Solid sign in the root. The rule of consumption of solid and soft signs

The class) is difficult for understanding and absorbed far from all students firmly and for a long time. This article describes how to study the procedure for writing words with dividing "B", and also provide examples of tasks to secure the obtained skills and skills.

Studying the topic is advisable to smash to the steps:

1. Setting the problem task. On the board are written words: monkeys, sat, pouring, flakes, Wuh. Students are invited to read words, detect a discrepancy. As a result of reasoning, students are concluded that there are not enough soft sign in the proposed words. Next focuses on the role of a soft sign in these words, in other words, for which it is needed here. It follows the response of students that in these words, a soft sign shares vowel and consonant. In such cases, "B" received the name of the separation.
2. No less important for students - to be able to find the dividing "b" in words and understand what function it performs in the word. Practically, we reveal the difference in the pronunciation of the Slots Pier - Py, Nu - New, Le - Leo, Bi - Bay. In the second case, our lips are "smiling" a little wider. The conclusion is made: the syllables containing a dividing soft mark are pronounced, with overcoming some obstacles. And what is this obstacle? Students point to the presence between the consonants and vowel sound of the sound [y ']. Next, it is necessary to secure the mined knowledge using the motor memory. With the help of the hands, let students be shown by the road, which you need to drive any syllables in which there is a separation soft sign, will be denoted by the bumps. The route may look something like this: TI - Lia - Py - Syo - hell. Next, you can arrange a competition among students to define the most experienced rider.
3. Observation of the proposed words (at night, sews, sons, sunday, streams) will allow students to determine the place where the separation soft sign is required.

Rule: "The dividing" b "should be written inside the words after consonant letters before the vowels I, E, Yu, E, and".

For a solid memorization, the rule must be issued as a reference table.

To secure the studied use the following exercises:

1. Remove the syllables with the dividing b and without it under dictation.
Nyu, Nye, Py, Rye ...

2. Training to pronounce words with a dividing soft sign. Cleaners:

Tank tank tank on Tatiana dress.

On Daria's road, I saw Marwe. Daria Rada Marya. Marya Rada Daria.

Proverbs:

Reduce the city take.

Himself with Sparrow, and the heart with a cat.

[L'IS'Ti'a] - leaves

[Night'y'u] - Night

I am a white wall. - Buttons were sewed to new liny.

Hungry beast always lyut. - Fresh rains in the fall.

We are glad to an expensive guest. - Invite our guest here.

5. Forget adjectives:

bull - bull;

dog - dog;

crow - Voronene;

fox - fox.

6. We exercise in the formation of words with a dividing soft sign on the sample:

friends;

sparrow - Sparrow;

chair - chairs.

7. Formed the patronymic of their own samples:

Yura - Yuryevich, Yuryevna;

Ilya - Ilch, Ilinichna;

Valera - Valerevich, Valerievna.

8. We find and emphasize the words in the texts with a dividing soft sign.

9. We distribute in 2 columns words with a soft sign. In the first, write down the words with a dividing soft sign, in which the "b" will designate the softness of the consonant, in the second - to divide the consonant and vowel.

10. We write with commenting and breaking the riddles:

Around the water, but with drinking trouble. (Sea).

Who falls in the spring and falls? (Bear.)

11. Independent drafting of small vocabulars, which will contain words to the studied rule.

EXAMPLE: Singing the light, they whip the sparrows, on the bumps of trees, playing at the stream, crept on flakes, tightened with ice, singing the nightingale, bird screams, drink water.

12. We read the text and write it in memory:

Bird friendly family wears bitch for housing. The sun priges - the housewarming will guide.

13. We read, write and explain the meaning of phrases:

turtle step

our smaller brothers

Following the proposed exercises, children will enshrine the knowledge gained and will remember forever, as words are written with a dividing soft sign.

The famous Language of Soviet times Lev Uspensky calls it the most expensive letter in the world. In his work, the origin of words can be seen as he belongs to her. According to him - "She does nothing decisively, it does not help anything, nothing expresses." The appropriate question arises - as the letter Kommersant appeared in Russian, and what role did the creators take it?

The story of the appearance of the letter Kommersant

The authorship of the first Russian alphabet is attributed to Cyril and mythodia. The so-called Cyrillic, the basis of which was Greek, appeared in the year 863 in Christmas. In their alphabet - a solid sign was at number 29 and sounded like a hero. (Before the reform of 1917-1918 - the 27th on the score). The letter Kommersant was a short semi-voltage sound without pronunciation. She was put in the end of the word after a solid consonant.

What then is the meaning of this letter? There are two responding options for this explanation.

The first version concerned the most famous letter. Since the gaps acquaintances at that time simply were simply not, it was she who helped to properly divide the row to words. As an example: "Kabogomizbranomzar".

The second explanation is associated with the church Slavonic pronunciation of words. It was Yer who did not muffle the word when reading the word, consonant, as we observe in modern Russian.

Different influenza and mushrooms in the meaning of the word influenza and mushrooms. There was no such sound phonetics in the old Slavonic language. All words were written and uttered. For example: slave, friend, bread. This was explained by the fact that the division of the symbols in the Old Slavonic language was subordinate to one law, which sounded like this:

"In the old Slavonic language, the end of the word cannot have consonant sounds. Otherwise, the syllable will be closed. What can not be according to this law. "

Due to the above, we decided to attribute the EP (K) at the end of words where there are consonants. So it turns out: a grocery, tavern, pawnshop or address.

In addition to the above two reasons, there are also the third. It turns out that the letter Kommersant was used to designate a male genus. For example, in the names of the noun: Alexander, Wizard, Lob. Inserted it into the verbs, for example: put it, sat down, (Ince. Music time. Rod).

Over time, the function of the word separator of the letter Kommersant performs more and less. But the "useless" kommersant at the end of the words still kept her position. According to the above-mentioned L. Prothensky L.V. This little "swirl" could take up to 4% of the total text. And these are millions and a million pages annually.

Reforms of the 18th century

Those who believe that the control shot in the "head" of the fucking letter Kommersant did the Bolsheviks and thus cleared Russian from church prejudices - a little mistaken. The Bolsheviks in the seventeenth year just "finished". It all started much earlier!

About the reform of the language, especially about Russian writing, was conceived by Peter himself. The experimenter in life, Peter has long dreamed of breathing a new life in the "dredge" Old Slavonic language. Unfortunately, his plans only remained plans. But the fact that he shifted this question from the dead point is his merit.

The reforms that Peter began from 1708 to 1710, first of all affected the church font. Filigree "bargains" of church letters were replaced by civilian. Such letters as "Omega", "Psi" or "Jus" went into oblivion. There were familiar letters of E and I.

The Russian Academy of Sciences began to think about the rationality of using some letters. So the thought of excluding from the Alphabet "Izhitsa" at academics has arisen in 1735. And in one of the typographical editions of the same Academy, a few years later an article was released without the notorious letter Kommersant.

Control shot for the letter Kommersant

In 1917 there were two shots - one on the cruiser "Aurora", another at the Academy of Sciences. Someone believes that the reform of Russian writing is the merit of exclusively Bolsheviks. But historical documents confirm that in this matter, Tsarist Russia also moved forward.

In the first years of the 20th century, Moscow and Kazan Languages \u200b\u200bhave already spoken about the reform of the Russian language. 1904 was the first step in this direction. At the Academy of Sciences, a special commission was created, the purpose of which was to simplify the Russian language. One of the questions on the Commission was the notorious letter K. Then the Russian alphabet lost "Fita" and "Yat". New spelling rules were represented in 1912, but, unfortunately, they did not pass censorship.

Thunder struck on December 23, 1917 (05.01.18). On this day, the People's Commissar of Enlightenment Lunacharsky A.V. Signed decree on the transition to new spelling. Letter Kommersant - as a symbol of resistance to the Bolsheviks issued the last sigh.

To speed up the funeral of everything that was associated with the "royal regime" on November 4, 1918, the Bolsheviks issued a decree on withdrawal from the printing house of the matrix and a letter of letters. As a result, the spelling miscarriage of Bolsheviks - apostrophe appeared. The separator function now played comma (pod'em, crazy).

One era ended - another began. Who would have thought that the little letter Kommersant would be so big and important in the opposition of two worlds, white and red, old and new, before the shot and after!

But the letter Kommersant remained. It remains just as 28 letters of the alphabet. In modern Russian, she plays another role. But this is a completely different story.

DividingKommersant written after consonant in front of the lettersI, Yu, E, e, Transmitting combinations [J] with vowels, in the following cases.

1. After the consoles ending on the consonants .

For example:

a) in words with Russian consoles: non-surfactant, attaching, rushing, escaped, generated, interlential, put up, drive around, departure, lift, preditionable, present, disperse, reversible, eat, rush, cake, supernatural, ultrahow, ultra.

Letter kommersant traditionally written in the word flaw,although of- is not a prefix in it.

b) in words with consoles of foreign language origin : counter-Neckline, post-core, post-love, subunit, subnog, superjoint, trans-European .

The words of foreign language origin with initial parts are also written. ab-, administrative dis-, in-, inter-, concentration which languages? The source is consoles, and in Russian as consoles are usually not allocated. These include: abuusion, Adjective, Adactivation, Adjunct, Adjusting, Adjutant, Disjunction, Injection, Injecated, Interction, Koyadyutor, Context, Conjugates, Conjugation, Conjunctiva, Conjunctive, Conjunctivitis, Conducting, Conjunction, Object, Objective, Subject, Subjective .

2. In difficult words:

a) after the initial parts two-, three-, four- , eg: double, two-axis, three-core, four-tier ;

b) in words pan-European, Feldgerer .

After the initial parts of the comprehensive words dividing kommersant according to tradition, it is not written, for example: valerist, State language, chatted, Patcher, Festrumarka, Svetzeda, Hozednik, INAZ, Inyurcleslegia, Ministry of Justice.

3. The letter Kommersant is also written when the transmission of foreign language own names and the words derived from them (After letters that releasing pair solid consonants), for example: Kiziljurt(city in Dagestan), Torny(settlement in the Republic of Mari El), Guheju(Chinese personal name), Hanäyan.(city in China), tazabagjabi culture(archaeological), Javiayarvi(Lake in Finland), Mancasti(Anthology of ancient'apon poetry).

In this case, the separation kommersant it is also possible before the letter and , eg: Dzunjitiro(Japanese name).

Note!

1) The letter ote is not written In front of the letters a, o, u, e, and, s.

For example: intergatomous, Consturdar, Transokean, three-storey.

2) The letter ote is not written In the middle of the word (not after the console!), for example: dress, deck. An exception – feldgerer.

3) The letter ote is not written At the junction of the pieces of a complex word.

For example: children (children's nursery), INAZ (Institute of Foreign Languages).

4 ) Letter Kommersant is not written in noun subhychy(in this word no console under- !). In the middle of the word is written separating b because there is a prefix here by- and the root of the Dyack (-Dyach-).

5) In the middle of the word (in the root) Ariergard written dividing b , but not kommersant Since consoles ar- There is no Russian.

6) In a word flaw (Turk.) written b By analogy with the verb to remove.

Dividing B written after consonant in front of the letters i, Yu, E, e, andtransmitting combinations [j] with vowels.

For example:

- yay : Devil, Yudychi, Monkey, Billiards, Family, Drunk, Colosum, Draw, Slaughter, Lukyan;

- : bind, interview, pour, family, drink, trot, fifty, south, fusion(interjection);

- b. : Solovy, rifle, drinking, Voroniene, serious, live, whose, sew;

-ye : Premiere, play, courier, entertainer, jam, calm, Vietnam, Fourier;

-y. : Sparrow, Nightingale, Fritters, Bear, Varnish, Articles, Whose, Vinia.

1) The dividing b is written in the middle of the word (not after the prefix!) After consonant in front of the letters e, E, Yu, Iif after the consonant before vowel sounds [j]; For example: Introduce [B'Jot], Bind [B'jun], Dyack [d'Jak]).

2) dividing b is written in some borrowed words (as a sound signal [j]) after consonant in front of the letter about.

For example: bouillon [Bul'jon], signor [Sin'jor], minion [Min'jon].

No matter how they tried to convince the disciples in the fact that the knowledge gained by them in school years will be needed in the future, unfortunately, this is not the case. However, some things that are taught at school will actually fit in adulthood. For example, the skill competently write. To master them, you need to know the main grammatical laws of the Russian language. Among them are the rules governing the use of dividing Kommersant characters.

Solid sign: history and his role in the word

The twenty-eighth letter of the Russian alphabet, despite the fact that it does not indicate sounds, perform an important function in words. Therefore, before considering Rules governing the use of Kommersant and Lokes is worth Learn a little about her history and role in the word.

A solid sign existed in Slavic languages \u200b\u200balmost from the very moment of their formation. At first, he was a brief vowel sound until turned into an unpainted letter used to separate the words to syllables, as well as replacing spaces.

At the end of the XIX century. It was noticed that frequent use of Kommersant in texts (4% of the total volume) is impractical, especially in telegraph file, rapid and typography. In this regard, they tried more than once to limit the use of a solid sign.

After the 1917 revolution, this letter was generally abolished for almost ten years. As a separator in those years, the apostrophe was used in words.However, in 1928, he was excluded from the Russian language (but was preserved in Ukrainian and Belarus), and his separation function took over a solid sign that it performs to this day.

In what cases in words is set

As for the use of a solid sign, that is, several rules for its production before E, Yu, E, I:

• After prefixes that end on the consonant letter: content, preditionable.
• In terms of those who came from other languages, with the prefixes of ab-, administrative dis-, in-, inter-, components and sub-, adjuvant, disjunction.
• After counter, pan-, super, trans- and feld-: pan-Europeanism, superjoint.
• In the complex words beginning with two-, three-, four-: dual-core, three-core, quad-language.

There are several exceptions when the Kommersant is not at the junction of the prefix and the root, but within the word itself. Such nouns include: feldgerer and flaw.

When b do not put

In addition to the rules governing the use of Kommersant and the characters, it is worth remembering and cases when they do not need to be put:

• The solid sign does not put in words with the prefix ending on the consonant letter when the vowels are followed after it, o, o, and, y, e, s: cloudless, curled.
• This sign is not set in comprehensive terms: iNAZ, Slavyuvelirtorg..
• He is not put in a lexemes writing with a hyphen: paul diocese, floor apple.

Considering the rules governing the use of Kommersant and b signs performing a partitioning function in the Word, it is worth remembering that the interior and "subhychi" lexemes are written through a soft sign. A similar writing is not an exception, because in the word "interior" is not a prefix, but a part of the root. And in "Pijeech", the prefix is \u200b\u200bnot subfier, but in, and -Dyach is the root.

What functions performs a soft sign

As for B, he in ancient times meant a brief vowel [and], but gradually, like Kommersant, lost his sound.

At the same time, it retained the ability of [and] to give the soft sound to the preceding sound.

Unlike solid in the Word, 3 functions can perform.

• Dividing.
• Informs about the softness of the preceding sound.
• Used to designate some grammatical forms.

Soft Sign Usage Rules

Studying Russian lawsregulating the use of Kommersant characters, It is worth learning a few rules:

• A soft sign that performs the separation function is never put after the console (this is a solid sign). Parts of words in which the dividing b is a root, suffix and ending to E, E, Yu, I: monkeys, interior. This rule applies to both Russian vocabulary and borrowed terms from other languages.
• The dividing b is put in some words before the letterproof it: champignon, medallion, broth and Milong.

In the case when it informs about the softness of the preceding sound, and does not perform the separation function, its formulation define the following rules:

• In the middle of the word B indicates the softness of the letter L, if it precedes another consonant, except L: finger, Moluba. Also "does not fit" a soft sign in the stationary: LF, NW, NN, Rush, CC, CN, RF, PHR ( drummer, candle).
• In the middle of the word, this sign is set between mild and solid consonants: please, very.
• In the middle of the word B can stand between two soft consonants. Provided that when changing the shape of the word, the first remains soft, and the second - acquires hardness: please - in the request, letter - in the letter.
• In some cases, this symbol is located in the end of the word after consonants. At the same time, it helps to establish the value of the lexeme: linen (plant) - laziness (quality of character), kon. (place for rates in the game) - horse (animal).

As a marker for individual forms of grammatical, this sign is used in such cases:

• In the names of adjectives arising from the names of months (except January): february, September.
• At the end of numerals from 5 to 30, as well as in their middle, if they denote tens of 50 to 80 and hundreds of 500 to 900: six, seventy, eight hundred.
• In the imperative lifestyle of verbs (except lie down - Lag.): remove - Remove, throw - throw.
• In the infinitive (initial form of verb): contain, raise.
• In all cases, the words "eight" and in the apparent case of a certain. Numbers of individual numerical and nouns: six, whip.

Consumption of b and ъ signs after hissing w, h, sh, sh

Following these letters of a soft sign possible under such conditions:

• At the end of the majority of adverbs and particles, except: already, already, unbearable, marry And in the prediction inter.
• In the infinitive: bakery, bake.
• In the imperative lifestyle of verbs: Namazh, comfort.
• In the endings of the II facial verbs of the only number of the future and present: you sell, spread.
• At the end of the identity case of nouns. kind, in III decline: daughter, power. For comparison in m. Rode - clean, Palash.

In some cases, it is not used after these letters:

• In nouns II decline: executioner, uluzh.
• In short forms of adjectives: fresh, Zhghead.
• In the parental case of nouns multiple numbers: pudd, cloud

A hard sign after g, sh, h, at the end of the word or the root is not put, because his "place" is always after the prefix in front of E, E, Yu, I.

Eating b and Kommersant signs: Exercises

After reading all the cases of setting up soft and solid signs, it is worth moving to the exercises. In order not to confuse, we collected together the majority of the above rules governing the use of b and kommersant signs. The table below will serve as a prompt for tasks.

In this exercise, you must choose which of the letters should be put in words.

This task concerns the use of a soft sign following hissing letters. It should reveal brackets and where necessary - put a soft sign.

In the last exercise, you need to write down the proposed words in 2 columns. In the first - those that are used with b, in the second - those that without it.

As hard, and soft signs are "dumb" letters, they perform an important role in Russian. You can make a lot of mistakes in your written speech, if you do not know the laws of grammar, regulating the use of Kommersant and b. The rule is not one will have to learn to not be confused which signs should be put in a particular situation. However, it is worth it, especially in the case of a soft sign, since it is often only its presence helps to determine the lexical meaning of the word.

Letter Kommersant - "Solid Sign" - this is the 28th letter of the Russian alphabet. In modern language, a solid sign does not indicate sounds and serves as a kind of guidelines for the correct utterance of a number of words. Nevertheless, a solid sign is one of the characters that have formed the basis of Cyrillic and until today, a long and difficult path along with the development of the language passed.

Words with a hard sign: a little story

A solid sign is known in Cyrillic chart for a long time. In ancient Russian language, the letter had another name - "EP" and in some roots could be pronounced as "O", and also wrote down at the end of words ending on the consonant, and after the prefix for consonant before the root starting with vowels. This consumption was practiced until the beginning of the twentieth century. In 1918, during the reform of Russian spelling, writing a solid sign at the end of words ending on the consonant, was abolished. Today, words with a solid sign in Russian are characterized by a total of more than 140, and the use of this letter is clearly regulated. Talk about it more.

Major groups of words with solid sign and the norms of their spelling

Modern Russian language symbol "Kommersant" uses as a separator. A solid sign is used after consonant in front of the Jotted vowels E, E, Yu, I am preferably at the bog of morpheme.

Solid sign between the prefix and root

1. After the prefixes ending in the consonant, before the root starting with the vowel, and in words with the original Russian consoles ( eat, departure, go around, rush, cake), and in words with borrowed prefixes ( contrinitorus, SubNier, Trans-European).

2. A separate group consists of borrowed words with a solid sign, beginning with combinations of relations, inter-, ad-, ab-, inter-, con- and others, which were originally consoles, but in modern Russian are identified as part Root: object, Subject, adjutant, aburaction, disjunction, interrounding, conjuncture.

Solid sign between parts of complex words

1) before the second root after parts of the two-, three-, four- ( bunk, three-axis, quad);

2) separate words with a separating solid sign, as feldgerer and pan-European;

3) If we are talking about the spelling of comprehensive words with a similar structure, the hard sign is not used in them: sPESED, HOZEDBA, VERRISR, GOSSY language other.

Solid sign in the names of own and their derivatives

There are a number of nouns and derivatives from them (people's names and geographical names), where hard sign is also used: the city Kiziljurt, village Torny, lake Javiayarvi, artist Guheju.

Thus, words with a solid sign in modern Russian is a separate group with its regularities in spelling. Unlike a soft sign, which in the same word can be consumed several times, a solid sign in one word can only be one. The above cases of using a solid sign are clear rules that always need to be observed. In situations, not discussed in this article, with similar conditions, a separation soft sign is used.