Introduction

1. General characteristics of adjectives

2. Full and brief form of adjectives

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Morphology - section of grammar, studying parts of speech and form of their change.

Parts of speech are certain vocabulary-grammatical classes of words with common semantic, morphological and syntactic properties.

Based on semantic, morphological and syntactic principles, in Russian, one of the significant parts of speech can be distinguished, such as adjective. This is part of speech, denoting a sign of the subject and answering questions what? what? whose?

It should be noted that the adjectives are high-quality, relative and attractive. Also adjectives have comparison degrees: comparative and excellent, and differ in forms, i.e. Have a brief and complete shape.

In his test work, I tried in detail to consider the form of the names of adjectives, their distinctive features and conditions in which the formation of forms is possible.

1. General characteristics of adjectives

The name is adjective - part of speech, denoting a sign of the subject and answering questions what? what? whose?

In contrast to the verbs, denoting a sign that exists in time ( white Sunrise), and nouns denoting a sign of a subject or phenomenon, torn away from this subject, phenomena (white)Adjectives show a constant feature of a particular subject marked by the noun.

The adjectives have categories of kind, numbers and cases that are dependent on nouns: tall tree(noun wood refers to the middle race, used in the nominative case of the only number; adjective high has the same forms) high Dream, High Post, High Trees (With a change in categories of nouns, the adjectives categories are changed).

Adjectives characterizing pronouns I and you (in the form of different cases), deprived of the values \u200b\u200bof the genus can acquire independent generic values \u200b\u200band be the only expressives of these values: I, young and talented, waiting for recognition of success. You, strong and generous, protect me. You, proud and independent, tried to humiliate and offend.

Adjectives can be high-quality, relative and attractive.

2. Full and brief form of adjectives

Complete and short form have high-quality adjectives: fresh-- fresh, nice-- mIL.

A brief form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness (usually in artistic speech), for example: Here they are these strings. As if copper and as if cast iron.(March.)

Only full forms are used in the definition function. The functions of the facility can be used both full and brief forms of adjectives: Short night. Night short. Night short.

The full and brief forms of adjectives in the function of the facility differ stylistically: brief forms have predominantly book stylistic color, complete - neutral or conversational, for example: And again the soul of poetryfull. (N.) Schoolgirldiligent.

Full adjectives sometimes denote a constant sign of the subject, and brief - temporary: I now know the price of words of successful and stingy.(Born) In the forest, in the desert silent suffer, to you full, your rocks, your bays, and shine, and shadow,time talk waves.(P.)

In some cases, full forms indicate the absolute characteristic of the subject, which is not related to some specific conditions for its appearance, and brief forms denote a relative feature, for example: short skirt-- skirt(not at all, for someone), low door-- the door is low(not at all, but in order to bring the cabinet to it).

Full adjectives may be terminological, and brief - no: currant black, red; White mushroomsetc.

For a brief form characterized by a shade of greater categorical in the designation of a sign of the subject, Wed: Masha smart. Masha smart.

With words asand soonly brief forms are used: to aK are good how fresh were roses ...(I. Matlev.), With the words what such is- Full: What a smart baby /

The attacked, expressed adjective in full, does not have the ability to syntactic control: Ivan.-- mal.chick capable Beautiful forest.A brief form can manage dependent words: Ivan is capable of mathematics.

A brief form may be synonymized with the full in the form of a cooling case: it was useful-- was helpful, Zhaden became-- artal greedy.

With bundles become becomingprevisory predictive prevails. With a bundle bea brief form is possible, and an efficient predicative full form.

With a polite appeal to Youpossible or brief form in founded and smart),or a complete form, coordinated in kind with a real floor of the person to which the speech is addressed: You are the most intelligent. You are relevant and smart.

The use of a complete form of adjective in the plural when accessing one person is a speech error. It is impossible to say: "You, Ivan Ivanovich, resourceful and smart." It is necessary: You, Ivan Ivanovich, resourceful and smartor You, Ivan Ivanovich, are resourceful and smart.

A brief form is formed from the basics of complete adjectives by adding generic endings in a single number and common to all generations of the multiple number.

Historically primary is a brief form. She was more ancient. Full forms were formed from briefly by attaching the case forms of index pronoun to them.

In ancient Russian language there was a special index pronoun: Male genus - and (m), female - ha (I), Middle - to (e).The nominative case of this pronouction has long disappeared from the language, and its indirect cases remained (as amended) and are used in modern language as indirect case of pronoun he: Him, Him, Himetc. Thus, in women's birth young+ ihappened youngin the middle way from young + E.happened young.In the male race at the end of brief adjectives, a special sound was uttered, similar to [O] and depicted on the letter kommersant: offorms young+ aboutandhappened young.Similarly, the forms of other cases were made of merging with pronvious: from m.loda+ hishappened youngof molden.+ hisit turned out M. olodomaetc.

First, brief and complete adjectives were inclined and changed according to childbirth and numbers: Nouns of the 1st (g. R.) Or 2nd (m and cfrd) declined, full - as indicable pronouns inclined tOT, thator all, all.

And brief, and complete adjectives were used as definitions, i.e., they were agreed with the nouns, to which they treated, among the number and case. This is evidenced by some revisions, which includes the case forms of short-adjectives, for example: on a boss foot, from Mala to Velik, his cheese boron flared up, in broad daylight, in Bella,as well as\u003e Chia and nouting expressions formed from such sights: owner-repentant, downturn, has been doing, to the left, but.Traces of indirect case of brief forms of adjectives are preserved in the works of oral folk art: The young man turned to the Red Sun; announced Tsarisk Volodya; Sweet speech says that the river is gum.(P.)

In the role of the leaning in ancient Russian, brief adjectives could act; Full forms in such a role began to be used no earlier than the XV century.

In ancient Russian, brief adjectives are used with an uncertain noun, denoting unknown or first mentioned object, and complete - with a certain noun, which indicated a well-known subject, for example: good sister- this is some sister and the one that is first mentioned, and good sister- This is a certain, famous sister.

The category of certainty-uncertainty was unstable in ancient Russian language, and brief adjectives began to be maintained only as a nominal part of the composite. So the faugables are associated with subjects that are always in the nominative case, then the faults expressed by brief adjectives began to be used only in one case, that is, began to be inclined.

Some adjective brief forms are not formed, mainly those qualitative adjectives, which are relatively relative, to which indicate their word-forming communication with nouns. These include:

a) adjectives with suffix -Sh-: brotherly, heroic, heroic, rustic, friendly, comrade;

b) adjectives with suffix --- (-Ev-): combat, volitional, business, advanced;

c) adjectives with suffix -N-: close, upper, spring, evening, inner, long, longtime, autumn, last, color;

d) ungalled adjectives with suffix -L-, with the value "in any state": backward, murdered, sagging, shaking;

e) adjectives denoting animal suit: the bureau, pe- (her, savrasy;

e) adjectives, denoting color not directly, but through the relationship to the subject: pink(cf. rose), coffee(cf. coffee), cream(cf. cream), lilac(cf. lilac);

g) adjectives with a subjective assessment value: evil, hefty, diverse.

Some adjectives are used only in brief form: most, should, love, right, glad.

It is necessary to pay attention to some cases of forming brief adjectives:

a) a brief shape of a male genus with the basis for a hissing does not have at the end pahocho, fit;

b) Based on some brief adjective male sodes between consonants appear fluent vowels one.: Strong-- fasteners, beautiful-- beautiful;

c) in a brief form of adjective so much n,how much in full form: valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable, valuable-- valuable;in male race between nN.a quick appears e: valuable -- venas, extraordinary-- unusual;

d) from adjective worthyformed a brief form worthy;

e) adjectives ending on -there may be options for brief forms: immoral-- immoraland immoral.Adjectives, which are formed from nouns with the basis of two or more consonants, have a brief shape of it: impeccable - impeccable, painful - painful, feminine - feminine, ambiguous - ambiguous, etc.

Relative adjectives in the literary language are not brief: folk, folk, folk, Mattering adjectives ending on - IN, - OV (- EV), - IY, on the contrary, are not complete: teaten house, grandfathers story, teachers portfolio, fox tail.

Brief adjectives have three types of stress.

They are shown in the table:

Conclusion

In my test work, I looked at two forms of adjectives: full and short. Thus, I would like to highlight the main theses:

W full and short form have high-quality adjectives.

W Brief form of relative adjectives is used as a means of expressiveness.

Only full forms are used in the definition function

W Brief forms have predominantly book stylistic color, full - neutral or colloquial

W full adjectives sometimes denote a constant sign of the subject, and brief - temporary

W full adjectives may have a terminological value, and brief - no

The w brief form is formed from the basics of complete adjectives by adding generic endings in a single number and in common for all generations of the multiple number.

W historically primary is a brief form.

W relative adjectives in the literary language are not brief

W Brief adjectives have three types of stress.

C Still Emphasis based on

Ø stake on the end

W Magitating stress, moving from the base to the end in the form of a female genus.

Bibliography

1. Kowadlo L. Ya., Starychenok V.D. 1750 examination issues, tasks and answers in the Russian language for schoolchildren and entering universities. - M.: Drop, 2001.

2. Rosenthal D. E. The Russian language allowance for applicants to universities. - M., 1994.

3. Russian: Theory and practice. - Minsk, 1995.

4. Russian language: Encyclopedia. - M., 1998.

5. Shansky I.M. Russian language on "excellent." - Rostov N / D, 1998.