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Presentation slides text content: Florence - the cradle of the Renaissance MHC lesson in grade 10 Renaissance, or the Renaissance (fr. centuries and preceding the Enlightenment. It falls - in Italy - at the beginning of the XIV (everywhere in Europe - from the 15-16 centuries) - the last quarter of the XVI centuries and in some cases - the first decades of the XVII century. A distinctive feature of the Renaissance is the secular nature of culture, its humanism and anthropocentrism (that is, interest, first of all, in a person and his activities). Interest in ancient culture flourishes, its "revival" is taking place - and this is how the term appeared. Currently, the term Renaissance has turned into a metaphor for cultural flourishing. Florence is one of the most beautiful cities in the Italian Republic with a population of almost 400 thousand people, located on the Arno River, is the center of the Tuscany region and at the same time belongs to the oldest settlements in the country, where priceless historical and architectural monuments have been preserved. Florence gave the world such great figures as Leonardo da Vinci and Galilei, Dante and Michelangelo, and the local dialect eventually became the basis of the Italian literary language. The city is rightfully proud of the fact that it was its thinkers who gave the green light to the Renaissance, and the whole continent - America was named after the famous countryman, seafarer Amerigo Vespucci. The historical path of Florence is very thorny. It has had ups and downs, but if not for these iconic vicissitudes of fate, this unique city would hardly have gained so much fame throughout the world. And its history began with the fateful decision of the Roman emperor Julius Caesar, who ordered the founding of a settlement in which the veterans of the army loyal to him would live. It was 59 BC. The new settlement was named "Florence", which means "blossoming". A little later, the veteran settlement grew to a whole city and in the 4th century AD it became a Catholic episcopal residence. Subsequently, Florence passed from hand to hand. It was owned by the Ostrogoths and Byzantines, then the Lombards and Franks. The downside of this succession of power changes and conflicts between them was a significant reduction in the population. But not only: the economic, political and cultural development of the city suffered. The turning point in the fate of the Florentines was the 10th century, which brought revival to their city. In 1115, the city became an independent commune, which laid the foundation for the statehood of Florence, known as the Florentine Republic. It existed in two major stages: first in 1115-1185, and then in the period 1197-1532. The republic extended its sovereignty to a significant part of Tuscany, namely to its central and northern territories. Thus, the role of Florence in the social and political system of Italy in the Middle Ages increased. In our time, the Florentine Republic would be called a model of democracy, since such a system of government was formed in it, which excluded the seizure of power and its usurpation by one person. The population, in turn, actively participated in the formation of all institutions of the state and power. Florence has pulled ahead in its economic development. In the XIII-XIV centuries, it surpassed not only other Italian states, but also the countries of Europe. The city-republic became the initiator of the first capitalist production - manufacturing. And it was here that the class struggle in its traditional understanding first manifested itself: conflict situations arose between the patriciate and the hired workers. In 1434, representatives of the Medici oligarchic family became the rulers of Florence, who ruled the city (with some interruptions) until the 18th century. In particular, they are known for patronizing the most prominent painters and architects of the Renaissance, being their sponsors. Piazza Michelangelo in Florence The history of the square named after an outstanding sculptor and architect dates back to the times when in 1530 Florence was besieged by the troops of Emperor Charles V and the Roman pontiff Clement VII (in the world of Giulio Medici). Believe it or not, Michelangelo himself led the defense. Moreover, on the hill of San Miniato, he erected bastions, and the remains of these fortifications have survived to this day. When climbing the hill, they are quite visible. These circumstances, in fact, determined the name of the future square, a panoramic view from which really covers the entire historical center of Florence, from the fortress of Forte Belvedere to the Church of Santa Croce. In addition to the red dome of the Duomo, the gaze easily covers the octagonal bell tower of the Florentine Abbey and the hills that stretch north of Florence. Baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence The Baptistery of San Giovanni is located in the Piazza (square) of the Duomo. It is an octagonal building with white and green marble finishing. Built in the Romanesque style common in the Middle Ages. The baptistery appeared here even before the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, with which it is currently adjacent. Giotto's bell tower is also located next to it. In fact, the very first Florentine baptistery appeared in the city approximately in the 5th century. But the building that we can see today was built in 1059-1129 on the ruins of buildings from the times of the Roman Empire. It was in it that the sacrament of baptism took place for all residents of Florence, including Dante and representatives of the famous Medici dynastic family. The tradition continued until the 19th century. Palazzo Pitti - a museum pride of Florence Mansion palaces in Italian cities in the 15th-18th centuries were called palazzo. Such buildings are very typical for the entire period of the Italian Renaissance, but they were especially popular in Florence. "Palazzo" comes from the Latin "palatium" (palace), echoing in turn the name of one of the seven Roman hills - Palatine - where palaces for emperors were built. Classic palazzo is characterized by several floors (usually three, sometimes two or even four), a cozy courtyard adjoining the palace and a majestic facade overlooking the street. There are such mansions in Rome, Venice, Genoa. Florence was especially famous for them, as has been said. One of such a Florentine mansion palace and the largest in the city is the Palazzo Pitti (Italian Palazzo Pitti). Even the most sophisticated connoisseurs of beauty will be greatly impressed by its interior, which, without exaggeration, can be called luxurious. Here you can see the mesmerizing beauty of frescoes, stucco moldings in white and gold colors, as well as silk wallpapers and unique tapestries. Not to mention the original pieces of furniture, invaluable from a historical point of view. Florence is the origin of the Italian Renaissance and its artistic heritage includes architecture, painting and sculpture and personalities ... Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo, Dante Alighieri, Boccacho, Botticelli, Raphael, Vespucci, Collodi, Gallilei ... https://ru.wikipedia.org http : //www.hobbysalon.ru http://www.florentine-society.ru https://yandex.ru

In 1293, the Florentine Republic decided to erect a new cathedral next to the Baptistery of San Giovanni. Construction began on the site of the old cathedral, which was called Santa Reparata (IV-V century) in honor of the saint, who was especially revered in Florence, since on the day of her memory a victory over the barbarians was won. The new cathedral was officially dedicated to the Mother of God in 1412, and it became known as "Santa Maria del Fiore" (Santa Maria del Fiore - Cathedral of the Holy Virgin Mary with a lily flower in her hands). The gigantic size and fabulous elegance of the new cathedral were to become a symbol of the power and wealth of Florence. The cathedral became the pride of the inhabitants of Florence, and the construction was carried out under the motto: "To erect a church of such magnitude and splendor that it would not be possible to require human strength and zeal of either a larger or more beautiful building." Arnolfo di Cambio, who was entrusted with the construction by the guild of arts, was the chief architect of the City Council and by this time had become famous thanks to the construction of the Franciscan Church of Santa Croce (Holy Cross), and in 1298 he also began to design the Palazzo Vecchio.

The Cathedral is located in the heart of Florence, on Cathedral Square. length of the cathedral - 153 meters width in the transept - 90 meters height of the arches - 45 meters height of the dome from the inside - 90 meters total height with a cross -114 width of the Nefs - 38 meters diameter of the dome - 42 meters total area - 8300 m 2

Stages of the construction of the cathedral The legate of Pope Boniface VIII laid the foundation stone for the building on September 9, 1296, Arnolfo di Cambio developed the project and began the construction of the walls. After the death of Arnolfo di Cambio in 1302, the construction of the cathedral was suspended for thirty years. In 1330, the relics of Saint Zenobius of Florence were found in Santa Reparata, which gave new impetus to the work. In 1331, the wool merchants' guild took over the construction and appointed Giotto to the post of chief architect, who, instead of continuing the construction of the cathedral, began the construction of the campanile (bell tower) in 1334. When Giotto died in 1337, only its first tier was erected. In 1348, the work was stopped due to the plague. From 1349, work resumed under the direction of a number of architects, starting with Francesco Talenti, who completed the campaign and expanded the building area, apse and transept.

Stages of the construction of the cathedral In 1359, Giovanni di Lapo Gini (1360-1369) took over the post of Talenti, dividing the main nave with arches into four square sections. Other architects involved in the construction: Alberto Arnoldi, Giovanni d'Ambrogio, Neri di Fioravante and Orcaña. By 1375 the old church of Santa Reparata was demolished, by 1380 the nave was completed, and by 1418 the only thing left to do was to complete the dome. By 1380, the walls of the building were finally erected, but problems arose with the construction of the dome. There was a break in construction for 40 years. Then the dome of Brunelleschi was built. The cathedral was consecrated in 1436, but the facade was unfinished. Grand Duke Francis I ordered to dismantle the façade and rebuild it. Only in the 19th century it was decided to finish building the cathedral. In 1887, the existing facade appeared. Its author - Emilio de Fabrice

The most amazing element of the cathedral is the dome, the project of which was proposed by Brunelleschi, was built using a completely new and unique technology at that time. Brunelleschi proposed to make the dome two-layer. This is the world's first octagonal dome, and even built without the construction of scaffolding resting on the ground. Before starting work, Brunelleschi drew a life-size plan of the dome on the banks of the Arno River near the city. Brunelleschi did not have any ready-made calculations, he had to check the stability of the structure on a small model. At the end of 1418, four bricklayers produced a 1: 12 scale model that demonstrated the design of the dome and the innovative way of erecting it without continuous formwork. The two shells of the dome are connected by 24 ribs and 6 horizontal rings. The construction of the dome began in 1420 and ended in 1446. The construction of the dome took 4 million bricks of various shapes. The domed lantern was completed by Michelozzo, a friend of Brunelleschi, in 1461; ball and cross with the relics of Verrocchio in 1469. The ball was lifted up by a machine designed by Michelangelo.

In 2013, the site http: // news. discovery. com reported that a model of the cathedral's dome was found during construction work to expand the cathedral's museum. Model has a circumference of 9 feet (1 foot = 30.48 cm). Professor Francesco Gurrieri suggests that this is the same dome demo model that Brunelleschi built. This laying of bricks "herringbone" was used in the construction of domes in Persia. Brunelleschi was the first to apply it in Europe.

The dome was masterfully painted in the second half of the 16th century by the painters Giorgio Vasari and Federico Zuccari. The painting has a multi-tiered structure and is dedicated to the Last Judgment. The lowest ring is reserved for deadly sins and the inhabitants of Hell, led by the Antichrist. Subsequent rings, going up to the lantern, depict saints, elders of the apocalypse, heavenly angels, the Mother of God and good deeds. The image of Satan is the antagonist of the bright figure of Christ.

Three huge facade doors were made in 1899-1903. They depict scenes from the life of the Virgin. The mosaics in the lunettes above the doors were created by Niccolo Barabino: Mercy among the founders of Florentine charities; Savior on the throne with the forthcoming Mother of God and John the Baptist; Florentine artisans, merchants and humanists. In the niches there are 12 apostles, in the center is the Virgin and Child.

Provided by the project of Arnolfo di Cambio, the facade was never completed and in 1587 it was destroyed. Only in 1871 was another project approved by the architect Emilio de Fabris, who completed the work in 1887. And the decoration of the facade was completed largely thanks to the material donations of the Russian industrialist Demidov, whose coat of arms now flaunts to the right of the main entrance. Coats of arms of other donors are placed nearby.

Cathedral interior An unusual decoration of the cathedral is the clock created by Paolo Uccelo in 1443. The highlight of the chronometer is that its hands rotate in the opposite direction.

The main relic of the cathedral is an urn with the relics of St. Zenobius of Florence, discovered in the ruins of the church of Santa Reparata in the 14th century.

On the walls of the cathedral are depicted the English condottiere John Hawkwood, the Italian mercenary Niccolo da Tolentino, Dante with The Divine Comedy. The cathedral has busts of organist Antonio Squarchalupi, philosopher Marsilio Ficino, and Brunelleschi.

On the left wall is the fresco "Dante and the Three Kingdoms" or "Dante Illuminating Florence with his Poem" by Domenico di Michelino Domenico di Michelino, depicting Dante with the "Divine Comedy" in his hand. Hell, a mountain with purgatory are depicted behind the poet's back, on the top of the mountain is an earthly paradise with Adam and Eve. On the right is Florence. Above - the spheres of heavenly paradise. The fresco was painted in 1465 for the 200th anniversary of Dante's birth.

The complex of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore also includes a baptistery, in other words, a place for baptism. It is designed as a separate building, standing nearby the Duomo on Cathedral Square. The baptistery is named after John the Baptist, and is the most ancient building on the square. Baptistery of San Giovanni

The vault of the dome is decorated with Byzantine mosaics of the 13th-14th centuries. The mosaic depicts a painting of the Last Judgment with the figure of Christ in the center. The baptistery also houses the tomb of Antipope John XXIII.

South Gate The most ancient are the South Gate, created by Andrea Pisano. It took 6 long years to work on them, starting in 1330. On the golden bronze surface of the doors, Pisano engraved scenes from the life of John the Baptist, providing them with allegorical images of the Virtues. 28 paintings, made not without the help of jewelry masters, cause admiration and awe among the guests of Florence.

The North Gate Built between 1401 and 1424 by Lorenzo Ghiberti, it contains 28 framed panels in the Gothic style. These bas-reliefs depict paintings from the New Testament. The merchants' guild customers were so impressed by the North Gate that Lorenzo Ghiberti began work on the third portal of the baptistery, the East

The eastern gate is the most famous one. They were created in the years 1425-1452 by Lorenzo Ghiberti. The gate is divided into 10 frameless gilded panels and represents biblical stories. This creation was highly praised by Michelangelo (50 years after its creation) and was named by him "The Gates of Paradise". Currently, the panels of the "Gate of Paradise" have been replaced with copies, and the original panels are in the Duomo Museum

One of the largest, richest and most beautiful cities in Italy was Florence. She was called "Athens of Italy"... The city arose in ancient times, but reached its peak in the Middle Ages. The state structure of the Florentine Republic was finally formed at the end of the XIII century. Unlike the merchant republics of Venice and Genoa, where power belonged to the aristocracy, in Florence it ended up in the hands of wealthy townspeople: owners of large craft workshops, foremen of workshops and bankers. The feudal aristocracy was removed from power. The supreme body of the republic was the seigneur, which included representatives of the city's craft guilds. The head of the lord was at the same time the commander of the city militia.

The main wealth of medieval Florence was its fabrics. In the city, there were over two hundred large workshops for the manufacture of racing woolen cloth, famous throughout Europe. It was produced so much that the local wool was not enough for the Florentines. It had to be imported from abroad. In addition to woolen cloth, Florentine artisans made fine silk fabrics, jewelry, and fur products.

Florentine banks were also famous throughout Europe. In them money was kept not only by merchants and wealthy townspeople, but even by the popes. Here came their huge incomes, which flowed down from all Catholic countries. The popes instructed local bankers to collect money owed to the church. This operation brought colossal profits to the Florentine banks.

Florence was one of the richest cities in Italy. Its well-to-do townspeople, wealthy merchants and bankers competed in luxury and wealth. They built magnificent villas and palaces, decorating them with frescoes and sculptures. They bought up works of antique art, decorating their homes with them. Interest in the previously forgotten ancient literature was also revived. They began to collect and rewrite ancient books. Many educated Florentines enjoyed reading the works of Greek and Roman writers, poets, and philosophers. Material from the site

To glorify their name, many rich people built churches with their own money, entrusting their painting to the most famous artists. Florence became the center of Italian art. Her artists, sculptors, architects glorified with their works not only their native city, but all of Italy. A new direction in painting and sculpture was born in Florence, replacing the art of the Middle Ages. Following her, and in other richest Italian cities, the rise of art begins. There is a revival of interest in the historical heritage of Italy, in ancient culture.

The urban republics of Italy were among the richest and most developed cities in Europe. They became the center of a flourishing new European culture and art.

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Areas of Florence

Slide 5
Historic center of Florence

It is here that the main monuments of art and architecture of the city are located: the Duomo square with the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiori and the Bell Tower by the great architect Giotto, the Baptistery of St. John, the patron saint of the city, with the "Gates of Paradise" - a masterpiece by Lorenzo Ghiberti. To the north of the Duomo is the Medici Riccardi Palace, in the design of which Michelangelo took part and the Basilica of San Lorenzo, erected by Filippo Brunelleschi, inside which the sacristy works of Donatello and Michelangelo are located. Right there, in the Historical Center, there is the San Marco Museum, as well as the Accademia Gallery, which houses the original of the famous statue of David by Michelangelo. Piazza Santissima Annunziata is famous for its “Shelter of the Innocents” by Brunelleschi.

Slide 6
San Lorenzo

The historic district of San Lorenzo has been the commercial and artistic center of Florence for centuries. It is here that you can get to know more about the culture of the ancient city, as well as taste the real Tuscan cuisine. The area is home to the famous Central Market with many grocery, meat, fish, vegetable, fruit and flower shops. The name of the area was given by the Church of San Lorenzo, erected in 393. The most famous sculptors and architects of Italy took part in the construction and design of this temple. The Church of San Lorenzo contains the remains of almost all the Grand Dukes of the Medici family.

Slide 7
Santa croce

The area of Santa Croce is located around the square of the same name and the Basilica of the Holy Cross, after which this area was named. The area was badly hit by the 1966 floods, which destroyed many of the cultural property of the National Library and other buildings. It is worth noting several interesting buildings of the Santa Croce quarter: Cocchi-Serristori Palace, Palazzodell'Antella, Corsini Serristori Palace, Spinelli Palace, Giorgio Vasari's house and, in fact, the Church of Santa Croce - a Franciscan Gothic church famous for frescoes by Gi and the tombs of the greats of Italy, is one of the most popular tourist attractions in Florence.

Slide 8
Oltrarno

The Oltran area is a large area on the left bank of the Arno River. Here are concentrated numerous monuments of history and architecture, museums, parks, palaces. Around these attractions, in turn, their own residential quarters were formed. In the narrow streets of the Oltrarno district, among the many artisan shops and restaurants serving national cuisine, the spirit of the real Renaissance Florence lives.

Slide 9
Coverciano

Coverciano is a region in the north-east of Florence, on the right bank of the Arno River. The area of Coverciano is also famous for its football training area and the head office of the Italian Football Federation. The building of this organization often hosts meetings of the heads of FIFA and UEFA, meetings of football businessmen. There is also the Italian Football Hall of Fame. Coverciano also has a renowned training and licensing center for football coaches. By the way, the famous football team Fiorentina is based in Florence.

Slide 10
Tornabuoni

Tornabuoni is a quarter in the historic center of Florence. This is the most elegant quarter of the city thanks to the boutiques of famous designers and jewelry located here. The name of the quarter and the street comes from the name of the Tornabuoni Palace located here, one of the most beautiful buildings of the Renaissance Florence.

Slide 11
Florence landmarks
Slide 12
Church of Santa Croce

The Church of Santa Croce (Church of the Holy Cross) is a unique architectural and artistic monument located in the heart of Florence. It contains the richest works of art. This Gothic church, one of the largest in the city, is also the largest Franciscan temple in Italy. Tourists are attracted by the unique chapels of the temple, decorated with brilliant frescoes by famous Italian masters. Inside the church there are also tombs of more than 300 great Florentines, including Michelangelo, Machiavelli, Dante, Lorenzo Bartolini, Galileo Galilei.

Slide 13
Church of Santa Maria del Carmine

Another famous church in Florence is Santa Maria del Carmine, dedicated to the Madonna of the Carmelite Order. This rather unremarkable building keeps in its depths the most unique frescoes, which attract many admirers of Italian art to it. In the transept on the right is the famous Brancacci Chapel, painted by Masolino and, to a greater extent, by Masaccio, and completed by Lippi.

Slide 14
Baptistery of st john

Next to Santa Maria del Fiori is the oldest building in the city, the Baptistery of Saint John. For over a thousand years, it has been the spiritual center of Florence. The baptistery was built in honor of John the Baptist, patron saint of Florence. The interior of the temple is dominated by images of antiquity, but the doors that later appeared in the Baptistery became its most famous landmark. The doors, or portals of the Baptistery, are decorated with priceless panels based on biblical themes.

Slide 15
Giotto's bell tower

Not far from the Duomo there is an equally notable landmark of Florence - the Giotto bell tower, which has a height of 84 meters. Its facades are decorated on all sides with unique six and four-sided medallions.

Slide 16
Santa Maria del Fiori

The Duomo Santa Maria del Fiori, whose grandiose dome is one of the recognizable silhouettes of Florence, is located on the Piazza del Duomo. The construction of the temple began in 1294 and lasted 81 years. The best architects of their time took part in the construction of the cathedral. However, the world fame of the cathedral was brought by the octahedral dome by Filippo Brunelleschi. The top of the dome at a height of 91 meters is crowned with a spire with a ball, which was lifted there by a machine created by Michelangelo. The decoration of the facade of the temple in white, pink and green colors was completed only by 1887, when Florence was the capital of Italy.

Slide 17
Piazza del Duomo

Cathedral Square is the heart of Florence. It contains a number of famous buildings, among which one of the most recognizable buildings in the city is the Florence Cathedral, the 84-meter bell tower of Giotto and the oldest building in the city - the Baptistery.

Slide 18
Pontevecchio

PonteVecchio connects the banks of the Arno at its narrowest point. The construction of PonteVecchio began in 1345 and has a remarkable history. The architects TaddeoGaddi and NeridiFioravante, who worked on the construction of PonteVecchio, decided to build a bridge with a unique structure for those times - with a solid support on 3 arches. On both sides of the bridge, there are residential buildings that have survived from the XIV century, while the middle of the bridge is free of buildings. Today there is an observation deck on it, from which tourists can admire the Arno River, other Florentine bridges and the picturesque surroundings of the city.

Slide 19
Palazzo Pitti

Palazzo Vecchio is bordered by the Uffizi Gallery to the north. The construction of the palace under the leadership of Arnolfodi Cambio began in 1294. This imposing, thick-walled structure was originally used as a military fortification. Over time, and especially after work on it, the building of the Palace turned into the residence of the ruling family of the Medici.

Slide 20
Uffizi Gallery

Uffizi Gallery is undoubtedly one of the most famous landmarks of Florence. The Gallery building is now a renowned museum that houses the most complete art collections. Among the treasures kept in the Uffizi Gallery are masterpieces by Giotto, Caravaggio, Titian, Leonardo da Vinci, Rubens, Peruggio.

Slide 21
Boboli Gardens

On the hillsides behind Palazzo Pitti are the magnificent Boboli Gardens. The main advantage of the Boboli Gardens is the magnificent panorama from the hill. You can fully enjoy the beautiful view in the Coffee House, located in the northern part of the park.

Revival. Presentation on the theme of santa maria del fiore italy florence completed by a student Presentation on the theme of florence cradle of the italian renaissance

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Areas of Florence

Historic center of Florence

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