Letter b written inside a word not after prefixes to separate the consonant in pronunciation from those following it and, e, NS, I am, for example: quarry, loach, weeds, clerk, family, gun, at night, rye, passerine, curious, fox, fox, foxes, whose, whose, whose, I drink, I sew.Note. Letter b front O written in some foreign words, for example: battalion, broth, guillotine, caragnola, companion, minion, pavilion, postman, champignon.Section 72. Letter b written to indicate the softness of a consonant, except h, SCH(see § 75), at the end of a word, for example: drink, dark, horse, and in the middle of a word before a hard consonant, for example: threshing, request, nanny, less.To indicate the softness of a consonant in front of another soft consonant, b written in the following cases: If, when the word changes, the second soft consonant becomes hard, and the first consonant retains its softness, for example: nanny (nanny), wedding (wedding), eight (eighth). l for example: herring, flatter, smaller, finger. In all other cases, before soft consonants, including front h, SCH, letter b not spelled, eg: bone, early, nursing, tip, mason.Note. Between two soft l letter b not written eg: illusion, gullible.§ 73. Letter b is also written in the following cases: In formed from the numbers five, six, seven, eight, nine syllable numbers, in which both parts are inclined, for example: fifty (fifty, fifty), sixty, seventy, eighty, nine hundred, but: fifteen (fifteen, fifteen), sixteen, etc. in the forms of the creator. pad. pl. h., for example: children, people, also four. In an indefinite form before -sya and in imperative mood front -sya and -those, for example: drink - get drunk; fix - fix, correct; suspension - suspension, weigh it.§ 74. Letter b not written: In adjectives with the suffix -sk- formed from nouns in b, for example: Kazan (Kazan), Kemsky (Kem), Siberian (Siberia), brutal (beast), January (January). Note. The adjectives September, October, November, December, June, day (day-day) are written with b; adjectives derived from Chinese names on -n , for example: Yunnan (from Yunnan).In the genus. pad. pl. ch. from nouns to -nya with a preceding consonant or th and in the ones formed from them by means of the suffix -To- diminutive, for example: cherry - cherry, cherry; slaughterhouse - slaughterhouse; reading room - reading room; but: bathhouse - bathhouse, bathhouse; apple tree - apple tree, apple tree; also village - villages, hamlet; young lady - young ladies; kitchen - kitchens, kitchenette.Section 75. After the hissing ( f, h, NS, SCH) letter b is written only in the following cases: At the end of feminine nouns in them. and wines. pad. units hours, for example: rye, night, mouse. At the end of the 2nd person unit. h. present and future tense of the verb after the final NS, for example: carrying - rushing, wearing - rushing, accepting - accepting. At the end of the verb in singular. h. imperative mood, and letter b persists before -sya , for example: smear - smear; hide - hide; eat. h. imperative mood front -those, be, for example: smear - smear; hide - hide; eat. At the end of the verb in an indefinite form, and letter b written before -sya, for example: cut, get cut. In all dialects after the final NS and h , for example: completely, gallop, away, and also wide open in the adverb. At the end of the particles: see, that is, only, see.

In Russian at the end of words, sibilants (Ж, Ш, Щ and Ч) are possible in six parts of speech:

In nouns (NIGHT, SENDER, MANY TASKS),
in adjectives (HOT),
in verbs (WRITE),
in adverbs (NASTEZH),
pronouns (OUR),
particles (ONLY).

Each of these parts of speech for the use of a soft sign has its own, special rule.

1. If we have a noun in front of us, then a soft sign after the sibilants is placed only when the word belongs to the III declension (NIGHT). Nouns I and II declension with a hissing at the end are written without a soft sign (A LOT OF CLOUDS, BRICKS). Do not forget that patronymics and surnames ending in -ИЧ are nouns of the II declension and are written without a soft sign. For example: SERGEEVICH, RURIKOVICH, VOYNOVICH.
2. If the word answers the question WHAT? and is short adjective, then after the hissing at the end, a soft sign is not needed (HOT, MIGHT).
3. Verbs with a hissing end are always written with a soft sign. For example: LOOK or LOOK (in the form of the second person singular of the present or future tense), CUT (in the imperative mood), BURN (in the indefinite form). Please note that in verbs the soft sign may appear after the hissing and not at the very end of the word, but before the postfixes -СЯ or -TE, for example: BATHE, HIDE.
4. At the end of adverbs after sibilants, a soft sign is always written (NESTEZH, JUMP, OFF), except for the exceptions: ALREADY, MARRIED, IMPOSSIBLE.
5. Pronouns with sibilants at the end are written without a soft sign, for example: NASH, YOUR.
6. Always with a soft sign are written particles ISH, ONLY, BEAT.
The exercise

We already knew this and did not interfere with his management in our own way; but between us was an officer who had recently been transferred to us. ("Shot", A. Pushkin)

Around Petrovich's neck was a skein of silk and thread, and on his knees was some kind of rags_. ("The Overcoat", N. V. Gogol)

This is exactly how at first they took and suspected these, as theirs ... Koha da Pestryakov. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

Finally, the poor fellow became, in a way, unbearable, he decided to climb by storm at all costs, you know. (" Dead Souls", N. V. Gogol)

This expression indicated that she had made up her mind to endure her misfortune without complaining, and that her husband was a cross sent to her from God. ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

The sun was just beginning to rise from behind the clouds_; the air was fresh and dewy. ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

And how do you think_ what and who - what insignificance can be the cause of the misfortune of people! ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

He knew that this story contributed to the glorification of our weapon, and therefore it was necessary to pretend that he did not doubt it. ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

As soon as he began to say something that did not satisfy the purpose of the accusation, they accepted the groove, and the water could flow wherever it pleased. ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

They say that his mother was very good-looking, and it seems strange to me why she married so unsuccessfully, to such an insignificant person ... (Poor People, F. M. Dostoevsky)

I told him ... Don't cry for me: I will try to be both courageous and honest all my life, even though I am a murderer. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

The whole battle consisted only of what the Orlov-Denisov Cossacks did; the rest of the troops lost several hundred people in vain. ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

It will fall of its own accord when it is ripe, but it is green, ruining the apple and the tree, and setting itself on edge. ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

Nicholas in two words bought for six thousand_ seventeen stallions for selection (as he said) for the end of his repair. ("War and Peace", L. N. Tolstoy)

On the other side of the fence, the old man was planing a hoop and did not see Levin. ("Anna Karenina", L. N. Tolstoy)

Apart from falsehood and lies, nothing could come of it now; and falsehood and falsehood were contrary to his nature. ("Anna Karenina", L. N. Tolstoy)

No one declared war, but people sympathize with the sufferings of their neighbors and want to help them, ”said Sergei Ivanovich. ("Anna Karenina", L. N. Tolstoy)

And now in Moscow, where every meeting is a knife in her heart, she lives for six months, every day waiting for a decision. ("Anna Karenina", L. N. Tolstoy)

Night fell - the mother blessed her daughter and wished her a gentle sleep, but this time her wish was not fulfilled; Liza slept very badly. (" Poor Lisa", N. M. Karamzin)

But sometimes - although very rarely - a golden ray of hope, a ray of consolation, illuminated the darkness of her sorrow. ("Poor Liza", N. M. Karamzin)

And there is one key_ there are all more, three times, with a jagged beard, of course, not from the chest of drawers. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

Don't worry, I won't give it, sir, said the barbel decisively and set off after them. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

But as I leave, I dare to say that henceforth I hope to be delivered from similar meetings _ and, so to speak, compromises. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

The cry of poor, consumptive, lonely Katerina Ivanovna seemed to have a strong effect on the public. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

Her pale yellow, withered face tilted backward, her mouth opened, her legs stretched convulsively. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

Game_! - yelled Luzhin, enraged to the point of rage. ("Crime and Punishment", F. M. Dostoevsky)

Martha Terentyevna did not calm down, but more and more pestered the mayor: take out and put Bonaparte, then in the end he was exhausted. ("The History of a City", M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

Whatever he shoots out of the gun, the heart will shoot right through, whatever waves the saber, then the head is off the shoulder. ("The History of a City", M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

He made campaigns against the debtors many times and was so eager for spectacles that no one was beaten without himself.
didn't trust. ("The History of a City", M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

"Enough! - he said resolutely and solemnly, - other mirages, other feigned fears, other ghosts! .. "(Crime and Punishment, F. M. Dostoevsky)

It was thought that the sky would collapse, the earth would open up underfoot, that a tornado would come from somewhere and swallow everything, all at once ... ("The Story of a City", M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

For a long time he bargained with them, asked for altyn and money for the search, but the bunglers gave a penny and their bellies to boot. ("The History of a City", M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin)

The exercise was prepared by N. Solovieva and B. A. Panov ("League of Schools").

Methodical development Russian language lesson in grade 3 on the topic "Soft sign (s) at the end of nouns after sibilants"

This lesson was developed according to the new standards of the Federal State Educational Standard, according to the "Perspective" program. In accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard, 4 types of UUD are formed in the lesson: personal, regulatory, cognitive, communicative.

Lesson topic: "Soft mark at the end of nouns after hissing"

The purpose of the lesson: Introduce students to the spelling of the soft mark at the end of nouns after sibilants.

Tasks:

Introduce the rule of writing a soft sign at the end of nouns after sibilants;

Learn to plan and evaluate your work

Develop memory, thinking, attention.

To foster in students a tolerant attitude towards each other, the ability to listen to the opinions of others and express their point of view;

To foster independence, creative activity.

Didactic materials: handouts (cards)

During the classes.

1. Motivation to learning activities.

Good afternoon guys! Today I would like to start our lesson with the proverb: "Every day adds a particle of wisdom to us."

How do you understand it?

Our knowledge is a wealth that we put in a box, and when needed, we get this knowledge and use it.

Let's smile at each other, give each other a good mood. May today's lesson bring us all the joy of fellowship.

Today in the lesson, guys, you have to complete many interesting tasks, do very important discovery, and your helpers in this will be: attention, resourcefulness, your knowledge.

2. Updating basic knowledge and fixing embarrassment

1) A minute of calligraphy

Lj Shsh Zhch Shch l

What can you say about these letters? Which one is superfluous?

Write these letters in a notebook on the first line, alternating them.

Second line: reed, oven, rye, ball, daughter, baby, crying, youth

What can you say about these words. (this is noun, singular, ending in hissing sounds)

2) Fixing the difficulty.

Summarize these definitions in one word:

Football competition (match)

Twelve o'clock at night. (Midnight.)

Little child (Kid)

Hunter's Prey (Game)

What difficulties did you have in spelling words? (Where to write b and where not.)

What question is there? (Why is it written in some words ь after hissing, while in others it is not written).

Who guessed what the topic of today's lesson is? (Spelling ь at the end of nouns after sibilants).

What goal will we set for ourselves in the lesson? (Find out when it is written and when it is not written)

3. Working out the method of action. Building an algorithm for solving a spelling problem

match, midnight, crumb, game

Write the words with the soft mark at the end in one column, and without the soft mark in the other.

What unites the words of the first group? (noun, singular h, f) And the second one? (noun, singular, m) How do the words of the first group differ from the second? In what way is the soft sign written, and in what way is it not?

What conclusion can be drawn? (for feminine nouns, the soft sign at the end is written, for male- not written)

This is your hypothesis, is it correct? The tutorial pages will help you answer this question.

Read the rule, let's compare it with the conclusion we made. Do they match? (Yes)

The soft sign after sibilants is written at the end of feminine nouns. This is a spelling.

Now let's work in pairs and try to compose an algorithm for writing a soft sign in the word night (children work in groups on their own)

The following algorithm is compiled:

1. Determine the part of speech.

2. Determine the gender.

3. If the noun is feminine, the soft sign is written.

4. If the noun is masculine, the soft sign is not written ..

(Check and compare)

Let's go back to the words that we wrote for a minute of calligraphy, check the correctness of our hypothesis.

- Let us see if you will fall into the trap completing such a task?

Night .. - night..ka daughter ..- daughter..ka

What's the trap?

(This is a completely different spelling).

4. Knowledge inclusion and repetition.

1) - Today we have compiled an algorithm for the correct spelling of the soft sign at the end of feminine and masculine nouns. And for what? When will this algorithm be useful to you? (When we write a dictation, complete assignments, in order to write competently).

And in order to check whether you have learned everything well, we will work on our own.

Assignment for independent work you will find on the cards that are on your desks.

In the words given on the cards, you either write a soft sign, or do not write. Prove the correctness of your choice.

Key ..., bream ..., oven ..., thing ..., night ..., mouse ..., pencil ..., luggage ..., pencil ..., trifle ..., muffled ..., ball ..., quiet ...

Exchange cards and check if your deskmate completed the task correctly (cross-check).

5.Fizzy

We performed tasks

And a little tired.

Now the time has come

We all have a rest, friends.

I will name nouns, and you, if in a word a soft sign is written, you squat, if not written, you slap: night, tick, thing, trembling, baby, hut, brick, penny, mouse, comrade, ball, oven.

6. Independent work

1) Write down the phrases, insert the desired words with a sibilant at the end.

Pencil ..., cold ..., polar ..., fragrant ..., ambulance ..., sonorous ...

2) The game "The fourth extra"

Pencil ... cloak ... mouse ... hut ...

Brick ... little thing ... night ... daughter ...

Carcass… key…. Thing…. pec….

Rook… .help…. executioner .... kalach ....

7. Reflection of educational activities in the lesson.

Tell me, what topic did we work on today in the lesson? What was your goal?

Continue phrases:

Before this lesson, I did not know ...

Now I know….

Can…

As a result of my work in the lesson, I ... ..

In the lesson I worked ...

My mood…

I am very glad that this lesson was interesting and useful for you and that it was easy for you to work in the lesson. Thanks for your work!

In Russian, there are two letters that do not correspond to any sound, but at the same time they affect the softness or hardness of pronouncing other sounds. It is a soft sign and a hard sign. In grade 3, they study the features of the soft sign, its functions and the rules associated with it.

What is a soft sign and why is it needed?

This letter is located almost at the end of the alphabet, before the last three vowels and a solid sign, it is denoted as b.

Once a soft sign denotes a full-fledged sound, which was pronounced as a very short e. Then this letter had a different name - er. But linguistic processes led to the fact that the language was somewhat simplified, the sound gradually ceased to be pronounced, and the letter still remained, but began to perform other functions.

That is, despite the fact that it does not have its own sound, the soft sign has several really important functions of a service nature. The first one is dividing... Implementing it, the soft sign is located between the consonant letter and such vowels as e, e, y, i, and.

It is important to remember them - these are letters that consist of two sounds: th and the next vowel. However, if the prefix ends in a consonant, and the root begins with one of these letters, the rule of a soft sign applies - it is never placed between them. In all other cases, it is used.

Also, the soft mark is a separator when used in foreign words such as postman, champignon, and so on.

The second important function of this letter is that it denotes the softness of a consonant in writing... It can be used at the end of a word or in the middle, but there are no words that begin with a soft sign in Russian.

In some cases, thanks to this letter alone, words differ in meaning, for example, ate and a spruce, an angle and coal, and so on.

Also, the use of a soft sign in words has a grammatical function. For example, if it is written in a noun after a sibilant, it can be used to determine that it refers to female... And in the verb after w, he will show his belonging to the category of 2 persons and the singular.

Some features of using the soft sign

It must be remembered that when a word is transferred from one line to another, this letter remains on the previous line with a consonant, and does not go to the next from the main one.

The soft sign, which is needed to soften the consonants, has three places in the word, that is, at the end, which has already been considered, in the middle and after l.

In the middle, the letter is written between two consonants and serves to soften the one that comes in front of it: Kuzma, very and so on.

As for the position after the l, the soft sign always softens this consonant, regardless of which letter comes after it - a consonant or a vowel. For example, impossible, it hurts and so on.

In Russian there are combinations of consonants in which the soft sign is never written - this is chn and nch, chk and thu, rsh and schn.

What have we learned?

One of the two letters in Russian that does not have its own sound is a soft sign. But at the same time, it has many important functions. It serves to separate letters in writing and when pronouncing (used between consonants and vowels, denoting two sounds, the first of which is th). Also, this letter plays a grammatical role, showing in what form the word stands, and is necessary in order to indicate the softness of a consonant in writing. A word can never begin with this letter, in addition, it is never placed between the prefix and the root, regardless of whether it begins with a vowel or a consonant. Also, it is never written in several combinations of letters that need to be remembered.

Earlier, we learned how to determine the conjugation of verbs by their personal endings. Let's talk in more detail about the spelling of personal endings of verbs, as well as about the use of a soft sign after hissing at the end of the verb.

Spelling of personal endings of verbs

WITH accented verbs all clear. The letter is under stress and is a test:

The words bale eat , bale see , track see and so on - shock endings. They are written in the same way as they are pronounced (heard).

V unstressed verb endings spelling letters e and and are defined by the indefinite form of these verbs:

Verbs ending in –To refer to II conjugation: remember go ,smooth go .

All other verbs refer to I conjugation, namely, verbs in an indefinite form ending in

-th, -th,

-t, -t

-et, -ut.

But there are verbs - exceptions related to the II conjugation, which must be remembered. The easiest way to remember them is with a rhyme:

Drive, hold, watch and see

Breathe, hear, hate

And depend, and twirl,

And offend and endure,

Will you remember friends

You cannot conjugate them on –e.

Let's compose a table of unstressed endings of verbs:

I conjugation	II conjugation
- -ut, -yut (3rd person plural)	-and- -at, -at (3rd person plural)
2 verbs - exceptions to-it: br it, lay down verbs in an indefinite form,with endings in At, -t, -t,-yat, -et, -yt wash count etc .	indefinite verbs in –To : serving it, wreck etc. 7 verbs - exceptions to–Net : view eat, hate, watch, hovered eat, twirl, offend, endure 4 verbs - exceptions to To eat: gn eat, hold, breathe, hear

There are multiple conjugated verbs, for example, the verbs - to run and want. Let's take a look at their endings:

I want u, running

You want eat, run

he wants em, running

We hot them, we run

You are hot go, run

They hot yat, run

In Russian there are verbs that are not used in the 1st person singular.

For example, the verb to conquer... Instead of the first person singular, they say:

I want to win or I will try to win .

So, in order to check the correct spelling of the ending of the verb, one should reason as follows:

1. Determine the ending of the verb (stressed or unstressed).

If shock, then this is the test. If it is unstressed, let’s reason further.

2. We put the verb in an indefinite form and check its ending:

If the verb ends in –it, then this is the II conjugation verb - we write in the ending –i, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write –At or -At.

3. Check if the verb is included in the list of exceptions for To eat and –Net.

If it is included, then this is a verb II of the conjugation, in the ending we write -and:

hate et - hate - hate .

If it is not included, then this is a verb I conjugation, in the ending we write -E, and if the verb is in the 3rd person plural, then we write -NS or -You.

For example:

Twist ... you.

This verb is in the future tense, in the 2nd person and in singular:

1. The ending is unstressed.
2. In an indefinite form - twirl- the ending –To- this is II conjugation, at the end we write -and : twist see .

Hangs ....

This verb is in the present tense, in the 3rd person, plural:

1. The ending is unstressed.
2. In an indefinite form - hovered eat - the ending –Net.
3. The verb is included in the list of exceptions - this is II conjugation, a verb in the 3rd person, plural, the ending is -at: hovered yat .

Spelling the soft mark after sibilant verb endings

Present and future tense verbs in the 2nd person, in the singular ending in hissing -NS... In this case, after -NS a soft sign is written:

beige see, shout, sing .

The soft sign is written in front of -Sya:

watch you curl .

It should be remembered that for the use of a soft sign after sibilants, it is possible not to determine the forms of the verbs, since:

The soft sign after the sibilant verbs at the end is written ALWAYS, it persists before -Sya and -those:

screaming

take care - take care

cut - cut.