categorical value. The categorical meaning of the word. XL. Use of verb forms

The psychological structure of the word

The main function of the word is the denoting role (= the referential function of the word). In psychology, this function is usually referred to as subject correlation, as a function of representation, substitution of an object. The word, as an element of a person's language, is always turned outward, to a specific object and denotes either an object, or an action, or a quality, a property of an object, or a relation of objects. This is expressed in the fact that a word that has subject correlation can take the form of a noun, verb, adjective, or connection - a preposition, a union (when it denotes a relationship). This is the decisive feature that distinguishes the language of man from the so-called "language" of animals.

The word is a special form of reflection of reality. The word allows a person to mentally operate with objects even in their absence, to perform mental experiments on things. The word makes it possible to transfer experience from individual to individual and provides the opportunity to assimilate the experience of generations.

With the advent of language as a system of codes denoting objects, actions, qualities, relationships, a person receives, as it were, a new dimension of consciousness, he creates subjective images of the objective world that are accessible for management.

Under the meaning of the word, which go beyond the subject relatedness, we understand the ability of the word not only to replace or represent objects, not only to awaken close associations, but also to analyze objects, abstract and generalize their features. The word analyzes a thing, introduces this thing into a system of complex connections and relationships.

This analyzing or abstracting function of the word is most easily seen in recent compound words. So, "samovar" denotes an object that cooks itself, "telephone" - an object that transmits sound at a distance (tele-).

Each word not only denotes a thing, highlights its features, but also generalizes things, refers them to a certain category, in other words, it has a complex intellectual function of generalization. Therefore, the word is a cell of thinking, because it is abstraction and generalization that are the most important functions of thinking.

The word is a means of communication. By abstracting the sign and generalizing the subject, the word becomes an instrument of thought and a means of communication.

There is another, even deeper and more important function of the meaning of a word. In a developed language, which is a system of codes, the word not only singles out a feature and generalizes the subject, but also performs automatic and imperceptible work for a person to analyze the subject, passing on to him the experience from generations that has developed in relation to this subject in the history of society.

In addition, the word has one more component. In many languages (Russian, German, Turkic) the word has another part - inflection, which can change when using the word (inkwell, inkwell, inkwell, inkwell, etc.), thereby changing the relationship that this object has to the environment situations. Inflection creates new psychological possibilities for the functional designation of an object.

Therefore, language is a system of codes sufficient to independently analyze objects and express any of its features, properties, relationships.

LECTURE 1

Verb

2. The initial form of the verb; question to the initial form.

3. The form of the verb (conjugated / non-conjugated).

4. Verb stems (infinitive stem and present tense stem).

5. Verb class; verb class indicators.

6. Type of conjugation of the verb; conjugation indicator.

7. Type of verb (imperfect / perfect); view value; aspect pair of the verb; methods of species pair formation; way of verbal action.

8. Transitivity / intransitivity of the verb; indicator of transitivity/intransitivity.

9. Return / irrevocable; recurrence rate (postfix–sya); the function and meaning of the postfix is sya.

10. Voice of the verb; pledge indicator; the value of the pledge.

11. Mood of the verb; inclination index; inclination value.

12. Verb tense; time indicator; time value.

13. Person of the verb; face indicator; face value.

14. The number of the verb; number indicator; the value of the number.

15. Gender of the verb; kind indicator; gender meaning.

16. Verb conjugation paradigm.

17. Ways of forming verbs.

The verb is opposed to the name, as the basic elements of thought are opposed to each other - the subject and the predicate. But historically, the verb is closely related to the name, since it arose primarily from the names of actions. The ancient name denoting an action (by transforming primary personal pronouns into personal endings) acquired specific morphological features and was transformed into a verb.

The connection of verbs with other parts of speech is manifested in the same syntactic functions: in the ability to act as a subject, an object, a circumstance, and even a definition.

The verb as a part of speech is a very extensive part of speech with a branched system of morphological forms. Most of the verbal lexico-grammatical categories are related to the semantics of the verb and therefore do not occur in other parts of speech. This applies to the person, time, mood, type, pledge. As for the categories of gender and number, they are by no means characteristic of all verbal forms and serve, like, for example, with adjectives, as a means of agreement with nouns.

The words combined in this part of speech have a generalized meaning of the process and can denote action, movement, movement in space, state ( lie down, sleep), manifestation of the feature ( turn black), feature change ( to turn white, to turn pale) etc.

We usually imagine that as soon as we talk about an action, it must necessarily be expressed by a verb. But this is by no means the case. An abstract action can be expressed by a noun ( exit, help, transfer, storytelling). But the relation of the action to the doer can really only be expressed by a verb: the radio plays, the guests sing.

There are many definitions of the verb in the linguistic literature. They can even be divided into types: purely semantic (for example: a verb is a category of words expressing an action or state, - A.Kh. Vostokov); definitions that combine an indication of the meaning of the verb and its grammatical categories (such definitions are typical for grammars - AG-70); formal grammatical definitions (conjugated words are called verbs - S.I. Abakumov).

Let's try to define the verb as a part of speech, which would take into account the general categorical meaning, grammatical features and syntactic functions of this part of speech.

Verb- a part of speech denoting a process and expressing this meaning in the categories of aspect, voice, mood, time and person; the verb also has the categories of number and - in the forms of the past tense and the subjunctive mood - the category of gender (Russian Grammar -80, p.582).

It remains to add to this definition that the verb as a part of speech in a sentence performs primarily the function of a predicate.

Objectivity value, which is modified in different ways:

1) names of specific objects of the living and non-living world: pen, student, mountain;

2) plant names: rose, willow, poplar;

3) names of substances: oil, oxygen;

4) geographical names: Magas, Grozny;

5) qualities in abstraction from carriers: blue, green;

6) actions, processes in abstraction from action producers: thinking, jump.

- 1) importance, significance, the role of an object, phenomenon, action in human activity. 2) Content associated with this or that expression of a certain language. 3...
Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
- 1) the content associated with one or another expression of a certain language. Each spoken word makes it possible to judge what the speaker means, that is, what the given word means ...
The Beginnings of Modern Natural Science
- one of the main elements of culture, along with the custom-norm, value and meaning...
Encyclopedia of cultural studies
- MEANING, SIGNIFICANT, SIGNIFIED Franz. signification, signifiant, SIGNIFIE. The basic concepts of modern linguistics to describe the sign were substantiated by the classic of this science F. de Saussure ...
Postmodernism. Glossary of terms
- a generalized form of capturing by the subject of socio-historical experience acquired in the process of joint activity and communication and existing in the form of concepts, objectified in action schemes, ...
Great Psychological Encyclopedia
- a generalized form of reflection by an individual of socio-historical experience, captured in action schemes -, concepts -, social roles, norms and values ...
Psychological Dictionary
- see MEANING AND ...
The latest philosophical dictionary
- MEANING and concepts that define different forms of implementation of the main linguistic connection ‘sign - signified’ in the processes of understanding and in the language system. The content of these concepts in logic, linguistics and semiotics is different...
History of philosophy
- A generalized meaning superimposed on a specific lexical meaning of a word: nouns have the meaning of objectivity, adjectives have the meaning of a sign, property, quality, verbs have a meaning ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms
- The meaning of the process inherent in the verb, regardless of its lexical meaning: actions, states, relationships are presented in verbs as a process that takes place in time ...
- Significance value. For example: evening bells - the adjective evening denotes a non-procedural attribute of an object - this is its categorical meaning ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- Significance of the sign: quietly breathes. In some cases, the adverb denotes a sign of an object: pilaf in Uzbek ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- Usually it is a form of the nominative case, singular. For nouns, pluralia tantum is the nominative plural form: sleigh, cream...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; categorical meaning of a noun; 3) the initial form of the noun; question to the initial form of a noun; a question about the word form in the text ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal
- adj., number of synonyms: 1 denominative ...
Synonym dictionary
- In school and university grammars, six cases are distinguished, each of which is not only polysemantic, but is used in singular. and pl. Case is an inflectional category of a name expressing it ...
Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

1. Household, or vernacular, meaning and special meaning

From the book Results of Millennium Development, Vol. I-II author Losev Alexey Fyodorovich

1. Everyday, or colloquial, meaning and special meaning It must be borne in mind that before the word "cosmos" began to be specially used in the meaning of "world", it was quite often used in a purely everyday sense. During this early classical period, it was said

Meaning

From the book of mythology author Bart Rolan

Meaning We remember that in semiology the third element of a system is nothing but the association of the first two. Only it is given to us as something self-sufficiently complete, only it is real and assimilated by us. I called this element value. As we can see, the meaning is the myth itself,

Meaning

From the book Osho Library: Traveler's Parables author Rajneesh Bhagwan Shri

Meaning A lover of deciphering the meaning of letter abbreviations came to see his teacher and with great pride told him about his search. The teacher said: - Good! Go home and meditate on the hidden meaning of the letters EBNINS. The man tried for a long time to figure out what it means

Its meaning

author

Its Significance All this data has a great historical value; but they belong more to the history of our country than to the history of our people. Science is not yet able to catch the direct historical connection of these Asian visitors to southern Russia with the Slavic population,

Their meaning

From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Their Significance During these strife, the Novgorod veche acquired a significance that it did not have in the normal course of affairs. In the usual manner, it legislated and partly supervised the course of administration and court, replaced elected dignitaries, with whom it was dissatisfied; in the land

Its meaning

From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures LXII-LXXXVI) author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Its Importance It is easy to see what significance all these laws could have had. Until now, among the nobility, the view of serfs as a simple private property of the owner, along with land, working equipment, etc., has dominated. Thought what is

3.8. Breeding, its tasks and practical significance. The teachings of N.I. Vavilov about the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants. The law of homologous series in hereditary variability. Methods for breeding new varieties of plants, animal breeds, strains of microorganisms. Importance of genetics for breeding

From the book Biology [A complete guide to preparing for the exam] author Lerner Georgy Isaakovich

3.8. Breeding, its tasks and practical significance. The teachings of N.I. Vavilov about the centers of diversity and origin of cultivated plants. The law of homologous series in hereditary variability. Methods for breeding new varieties of plants, animal breeds, strains of microorganisms.

6.5. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions

author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.5. The meaning of a noun, its morphological features and syntactic functions A noun is a part of speech that combines words with the grammatical meaning of objectivity, which is expressed using independent categories of gender, number, case,

6.9. Number category of a noun

From the book Modern Russian. Practical guide author Guseva Tamara Ivanovna

6.9. The category of the number of a noun The category of the number of nouns is a lexical and grammatical inflectional category, which finds its expression in the opposition of the correlative forms of the singular and plural: student - students,

1.6. The essence, main features and meaning of the civil procedural form: the concept, features, meaning and consequences of its violation

From the book Civil Procedure author Chernikova Olga Sergeevna

1.6. The essence, main features and meaning of the civil procedural form: the concept, features, meaning and consequences of its violation The civil procedural form is the optimal procedure for the administration of justice in civil cases established by law,

2. The historical significance of Roman law. The Importance of Roman Law for Modern Jurisprudence

From the book Roman Law: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

2. The historical significance of Roman law. Significance of Roman law for modern jurisprudence After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, Roman law was no longer used even in Rome, but it continued to be used in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium). barbarian

2. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun

From the book Latin for Physicians: Lecture Notes the author Shtun A I

2. The concept of the dictionary form of a noun Nouns are given in the dictionary and memorized in a dictionary form, which contains three components: 1) the form of the word in it. p. units h .; 2) the end of the genus. p. units h .; 3) the designation of the gender - male, female or middle (abbreviated as one

14. Categorical interaction of the national idea and the people

From the book Analysis of the Chechen Crisis author Meilanov Vazif Sirazhutdinovich

14. Categorical interaction of the national idea and the people “Gamsakhurdia opened the account of national leaders, atamans, Fuhrers on the territory of the former Soviet Union. The national idea inevitably leads to leaderism: "One nation - one party (one movement) - one Fuhrer," he said.

§ 6. The importance and significance of dogmas. Refutation of opinions that deny the significance of dogmatic truths in Christianity.

From the book Essay on Orthodox Dogmatic Theology. Part I author Malinovsky Nikolay Platonovich

§ 6. The importance and significance of dogmas. Refutation of opinions that deny the significance of dogmatic truths in Christianity. I. Articles of faith, containing doctrine? God and the economy of human salvation, express and define the very essence of the Christian religion, as

Chapter 5. 1. The coming humiliation of Zion. 2-6. The birth of the Ruler of Israel, His properties and significance for the greatness of the people. 7-9. The meaning of the "remnant of Jacob" for other peoples. 10-15. Transformation of Israel

From the book Explanatory Bible. Volume 7 author Lopukhin Alexander

Chapter 5. 1. The coming humiliation of Zion. 2-6. The birth of the Ruler of Israel, His properties and significance for the greatness of the people. 7-9. The meaning of the "remnant of Jacob" for other peoples. 10-15. Transformation of Israel 1 In Heb. bible st. The 1st is referred to the end of the previous chapter, as the conclusion of Art. 9-13. But

categorical value

A generalized meaning superimposed on a specific lexical meaning of a word: for nouns - the meaning of objectivity, for adjectives - the meaning of a sign, property, quality, for verbs - the meaning of a process, action, state, etc.

Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. - M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976 .

See what "categorical meaning" is in other dictionaries:

categorical meaning of an adjective- Significance value. For example: evening ringing - the adjective evening denotes a non-procedural attribute of an object - this is its categorical meaning; the specific meaning of the adjective is a sign of an object in relation to time ...

categorical meaning of the verb- The meaning of the process (processuality) inherent in the verb, regardless of its lexical meaning: actions (run, saw), states (love, sleep), relationships (turn on, possess) are presented in verbs as a process that takes place in time ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

categorical meaning of a noun- The value of objectivity, which is modified in different ways: 1) the names of specific objects of the living and non-living world: a pen, a student, a mountain; 2) names of plants: rose, willow, poplar; 3) names of substances: oil, oxygen; 4) geographical names ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

categorical meaning of the adverb- Significance of the sign: quietly breathes. In some cases, the adverb denotes a sign of an object: pilaf in Uzbek ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Categorical perception- (Greek kategorikos - asserting) a feature or, more precisely, the stage of formation of visual images, at which specific visual images are identified with a certain class of objects that have a certain meaning. For example, the tendency to hear ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

verb analysis scheme- 1) highlight the word form in the text; 2) part of speech; categorical meaning of the verb; 3) the initial form of the verb; question to the initial form of the verb; question to the word form in the text; 4) the form of the verb (conjugated / non-conjugated); 5) stems of the verb: stem ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

noun parsing scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; categorical meaning of a noun; 3) the initial form of the noun; question to the initial form of a noun; question to the word form in the text; 4) proper / common name ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

noun number category- One of the main categories of a noun, which forms its categorical meaning of objectivity. The category of number serves to express the quantitative characteristics of objects of objective reality. She opposes... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

state category analysis scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech, categorical meaning; question to the word form in the text; 3) the initial form of the word of the category of state (form of the present tense, indicative mood, positive degree); 4) rank according to the meaning of the word ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

pronoun analysis scheme- 1) word form in the text; 2) part of speech; categorical meaning of the pronoun; 3) the initial form of the pronoun; question to the initial form of the pronoun; question to the word form in the text; 4) the category of the pronoun in relation to other parts of speech ... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms T.V. Foal

Books

The categorical meaning of the verb. Systemic and functional aspects, N. N. Boldyrev. This monograph examines the problem of the formation of the categorical meaning of the verb at the conceptual, system-linguistic and speech levels. General questions of linguistic…