Open or closed wiring. Installation of wiring in the house and apartment. Types and distribution methods. Shock protection

Wiring is paved in two ways - closed and open. In the first case, communication is disguised, and the likelihood of their damage is minimal. Installation open wiring It is easier, cheaper and less laborious, but it is necessary to protect cables from moisture, mechanical damage.

In this article, consider existing methods Pasters of electrical conductors, focus on features external installation and give recommendations on how to choose suitable option.

The minuses at the open (external) wiring are much more than the hidden (internal).

Cables closed by plaster are not damaged, do not interfere with repair and absolutely invisible. Open wiring is devoid of such advantages, and in the case of a short circuit, it will light up with a greater probability than hidden. Open way of installing wiring is often chosen for.

In wooden houses Laying the electrocable open way - this is a forced measure, because hidden laying cables are difficult or impossible at all

Some advantages of the open-end installation still have:

• Simplification of laying. When laying the electrocabels, it does not have to stick the walls. This reduces labor costs, the scope of work. After installation, there is practically no construction trash.
• Depreciation. Here we are talking about saving to pay for services of electricians.
• Ability to change the cable laying scheme. If plans for the future enters the layout of the wiring, it is better to choose an open way of mounting.

When choosing an open method of laying electrical conductors, it should be noted that they will have to mask and protect against external influences. There is always the likelihood of moisture or random damage.

When installing boxes, sockets, switches often arise difficulties. Before starting work, you need to carefully examine the features of their installation or entrust the work of the electrician

If the house is residential, you need to weigh everything three times. It is advisable to consult with an experienced electrician, and when installing it is necessary to take into account increased risks and especially carefully monitor compliance with security measures.

Features of the external laying of electrocabels

External installation is suitable if you need to pave the electrocabels in the corners of the room, in the place of the seat of the ceiling and walls, along the plinth.

Most often the complexity occurs when arising from open wiring in homes with suspended ceilings. Cables can not be conducted on such ceilings, you have to fix them on the walls.

One of the minuses of open wiring is a non-primary look, however, for a retro interior, it will fit perfectly. The only nuance - you will have to spend additionally to spend the stylization. It is expensive

If there are many wires, it is better to put them in throughput channels. When developing the installation scheme, you need to carefully select places where the branch and connecting will be connected. There should be free access for inspections and possible repairs Communications.

Wiring Open Mounting Methods

Initially, the only open molding method was the laying of twisted electrical conductors on the walls and the ceiling. They were attached to ceramic insulators.

In some homes, built near the century ago, the wiring is laid in this way. Relatively recently similar installation gained popularity again. This is connected with the fashion for the old days.

If a hundred years ago, open wiring on ceramic insulators was considered the norm, now it is stylization under ancient. In the era of the massive unification of things, furniture and interior items are particularly popular unusual ways premises, and this is one of them

During the design of premises in the retro style, problems are often arising with the search for materials. Some manufacturers produce ceramic insulators, outlets, stained switches, but such a luxury is very expensive.

Suitable materials To decorate wiring in retro style, you can find not only in expensive stores. Often they are acquired by the oldevists, they buy household owners built at the beginning of the last century, and cables are manufactured independently by twisting stranded copper wires.

Designer fantasy does not know borders. Often you can see the interiors decorated with the help of elements different styles. One of successful options - Combination of retro and loft-stylistics

When placing open wiring in retro-style, it is better to give preference to cables with a cross section of 2.5 mm.kv. and double insulation. If such wires are packed in wooden building, it is necessary to strictly follow the rules of electro- and fire safety

The interior fashion change, so it is necessary to think seriously, whether it is necessary to make a wiring in retro style. It is better to choose a more popular and reliable option. Then, in the case of repair, it is not necessary to engage in electrical work again.

We offer in detail the popular methods for laying open wiring and choose the technology most suitable for your home.

Method 1 - Installation of wires on brackets

To connect sockets and switches with a cross section of 2.5 mm.kv., and for lighting devices - 1.5 mm.kv. Sometimes thicker cables are required. If the wire thickness is 1.5-6 mm.kv., they can simply attach them to the surfaces of the walls and ceilings with brackets.

When buying cables it is worth a preference for quality products. If the choice is made in favor of cheap wires, then the non-combustible gaskets are mounted to reduce the risk of fire with a short circuit.

Their choice should be considered extremely carefully, because the functionality and safety of a home power grid depends on them. We recommend to view information on how for home wiring.

Most often use metal or asbestos stripes. They are fixed so that the non-combustible gasket performed outside the cable is at least 1 cm on each side. As for the material, it is better to choose a metal, because Asbest is harmful to people's health: his connection has been proved with oncological diseases.

Sometimes to ensure fire safety, the gap is 1 cm between the electric cable and the wall. Such a laying method resembles wiring on ceramic insulators in retro-style. It is used in wooden houses, in dachas, in non-residential premises

Mounting on brackets is a cheap and easiest way to install wiring. Of the minuses, it is unsafe and ugly. If several cables are laid, they strive and spoil the impression of the interior. In a residential building, it is better to pave the wires in the cable channels.

Method 2 - features of laying in pipes

Modern industry produces special electrical pipes. They can be made of metal or plastic, protected well from fire, random mechanical damage and lesion to the current.

For installation it is most convenient to use. They are flexible, so that when attaching the walls, it does not have to equalize the surface. Wiring in the corrugation - perfect option For wooden log houses. It is convenient and looks much more careful than separate wires.

Due to the dubious aesthetics of corrugations, it is infrequently used in residential buildingsbut it is perfect for liner cables from air power lines. Sometimes in order to improve the appearance of open electrical wiring inside rooms, colored corrugated services are used.

When installing wires in wooden house Considate the features of the building material. Through the wooden walls, the wiring is placed using special metal sleeves. They are needed to protect cables from patching if natural wood Give me shrink

When calculating the diameter of the corrugations, focus on the cumulative thickness of all wires that will be laid in it. This figure is multiplied by 2, because with a smaller cross section of the pipe in it it will be difficult to pave cables.

To facilitate the gasket, corrugated services with a special probe (wire, with which cables stretch) are used. The wires are attached to the probe and stretch them through the pipe, tightly holding it in their hands.

If you want to pave a relatively small piece of wire, it is quite possible to do without a probe, but for large segments it is better to use special devices.

Corrugated electrical pipes are attached to the walls on screws, dowel-nails or plastic clips. The distance between the attachment points is calculated depending on the diameter and, accordingly, the alleged weight. If the diameter of the corrugation is 16 mm, the places of fasteners are placed at a distance of 30-40 cm, and for pipes 32-40 mm, this distance is less than 20-30 cm.

Before starting electrical work, make up the scheme. It is important that corrugated pipes do not cross and not crossed out, because This violates the security requirements and ugly looks

Clips are mounted on the walls, and then just insert the corrugation in them. Such a fastener is convenient because when dismantling it is enough to pull the pipe, and the clips are easy to disconnect.

Method 3 - Gasket in boxes

For laying wires, hard electrical boxes are used, plinth. These devices are made of metal or non-combustible plastic. Unlike corrugated pipes, hard structures can not be installed on uneven walls, because Surface defects become only more visible.

There are many varieties of cable channels: one-, two-, three-section. They also differ at the place of installation, appointment, sizes. You can find models of any type on sale - from perforated to flexible, angular or transparent. It is important to choose products suitable for specific operating conditions.

The boxes, channels, plinths are equipped with snap-on covers that are easily removed, which is convenient for mounting additional wires. If you need to upgrade the wiring, the whole process will take several minutes.

There are other advantages:

• Design. Boxes, cable channels and plinths are released different colorsthat allows you to decorate the room. You can always choose the appropriate option.
• Simple montage. Laying cables in the box does not require special effort. The main thing is to secure the protective structures themselves.
• Convenient installation of outlets and switches. On the box you can mount outlets, and they will not spoil a general view.

Installation work begin with the preparation of the drawing-diagram with the scanning of walls. It is needed to accurately calculate essential materials, quantities of fasteners, accessories.

To select a channel via a satellite, you should decide in advance with the cross section and the number of cables. Finished plan Must be accurate, without errors in measurements and calculations.

Wires are laid not only by smooth surfaces, but also in the corners. Sometimes it is necessary to equip the branches of the channels. For these purposes use different type accessories. When developing a project, you should calculate their number

Mounting technology of external wiring in cable channels:

1. Project preparation. It is necessary to determine the number, types and location of sockets, switches, boxes and consider gas and water pipes, sewer system.
2. Selection of materials. After the design, you can start choosing and buying materials. If you plan to lay a multiple cable, it is worth choosing a box with partitions. Accessories must match the channel in color and size. It makes sense to buy protective boxes with fixtures to install sockets.
3. Fastening boxes. Plastic structures They can crack, if they are immediately fixed to the wall, so they first make holes in box housings, and only then screw them to the base. Channel cable docks each other, and excess material is cut off.
4. Wiring. The cables are placed in the channel housing, covered with covers and snap them. It remains only to check the fixation of the covers - and the design is ready.

Electricians advise paying attention to the base material, because The choice of fasteners depends on it. So, on wooden wall Boxes are attached using ordinary screws. For brick, concrete and stone surfaces, dowels are used. And for panels, plates from composite materials and plywood it is better to choose a bowl fastener.

So as not to customize the shape of boxes in external and inner corners, You can cut them off using an ordinary joinery stouch. Then the products will look carefully, and the risk of material overcurrents due to marriage will significantly decrease

Each of the installation methods has its own advantages, and rarely happens that just one method is enough. Often it is necessary to combine cable channels with corrugated and / or metal pipes, fastener on brackets.

When developing a project of electrical wiring should consider the layout of the room and the features of the wiring of cables on each of the plots - be it a bedroom, or a bathroom.

10 Typical Electrical Errors

An open method of laying electrocabables is easier closed, but still there are nuances that cannot be taken into account until there is definite practice.

We offer an overview typical mistakesallowed when installing wiring:

1. Lack of scheme. Often, the wiring is mounted on the principle of the designer: first make a wiring in each room, and then combine cables. This sharply reduces the reliability of the entire system as a whole.
2. Saving on materials. Non-quality wires, appliances and accessories are a direct and short way to fire. It is better to overpay for the products of a reliable brand than to solve problems with closures and fires.
3. Calculation of wiring without stock. Cable cross-section and their number must be 20% more calculated. Otherwise, it does not avoid unnecessary scrubs and risk that the network will not stand the loads.
4. Connecting powerful devices through a socketnot using a separate cable from the shield. Even the outlet of the high power does not solve this problem, because There is always a risk that the cable will not cope with a serious additional load.
5. Compound of high and low-voltage cables in one box. In this case, there are almost guaranteed problems with the work of equipment in the whole house.
6. Extra twists. To connect wires, it is better to use special.
7. Compound lived from copper and aluminum. Contact locations overheat, which can lead to problems. For the connection it is worth using terminals, and it is better to avoid aluminum wires and lay only copper.
8. Neglect of safety equipment. TB Rules are written on the basis of the bitter experience of many unfortunate electricians, and yet there are still coullars working under voltage.
9. Incorrect location of junction boxes. They must be 20 cm below the ceiling. Otherwise, there is a risk of random damage. The boxes should be access for inspections and repair.
10. Errors when installing ground loop and. These devices protect the power grid, so they should be taken to their installation especially carefully.

Beginner electricians allow other errors. We listed only the most common.

It is important to remember that the installation of electrical wiring is associated with a multitude of risks, so before starting work, the technology should be carefully examined.

Conclusions and useful video on the topic

We picked up useful videos that will help to avoid frequent errors Installation and properly organize external wiring in the house.

Mounting wiring instruction in Channel Cable:

Useful tips on setting outlets:

Basic errors that are allowed when connecting the RCD:

In theory, the technology of arrangement of open wiring looks simple and understandable. But when it comes to practice, many household owners make a lot of errors.

Be sure for self installation Only if you have the necessary knowledge to develop and implement the project. If not, do not risk life and instruct this work by electricians.

You are well versed in the theory of open wiring theory and possess practical experience Electrotechnical work? Maybe you want to add the material outlined by us by clarifications or useful recommendations? Write comments in the block under the article, share your experience with newcomers - many users will be grateful to you.

Electric wiring deployed at home maybe openor closed. If we talk about open wiring, it is performed as follows.

Open wiring

The wiring is performed on the wall, in the plastic pipe, in a special cable plinth, in a special cable plastic channel. As for the height of open gaskets of the protected cable and wires, descent and lifts of such gaskets to shields, switches, starting devices and lamps, which are installed on the walls, they are not normalized. When performing open electrical wiring in a cable plinth and a channel, the wires, illuminating and low-current type are not mixed with each other. The fixation of the plinth or channel should provide a sufficiently dense adjacent to the construction bases, as well as provide a gap between the plinth and floor or canal and a wall coating - no more than two millimeters. Plinths with channels must be purchased from non-aggravated, as well as self-tapping materials that have electrical characteristics. Cable channel modules, cable plinth in a residential building can be applied if a flexible layout of the installation of lamps is provided, as well as light control devices. Such devices are allowed to change wiring wiring and place differently electrical equipment, sockets and switches. In cellars that are not heated, in the chulans and in attics, in the premises that are constructed from wooden structuresThe electrical wiring is performed in an open method using brackets.

Closed wiring

But you can perform a wiring hidden way - in the cavities building structures , above the suspended ceiling coatings, in the prefabricated partitions, in the furrows, which are made in wall coatings, in deputy pipes. Horizontal power cable wiring places are laid in outdoor coatingwhich is made of non-combustible materials, like "warm floors".

Wiring gasket processes under the plastering layer, in partitions, in the cavities of building structures

If you decide to make the labeling of lighting networks, deposited in furrows of wall coatings, partitions, overlaps, under the plaster or in the cavities of building structures, it is recommended to use insulated cables or wires in a common leakage shell that provides mechanical protection. If you need to disassemble such a gasket, you need to do the repair almost again. Therefore, before choosing this method, it is necessary to calculate well.

Hidden wiring

Hidden wiring is almost all residential buildings and apartments. Usually, to make the wiring, small grooves are knocked out in the walls and ceilings, the electrical wires are laid in them. Then these furrows are simply attached to cement or alabaster. The furrows do not, if the wiring is carried out only in the house under construction. Wires are attached with nails, which are driven between bricks. You can also adjust the wire to the wall using Alabaster. And then there is plaster plaster, and the wires are under the layer of plaster.

All wire twists are hiding in special branching boxes that are installed in places where the wires are connected. These boxes must be installed at the wall surface level. They are closed with plastic covers. This is necessary for security reasons, and just for beauty. Branching boxes are also used to install switches and sockets. Boxes are made of plastic or steel. Outlets and switches are also used when working for hidden wiring. They almost do not protrude above the surface of the walls.

For hidden wiring, two types of wires are usually used: copper and aluminum. The cross section of the copper wire is not less than 1mm2, and aluminum is at least 2.5mm2. Installation of hidden wiring in apartments is made in special channels, which are constructed in the walls. Therefore, when switching electrically conductives, as well as when replacing switches and sockets, you need to be careful. To replace or regenerate electric wire, you need to get to the place of their connection, and for this, if necessary, you will have to even shoot down new tile Or spoil wallpapers.

Open wiring

The difference between open wiring from the hidden in the fact that it is paired on the surface of the ceilings and walls. For open wiring, use copper or aluminum wires, be sure to rubber insulation. In addition, the wires are copper and aluminum wires With insulation only from polyvinyl chloride. But they can only be applied if the wire has a separate base separating one living wire from another. Wires are fixed using rollers that are made of porcelain - insulating material. On each roller there is a hole. A nail is inserted into this hole and attached to the ceiling or wall with dressed on it with wires.

When installing use copper wire With a cross section of 1 mm2, or aluminum with a cross section of 2.5mm2. On the walls of the wires are parallel to the lines of the intersection of walls and the ceiling. At the same time, the distance from the eaves or ceiling should be 10-20 cm. Descents and lifting wires make perpendicular to the ceiling. Near the doors and windows, the wire is carried out at a distance of 10 cm from the edge of the window or door. Wire mounting rollers must be from each other at a distance of 50 cm.

With an open wiring, all switches and sockets are fixed on the walls, on special linings that are made of dry wood. They are called such insulating lining by submersed. First, with the help of a long screwing to the wall screwed the peaver. Then the socket or switch is fixed to it with two small screws. When the wiring is open, switches and outlets are installed, different from those that are mounted when closed. They differ in both externally and the way they are installed. In the basements of the house, the switch cannot be installed, due to damp, conductive walls and floor, so the switch is put in the kitchen. Now open wiring in apartment houses It is quite rare, but for example, if the house is wooden, another wiring is simply impossible to do.

When laying Electric wiring In residential and non-residential premises, depending on the tasks, it is worth thinking what type of wiring to choose: hidden or Open.

This type of electrical wiring implies gasket and tinted cable channels in the walls, ceiling or under the floor. Hidden wiring is definitely much more aesthetic than open and this kind of optimal for most apartments.

Before laying hidden wiring, it is necessary to carefully think about electrical circuit For the entire apartment (premises), taking into account the future placement of furniture. It is necessary to clearly imagine the location of switches and sockets, as well as the electrical load on each branch of the electric separation. After the wiring is done, hidden in the walls, packed by wallpaper or laid tile To correct the inconvenient position of the socket or switch will be difficult and entailing for a new stroke (and this is very dusty), spatlement, wallpaper plywood, etc.

Open wiring

Once in not too distant past, this type of wiring was attached to special ceramic insulators, which, in turn, nailed with nails or screwed up with screws to walls or ceiling. It looked not too aesthetically looked, and the laid wire was opened with time collected dust, dark or cracked.

Now for opening open wiring uses a special box of PVC chute, which is stacked by a cable or wires and close on top of the lid. The box is first screwed to the walls and ceiling throughout the path of the wiring, and the wires are stacked in it. Of course, it looks like so much aesthetic as hidden wiring, but much more carefully than just rolled up and no covered wire. This type of wiring is convenient for offices, where it often has to change the number or configuration of desks for employees, which means the position of the sockets and the number of wires on the walls. Not only electrical, but also telephone, computer-network. Under these conditions, a fairly spacious box, laid around the perimeter of the room, will not strongly spoil the appearance of the office, and at the same time all communications will be in easy accessibility for possible alterations.

Combined wiring

An optional mixed, combined electrical wiring is still possible, when most of the electrical cable is laid in a special cable channel in the plinth around the perimeter of the room. And only grooves for outlets and switches are paved on the wall open or in the closed way. This method is good in that most of the wires remain invisible and at the same time remains in easy accessibility in the case of the necessary alterations of the electrical layout of the room.

Under the electric wiring is understood by all electrical wires and cables laid in the house or apartment. They are designed to supply electricity to household and lighting devices. Today we are without technology, so let's get acquainted closer with all these cables and distribution boxes.

Types of electrical wiring

There are two types of electrical wiring: hidden and open.The structure of the wiring itself, regardless of its type, is always the same: inan apartment or house is introduced the main feed cable that connects to the electrical meter. From the counter to all rooms, feed cables are departed. In the rooms, the cables are branched even more: on sockets, to switches, to lighting devices.

1. Hidden wiring

The name of the hidden wiring implies that electrical cables are hidden inside the walls, partitions and overlaps, they are not visible. Only intermediate or endpoints are available to our eyes: Junction boxes, switches, lighting, outlet and counters.

Hidden wiring is used in modern panel, monolithic and brick houses. Electrical cables Located in special channels inside the walls or for decorative or drywall panels.

The cable channel is an ordinary PVC tube, which is composed of inside the panel or is laid in specially cut grooves in walls or ceiling. End the channels such as installation boxes, in which the sockets and switches are mounted.

The main plus of hidden wiring is its imperceptibility. But the repair, replacement and redevelopment, especially in monolithic or brick houses, is a rather trouble-free procedure: you have to open the walls, and after replacing them again to lure and paint.

2. Open wiring

Open wiring is located over the wall or ceiling. But open - does not mean "unprotected." For open wiring, either ready-made cable channels (cables) or PVC tubes in which the wires are stacked are also used.In some cases, open wiring makes cables in double or even triple isolation. So, for example, they make wiring at dachas and in country wooden cottages.For open wiring, special outlets are used, switches and junction boxes. They have closed housing, and attach directly on the wall.

Interior designers sometimes use open wiring as a decor element, for example, when implementing a project in the style of steampunk, country or loft. For such projects, multi-colored wires and cables, wires in the tissue overtake, special design fasteners are applied.

An important plus of open wiring is its repair, replacement or connection of new branches is made without much labor: it is not necessary to hammer the walls and restore them after work. Minus - wiring can be seen, but for someone and this minus can become a plus.

Types of wires

Cables and wires are used for laying electrical wiring. There is no special difference between these concepts between these concepts, but it is important to know when laying wiring than it will be done by: cable or wire.

The wire

The wire is one solid wire metal lived. Wires can be uninsulated, and can be coated with a layer of insulating material. They are also divided intobase (monolithic) and multiple (wicker). The first are used for the device hidden wiring. Wire-type wires are more flexible and less broken with frequent bends and twisting, so they are often used to feed home appliances.

1. Wire PVS.

This wire is often used to repair the power grid. It is also suitable for the manufacture of extension cords and cords for any type of technology. Flexibility and ease do PVS an indispensable assistant For lighting and editing Rosetoto.

2. Wire PBPP

Flat electrical wire with two or three monolithic copper veins. This is a universal conductor electric current, high Quality: PBPP can be used when conducting electrical work In a private house, apartment or in the country. It is suitable for connecting lighting, as well as for mounting electric sockets and switches.

Cable

The cable is a few insulated wires in general protective insulation. The number of wires in the cable may be different. For household wiring, two-, three- and four-cable cables with a cross section of 2.5 to 4 mm are used.

Wires and cables for household wiring are made of copper or aluminum. In old houses, which are over 15-20 years old, an aluminum wiring was used before. Modern houses Tools with copper cables: with the same cross section of the wire copper cables Capable to withstand a greater electrical load. In addition, copper cables are more flexible and less susceptible to oxidation.

Important: Try not to allow copper and aluminum wires. At the place of such contact there is a chemical oxidation reaction with highlighting large number Heat. Perhaps fire. Perform the wiring by cables from one material.

1. CableNYM.

A high-quality German cable consisting of 1-5 lived. It is used for laying lighting and power networks both indoors and on open air. His distinctive trait - High security. This cable is also characterized by moisture and heat resistance, but does not like sunlightTherefore, it must be protected from direct rays.

2. Cable VVG.

Cable with excellent insulating characteristics. It consists of one vein, so that it is convenient to lay inside the walls. Most often, the WDG is used when they are independently engaged in installing or replacing wiring in the apartment. The service life of such a cable is at least 30 years.

Wiring for powerful equipment

For household electric stoves and electrophovok, it is recommended to lay a separate wiring branch. For this branch, more powerful cables with copper veins are used in double insulation, with a cross section of at least 6 mm, special power outlets are installed.

Distribution boxes

For an organization electrical network House or apartments use junction boxes, or, as they are also called, multiplecrow. They are installed in places of connection, or, if you want, branching individual cables of electrical wiring. There are such boxes in each room. Usually they are located under the ceiling. There are distribution boxes of two types: Dla hidden and outdoor installation.

The hidden junction boxes are accumulated into special nests under the ceiling, at the location of several cable channels. The box comes the main feed cable, and the cables for powering the sockets are bothering, the cable for the switch, the cables for powering the lighting devices: chandeliers, sconce, sections of spots, etc ..Open boxes are attached directly on the wall in the most convenient place for this.