated from the Gospel: "beware of false prophets who come to us in sheep's clothing, but inside they are ravenous wolves." You can contrast this expression with the proverb: "Sheep's tears will be shed to the wolf."

In the phraseological units that characterize a person, "color" vocabulary is also introduced. Many phraseological units are used in works of fiction and journalism.

For example, the expression white crow belongs to the ancient Roman poet Juvenal. A white crow is a person who is sharply different from others. Most often these are talented, gifted, incomprehensible people, and therefore do not fit into the general philistine way of life.

White crows, as you know, do not exist, and therefore the people who are called white crows look at least strange; they are not like everyone else:

Phraseological turns occupy a significant place in the literature. The Russian writers Griboyedov and Krylov especially enriched our speech with winged words. Lines from the comedy "Woe from Wit" and Krylov's fables have become winged and entered our colloquial and literary speech along with folk proverbs and sayings, and phrases from them are stable phrases - phraseological units. Among them there are those that characterize a person or his feelings and sensations, relationships with the outside world and people. Here are some of them that have become proverbs and sayings. Bypass us more than all sorrows and lordly anger and lordly love; my custom is this: signed, so off your shoulders; sin is not a problem, rumor is not good; blessed is he who believes, he is warm in the world; and the smoke of the fatherland is sweet and pleasant to us; read not like a sexton, but with feeling, with sense, with arrangement; I would be glad to serve, it is sickening to serve; the legend is fresh, but hard to believe, but who are the judges?; familiar faces; moderation and accuracy; the hero is not my novel; a million torments; reason contrary to the elements.

The greatest connoisseur of the Russian word, I. Krylov enriched our literary language with many figurative expressions that have become proverbs and sayings that characterize a person, his qualities, emphasize his advantages and disadvantages much easier than any evidence, explanations, comparisons, conclusions.

Who does not know Krylov's fables? But perhaps the most famous is the fable about the Dragonfly and the Ant:

She comes to the worker Ant to ask him to feed and warm her until spring. To which Ant replies:

Like, you can’t live for today. And the people about the same thing: "Prepare the sleigh in the summer, and the cart in the winter." Dragonfly jumpers are people who are carefree, frivolous, careless, one-day butterflies.

Now let's talk about the expression helpful bear. It arose from Krylov's fable "The Hermit and the Bear":

This maxim is followed by a story about the friendship of the Bear with the Hermit. They spent whole days together. Once Hermit lay down to rest and fell asleep. The bear chased the flies away from him. He drove the fly off his cheek, she sat on his nose, then on his forehead. The bear, taking a heavy cobblestone, guarded the fly and

From the fables of Krylov, the expression “monkey labor” came to us in the meaning - completely useless work. The expression monkey labor quickly became winged, became widespread both in oral speech and in journal journalism. In the modern literary language, the jokingly ironic expression monkey labor has practically lost its connection with its fabled source and is used by us as a designation for vain, useless, deliberately troublesome labor, any fruitless and aimless activity.

We often use the popular expression: "Stay with nothing", and rightly consider it taken from the fairy tale of A.S. Pushkin. In "The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish" there are these words:

Phraseologisms are often used as a means of expression on the pages of newspapers. They give the newspaper text a certain strength, help create imagery. Phraseological units are able not only to express the corresponding thought more capaciously, but also to convey the attitude, assessment. For example, the proverb to crush water in a mortar conveys greater expressiveness, evaluativeness than the corresponding free phrase “to engage in empty business”.

Language is a living connection of times. With the help of language, a person realizes the role of his people in the past and present. Here is how I. Bunin wrote about it:

The words of I. Turgenev sound like a testament to all generations: “Take care of our language, our beautiful Russian language, this treasure, this property handed down to us by our predecessors…. Treat this powerful weapon with respect: in the hands of the skilled, it is able to work miracles!

Phraseologisms are living witnesses of the past, their knowledge enriches our mind, makes it possible to better comprehend the language, to use it more consciously. The richer the vocabulary of a person, the more interesting, brighter he expresses his thoughts. Mastering phraseology is a necessary condition for a deep mastery of the language, its secrets and richness.