TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD FOR INSTALLATION OF VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEMS

INSTALLATION OF AIR DUCTS

1 AREA OF USE

1 AREA OF USE

A typical technological map (TTC) is drawn up for one of the options for the production of work on the installation of air ducts for ventilation systems in industrial and public buildings.

The TTK is intended to familiarize workers and engineering and technical workers with the rules for the production of work, as well as for the purpose of using it in the development of projects for the production of works, projects for organizing construction, and other organizational and technological documentation.

2. GENERAL PROVISIONS

Ventilation systems. Modern techniques for installing air ducts

In the total volume of work on the installation of ventilation, air conditioning, pneumatic transport and aspiration systems at industrial facilities, the most laborious is the installation of air ducts.

Most of the installation of air ducts have to be performed at a height, which complicates the process of assembling ventilation systems, especially considering the significant dimensions and a lot of ventilation equipment parts. This necessitates the use of special machines, mechanisms and devices during the installation of ventilation. These include machines such as mobile cranes, hydraulic lifts, self-propelled retractable scaffolds, mobile assembly platforms, etc.

When installing ventilation systems, the method of installing air ducts depends on the design features of ventilation systems, the features of building structures, the conditions for installing ventilation, the presence of lifting mechanisms.

The most progressive method of air duct installation involves preliminary assembly of air ducts and enlarged units 25-30 m long, composed of straight sections of air ducts and fittings.

Ventilation systems. Installation of horizontal metal ducts

When installing horizontal metal ducts, the following sequence of work must be observed:

- install the fastening means by welding to embedded parts or using a construction and assembly gun;

- outline the places of installation of mechanisms for lifting the units of air ducts and prepare inventory scaffolding, scaffolds, towers for work;

- individual parts of air ducts are brought and assembled into enlarged units on inventory stands, and parts of air ducts of large cross-sections are on the floor;

- Install clamps or other means of fastening.

After intermediate assembly of air ducts assembly unit They trail with inventory slings, and at the ends of the knots they tie braces from a hemp rope.

Duct Mounting Assembly raised to the design mark from the inventory scaffold with a car lift or other mechanisms, then suspended it from the previously installed fasteners. At the end of the installation, the duct is connected with flanges to the previously mounted section of the duct.

In installation practice, there are such options for design solutions for laying metal air ducts, such as laying under the ceiling of a building, on outside wall, overpass, in the interfarm space.

When installing air ducts, the following basic requirements of SNiP 3.05.01-85 "Internal sanitary systems" should be observed.

The method of installation of air ducts is chosen depending on their position (vertical, horizontal), the nature of the object, local conditions, location relative to building structures (inside or outside the building, near the wall, near the columns, in the interfarm space, in the mine, on the roof of buildings), and also from the solutions laid down in the PPR or standard technological maps.

Air ducts of ventilation, air conditioning and air heating systems should be designed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 2.04.05-91, providing technical solutions in the projects that ensure maintainability, explosion and fire safety of systems and regulatory requirements.

Mounting positions, methods of connection and fastening of air ducts

In order to unify the location of air ducts relative to building structures, it is recommended to use the mounting positions of circular and rectangular air ducts developed by the Proektpromventilyatsiya State Enterprise. These duct mounting positions are determined by the following guidelines and dimensions.

1. The axes of the air ducts must be parallel to the planes of the building structures.

2. The distance from the axis of the duct to the surfaces of building structures is calculated by the following formulas:

Where is the maximum diameter of the laid air duct, including insulation, mm;

Where is the maximum width of the air duct to be laid, mm; - distance between the outer surface of the air duct and the wall (at least 50 mm), mm.

With a duct width of 100-400 mm 100 mm, with 400-800 mm 200 mm, with 800-1500 mm 400 mm.

3. The minimum allowable distance from the axis of the duct to the outer surface of the electrical wires is determined by the formulas:

- for air ducts round section

For rectangular ducts

4. The minimum allowable distance from the axis of the duct to the outer surface of the pipelines is found by the formulas:

- for circular air ducts

For rectangular ducts

5. With parallel laying of several air ducts at one mark, the minimum allowable distance between the axes of these air ducts is calculated by the formulas:

- for circular air ducts

For rectangular ducts

Where and are the diameters of the air ducts, mm; and - dimensions of the sides of rectangular air ducts, mm.

6. The minimum allowable distance from the axis of the air ducts to the ceiling surface is determined by the formulas:

- for circular air ducts

For rectangular ducts

7. When air ducts pass through building structures, place flange and other detachable air duct connections at a distance of at least 100 mm from the surface of these structures.

Individual parts of air ducts (straight sections and fittings) are connected to each other in an air supply network using flanged and flangeless connections (bands, strips, rails, bell-shaped and other connections).

The fixing of air ducts should be carried out in accordance with the working documentation and the requirements of SNiP 3.05.01-85 *. Fastening of horizontal metal non-insulated air ducts (clamps, hangers, supports, etc.) on a wafer joint should be installed at the following distances:

- no more than 4 m with circular duct diameters or dimensions larger side rectangular duct less than 400 mm;

- no more than 3 m with circular duct diameters or dimensions of the larger side of a rectangular duct 400 mm or more.

Fasteners of horizontal metal non-insulated air ducts on a flange connection with a circular cross-section with a diameter of up to 2000 mm or a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of its larger side up to 2000 mm inclusive should be installed at a distance of no more than 6 m. a circular cross-section with a diameter of more than 2000 mm or a rectangular cross-section with dimensions of its larger side more than 2000 mm should be assigned by working documentation.

Mounts for vertical metal ducts should be installed at a distance of no more than 4 m.

Fastenings of vertical metal air ducts inside rooms with a floor height of more than 4 m and on the roof of a building should be assigned by a working draft.

The designs of the connections of the air duct parts will be discussed in more detail in the special literature.

Development of technical documentation for the manufacture and installation of air ducts

The development of technical documentation for the manufacture and installation of air ducts is reduced to the development of an axonometric wiring diagram of the ventilation (air conditioning) system, picking lists of air duct parts and batch production lists (silencers, dampers, air distributors, umbrellas, deflectors, etc.), as well as drawings (sketches) non-standardized parts. The listed technical documentation is called an assembly or assembly and procurement (MZP) project.

The minimum wage is needed to place an order in a procurement enterprise for the manufacture of air duct parts for mounted ventilation and air conditioning systems, to check the completeness of the system blanks, and also to determine the place of each part made at the procurement enterprise in the system during its installation. The minimum wage is developed for each system.

For the development of MT, the following initial data are required:

- working drawings of the OV brand of mounted systems and architectural and construction drawings of the AR brand, plans and sections of the building (structure) at the locations of the mounted systems;

- albums and other materials containing data on unified parts and assemblies of mounted systems;

- overall and connecting dimensions of equipment and typical parts;

- recommended mounting positions of assembly units of systems;

- regulatory and methodological materials on the order of execution and registration of MP systems.

Installation design consists of the following steps:

- using the RF brand OV, they draw an axonometric diagram of the system, divide the routes of the air ducts of the system into parts, as a rule, unified, contained in albums, norms and other documents;

- choose the types of connection of parts with each other and with other assembly units of the system;

- establish the places and types of fastenings for the system air ducts;

- develop sketches (drawings) of non-standardized parts with the definition of all dimensions necessary for their manufacture;

- draw up documents mandatory for the MP:

1) axonometric wiring diagram of the system;

2) picking lists;

3) sketches for non-standardized (non-standard, non-standard) parts.

Other documents may be developed. State standard or other uniform norms on the composition of MP documents, and therefore their list may differ in different regions and enterprises. Mandatory documents are the three names listed above. However, their structure and content may differ.

Axonometric wiring diagram is drawn on the basis of an axonometric diagram of the working drawing developed by the design organization before the start of the installation design, i.e. it is available as raw data. The axonometric wiring diagram can be a copy of the RF circuit in configuration, or it can be shown arbitrarily on a separate sheet without observing scale. Marks of the levels of the fan, floors, rises, drops of air ducts, as well as the lengths of horizontal straight sections and all diameters and sections of air ducts are applied to this diagram. Figure 1 shows, for comparison, axonometric diagrams of the same ventilation system and an axonometric diagram from the composition of working drawings and a wiring diagram.

Fig. 1. Axonometric diagrams of the ventilation system:

a- working drawing diagram; b- wiring diagram; 1...14 - unified parts

The circuit is divided into parts (details). First, the standard, typical and unified system parts are distinguished, the dimensions of which are known. Then they develop sketches of atypical (non-standardized) parts in axonometric projection, determine the dimensions required for their manufacture. Find the total lengths of straight sections of the network between standard, typical, shaped parts and other elements. The rectilinear total sections of the air ducts are divided into individual sections (parts) of the length recommended by VSN 353-86. However, one of the individual sections of each straight duct line may differ from the recommended length. He's called dead... The length of the measurement is usually specified locally, and therefore it is advisable to make one flange free to move along the axis of the duct when flanged. The sections are assigned numbers, they are designated by numbers in circles, for example (T), which means section number 1. Fig. 2 shows a simplified fragment of an axonometric wiring diagram of the ventilation system duct route. The fragment is used to illustrate a simplified picking list (table 1.1).

Fig. 2. Fragment of the duct wiring diagram:

1 , 2 , 3 - straight sections; 4 - straight section with end mesh; 5 - a straight section with a grid and an engine; 6 - straight section with a tie-in; 7 , 8 - bends; 9 - transition

It was noted above that the MP includes the development of picking lists and lists of parts for air ducts.

For each system, one or multiple picking lists... The number of lists and their form depend on the requirements of the enterprises that fulfill the order for the manufacture of parts. So, for example, the following data can be given in the delivery list of the ventilation system: part numbers, their names, dimensions of parts (diameter for circular ducts; dimensions of sides of rectangular ducts; lengths), quantity (pieces, kg of one piece and weight of all pieces ), metal thickness. The parts themselves are listed in the statement not in the sequence in which they are located in the system along the air, but by groupings of the same type:

- straight sections;

- straight sections with tie-ins;

- straight sections with gratings, nets, etc .;

- bends and half-bends;

- transitions;

- boxes.

The composition of the groupings and their order of arrangement in the statement may differ in different regional organizations.

A sample picking list is presented in Table 1.1, which is compiled for a fragment of the system shown in Figure 2. At the end of the picking list, data on the total surface area of ​​the air ducts and the total areas by the thickness of metal, parts (separately for straight sections and fittings, for metal thicknesses in m and kg) can be given; number and list of connecting elements (bands, flanges and connections on the bus - quantity for each size); grilles and nets, VEPsh (ejection panel stamped air distributors) and other parts installed on air ducts.

Table 1.1

Inventory list of air duct parts

N details	the name of detail	Diameter, mm	Length, mm	Quantity, pcs.	Surface, m		Note
	Straight section						Mesh with slider 200x200 mm
	Straight section with end mesh
	Straight section with grid and slider
	Straight section with tie-in

ROUTING

INSTALLATION OF INTERNAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS

1 AREA OF USE

1 AREA OF USE

1.1. The technological map is developed for a set of works for the installation of metal air ducts internal systems ventilation in public areas.

On the basis of this technological map, technological maps can be developed for the device of metal air ducts of internal ventilation systems in office premises, offices with various design solutions in relation to specific planning conditions. The considered routing can be tied to a specific object and take into account the accepted design dimensions. At the same time, production schemes, volumes of work, labor costs, means of mechanization, materials, equipment, etc. are specified. All technological maps are developed according to the working drawings of the project and regulate the means of technological support, the rules for the implementation of technological processes during the construction, reconstruction of buildings and structures, when arranging engineering networks.

1.2. For binding or when developing technological maps, the following documents are required as initial data:

- working drawings of the ventilation system;

- architectural and construction drawings and floor plans of buildings;

- building codes and regulations (SNiP, VSN, SP);

- instructions, standards, factory instructions and technical conditions(TU) for the main materials used (wires, cables, ventilation ducts, air ducts, fittings, etc.);

- uniform norms and prices for the installation of ventilation in rooms (ENiR, GESN-2001);

- production rates of consumption of materials (NPRM);

- progressive norms and prices, maps of the organization of labor and work processes used in the installation of ventilation systems for buildings and structures.

2. GENERAL PROVISIONS

2.1. The regulatory framework for the development of flow charts for ventilation are: SNiP, SN, SP, GESN-2001 ENiR, production rates of material consumption, progressive local rates and prices, labor costs, rates of consumption of material and technical resources.

2.2. The work performed in sequence during the installation of the supply ventilation system includes:

- collection of manufactured ventilation parts;

- installation of the ventilation system according to the design scheme;

- commissioning works ventilation system.

2.3. Ventilation - controlled air exchange in rooms is mainly used to create air conditions favorable for human health, meeting the requirements of the technological process, preserving equipment and building structures of a building, storing materials and products.

A person, depending on the type of activity (energy costs), releases heat (100 kcal / hour and more), water vapor (40-70 g / hour) and carbon dioxide (23-45 l / hour) into the ambient air; production processes can be accompanied by immeasurably large emissions of heat, water vapor, harmful vapors, gases and dust. As a result, the air in the room loses its hygienic qualities, favorable for the well-being, health and performance of a person.

Hygienic requirements for ventilation are reduced to maintaining certain meteorological conditions of the air (temperature, humidity and mobility) and its purity.

The essence of ventilation is as follows: the supply air is mixed with the air of the room, and as a result of the heat exchange or mass exchange in the room, the given air parameters are created.

Ventilation installation work should be performed in accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory documents:

SNiP 3.01.01-85 * "Organization of construction production";
________________
* SNiP 3.01.01-85 is not valid. SNiP 12-01-2004 "Organization of construction" is in effect here and below. - Note from the manufacturer of the database.

SNiP 3.05.01-85 * "Internal sanitary systems";
________________
* SNiP 3.05.01-85 is not valid. SP 73.13330.2012 "Internal sanitary-technical systems of buildings. Updated edition of SNiP 3.05.01-85" is in force here and below. - Note from the manufacturer of the database.


SNiP 3.05.05-84 "Technological equipment and technological pipelines";

SNiP 12-03-2001 "Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements";

SNiP 12-04-2002 "Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production";

SNiP 41-01-2003 "Heating, ventilation, air conditioning";

SP 7.13130.2009 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning. Fire safety requirements";
________________
* JV 7.13130.2009 was declared invalid from 25.02.2013 with the entry into force of JV 7.13130.2013 (Order of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia dated 21.02.2013 N 116

SP 60.13330.2012 "Heating, ventilation and air conditioning";

SP 73.13330.2012 "Internal sanitary-technical systems of buildings";

SP 131.13330.2012 "Construction climatology";

GOST 12.1.005-88 SSBT. "General sanitary and hygienic requirements for the air in the working area".

3. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE

3.1. In accordance with SNiP 3.01.01-85 * "Organization of construction production", prior to the commencement of construction and installation (including preparatory) work at the facility, the General Contractor is obliged to obtain, in accordance with the established procedure, permission from the Customer to perform installation work. The basis for the start of work can be the Certificate of Survey hidden works on the preparation of premises for the installation of ventilation.

3.2. Installation of ventilation systems is carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP, the Working Design, the Project for the production of works and the instructions of the equipment manufacturers. Replacement of materials and equipment provided for by the project is allowed only by agreement with the design organization and the customer.

3.3. Requirements for the installation of ventilation systems are reduced to ensuring that the design parameters of the air in ventilated rooms are provided. This is achieved by maximum sealing of duct systems and equipment, the necessary sound insulation, proper conditions for operation, repair and replacement of equipment.

Reducing the time of installation and assembly work, while maintaining their high quality, is achieved with high industrialization of work, which consists in the use of standard sections of ventilation chambers, blocks and units of air ducts (shaped parts - diffuser, confuser, elbows, tees, crosses; control devices - valves , dampers, throttle devices; fasteners; suspensions; brackets; brackets; flanges) factory-made or made in workshops with appropriate mechanical equipment. On site, as a rule, only the manufactured parts are assembled, using mechanisms for moving the workpieces and ventilation equipment.

3.4. Prior to the installation of ventilation systems, the following works must be fully completed and accepted by the customer:

- installation of interfloor ceilings, walls and partitions;

- arrangement of foundations or sites for the installation of fans, air conditioners and other ventilation equipment;

- building structures of ventilation chambers of supply systems;

- waterproofing works in the places of installation of air conditioners, supply ventilation chambers, wet filters;

- installation of floors (or appropriate preparation) in places where fans are installed on spring vibration isolators, as well as "floating" bases for installing ventilation equipment;

- arrangement of supports for the installation of roof fans, exhaust shafts and deflectors on the roofs of buildings;

- preparation of holes in walls, partitions, ceilings and coverings necessary for laying air ducts;

- arrangement of foundations, bases and sites for the installation of ventilation equipment;

- drawing on the internal and external walls of all rooms of auxiliary marks equal to the design marks of the finished floor plus 500 mm;

- plastering (or cladding) of the surfaces of walls and niches in the places where air ducts are laid;

- prepared mounting openings in the walls and ceilings for the supply of large-sized equipment and air ducts, and mounted crane beams in the ventilation chambers;

- embedded parts in building structures for fixing equipment and air ducts were installed in accordance with the working documentation;

- it is possible to turn on power tools, as well as electric welding machines at a distance of no more than 50 m from one another;

- glazed window openings in external fences, insulated entrances and openings;

- measures have been taken to ensure the safe performance of installation work.

Acceptance of the object for installation must be carried out by employees of the installation organization according to the act.

3.5. When accepting an object for installation, the following should be checked:

compliance with all requirements of SNiP and current technical conditions;

availability and correct execution of acts for hidden work;

geometrical dimensions and links to building structures of foundations for ventilation equipment and air conditioners, supporting structures on the roof of a building for installing roof fans and deflectors, openings for air duct passage, assembly openings;

correct installation of embedded parts;

installation of fences for openings, floorings and sheds.

3.6. Loading of blanks onto vehicles at procurement enterprises should be carried out by the enterprise, unloading at the facility - by the assembly site.

3.7. When transporting air ducts, depending on their type and dimensions, it is necessary to provide:

for air ducts of small cross-sections - containerization or packaging;

for air ducts of large cross-sections - telescopic installation;

for semi-finished products - special packaging.

3.8. It is recommended to carry out loading and unloading and rigging operations at the facilities with the maximum use of mechanization means with the help of workers who are part of the assembly teams.

3.9. To work on lifting and moving loads, persons who are at least 18 years old who have undergone special training under the rigging program and have received an appropriate certificate are allowed.

3.10. Winches, lift trucks, truck cranes, jib cranes on pneumatic and caterpillar tracks, tower and gantry cranes should be used as mechanized lifting equipment at sites.

3.11. Slinging of air ducts and ventilation equipment is recommended to be carried out with inventory lifting means.

Slings should be selected depending on the type, weight of the load being lifted and the method of slinging. The most common slings are shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1. Slings

a- lightweight sling with loops; b- lightweight sling with hooks; v- four-branch sling

3.12. The load to be lifted should be kept from rotation by guy lines made from hemp ropes with a diameter of 20-25 mm or by guy lines made from steel ropes with a diameter of 8-12 mm. For horizontal elements of ventilation systems (enlarged units of air ducts), two guys should be used, for vertical ones (sections of air conditioners, roof fans, air ducts, etc.) - one.

The most common slinging methods are shown in Table 1.

Slinging methods

Table 1

	Name
	Slinging VPA-40
	Slinging of an autonomous air conditioner KTR-1-2.0-0.46
	Slinging of fans Ts4-70 N 6-8 version N 1
	Slinging of fans Ts4-70 N 10, 12.5
	Slinging of the lower part of the fan casing Ts4-76 N 16, 20
	Slinging packing of the OKF irrigation chamber
	Slinging the packing of the wheel and the guide vane in the casing
	Slinging packing of the air filter FR-3
	Slinging valve packing
	Slinging packaging of KO and VK chambers
	Air duct slinging
	Slinging an enlarged unit, lifted in a vertical position

3.13. The method of installation of air ducts should be chosen depending on their position (horizontal, vertical), location relative to structures (inside or outside the building, against the wall, near the columns, in the interfarm space, in the shaft, on the roof of the building) and the nature of the building (single or multi-storey , industrial, public, etc.).

3.14. Flexible air ducts made of fiberglass SPL, metal fabric, aluminum foil, etc., should be used as fittings of complex geometric shapes, as well as for connecting ventilation equipment, air distributors, silencers and other devices located in false ceilings, chambers, etc. flexible ducts as straight links are not allowed.

In order to reduce aerodynamic drag, parts from flexible sleeves in the mounted position must have a minimum compression ratio.

3.15. Installation of metal air ducts should be carried out, as a rule, in enlarged blocks in the following sequence:

marking of installation sites for fastening means for air ducts;

installation of fastening means;

coordination with the builders of the locations and methods of fastening the lifting equipment;

installation of lifting equipment;

delivery of air duct parts to the installation site;

checking the completeness and quality of the delivered air duct parts;

assembly of air duct parts into enlarged blocks;

installation of the unit in the design position and fixing it;

installation of plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts located at a height of up to 1.5 m from the floor.

3.16. The length of the block is determined by the dimensions of the section and the type of connection of the air ducts, the conditions of installation and the availability of lifting equipment.

The length of enlarged horizontal air duct units connected on flanges should not exceed 20 m.

3.17. Diagrams of the organization of the working area during the installation of air ducts are given in Fig. 2-5.

Fig. 2. Scheme of the organization of the working area when installing air ducts along the outer wall of the building

1 - console with block; 2 - winch; 3 - auto-hydraulic elevator; 4 - traverse; 5 - guy line; 6 - block

Fig. 3. Work area organization diagram when installing horizontal air ducts in a building

1 - winch; 2 - traverse; 3 - enlarged unit of the air duct; 4 - pendants

Fig. 4. Scheme of the organization of the working area during the installation of horizontal air ducts on the overpass

1 - enlarged unit of the air duct; 2 - traverse; 3 - truck crane; 4 - auto hydraulic lift

Fig. 5. Scheme of the organization of the working area when installing vertical air ducts along the outer wall of the building

1 - enlarged unit of the air duct; 2 - semi-automatic sling; 3 - winch; 4 - block; 5 - console; 6 - brackets; 7 - stretching

3.18. During the installation of air ducts, operational control must be carried out in accordance with the Operational Control Card.

3.19. After the completion of the installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems, pre-start individual and complex tests are carried out, which should be performed in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.05.01-85 and SNiP 3.05.05-84.

Participation of representatives of ventilation, electrical installation organizations and the customer in individual tests is mandatory and is documented by appropriate entries in the "Journal of applications for scrolling the electric drive together with the mechanism".

Individual tests of ventilation equipment at idle mode are carried out by the installation organization under the guidance of a dedicated engineer and technical worker.

To carry out individual tests of ventilation equipment, the customer appoints a responsible person authorized to give orders for the supply and removal of voltage from electrical installations. The start of electric motors during testing of ventilation and air conditioning systems is carried out by a representative of the electrical installation organization.

Complex testing of equipment is carried out by the customer with the participation of representatives of design and construction contractors. Installation specialized organizations, together with operating personnel, provide round-the-clock duty to monitor the operation and correct operation of the equipment.

Individual tests of ventilation and air conditioning systems are allowed only after complete assembly and installation of ventilation equipment, installation of guards for moving parts, checking the condition of electrical wiring, grounding and correct power supply connection.

Before starting a comprehensive test and adjustment of the ventilation and air conditioning system, it is necessary to make sure that there are no people in the air conditioners and supply chambers, and also remove all foreign objects and tools from air ducts, filters, cyclones.

If during the production of pre-start tests of ventilation and air conditioning systems, extraneous noise or vibration of the equipment is found that exceeds the permissible value, the tests should be stopped immediately.

After disconnecting from the power supply of the ventilation equipment, do not climb into and enter the air ducts, bunkers and shelters until the equipment comes to a complete stop.

After the end of pre-start tests and adjustments, as well as during breaks (end of work, lunch), the ventilation equipment must be disconnected from the power supply.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

4.1. At all stages of work, it is necessary to carry out production control of the quality of construction and installation work, which includes incoming control of working documentation, structures, products, materials and equipment, operational control of individual construction processes or production operations and acceptance control of intermediate and final work cycles. The composition of the monitored indicators, the scope and methods of control must comply with the requirements of SNiP.

4.2. Quality control of construction and installation works should be carried out by specialists or special services equipped with technical means to ensure the necessary reliability and completeness of control. During the incoming control of the working documentation, a check should be made of its completeness and the sufficiency of the technical information contained in it for the production of work. During the incoming inspection of building structures, products, materials and equipment, their compliance with the requirements of standards or other regulatory documents and working documentation, as well as the presence and content of passports, certificates and other accompanying documents should be checked by external examination. The results of the incoming control are recorded in the Log of the results of the incoming control in the form: GOST 24297-87 *, Appendix 1, for printing the original of the form, see the Log of the results of the incoming control.
________________
* GOST 24297-87 canceled on the territory of the Russian Federation from 01.01.2014 with the introduction of GOST 24297-2013 (Rosstandart order of 08.26.2013 N 544-st). - Note from the manufacturer of the database.


4.3. Operational control is carried out during the execution of construction processes or production operations in order to ensure timely detection of defects and taking measures to eliminate and prevent them:

4.3.1. The quality of work is ensured by meeting the requirements of the technical conditions for the production of work, by observing the necessary technical sequence when performing interrelated work, by technical control over the progress of work.

4.3.2. During operational control, it is necessary to check compliance with the technology for performing construction and installation processes specified in the work production projects; compliance of the work performed with working drawings, building codes and regulations. Particular attention should be paid to the implementation of special measures during construction on subsiding soils, in areas with landslides and karst phenomena, permafrost, as well as during the construction of complex and unique objects.

4.4. Control and assessment of the quality of work during the installation of the ventilation system is carried out in accordance with the requirements of regulatory documents:

SNiP 3.01.01-85 *. Organization of construction production;
funds from your account will NOT be debited and we will not receive confirmation of payment.
In this case, you can repeat the purchase of the document using the button on the right.

An error has occurred

The payment was not completed due to a technical error, funds from your account
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TYPICAL TECHNOLOGICAL CARD (TTK)

INSTALLATION OF COOLING SUPPLY SYSTEMS. INSTALLATION OF SPLIT SYSTEMS, FAN COILS AND CHILLERS

1 AREA OF USE

A typical technological map is developed for the installation of refrigeration systems, split systems, fan coil units and chillers.

General information

An independent air conditioner is a unit with a built-in refrigeration machine. Such units involve installation directly in the room.

Local air conditioners include split systems, consisting of an external unit, which includes a condensing unit, and an internal evaporating unit. The indoor unit is installed directly in the air-conditioned room. It is designed for cooling, heating and filtering air, as well as creating the necessary mobility of air flows.

The advantages of split systems include simplicity of design and low labor costs during installation; to the disadvantages - circulation without mixing fresh air into the room. Only high-capacity models allow you to supply a small amount of fresh air (up to 10%).

The outdoor unit can be installed on a wall of a building, on a roof, in an attic, etc., that is, where a heated condenser can be blown with air of a lower temperature. The indoor unit can be mounted on a wall, on the floor, on the ceiling, behind a suspended ceiling (cassette type), and also be designed in the form of column-cabinets with dimensions up to 500x800x400 mm.

Split-system air conditioners with forced ventilation have more capabilities. Such a system is intended for installation in places where fresh air supply is required.

With a significant number of rooms to be serviced, it is recommended to use a system with chillers and fan coils. A chiller is a refrigeration machine designed to reduce (increase) the temperature of a liquid, which is supplied under pump pressure to an air conditioning unit (fan coil unit) installed in a room. In this case, the air in the room is cooled or heated.

Features of installation of systems of refrigeration systems

air conditioning (SCV)

General information about SCR refrigeration units

Among the processes carried out in air conditioners, one of the most important is the air cooling process. To carry out this process, refrigeration units (XY) are used. Refrigeration units are considered as subsystems serving the SCR, generating "cold".

The most common refrigeration units operating as part of SCR are compressor refrigeration units. These units consist of the following main elements: compressor, condenser, expansion valve (or capillary tube), evaporator and pipelines connecting the listed elements into a closed system in which the refrigerant circulates.

Cooling of the conditioned air takes place in air coolers, which are elements of air conditioners. Two types of air conditioner air coolers are used. One of them is a surface recuperative heat exchanger, through the internal channels of which an intermediate coolant passes, circulating also through the XY evaporator, located at some distance from the air conditioner.

Liquids (antifreeze, water, etc.) are used as a coolant. This refrigeration option is used, for example, in systems with chillers and fan coil units. Another type of air coolers for air conditioners should include heat exchangers, through the internal channels of which freon (freon) moves, and the outer surfaces of the channels are washed with air. These direct expansion air coolers are both elements of a refrigeration unit and an air conditioner. They are used in stand-alone air conditioners.

Intermediate refrigerant air coolers for air conditioners receive the refrigerant pre-cooled in the evaporator of a refrigeration machine, such as a chiller. Between the XU evaporator and the SCV air cooler, the supply and return pipelines are laid for circulating the coolant through them. The pipelines must be thermally insulated. Insulation prevents condensation from forming on the surfaces of cold pipes. Refrigerant pipelines and their insulation complicate installation work.

So, the SCR refrigeration systems under consideration are designed to generate cold, transfer it through the XY evaporator directly to the air or transfer the cold to the coolant, transfer the coolant to the air conditioner cooler, transfer the cold from the coolant to the cooled air and return the heated coolant to the evaporator of the refrigeration machine to repeat the refrigeration cycle.

There are many types of refrigeration units used in SCR. Figure 1 shows the schematic diagrams of air cooling systems.

Fig. 1. Air cooling systems that determine the conditions for the use of refrigerants in various pipes

They show:

Direct expansion system, in which the cooled air is in direct contact with the XY evaporator;

Systems indirect cooling with an intermediate coolant, in which the XY evaporator cools the intermediate coolant, which is then transferred to the air conditioner cooler, which is in contact with the cooled air.

In indirect cooling systems with an intermediate coolant, there are five types of execution:

Open system with intermediate refrigerant and closed evaporator;

Open system with intermediate refrigerant and evaporator placed in a tank communicating with open air;

Closed system with an intermediate coolant and a closed evaporator, in which the evaporator is located in a closed volume, cools the intermediate coolant circulating in this volume, which in turn is supplied to the closed secondary heat exchanger for cooling the conditioned air;

A closed system with an intermediate coolant and an open evaporator, the evaporator is placed in a tank, cools the circulating intermediate coolant, which in turn is supplied to a closed secondary heat exchanger for cooling the conditioned air;

Double-circuit or multi-circuit systems with intermediate refrigerants, which can be performed similarly to one of the listed systems with an intermediate refrigerant, except that they have two or more intermediate heat exchangers, and in the last circuit, the intermediate refrigerant can directly contact the cooling medium in a spray device or similar devices or similar systems.

Fig. 2 shows a diagram of a typical refrigeration unit with an air cooler. 1 and air-cooled condenser 6 for SLE. A refrigeration unit for SCR, as a rule, consists of two separate units: a compressor-condensing unit and an air-cooler unit.

Fig. 2. Typical refrigeration unit with one air cooler and air condenser for SCR:

1 - air cooler; 2 - filter cleaner; 3 - vibration isolator; 4 and 5 - relay low and high pressure; 6 - air condenser; 7 - receiver; 8 - filter drier; 9 - compressor; 10 - crankcase heater; 11 - sight glass; 12 - shut-off valve; 13 and 27 - pressure and condensation control relay; 14 , 15 - solenoid valve body with coil; 16, 17 - thermostatic valve; 18 - condensation pressure regulator; 19 - differential check valve; 20 - С1С system; 21 - sight glass; 22 - filter; 23 - thermostat for protection against cold start; 24 - liquid separator; 25 - check valve; 26 - oil separator

Compressor 9 the refrigeration compressor sucks refrigerant vapors from the evaporator-air cooler 1, installed in a room where the required temperature is maintained, compresses to the condensing pressure and is fed to the air condenser 6 ... In the condenser, refrigerant vapor condenses, heating the air blown through it, and the refrigerant becomes liquid. From the condenser, the liquid refrigerant enters the receiver 7 ... From the receiver enters the filter drier 8 where moisture residues, impurities and impurities are removed, then passing through a sight glass with a moisture indicator 11 , throttled in the thermostatic expansion valve to the evaporating pressure 16, 17 and fed to the evaporator. In the evaporator, the refrigerant boils, removing heat from the object of cooling (air flowing around the evaporator).

Refrigerant vapors from the evaporator through the liquid separator 24 and filter on the suction side 2 enters the compressor. Then the cycle of the chiller is repeated.

2. ORGANIZATION AND TECHNOLOGY OF WORK PERFORMANCE

Features of installation of refrigeration subsystems of air conditioning systems (ACS)

Installation of refrigeration equipment is carried out according to the project (according to a standard or individual project) or the scheme that is attached to the supplied equipment and is described in the factory instructions for installation, operation and maintenance.

When drawing up a wiring diagram and a plan for placing equipment, it is necessary to minimize the length of the pipelines to be laid.

The sequence of installation and commissioning of refrigeration systems can be as follows:

Installation of refrigeration equipment;

Installation of pipelines and automation devices;

Installation of electrical systems;

Testing the system by pressure for tightness;

System evacuation;

Charging the system with refrigerant;

System start;

Adjustment of automation devices;

Control, registration and output to operating parameters.

Installation of refrigeration equipment does not fundamentally differ from the installation of equipment for ventilation systems (SV) and SCV. The specific features of the installation are set out in the technical documentation, which arrives at the facility together with the equipment and instrumentation.

Refrigeration equipment for SCR systems is supplied mainly in aggregate - in blocks, after installation of refrigeration equipment, connecting pipelines are installed: pipelines for refrigerants and pipelines of hydraulic systems. The condition for the long-term operability of the refrigeration system is the absence of foreign particles, moisture and contamination in the refrigeration circuit. To meet this requirement, the refrigerant lines are thoroughly cleaned prior to assembly. Installation should be carried out by professionals with experience in installing refrigeration systems. To carry out installation work, installers use a special set of tools.

Refrigerant piping installation

As a rule, freon pipelines are made of two main types of special copper pipes conduits intended for refrigeration units.

1. Annealed copper tubing up to 7/8 in. (2.2 cm) in diameter, available in coils of various lengths, which can be flexibly bent with spring mandrels or tube benders. They are well flared, which allows the use of a pipe union. As a rule, sets of double flexible copper pipes are used in thermal insulation.

2. Pipes with a diameter of more than 7/8 "made of ordinary copper, supplied in lengths of no more than 4 m. Such pipes are difficult to bend, therefore, the joining of the sections and bends of the pipelines are made with special elements (fittings) and are connected by soldering with various solders.

For soldering, silver or copper-phosphorous solder is usually used. They have high tensile strength and vibration resistance. Solders are produced in the form of rods 3.2x3.2x500 mm and rods with a diameter of 1.6 mm. Various solders contain from 40 to 56% silver. Oxygenated fluxes are used to obtain a perfect tube connection.

Pipes are laid along the route in accordance with the project or wiring diagram and are mainly located horizontally or vertically. An exception is the horizontal sections of the suction and discharge pipelines, which are performed with a slope of at least (5%) towards the compressor or condenser to facilitate oil return.

Fig. 3. Installation diagram of oil lifting loops on ascending pipelines with a length of more than 7.5 m:

a- discharge pipeline; b- suction pipeline

V lower parts ascending vertical sections of suction and discharge lines with a height of more than 3 m, it is necessary to install oil lifting loops. Fig. 3 shows the schemes for installing oil-lifting loops on the ascending sections of pipelines with a length of more than 7.5 m, and Fig. 4 shows a possible design of the oil-lifting loop and its recommended dimensions.

Heat insulation works

Calculation, design and installation of thermal insulation is carried out in accordance with SNiP 41-03-2003 (introduced instead of SNiP 2.04.14-88 * "Thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines") and SP 41-103-2000 (calculation methodology), taking into account the requirements fire safety, sanitary and hygienic standards and design standards adopted in certain industries.

In 2003, NTP Truboprovod (software) and OAO Teploproekt (calculation methods and information base) developed a computer program for the computer-aided design of thermal insulation of equipment and pipelines "Izolyatsia". When insulating process pipelines, various types of insulation are used, depending on technical requirements... Insulation based on foamed rubber or polyethylene can be considered progressive types of insulation. Each type has its own pros and cons. The positive properties of insulation can be reduced to zero in case of poor-quality installation. Leading manufacturers of foamed polyethylene foam insulation ("Thermaflex International Holding BV", "Mirel Trading", "Energo-Flex") and synthetic rubber ("Lisolante K-Flax") "Armasell Europa Gmbh", "Wihlem Kaimann GmbH & Co" Aeroflex International Co., Ltd, YSOLIS.

When installing insulation, you must adhere to the following rules:

1. Always carry out the isolation operation on cold equipment and pipelines.

2. When cutting and fitting insulating pipes, use only high-quality auxiliary tools using a professional insulator kit, consisting of:

Wooden cutting device and long sharp knife;

Templates;

A set of circular stainless knives.

3. Glue joints of seams with a special glue based on polychloroprene at a temperature not lower than 10 ° C.

Figures 5 and 6 show the above tools.

Fig. 5. Templates

Fig. 6. Circular knives

Errors associated with improper installation of insulation can lead to intractable problems, which include:

Arbitrary replacement of insulation marking;

Wrong selection of accessories for installation;

Transition to a smaller thickness of thermal insulation;

Violation of the operating temperature range;

Improper preparation of the system and its surface;

Incorrect work with glue;

Foam insulation for outdoor use without additional protection.

Installation of steel pipelines for hydraulic refrigeration systems SCV

Installation of hydraulic refrigeration systems of the SCR can be carried out by all industrial methods that ensure the quality of the connections, in accordance with the current regulatory documents... There are three main methods of joining: welding, threading, and bonding of steel pipelines. Welded connections steel pipelines can be performed by welders if they have documents on passing tests in accordance with the "Rules for the certification of welders" approved by the Gosgortekhnadzor. Welding is carried out in accordance with GOST 16037-80 "Welded steel pipelines".

Another connection method is threaded connections using fittings (shaped parts). The universal installer's kit is shown in Fig. 7.

Fig. 7. Universal plumbing set SANI KIT in a plastic case

The set consists of the following tools:

Pipe cutter for cutting pipes with a diameter of up to 1 1/4 ";

Device for threading up to 1 "diameter;

Plumbing pliers;

Universal corner wrench SUPER S1.

Adhesive joints are used for the installation of pipelines made of carbon and low-alloy steels (including those with corrosion-resistant coatings - galvanized, enameled, illuminated, etc.) up to 100 mm, operating at overpressure up to 1.0 MPa, operating temperature from - 60 to 90 ° C and intended for the transportation of various substances to which, with the specified parameters, epoxy adhesives or fiberglass on an epoxy basis are chemically resistant.

Installation of plastic (polymer) pipelines for hydraulic systems of refrigeration SCV

Currently are widely used polypropylene pipes and fittings for installation of SCV refrigeration systems. The advantages of plastic pipes:

Lack of corrosion;

Long term operation;

When freezing, the pipes do not collapse, but increase in diameter and, after thawing, acquire the same size;

Good absorption of hydraulic noise;

Low pressure loss in pipes and fittings;

Low thermal conductivity.

For the installation of plastic pipelines, various connecting and fasteners are used. The main methods of connecting pipeline sections:

Socket resistance welding;

Threaded connection with a metal pipeline;

Loose flange connection;

Union nut connection.

Installation of PPRC systems requires minimum costs time and effort. Socket Welding Technology Quickly Ensures Durability tight connection... The reliability of welded joints is the highest in comparison with other methods and is close in strength to the pipes themselves, but requires higher qualifications from the installation personnel. After installing the pipelines of the freon circuit and checking for leaks with leak detectors of various kinds the system is evacuated and the system is charged with refrigerant using a filling station or gauge manifold. Depending on the refrigerant used (one-component or multi-component), charging can be carried out with both gaseous and liquid refrigerants. It is always necessary to adhere to the recommendations for charging the refrigerant in the description for the installation and operation of the air conditioner, enclosed with the delivery of the equipment. The optimal amount of freon charged can be determined by the suction and discharge pressures or by the superheat in the evaporator.

Features of installation of split systems, fan coil units and chillers

Features of installation of split-system air conditioners

In practice, the installation of small refrigeration units is divided into standard and non-standard. Under standard implies installation with a refrigerant line length up to 5 m, a suction line diameter up to 16 mm, a connection and control panel located at a distance of up to two meters from the unit, with one air cooler, without a remote condenser and oil lifting loops, and power supply required power.

Standard installation includes:

Equipment delivery;

Installation of units on the wall on specially prepared brackets;

Punching one hole for connecting communications;

Laying a track up to 5 m long without oil lifting loops;

Electrical connections and connections of pipelines of the system;

Checking the system for leaks (pressure and vacuum);

Refueling with freon;

Commissioning works.

Under non-standard installation means installation taking into account the additional requirements of the customer. For example, the installation of a remote condenser, the presence of two or more air coolers in the room, an increase in the total length of the pipeline by more than 5 m, laying pipelines through several walls (partitions), laying pipelines in decorative boxes etc.

The split system consists of two separate units that can be installed at a considerable distance from each other. Indoor unit installed in an air-conditioned room, and external block- on the outside of the building. In installations of this type, axial fans are used, so that the unit operates normally, there should be no obstacles to the air flow, the minimum clearances specified in the instructions for the unit must be observed. The prevailing air direction must not be directed towards the installation. In apartments and small offices use split systems of wall type... With a higher cooling capacity in rooms of complex shape - cassette or channel, in rooms with glass partitions - ceiling, in the halls of restaurants and large halls - columnar... If the number of indoor units becomes more than six, and the maximum distance between the units reaches 100 m, such systems are called multi-zone (zone-modular) or VRF systems.

The indoor unit should be installed as close to a window or wall facing the street as possible in order to shorten the refrigerant piping route. The maximum distance should not exceed 15 m. In the path of the air flow supplied to the working area, there should be no tall objects of furniture, and the laying jet of the cooled flow should cover the maximum area of ​​the room. Since the air supply in cassette modules occurs in four directions, it should not be mounted close to the wall, and all communications are located behind the suspended ceiling, as in channel systems; free space must be at least 350 mm. Indoor units channel systems should be installed close to the outer wall, as they allow to mix up to (10-20%) fresh air. Because floor-ceiling and cassette modules are equipped with a drainage pump, you should try to locate them near the sewer pipelines for the drainage outlet.

Outdoor unit mounted on the outside of the building on a ready-made mounting bracket near the window, so that it is possible to carry out service work without a climber. The unit should be installed so that it is well ventilated with outside air and protected from direct sunlight.

The outdoor unit must be mounted on a sufficiently strong wall on a ready-made bracket designed for a weight of 80 kg. The distance of the unit from the system must be at least 10 cm.

When choosing a place for installing the indoor unit, the following requirements must be taken into account:

Do not place the unit near sources of heat and humidity;

Do not install the unit near a doorway;

There should be no obstruction to the air blown out of the indoor unit;

A reliable drainage of condensate (drainage) must be organized at the installation site of the unit;

The place of installation of the unit should be chosen in such a way that there is no direct (direct) supply of cooled air to people;

The distances from the indoor unit to the walls, ceiling and floor must be at least certain values ​​(Fig. 8).

Fig. 8. Installation position of the indoor unit of the split system

The fastening of the indoor unit of wall or floor-ceiling type is carried out using the mounting plate and brackets included in the delivery set. Mounting plate fixed to the wall with screws strictly level. In this case, the normal drainage of condensate formed during the operation of the air conditioner is ensured.

To drain the condensate, a special drainage pipeline is installed, usually made of a soft corrugated tube. Sometimes a rigid, smooth pipe is used, for example, when laying a drainage pipe in suspended ceilings with small slopes.

Draining is carried out into the sewer to the street, and sometimes into a special container, as a rule, by gravity. If for some reason it is impossible to organize the drainage of condensate by gravity, then it is necessary to use drainage pumps... When draining the drain through the wall to the outside, it is necessary to drill a hole with a slope (the outer edge is lower than the inner one).

When pulling the copper tubing, control cable, and drain tube through the hole, make sure that the drain tube is free of kinks, breaks, or jams. It is unacceptable to touch the bare drainage tube, i.e. unprotected thermal insulation of the gas line, especially for heat pump modules. When the air conditioner is operating in heating mode, the temperature of the gas line may reach a value sufficient to melt the material from which the drain tube is made, which can lead to blockage drainage system.

The drainage pipe must have the required flow capacity and be laid with a slope of at least 1% so that there are no rises and sagging along the pipe.

It is recommended to drain the condensate into the indoor drain. A siphon must be installed on the line in front of the collection point for condensate into the sewer to prevent the penetration of unpleasant odors into the room.

When the air conditioner is operating in cooling mode in winter, there is a risk of moisture freezing at the outlet of the drain pipe. Special electric heaters or heating cables of appropriate capacity can be used to protect the outlet section of the drainage pipe from freezing. Their power supply must be independent of the rest of the electrical circuit and must be supplied at all times, except when carrying out maintenance on air conditioners.

When installing the indoor unit under the ceiling, the filter must be removable for cleaning.

Column-type air conditioners are installed on the floor and, if possible, are attached to the wall to reinforce the structure.

Internal and external blocks are interconnected by copper pipes in thermal insulation.

Features of installation of fan coils

A local air conditioning unit used to cool or heat the air, with a built-in fan, filter, electric heater and control panel, is called a fan coil unit. Fan coil units are available in various designs:

For vertical installation under a window in a housing;

For concealed vertical installation under a window without a housing;

For horizontal installation under the ceiling in an enclosure;

For concealed horizontal installation in false ceilings;

Cassette type for installation in false ceilings;

Wall-mounted, by analogy with the internal blocks of split systems;

Cabinet type.

Fan coil units are installed in groups, serving several rooms or floors. The piping diagrams of the heat and cold supply system can be two-pipe, three-pipe and four-pipe, depending on the tasks that need to be solved. Placement and installation are carried out according to the installation and maintenance instructions supplied with the fan coil unit. The installation feature is correct setting hydraulic system using balancing valves to ensure the required distribution of fluid to all fan coil units.

Features of installation of chillers

Chiller is a complete refrigeration machine designed for cooling liquids (water, non-freezing liquids). System chiller-fan coil unit differs from all other air conditioning systems in that it is not freon that circulates between the outdoor and indoor units, but water, an aqueous solution of propylene glycol, ethylene glycol or other antifreezes. Installation is carried out in accordance with the Chiller Installation Manual supplied by the manufacturer. When placing the chiller, pay attention to:

On the uniformity of the distribution of the force of gravity created by the unit; prevent the transmission of vibration to building structures created by the unit when the units are placed in technical rooms and on the roof, by installing the units on vibration isolators;

Around the chiller, it is necessary to provide free space for air flow to the condensers, for the possibility and convenience of service work, maintenance and repair of the compressor and heat exchange equipment.

The hydraulic connection of the chiller to the pumping station should be made with flexible connections, passages through ceilings and walls should be made in sleeves, without rigidly connecting pipes to structures.

When using water as a coolant and placing the chiller in an unheated room, it should be possible to drain the water during the cold season.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE QUALITY OF PERFORMANCE OF WORKS

Testing of ventilation and air conditioning systems and their acceptance into operation

1. Pre-start tests of ventilation and air conditioning systems are carried out by the working commission according to the program approved by the customer.

2. Fully assembled ventilation and air conditioning systems together with automation and remote control systems that have passed tests and commissioning in the amount of approved programs are allowed for pre-start tests:

For performance in air, heat and acoustic measurements and temperature and humidity conditions;

On the sanitary and hygienic effect (for experimental and head samples);

For sealing locking devices and structures, as well as setting up a system of collective chemical protection.

3. By the time of testing, the following documents must be submitted:

Technical descriptions systems;

Working drawings and change sheets;

Bearer's note of the installation organization;

Acceptance certificates for equipment and premises for installation;

Route passports for installation and commissioning;

Equipment audit certificates;

Acts of testing units and elements of systems for tightness;

Individual test program.

4. The pre-launch tests include:

Checking the quality of the work performed;

Checking the completeness of the equipment;

Testing and checking of all units in order to determine technological parameters;

Testing and verification of automation systems.

5. When carrying out pre-launch tests, there should be:

The performance of the fans has been determined;

Checking the compliance with the project of the volume of air passing through the air-dispensing, air-inlet, air outlet and other devices;

Revealed leaks in the ventilation system;

The uniformity of heating of the heaters and the operation of the nozzles have been checked.

6. Deviations in fan performance, flow rate or air volume in the entire system or through various devices should not exceed ± 10%. The amount of air suction or leakage due to leaks for general ventilation should not exceed 10-15%. For special ventilation systems, this value is established by the corresponding technical conditions.

7. Ventilation and air conditioning systems in the individual test project are tested together with remote and automatic control systems. The test results are considered satisfactory if during the tests there were no failures in the operation of automation devices and equipment, and the deviations of the actual parameters of the operating mode did not exceed the permissible ones. At the end of the individual tests, an act is drawn up, and the working committee decides on the admission of the ventilation and air conditioning system to complex tests or commissioning. The purpose of the comprehensive tests is to check the readiness of the ventilation and air conditioning system for the operation of the entire complex or the design process load. Ventilation and air conditioning systems are considered to have passed comprehensive tests if, during the tests, fluctuations in temperature, relative humidity and hazard concentration were within the established standards. During acceptance, the following must be indicated:

Deviation from the project, allowed in the course of construction and installation works (agreed with the design organization and the customer);

Characteristics of air ducts, fans, heaters, electric motors, electrical appliances, pressurized valves, filters, their serviceability during operation and compliance with design data;

Results of tests, adjustment and adjustment of ventilation systems performed by the installation and commissioning organizations;

The quality of the completed construction and installation work;

The air exchange rate in each room of the structures for all modes and programs; actual back-pressure or rarefaction of air in rooms.

A set of working drawings and acts of hidden works are attached to the act.

4. MATERIAL AND TECHNICAL RESOURCES

Tools and accessories for installation and service of refrigeration equipment

For installation, maintenance and repair of refrigeration equipment, the following set of tools, devices and accessories is recommended:

Tools for installing copper, brass and steel pipes;

Device for brazing and welding pipes;

Devices for evacuating and filling the refrigeration system;

Devices for determining the place of leakage of the refrigeration system;

Devices for the installation of electrical circuits and automation circuits.

When used for mounting copper, brass, steel and plastic pipes various tools are used for high-quality installation work:

Tools for the installation of copper and brass pipes;

Tools for the installation of steel pipes;

Tools for the installation of polymer pipes.

The pipe cutter (Fig. 9) allows a very clean cut of the copper pipeline of the required length, and when using a hacksaw, it is necessary to process the ends of the pipeline (both the inner and the outer surface) with a device (Fig. 10) for deburring.

Fig. 9. Pipe cutter

Fig. 10. Tool for deburring pipe ends

Fig. 11 shows flaring (unbundling) for a nipple connection and a pipe expander (Fig. 12) with a mandrel.

Fig. 11. Disassembly

Fig. 12. Expander set with mandrel

A manual pipe bender is used to bend pipelines (Fig. 13).

Fig. 13. Manual pipe bender

When performing welding work, it is necessary to have a welding or soldering unit. For pipelines of small diameters, brazing with propane torches can be used instead of welding. For pipelines of large diameters, a welding unit with an oxygen-acetylene torch is used (Fig. 14).

Fig. 14. Oxygen-acetylene welding machine

For evacuation and filling of refrigeration systems, it is recommended to use a filling station (Fig. 15) or the following set:

Fig. 15. Portable filling station

Gauge manifold with low and high pressure gauges, vacuum gauge and a set of hoses (Fig. 16);

Two-stage vacuum pump with vacuum gauge (Fig. 15);

Filling cylinder for filling control or filling scales. One of the collector samples and methods of its connection are shown in Fig. 16.

Fig. 16. Portable Gauge Manifold and Flexible Hose Connection Diagram

This manifold has 4 hoses with union nuts and 4 valves.

To blow out flexible hoses:

A, C, D- are open, V- closed (flexible hose N 2 under pressure) 1, 3, 4 - connected to the manifold as shown in the diagram, but the opposite ends are free; 2 V- open to start purging.

To control the pressure in the circuit:

WITH and D- closed, A and V- open all the way, 1 and 3 - connected as shown in the diagram; H and L- unscrew it as far as it will go, then screw it in 1/3 of a turn. Observe the pressure.

To purge the circuit:

A and V- closed, WITH and D- are open, 1 and 3 - connected as shown in the diagram, 4 - connected at one end to the collector, as shown in the diagram, the other end is free, H and L A- open at the beginning of the external blowdown (via flexible hose 4).

To charge refrigerant through the suction line:

A, B, D- closed, WITH- open, 1, 2, 3 - connected as shown in the diagram, H- unscrew it all the way, then turn it 1/2 turn, L- unscrew halfway, V

To charge oil via the suction line of the circuit:

A, B, D- closed, WITH- open, 1 - connected as shown in the diagram, 2 - connected at one end to the manifold, as shown in the diagram, and at the other end to the oil tank, H- close all the way, L- close all the way, V- open slowly, adjusting the oil consumption.

To evacuate and prime the circuit:

A and V- closed, WITH and D- are open, 1 and 3 - connected as shown in the diagram, H and L- unscrew it as far as it will go, then screw it in 1/2 turn. If the pressure gauges show residual pressure, purge the circuit before starting evacuation, A- open, H and L- half open, 2 and 4 - connected as shown in the diagram.

Start the pump and end the evacuation:

A- close, then put the pump on, H- unscrew as far as it will go, then screw in 1/2 turn, D- closed, V- open slowly while adjusting the refrigerant flow.

For refrigerant leak detection regardless of its composition, the soaping method or with the help of litmus tests (ammonia or R22, R502) can be used. There are also various equipment for detecting leaks. Figure 17 shows a halogen lamp used for non-flammable refrigerants with overpressure in the system.

Fig. 17. Halogen lamp

With a special addition to the refrigerant, an ultraviolet lamp (Fig. 18) can be used to detect leaks due to the glow of a tracer gas in its rays.

Fig. 18. Ultraviolet lamp for detecting leaks due to the glow of a tracer gas in its rays

The device shown in Fig. 19 allows detecting leaks of both CFC and HCFC category refrigerants and absolutely non-polluting HFC refrigerants (R134a).

Fig. 19. Electronic leak detector for CFC, HCFC and YPC refrigerants

The device shown in Fig. 20, the operation of which is based on the principle of ionization of the gas between two electrodes.

Fig. 20. Ionization leak detector for refrigerants СFC, НСFC and НFC

To identify faults in electrical diagrams There are clamp meters (fig. 21) available for refrigeration technicians to measure voltage (in volts) and electrical resistance (in ohms).

Fig. 21. Clamp Meter

Using a clamp meter in ohmmeter mode allows you to:

Check indirectly the resistance of the windings of the compressor and fan motors for compliance with the technical conditions;

Detect a short to ground in the motor winding;

Establish the belonging of the terminals of the electric motor to the starting and running windings by measuring their resistances;

Identify short-circuited windings;

Check relay or contactor contacts.

Using a clamp meter in voltmeter mode allows you to:

Check the voltage at the terminals of the electric motor;

Identify the linear and zero phases, as well as the ground wire;

Check the correct grounding of electrical systems; check the fuses;

Detect power surges or stray currents... Using a clamp meter in ammeter mode allows you to:

Check the starting current;

Check electrical systems upward;

Adjust unloading on ramp starts;

Check the primary winding in the current transformer;

Distinguish star connection from delta connection;

Check phase imbalance;

Check the amperage of the locked rotor against the data indicated on the motor housing.

Refrigerants and refrigerants

Refrigerant (refrigerant) is a working body of a refrigerating machine, changing its state of aggregation in the process of passing through the elements of equipment operating both in a direct cycle (cooling mode) and in a reverse cycle (heat pump mode). Taking heat from the environment, the refrigerant boils, passing from a liquid to a gaseous state. Due to the endothermic nature of the process, cold is generated. The heat taken from the air is removed from the refrigeration machine during the transition of the refrigerant from a gaseous state to a liquid state during an exothermic process in the condenser.

Substances used in refrigeration should have a low boiling point at atmospheric pressure, vapor volumes during boiling should not be too high, and condensation pressures should not be too high. It should be non-corrosive towards construction materials and oils, as less toxic, non-flammable and explosion-proof as possible.

Table 4.1 lists the main refrigerants currently in use and for future use.

Table 4.1

PRINCIPAL REFRIGERANTS CURRENTLY USED AND INTENDED FOR FUTURE USE

Designation		Name
		Trichloromethane
		Dichlorodifluoromethane
		Bromochlorodifluoromethane
		Trifluorochloromethane
		Bromotrifluoromethane
		Difluorochlormstan
		Trifluoromethane
		Difluoromethane
		Trichlorotrifluoroethane
		Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
		Chloropentafluoroethane
		Dichlorotrifluoroethane
		Chlortetrafluoroethane
		Pentafluoroethane
		Tetrafluoroethane
		Dichlorofluoroethane
		Chlordifluoroethane
		Trifluoroethane
		Difluoroethane
		Carbon dioxide

Table 4.2 shows the main physical properties and maximum permissible concentrations of refrigerants most commonly used at present in SCR and recommended for use in the future.

Table 4.2

GROUPS OF REFRIGERANT USED IN XY SCV, THEIR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Refrigeration group	Refrigeration number	Chemical name	Chemical formula	body molecule lar mass	Gas constant, J / (kg K)	Boiling point at 101.3 kPa, ° С	Freezing temperature, ° С	Critical temperature, ° С
		Fluorotrichloromethane
		Difluorodichloromethane
		Difluorobromomethane
		Trifluorochloromethane
		Trifluorobromomethane
		Difluoromethane
		Trifluoromethane
		Trifluorotrichloroethane
		Tetrafluorodichloroethane
		Pentafluorochloroethane
		R12 (73.8%) + R152а (26.2%)
		R22 (48.8%) + R115 (51.2%)
		Carbon dioxide
		Methylene chloride
		Methyl chloride
		Ethyl chloride
		Methyl formate
		Sulfur dioxide
		Dichlorethylene
		Isobutane
		Propylene

The NF E35-400 standard divides refrigerants into three groups:

Group I - non-toxic and non-flammable refrigerants.

Group II - refrigerants with a certain degree of toxicity.

Group III - refrigerants according to the degree of ignition and the formation of explosive mixtures with air at the lower concentration limit of 3.5% by volume.

The NF E35-400 standard also specifies the conditions for the use of various refrigeration systems, as well as their location and the conditions for laying pipelines for transporting refrigerant, depending on the group to which this refrigerant belongs, as well as the category of premises.

In connection with environmental problems, the prospects of using ammonia as a working fluid in refrigeration units of air conditioning systems began to be considered again. Ammonia is less harmful to the environment ecologically, cheap, affordable and has excellent thermodynamic properties.

The main disadvantage of ammonia is its toxicity, flammability at certain concentrations, and incompatibility with copper.

The use of refrigeration units using ammonia as a refrigerant should be carried out by enterprises and organizations licensed to perform this type of work, and projects should be approved by the Gosgortekhnadzor of Russia. It is forbidden to use refrigeration units with direct expansion (direct boiling of the refrigerant in the air cooler) for comfortable air conditioning in administrative and production premises.

Refrigerants, with the exception of refrigerants of groups II and III, are non-explosive and non-toxic chemical compounds or mixtures, however, upon contact with an open fire, fluorine and chlorine-containing refrigerants decompose with the release of chlorine and phosgene compounds (nerve gas).

In the event of a fire in rooms where refrigeration units are located, use insulating or filtering gas masks. With an increase in the concentration of freon vapors in the room, the oxygen content drops and suffocation occurs, since the density of most refrigerants is greater than the density of air and, when leaking, it tries to occupy more low levels in the premises. It is not recommended to fill more than 80% by volume of the refrigerant container.

Coolants are an intermediate body with the help of which heat is transferred from the air of the refrigerated room to the refrigerant. The coolant can be water, aqueous solutions of salts or liquids with a low freezing point - antifreeze, etc. Cooling agents are used where direct cooling is undesirable or impossible.

Common coolants are sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium chloride salts (CaCl), aqueous solutions of glycols. Due to the high corrosive activity of salt solutions, the cost of repairs during the operation of equipment is significant, therefore, solutions of polyhydric alcohols such as propylene glycol (PG), ethylene glycol, glycerin, which is typical for central air conditioning systems, are now increasingly used. When designing and installing systems with glycolic coolants, one should take into account their physicochemical characteristics. Glycols have a smaller molecular size, which leads to the formation of leaks (especially at low temperatures and high concentrations) if the gasket material in the seals is incorrectly selected. It is not recommended to use galvanized steel pipes in systems with glycolic refrigerants.

For first aid if a person is affected by a refrigerant, it should be kept in the first aid kit ammonia, valerian drops, drinking water, Vishnevsky ointment or penicillin ointment, sterile wipes, bandages and cotton wool.

In case of poisoning with freon refrigerants, before the arrival of the doctor, the victim is taken out into the fresh air or into a clean warm room. The victim is allowed to inhale oxygen for 30-40 minutes, warmed with heating pads, allowed to inhale ammonia from a cotton wool and drink strong tea or coffee.

If the mucous membrane is damaged, rinse with a 2% solution of soda or water. In case of contact with eyes, rinse them with copious amounts of clean water.

If refrigerant comes into contact with the skin, it will cause frostbite. The affected areas are moistened with warm water, and then the affected surface is dried and an ointment bandage is applied.

5. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND SAFETY RULES

Occupational safety measures during the installation and operation of ventilation systems and equipment, air conditioning,

pneumatic conveying and aspiration

Most of the work on the installation of ventilation systems is carried out at high altitudes. Climbing work is considered to be all installation work that is carried out at a height of more than 5 m from the surface of the ground, floor or working deck.

Climbing work is allowed for workers not younger than 18 and not older than 60 years old, who have passed a special medical examination.

Safe installation work at a height requires the use of reliable ladders, scaffolding, scaffolding, towers, cradles, etc.

When using metal ladders, their height should provide the worker with the ability to work while standing on the step, being at a distance of at least 1 m from the upper end of the ladder; at the same time, the worker is obliged to secure himself with the carabiner of the mounting belt to the reliable elements of building structures. Bottom ends ladders should have stops in the form of sharp spikes or rubber tips, the upper ones should be fixed to solid structures.

When installing air ducts from suspended cradles, workers must be attached with safety belts to a safety steel rope with an autonomous suspension. Safety belts PVU-2 are designed for a maximum mass of a falling person of 100 kg and a stopping distance of 0.75 ... 1.5 m. equal to length brake cable 10 m. The brake cable is attached to the safety belt with a working carabiner.

During the installation of the air ducts, it is prohibited to be under the air duct to be installed, to cross the trusses and other structures of the building while working at height, and also to work without securing with a safety belt. In dangerous places for the passage, it is necessary to fasten with a safety belt for a steel safety cable, specially stretched for this.

During installation, the technological sequence of delivery of air ducts and ventilation equipment to the installation sites and their installation in the design position must be strictly observed, without creating cramped conditions at the workplace.

All lifting equipment, implements and tools must correspond to the nature of the work performed and be in good condition. Before starting the installation, the manufacturer or foreman is obliged to check the lifting mechanisms, rigging devices and register the results of the check in a special journal.

Places of installation of lifting equipment, as well as fastening of lever winches, hoists and blocks to building structures must be agreed with the general contractor. The execution of these works is not allowed without the permission of the management of the construction organization.

When installing lifting devices on floors, it is necessary to arrange bases to distribute the concentrated load over a large area.

Riggers performing rigging must be trained in a special program and have a production license rigging.

Slinging of ventilation equipment and fastening of winches, hoists and blocks to building structures should be carried out in accordance with standard technological maps.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

GOST 30494-96. Residential and public buildings. Indoor microclimate parameters.

GOST 12.1.003-83. SSBT Noise. General safety requirements.

ABOK standard. Residential and public buildings. Air exchange rates.

SNiP 23-01-99. Construction climatology.

SNiP 23-02-03. Thermal protection of buildings.

SNiP 2.04.05-91 * (ed. 2003). Heating, ventilation and air conditioning.

SNiP 2.08.01-89 *. Residential buildings.

SNiP II-12-77. Noise protection.

SanPiN 2.1.2.1002-00. Sanitary and Epidemiological Requirements for Residential Buildings and Premises.

CH 2.2.4 / 2.18.562-96. Noise at workplaces in residential, public buildings and residential areas.

MGSN 3.01-01. Residential buildings.

MGSN 2.04-97. Acceptable levels of noise, vibration and sound insulation requirements in residential and public buildings.

Manual to MGSN 2.04-97. Design of soundproofing of enclosing structures of residential and public buildings.

SNiP 12-03-2001 Labor safety in construction. Part 1. General requirements.

SNiP 12-04-2002. Labor safety in construction. Part 2. Construction production.

GOST 12.2.003-91. SSBT. Manufacturing equipment. General safety requirements.

GOST 12.3.009-76. SSBT. Loading and unloading works. General safety requirements.

GOST 24258-88. Scaffolding tools. General technical conditions.

PPB 01-03. Fire safety rules in the Russian Federation.

Technical information of SCS "Stroytekhnolog".

Documents of the database "Techexpert".

Electronic text of the document

prepared by CJSC "Kodeks" and verified according to the materials,

provided by Ph.D. Demyanov A.A. (VITU)

Air ducts and parts of ventilation systems must be made in accordance with the working documentation and from materials approved for use in construction. In addition, the manufacture, installation of air ducts and equipment for ventilation and air conditioning systems must be carried out in compliance with the requirements of SNiP 41-01-2003.

Air ducts made of thin sheet roofing steel with a diameter and size of the larger side up to 2000 mm, should be made:

Spiral-lock or longitudinal seam on rebates;

Spiral welded or longitudinal welded.

Air ducts made of thin sheet roofing steel with a side size of more than 2000 mm should be made panel (welded, glue-welded).

Air ducts from metal-plastic should be made on folds, and from of stainless steel, titanium, as well as from sheet aluminum and its alloys - on folds or on welding.

Air ducts made of sheet aluminum and its alloys with a thickness of up to 1.5 mm should be performed on folds, with a thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm - on folds or welding, and with a sheet thickness of more than 2 mm - on welding.

Longitudinal folds on air ducts made of thin sheet roofing and stainless steel and sheet aluminum with a diameter or size of the larger side of 500 mm or more must be fixed at the beginning and end of the duct link by spot welding, electric rivets, rivets or bulging.

Folds on air ducts with any metal thickness and manufacturing method must be cut-off.

The end sections of the seam seams at the ends of the air ducts and in the air distribution openings of the metal-plastic air ducts must be fixed with aluminum or steel rivets with an oxide coating, ensuring operation in aggressive environments specified in the working documentation.

Seam seams should have the same width along their entire length and be evenly and tightly upset.

In rebated air ducts, as well as in cutting plans, there should be no cross-shaped joints of seams.

On straight sections of rectangular air ducts with a side cross-section of more than 400 mm, it is necessary to constructively perform rigidity in the form of bends (ridge) with a step of 300 - 500 mm along the perimeter of the air duct or diagonal bends (ridge). If the side is more than 1000 mm and the length is more than 1000 mm, in addition, it is necessary to install external stiffening frames, with a step of no more than 1250 mm. Stiffening frames must be securely fixed by spot welding, rivets or self-tapping screws.

Stiffening frames should be installed on metal-plastic air ducts using aluminum or steel rivets with an oxide coating, ensuring operation in aggressive environments defined by the working documentation.

Elements of fittings should be connected to each other on zigzags, folds, welding, rivets.

Elements of fittings made of metal-plastic should be connected to each other on folds.

Zig joints for systems transporting air of high humidity or with an admixture of explosive dust are not allowed.

The connection of the sections should be performed:

for round air ducts in a flangeless way (nipple / sleeve), shroud connection or on flanges;

for rectangular ducts: busbar (large / small) or on flanges. The connections must be strong and tight.

Fastening the tire to the air duct should be done with rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm, self-tapping screws (in the absence of fibrous components in the moving medium), spot welding, bulging every 200 - 250 mm, but not less than four. The inner corners of the tire should be filled with sealant.

Fastening of flanges to air ducts should be carried out by flanging with a persistent ridge, by welding, spot welding, on rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm or self-tapping screws (in the absence of fibrous components in the transported medium), placed every 200 - 250 mm, but not less than four.

Regulating devices (dampers, throttle valves, dampers, regulating elements of air distributors, etc.) must be easy to close and open, as well as be fixed in a given position.

Air ducts made of non-galvanized steel, their connecting fasteners (including the inner surfaces of the flanges) must be primed (painted) at the procurement company in accordance with the working documentation. The final painting of the outer surface of the air ducts is carried out by specialized construction organizations after their installation.

Ventilation blanks must be completed with parts for their connection and fastening means.

2.2. Preparatory work

2.2.1. General Provisions

Rice. 1. Slings

a - lightweight sling with loops; b - lightweight sling with hooks;
в - four-branch sling

The load to be lifted should be kept from rotating by braces from hemp ropes with a diameter of 20 - 25 mm or braces from steel ropes with a diameter of 8 - 12 mm. For horizontal elements of ventilation systems (enlarged units of air ducts), two guys should be used, for vertical ones (sections of air conditioners, roof fans, air ducts, etc.) - one.

The most common slinging methods are shown in fig. -.

Rice. 2. Slinging VPA-40

Rice. 3. Slinging of an autonomous air conditioner KTR-1-2.0-0.46

Rice. 4. Slinging of radial (centrifugal) fans of version No. 1

Rice. 5. Slinging of fans Ts4-70 No. 6 - 8 version No. 1

Rice. 6. Slinging of fans Ts4-70 No. 6 - 8 version No. 6

Rice. 7. Slinging of fans Ts4-70 No. 10, 12.5

Rice. 8. Slinging the air duct

For the entire installation period, areas for storing air ducts must be equipped.

The device of an on-site air duct warehouse must meet the following basic requirements:

Be located near access roads or railways;

The boundaries of the warehouse must be at least 1 m from the road;

Be on minimum distance from the installation site, if possible, in the area of ​​operation of the tower crane;

Do not interfere with the production of construction and installation works;

Duct storage areas should be carefully planned with a 1 - 2 ° slope for outlet surface waters, covered with drainage sand or gravel, and, if necessary, have ditches;

Passages, driveways and loading and unloading areas must be cleared of debris, construction waste (in winter - from snow and ice) and sprinkled with sand, slag or ash;

Storage of ventilation equipment must be organized in compliance with the requirements of work safety and fire protection;

At the corners of the open warehouse, protective posts should be installed, warning signs for drivers of vehicles and signs with the name of the installation department or the site and the location of the receiver of goods should be posted;

The warehouse needs to be lit.

Warehousing and storage of air ducts must be organized in accordance with applicable standards and in compliance with the following requirements:

Rectangular air ducts must be stacked; straight sections with a height of no more than 2.7, shaped parts - no more than 2 m;

Circular air ducts should be installed vertically;

Air ducts delivered in inventory containers should be stored in these containers at specially organized container yards. It is prohibited to store air ducts and other products in railway containers;

During storage, each air duct should be laid on wooden inventory pads;

Air ducts in stacks should be placed taking into account the sequence of installation: stacks and containers - provided with signs;

Passages with a width of at least 1 m must be left between the stacks; every three stacks, driveways for vehicles with a width of 3 m should be arranged.

The movement of air ducts along the floors of multi-storey buildings is carried out using lifting equipment or manual transport.

2.3. Works of the main period. Mounting

2.3.1. Installation of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems. General Provisions

Installation of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SP 73.13330.2012, SP 48.13330.2011, SNiP 12-03-2001, SNiP 12-04-2002, standards and instructions of equipment manufacturers, as well as in accordance with fire safety requirements of SP 7.13130.2009.

Installation must be carried out by industrial methods from air duct assemblies and equipment supplied as a complete set of large blocks.

Installation of systems should be carried out when the facility is ready for construction (seizure) in the amount of:

For industrial buildings- the entire building with a volume of up to 5000 m3 and a part of the building with a volume of over 5000 m3;

For residential and public buildings up to five floors - a separate building, one or more sections; over five floors - five floors of one or more sections.

Another scheme of installation organization is possible, depending on the adopted constructive scheme.

2.3.2. Installation of air ducts

The method of installation of air ducts should be selected depending on their position (horizontal, vertical), location relative to structures (near the wall, near columns, in the interfarm space, in the shaft, on the roof of the building) and the nature of the building (one- or multi-storey, industrial, public and etc.).

Flexible air ducts made of fiberglass SPL, metal fabric, aluminum foil, etc., should be used as fittings of complex geometric shapes, as well as for connecting ventilation equipment, air distributors, silencers and other devices located in false ceilings, chambers, etc. flexible ducts as straight links are not allowed.

In order to reduce aerodynamic drag, parts from flexible sleeves in the mounted position must have a minimum compression ratio.

Installation of metal air ducts should be carried out, as a rule, in enlarged blocks in the following sequence:

Marking of installation sites for fastening means for air ducts;

Installation of fastening means;

Coordination with the builders of the locations and methods of fastening the lifting equipment;

Delivery of air duct parts to the installation site;

Checking the completeness and quality of the delivered air duct parts;

Assembly of air duct parts into enlarged blocks;

Installation of the unit in the design position and fixing it;

Installation of plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts located at a height of up to 1.5 m from the floor.

The length of the block is determined by the dimensions of the section and the type of connection of the air ducts, the conditions of installation and the availability of lifting equipment.

The length of enlarged horizontal air duct units connected on flanges should not exceed 20 m.

Diagrams of the organization of the working area during the installation of air ducts are given in Fig. -.

Rice. 9. Diagram of the organization of the working area during the installation of air ducts
along the outer wall of the building

1 - console with block; 2 - winch; 3 - auto-hydraulic elevator;
4 - traverse; 5 - guy line; 6 - block

Rice. 10. Diagram of the organization of the working area during the installation of horizontal
air ducts in the building

1 - winch; 2 - traverse; 3 - enlarged unit of the air duct; 4 - pendants

2.3.3. Fan installation

The fans must be installed in the following sequence:

Acceptance of ventilation chambers premises;

Delivery of the fan or its individual parts to the installation site;

Installation of lifting equipment;

Slinging the fan or individual parts;

Lifting and horizontal movement of the fan to the installation site;

Fan installation (fan assembly) on supporting structures (foundation, platform, brackets);

Checking the correct installation and assembly of the fan

Fastening the fan to supporting structures;

Checking the fan operation.

During the installation of fans, a step-by-step operational control should be carried out in accordance with the operational control cards.

2.3.4. Installation of equipment for refrigeration systems

Installation of equipment for refrigeration systems should be carried out in the following sequence:

Acceptance of premises or sites for equipment;

Delivery of the installation or its individual parts to the installation site;

Installation of lifting equipment;

Slinging of the installation or its individual parts;

Lifting and horizontal movement of equipment to the installation site;

Installation (assembly) of equipment on supporting structures (foundation, site);

Checking the correctness of installation and assembly of equipment;

Fixing the unit to supporting structures;

Commissioning works

Checking the operation of the equipment.

2.4. Testing and commissioning

Upon completion of the installation work, the internal systems must be tested by the contractors. Tests must be carried out before finishing work begins.

Commissioning works are performed after completion of construction and installation works, during the preparation and transfer of systems to operation. As a rule, they consist of individual tests and complex trials.

Comprehensive testing of ventilation and air conditioning systems of a building (structure, etc.) is carried out according to the program and schedule developed by the general contractor or on his behalf by the commissioning organization. The results of complex tests are documented in the form of an act.

2.4.1. Testing and commissioning of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems

The final stage of installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems is commissioning and commissioning of systems. Acceptance of works is carried out in the following sequence:

Survey of hidden works;

Individual testing of ventilation equipment (running in);

Delivery for pre-start tests and commissioning.

Air ducts and

ventilation equipment hidden in mines, suspended ceilings, etc. The results of the acceptance of works hidden by subsequent works, in accordance with the requirements of the design and regulatory documentation, are drawn up by acts of inspection of hidden works.

Check the tightness of the air duct sections hidden by building structures using the aerodynamic test method (if the requirements are specified in the working project); based on the results of a leak test, draw up an inspection report for hidden works.

Individual tests of ventilation equipment (running-in) are carried out in order to check the operability of electric motors and the absence of mechanical defects in the rotating elements of the equipment. As a rule, running-in is performed after equipment installation with a connected air duct network. In cases of installing large-sized equipment in hard-to-reach places (roofs of buildings, basements, etc.), it is recommended to run in before the equipment is delivered to the installation site (at the production base or directly at the construction site).

When running-in equipment with an unconnected mains, it is prohibited to switch on without creating an artificial resistance (plug 3/4 of the inlet opening).

The ventilation equipment is run-in for 1 hour, or by checking the current values ​​of the motor operating in operation.

The discrepancy between the readings should not exceed 10% of the current values I n indicated on the engine.

In the absence of power supply ventilation units and air conditioning according to a permanent scheme, electricity connection according to a temporary scheme and a check of the serviceability of starting devices is carried out by the general contractor.

Based on the results of testing (running-in) ventilation equipment, an individual equipment test certificate is drawn up (Appendix E, SP 73.13330.2012).

When adjusting ventilation and air conditioning systems for the design air consumption, you should perform:

Check the compliance of the actual design of ventilation and air conditioning systems with design documentation and requirements SP 73.13330.2012 ;

Testing fans when operating them in the network, checking compliance with the actual technical characteristics passport data, including: air flow and total pressure, speed, power consumption, etc .;

Checking the uniformity of heating (cooling) of heat exchangers and checking the absence of moisture carryover through the drip catchers of the irrigation chambers or air coolers;

Determination of the flow rate and resistance of dust collecting devices;

Checking the operation of natural ventilation exhaust devices;

Testing and adjusting the ventilation network of systems in order to achieve design indicators for air flow in air ducts, local suction, for air exchange in rooms and determination of air leaks or losses in systems.

Deviations of air flow rates from those provided for in the design documentation after adjustment and testing of ventilation and air conditioning systems are allowed:

Within ± 8% - according to the air flow passing through the air distribution and air intake devices of general ventilation and air conditioning installations, provided that the required backpressure (vacuum) of air in the room is ensured;

Up to +8% - according to the air flow rate removed through local suction and supplied through the spray nozzles.

For each ventilation and air conditioning system, a passport is issued in two copies (Appendix G, SP 73.13330.2012).

2.4.2. Refrigeration systems testing

Testing of water cooling systems should be carried out with the heat generators and expansion vessels turned off by the hydrostatic method with a pressure equal to 1.5 working pressure, but not less than 0.2 MPa (2 kgf / cm2) at the lowest point of the system.

The system is recognized as having passed the test if, within 5 minutes of keeping it under test pressure:

The pressure drop will not exceed 0.02 MPa (0.2 kgf / cm2);

There are no leaks in welds, pipes, threaded connections, fittings and equipment.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

Quality control of work on the installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems should be carried out by specialists or special services that are part of the construction organization or involved from outside, equipped with technical means that ensure the necessary reliability and completeness of control.

Quality control of work is carried out at all stages of the technological chain, starting from the development of the project and ending with its implementation at the facility on the basis of PPR and flow charts. Quality control should include incoming control of working documentation, structures, products, materials and equipment, operational control of individual installation processes or production operations, and assessment of the conformity of the work performed.

During the incoming inspection of the working documentation, its completeness and the sufficiency of the technical information contained in it for the production of work are checked.

During the incoming inspection of products, materials and equipment, it is checked by external examination that they comply with the requirements of standards or other regulatory documents and working documentation, as well as the presence and content of passports, certificates and other accompanying documents.

3.1. Requirements for the quality of work on the installation of air ducts

Air ducts should be installed in accordance with design references and elevations. The connection of the air ducts to the technological equipment must be carried out after its installation.

Air ducts intended for transporting humidified air should be installed so that there are no longitudinal seams in the lower part of the air ducts.

Air duct sections where dew may fall out of the transported humid air should be laid with a slope of 0.01 - 0.015 towards the drainage devices.

The spacers between busbars or duct flanges must not protrude into the ductwork.

Gaskets should be made of the following materials: foam rubber, tape porous or monolithic rubber with a thickness of 4 - 5 mm, polymer mastic bundle (PMZh) - for air ducts through which air, dust or waste materials move with temperatures up to 343 K (70 ° C) ...

To seal flangeless air duct connections, use:

Sealing tape of the "Guerlain" type - for air ducts through which air moves with a temperature of up to 313 K (40 ° C);

Mastic such as "Buteprol", Silicone and other certified sealants - for circular air ducts with temperatures up to 343 K (70 ° C);

Heat-shrinkable cuffs, self-adhesive tapes - for circular air ducts with temperatures up to 333 K (60 ° C);

Other sealing materials specified in the working documentation.

The bolts in the flange connections must be tightened with all the bolt nuts on the same side of the flange. When installing bolts vertically, the nuts should generally be on the underside of the joint.

Fastening of air ducts should be carried out in accordance with the working documentation.

Fasteners of horizontal metal non-insulated air ducts (clamps, hangers, supports, etc.) on a bandage flangeless connection should be installed:

At a distance of no more than 4 m from one another with circular duct diameters or dimensions of the larger side of a rectangular duct less than 400 mm.

At a distance of no more than 3 m from one another - with diameters of a circular duct or dimensions of the larger side of a rectangular duct of 400 mm or more.

Fasteners of horizontal metal non-insulated air ducts on a flange, nipple (coupling) connection should be installed at a distance of no more than 6 m from one another:

For circular cross-sections up to 2000 mm diameter,

For rectangular section on flanges, bus on flange connection of circular section with a diameter of up to 2000 mm or rectangular section with dimensions of its larger side up to 2000 mm inclusive.

The distances between the fasteners of insulated metal air ducts of any cross-sectional size, as well as non-insulated air ducts with a circular cross-section with a diameter of more than 2000 mm or a rectangular cross-section with a larger side of more than 2000 mm, should be assigned by working documentation.

The fastening of the nipple (coupling) should be carried out with rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm or self-tapping screws with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm every 150 - 200 mm of a circle, but not less than three.

The clamps should fit tightly around the metal air ducts.

Mounts for vertical metal ducts should be installed at a distance of no more than 4.5 m from one another.

Fastening of vertical metal air ducts inside the premises of multi-storey buildings with a floor height of up to 4.5 m should be carried out in the interfloor ceilings.

Fastening of vertical metal air ducts indoors with a floor height of more than 4.5 m and on the roof of the building should be determined by the working documentation.

Fastening of guy wires and hangers directly to the duct flanges is not allowed. The tension of the adjustable hangers must be uniform.

The deviation of the ducts from the vertical should not exceed 2 mm per 1 m of the duct length.

Freely suspended air ducts should be braced by installing double hangers every two single hangers with a suspension length of 0.5 to 1.5 m.

For hangers longer than 1.5 m, double hangers should be installed through each single hanger.

Air ducts should be reinforced so that their weight is not transferred to the ventilation equipment.

Air ducts should generally be connected to fans through vibration-damping flexible inserts made of fiberglass or other material that provides flexibility, density and durability.

Anti-vibration flexible inserts should be installed immediately prior to individual testing.

When making straight sections of air ducts from a polymer film, bends of the air ducts are allowed no more than 15 °.

To pass through the enclosing structures, the air duct made of plastic film must have metal inserts.

Air ducts made of plastic film should be suspended on steel rings made of wire with a diameter of 3 - 4 mm, located at a distance of no more than 2 m from one another.

The diameter of the rings should be 10% larger than the diameter of the duct. Steel rings should be fastened with a wire or plate with a cutout to a supporting cable (wire) with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm, stretched along the axis of the duct and fixed to the building structures every 20 - 30 m.

To exclude longitudinal displacements of the air duct when it is filled with air, the polymer film should be stretched until the slack between the rings disappears.

Table 1. Map of operational control of the installation of metal air ducts

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
Delivery of air duct parts to the installation site	Checking the completeness of the ventilation system (availability of control devices, fasteners, etc.)		Permanent 100%. Visually. Compliance with the picking list, sketches
Marking of installation sites for fixing air ducts	Installation step of fasteners in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85	Roulette I= 10 m Plumb line M = 200 g	Permanent 100%
	Drilling depth	Steel meter	Permanent 100%
Installation of fasteners	Fastening strength		Permanent 100%. Visually
Assembly into enlarged units of parts of air ducts, regulating and air distribution devices at the site	Correctness of assembly in accordance with the project. Tightness of connections		Visually. Permanent 100%
Ascent to the design level and interconnection of enlarged units of air ducts with preliminary fastening	The position of transverse seams and detachable duct connections relative to building structures. Verticality of risers. Absence of kinks, curvature in straight sections of air ducts	Plumb line M= 200 g	Visually Permanent 100%
Alignment of the mounted air ducts and their final fixing	The horizontal installation of the air ducts and the observance of the slopes in the distribution sections of the air ducts. Density of coverage of the duct with clamps. Reliability and appearance of fasteners	Metal meter, tape measure I= 10 m, level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%. Visually
Connection of air ducts to ventilation equipment	Correct installation of soft inserts (no slack)		Permanent 100%. Visually
Testing the operation of regulating devices	Smooth operation of regulating devices		Output 100%. Visually

3.2. Requirements for the quality of work on the installation of fans

Radial fans on vibration bases and on a rigid base, installed on foundations, must be fixed with anchor bolts.

When installing fans on spring vibration isolators, the latter must have a uniform settlement. Vibration isolators do not need to be fastened to the floor.

When installing fans on metal structures, vibration isolators should be attached to them. Elements of metal structures to which vibration isolators are attached must match the corresponding elements of the fan unit frame.

When installed on a rigid base, the fan frame must fit snugly against the sound insulating pads.

The gaps between the edge of the front disc of the impeller and the edge of the inlet pipe of the radial fan, both in the axial and in the radial direction, should not exceed 1% of the impeller diameter.

The shafts of the radial fans must be installed horizontally (the shafts of the roof fans - vertically), the vertical walls of the casings of the centrifugal fans must not be skewed or tilted.

The gaskets for the split fan shrouds should be of the same material as the gaskets for the ductwork of this system.

The motors must be precisely aligned with the installed fans and secured. The axes of the pulleys of electric motors and fans with a belt drive must be parallel, and the center lines of the pulleys must coincide. The belts must be tensioned according to the manufacturer's requirements.

The motor skids must be mutually parallel and level. The support surface of the slide must be in contact over the entire plane with the foundation.

Couplings and belt drives must be protected.

The fan suction opening, which is not connected to the air duct, must be protected with a metal mesh with a mesh size of not more than 70 × 70 mm.

Table 2. Map of operational control of installation of centrifugal fans

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
Supply of the fan unit to the installation site	Checking the availability and quality of component parts		Permanent 100%.
Installation of the frame on the stands. Installation of vibration isolators under the frame	The horizontality of the foundation, frame	Level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%
Installation of fans on a frame with vibration isolators	Pulley vertical, shaft horizontal	Plumb line M= 200 g	Permanent 100%
Assembly of fans on the frame: installation of the fan frame; installation of the lower part of the fan casing; installation of the turbine with fastening of its frame to the frame; installation of the inlet pipe	Fastening strength. Clearance between the edge of the front disc of the impeller and the edge of the inlet. Fastening strength		Visually. Permanent 100%
Installation of the upper part of the casing and connection on the flanges of individual parts of the fan casing	Tightness of the connection		Visually. Permanent 100%
Adjustment and final fastening of vibration isolators to the frame	Uniform settlement of vibration isolators. The strength of fastening vibration isolators to the frame		Visually. Permanent 100%
Balancing the turbine before starting	Correct position of the turbine wheel		Permanent 100%. (when scrolling, the risks should not match)
Installing the skid and the electric motor on the skid	Parallelism of the sled. The strength of the fastening of the electric motor to the slide. The strength of the connection between the electric motor and the fan. Parallelism of the axes of the fan and motor shafts. Ease of rotation of the shafts of the fan and electric motor	Level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%. Visually
			Visual, freehand testing
Installing a belt drive on pulleys. Belt drive guard	Alignment of grooves for V-belts of fan and motor pulleys. Correct belt tension	Cord (tension of the cord in the plane of the ends of the pulleys), steel meter, testing by hand	Permanent 100%
Connecting air ducts to the fan with the installation of flexible connectors	Tightness of connections. No slack in flexible joints		Visually. Permanent 100%

Table 3. Map of operational control of installation of axial fans

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
	Quality (no mechanical damage), completeness		Permanent 100%. Visually, compliance with the passport data of the fan and electric motor
Installation of the fan unit on metal brackets. Fan mount	The strength of the supporting structures. Fastening strength of the fan to the supporting structures. Verticality, horizontal	Plumb line M= 200 g	Visually. Permanent 100%
Checking fan operation	The gap between the ends of the blades and the shells. Correct direction and ease of rotation of the impeller		Permanent 100%. Visual, freehand testing

Table 4. Map of operational control of installation of roof fans

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
Supply of a fan complete with an electric motor to the installation site	Completeness, quality (no mechanical damage)		Permanent 100%. Visually, compliance with the passport data of the fan and electric motor
Checking the horizontal alignment of the cup support flange	Horizontality	Level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%
Connecting the self-opening valve to the fan	Ease of valve movement		Permanent 100%. Visual, freehand testing
Installing the fan housing on the glass with fastening it anchor bolts	Fastening strength of the fan to the supporting structures. The verticality of the shaft. Ease of rotation of the shafts of the fan and electric motor. Clearance between inlet and impeller	Plumb line M= 200 g	Permanent 100%. Visual Freehand Testing
			Permanent 100%
Checking fan operation	Correct direction of rotation of the wheel		Permanent 100%. Visually (in accordance with the project)

3.3. Requirements for the quality of work on the installation of air conditioners

Air heaters of air conditioners should be assembled on gaskets made of certified material, with a heat resistance corresponding to the temperature of the heating medium. The rest of the blocks, chambers and units of air conditioners should be assembled on gaskets made of tape rubber 3-4 mm thick, supplied with the equipment.

Air conditioners must be installed horizontally. The walls of chambers and blocks should not have dents, distortions and slopes.

The valve blades should turn freely (by hand). In the "Closed" position, a tight fit of the blades to the stops and to each other must be ensured.

Supports of chambers and air conditioner units must be installed vertically.

Flexible air ducts should be used in accordance with the working documentation as fittings of complex geometric shapes, as well as for connecting ventilation equipment, air diffusers, silencers and other devices located in suspended ceilings and chambers.

The use of flexible air ducts as main air ducts is not allowed.

Fastening of fan coil units, door closers, split systems should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturers.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL AND FIRE SAFETY

Mounting ventilation ducts must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of safety, sanitation and occupational health, established by building codes and rules for occupational safety in construction.

Before being admitted to work on the installation of ventilation ducts, heads of organizations are required to provide training and briefing on occupational safety at the workplace.

Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination without contraindications to work at height, have professional skills, have been trained in safe methods and techniques of work and have received an appropriate certificate are allowed to work at heights.

Individuals (workers and engineers and technicians) at least 18 years of age who have passed a medical examination and recognized as fit for performance of climbing work, having experience of climbing work for at least one year and tariff category not lower than the third.

Workers admitted to climbing work for the first time must work for one year under the direct supervision of experienced workers appointed by order of the organization.

To electric welding works are allowed persons who have undergone appropriate training, instruction and testing of knowledge of the rules of safe work with registration in a special magazine and having a qualification certificate. Persons with medical contraindications are not allowed to work on electric welding at a height.

Persons at least 18 years of age who have passed a medical examination, trained in the rules for using the tool, work safety and have an electrical safety group of at least II, and for connecting and disconnecting electric outlets with a group of at least III are allowed to work with an electrified tool. All electrified tools are subject to registration and registration in a special journal. Each copy of the instrument must have a reference number. Monitoring the serviceability and timely repair of electrified tools is assigned to the department of the chief mechanic of the construction organization. Before issuing an electrified tool, it is necessary to check its serviceability (no short circuit to the case, insulation at the supply wires and handles, the condition of the working part of the tool) and its operation at idle speed.

Responsibility for the correct organization of the safe conduct of work at the facility rests with the manufacturer of the work and the foreman.

The admission of unauthorized persons, as well as drunken workers to the territory of the construction site, to production, sanitary and amenity facilities and workplaces is prohibited.

Work on the installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as equipment for refrigeration systems are carried out according to the permit for work in conditions of hazardous and (or) harmful production factors.

Installation should be carried out only if there is a work production project, flow charts or wiring diagrams. In the absence of these documents, installation work is prohibited.

The order of installation, determined by the work production project, must be such that the previous operation completely excludes the possibility of industrial hazards when performing subsequent ones. Installation of air ducts and equipment parts for ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems should, as a rule, be carried out in large blocks using lifting mechanisms.

No people should be under the elements to be installed. A suspended air duct or a block of air ducts must not be secured to trusses, ceilings and other building structures in places not provided for by the work production project.

Installation of air ducts from scaffolding, scaffolds and platforms must be carried out by at least two workers.

Alignment of flange holes when connecting air ducts should be done only with mandrels. Do not use your fingers to check the alignment of the holes of the flanges to be connected.

To prevent swaying or twisting of the lifted air duct blocks, hemp rope braces should be used.

Installation work on ventilation ducts may only be carried out with serviceable tools. Wrenches must exactly match the sizes of nuts and bolts, have no bevels on the edges and burrs on the handle. Do not unscrew or tighten the nuts with a wrench of large (compared to the head) sizes with a lining of metal plates between the edges of the nut and the wrench, as well as lengthen spanners by attaching another key or pipe.

Workplaces and work areas during installation in the dark should be illuminated. Illumination should be uniform, without the glare of lighting fixtures on workers. Work in unlit areas is not allowed.

Before starting work on the installation of internal systems, places that are dangerous for work and the passage of people should be fenced, provided with inscriptions and indicators, safety signs should be installed, and when working at night, marked with light signals.

When installing the air ducts, it is necessary to provide for the installation of fasteners, for which the air duct installer can fix himself when working at height.

The operation of construction machines (lifting mechanisms, small-scale mechanization), including maintenance, must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001 and the instructions of the manufacturers. The operation of lifting mechanisms, in addition, must be carried out taking into account PB 10-382-00 "Rules for the construction and safe operation of lifting cranes".

The places where electric welding works are performed with an open arc should be fenced with fireproof screens, shields, etc.

When electric welding works are performed in the open air, sheds made of non-combustible materials should be erected over the installations and welding stations. In the absence of sheds, electric welding work should be stopped during rain or snowfall.

To protect against drops of molten metal and slag falling during electric welding, a dense platform covered with sheets of roofing iron or asbestos cardboard must be installed under the welding place in places where people pass.

When installing ventilation ducts on roofs with a slope of more than 20 °, as well as regardless of the slope on wet and covered with frost or snow, workers must use safety belts, as well as ladders with a width of at least 0.3 m with cross bars for the support of the legs; the ladders must be secured during operation.

Loading and unloading operations should be carried out in accordance with GOST 12.3.002-75 *, GOST 12.3.009-76 *.

Loading and unloading operations must be carried out in a mechanized way using lifting and transporting equipment and small mechanization means. It is necessary to lift loads manually in exceptional cases, observing the norms established by the current documents.

When loading and unloading ventilation air duct blanks and their parts, containers should be used. During lifting, lowering and moving of the container, workers should not be on it or inside it, as well as on adjacent containers.

Slinging and unfastening of goods should be carried out in accordance with PB 10-382-00.

The supply of materials, ventilation blanks, equipment to workplaces should be carried out in a technological sequence that ensures the safety of work. Workpieces and equipment should be stored at workplaces in such a way that they do not create a hazard during the work, the passages are not constrained, and it would be possible to assemble the air ducts into large blocks. It is necessary to monitor the correct placement of equipment and workpieces on the floors, avoiding concentration and not exceeding the permissible loads per 1 m2 of the floor.

Ventilation blanks should be stored in stacks no more than 2.5 m high on spacers and pads. Oversized and heavy equipment should be stored in one row on pads.

The storage area for workpieces and ventilation equipment at the construction site should be fenced and located in the area of ​​an operating crane. The storage area should be planned, have slopes for water drainage, and in winter time it should be cleared of snow and ice.

Explosive or harmful paints and varnishes and other materials are allowed to be stored at workplaces in quantities not exceeding the replacement requirement. Such materials must be stored in tightly closed containers.

Between the stacks (racks) on sites and in warehouses, there should be at least 1 m wide passages and passages, the width of which depends on the dimensions of transport and handling facilities serving the warehouse or site.

The heads of the installation organizations are obliged to provide workers, engineering and technical workers and employees with overalls, footwear and other personal protective equipment in accordance with regulatory requirements.

All persons on the construction site are required to wear safety helmets. Workers and engineering workers without protective helmets and other necessary personal protective equipment are not allowed to perform work on the installation of air ducts.

When working at heights, ventilation installers must always wear safety belts.

Workers and employees receiving personal protective equipment (respirators, gas masks, safety belts, helmets, etc.) must be trained in how to use them.

All work on the installation of ventilation ducts should be carried out in the presence and under the guidance of responsible engineers in accordance with the rules for the production and acceptance of work in accordance with SP 73.13330. 2012 with strict adherence to labor safety requirements in accordance with:

	Name of machines, mechanisms, machine tools, tools and materials			Quantity
	Paint spray gun with a productivity of 600 m3 / h
	Compressor with a capacity of 20 - 30 m3 / h
	Open end wrenches, double-sided
	Flat square, triangular, round, semicircular files with a notch No. 1, 2, 3
	Steel bench hammer
	Chisel
	Fitting screwdriver (set)
	Combination pliers
	Hand scissors for cutting metal
	Scriber
	Bench vice with manual drive
	Measuring ruler, metal
	Welder's shield
	Mounting and traction mechanism
	Rack jack
	Drilling machine
	Grinder electric
	Electric wrench
	Electric screwdriver
	Electric puncher
	Electric scissors
	Assembly device for moving loads
	Manual winch
	Hydraulic jack
	Blind riveting gun
	Safety steeplejack device			Table 6- The composition of the brigade Profession The number of workers of this category Total number of workers Ventilation systems installer 5 - 6 grade (foreman) 4 digits Ventilation systems installer: 4 digits 3 digits 2 discharges As an example of the installation of ventilation ducts, we will take the installation of vertical air duct risers measuring 800 × 800 mm with an area of ​​100 m2 using a hand winch. Labor and machine time costs for the installation of ventilation ducts are calculated according to the "Uniform norms and prices for construction, installation and repair and construction work" (presented in table 7) Measurement unit 100 m2 ventilation ducts. Table 14 - Calculation of labor costs and machine time Justification (ENiR and other norms) Scope of work Time rate Labor costs workers, man-hours workers, man-hours driver, man-hour (machine operation, machine-hour) E9-1-46 No. 1a Drilling holes with an electric drilling machine in building structures E1-2 Tab. 3 No. 1ab Delivery of air duct parts to the installation site E10-5 Tab. 12 No. 4c Assembly of air ducts into enlarged blocks, installation of fastening means, lifting and installation of blocks, connection installed unit with previously mounted, alignment and final fixing of the system E10-13 Tab. 2d Will apply. Installation of plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts TOTAL: Name of technological processes Scope of work Labor costs The accepted composition of the link Process duration, h Work shifts workers, people-hours driver, man-hours, (work of machines, machine-hours) Working hours Drilling holes in building structures Ventilation systems installer Delivery of air duct parts to the installation site Loader driver rigger Assembly of air ducts into enlarged blocks, lifting and installation of blocks, alignment and final fixing of the system Ventilation system installers Installation of plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts Ventilation system installers

Typical flow chart for installation and
installation of internal ventilation systems and
air conditioning with supply and exhaust
installations and equipment systems
refrigeration

Typical technological map
(TTK)

Project code: 1012/40

Explanatory note

2012 r.

1. GENERAL DATA

This technological map is designed for the installation and installation of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems with air handling units and equipment for refrigeration systems in industrial, administrative, public and residential buildings.

The technological map was drawn up taking into account the requirements of the following regulatory documents:

Air ducts made of thin sheet roofing steel with a diameter and size of the larger side up to 2000 mm, should be made:

Spiral-lock or longitudinal seam on rebates;

Spiral welded or longitudinal welded.

Air ducts made of thin sheet roofing steel with a side size of more than 2000 mm should be made panel (welded, glue-welded).

Air ducts from metal-plastic should be made on folds, and from stainless steel, titanium, as well as from sheet aluminum and its alloys - on folds or welded.

Air ducts made of sheet aluminum and its alloys with a thickness of up to 1.5 mm should be performed on folds, with a thickness of 1.5 to 2 mm - on folds or welding, and with a sheet thickness of more than 2 mm - on welding.

Longitudinal folds on air ducts made of thin sheet roofing and stainless steel and sheet aluminum with a diameter or size of the larger side of 500 mm or more must be fixed at the beginning and end of the duct link by spot welding, electric rivets, rivets or bulging.

Folds on air ducts with any metal thickness and manufacturing method must be cut-off.

The end sections of the seam seams at the ends of the air ducts and in the air distribution openings of the metal-plastic air ducts must be fixed with aluminum or steel rivets with an oxide coating, ensuring operation in aggressive environments specified in the working documentation.

Seam seams should have the same width along their entire length and be evenly and tightly upset.

In rebated air ducts, as well as in cutting plans, there should be no cross-shaped joints of seams.

On straight sections of rectangular air ducts with a side cross-section of more than 400 mm, it is necessary to constructively perform rigidity in the form of bends (ridge) with a step of 300 - 500 mm along the perimeter of the air duct or diagonal bends (ridge). If the side is more than 1000 mm and the length is more than 1000 mm, in addition, it is necessary to install external stiffening frames, with a step of no more than 1250 mm. Stiffening frames must be securely fixed by spot welding, rivets or self-tapping screws.

Stiffening frames should be installed on metal-plastic air ducts using aluminum or steel rivets with an oxide coating, ensuring operation in aggressive environments defined by the working documentation.

Elements of fittings should be connected to each other on zigzags, folds, welding, rivets.

Elements of fittings made of metal-plastic should be connected to each other on folds.

Zig joints for systems transporting air of high humidity or with an admixture of explosive dust are not allowed.

The connection of the sections should be performed:

for round air ducts in a flangeless way (nipple / sleeve), shroud connection or on flanges;

for rectangular ducts: busbar (large / small) or on flanges. The connections must be strong and tight.

Fastening the tire to the air duct should be done with rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm, self-tapping screws (in the absence of fibrous components in the moving medium), spot welding, bulging every 200 - 250 mm, but not less than four. The inner corners of the tire should be filled with sealant.

Fastening of flanges to air ducts should be carried out by flanging with a persistent ridge, by welding, spot welding, on rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm or self-tapping screws (in the absence of fibrous components in the transported medium), placed every 200 - 250 mm, but not less than four.

Regulating devices (dampers, throttle valves, dampers, regulating elements of air distributors, etc.) must be easy to close and open, as well as be fixed in a given position.

Air ducts made of non-galvanized steel, their connecting fasteners (including the inner surfaces of the flanges) must be primed (painted) at the procurement company in accordance with the working documentation. The final painting of the outer surface of the air ducts is carried out by specialized construction organizations after their installation.

Ventilation blanks must be completed with parts for their connection and fastening means.

2.2. Preparatory work

2.2.1. General Provisions

Rice. 1. Slings

a - lightweight sling with loops; b - lightweight sling with hooks;
в - four-branch sling

The load to be lifted should be kept from rotating by braces from hemp ropes with a diameter of 20 - 25 mm or braces from steel ropes with a diameter of 8 - 12 mm. For horizontal elements of ventilation systems (enlarged units of air ducts), two guys should be used, for vertical ones (sections of air conditioners, roof fans, air ducts, etc.) - one.

The most common slinging methods are shown in fig. -.

Rice. 2. Slinging VPA-40

Rice. 3. Slinging of an autonomous air conditioner KTR-1-2.0-0.46

Rice. 4. Slinging of radial (centrifugal) fans of version No. 1

Rice. 5. Slinging of fans Ts4-70 No. 6 - 8 version No. 1

Rice. 6. Slinging of fans Ts4-70 No. 6 - 8 version No. 6

Rice. 7. Slinging of fans Ts4-70 No. 10, 12.5

Rice. 8. Slinging the air duct

For the entire installation period, areas for storing air ducts must be equipped.

The device of an on-site air duct warehouse must meet the following basic requirements:

Be located near access roads or railways;

The boundaries of the warehouse must be at least 1 m from the road;

To be at the minimum distance from the installation object, if possible, in the area of ​​the tower crane;

Do not interfere with the production of construction and installation works;

Air duct storage areas should be carefully planned with a slope of 1 - 2 ° to drain surface water, covered with drainage sand or gravel, and, if necessary, have ditches;

Passages, driveways and loading and unloading areas must be cleared of debris, construction waste (in winter - from snow and ice) and sprinkled with sand, slag or ash;

Storage of ventilation equipment must be organized in compliance with the requirements of work safety and fire protection;

At the corners of the open warehouse, protective posts should be installed, warning signs for drivers of vehicles and signs with the name of the installation department or the site and the location of the receiver of goods should be posted;

The warehouse needs to be lit.

Warehousing and storage of air ducts must be organized in accordance with applicable standards and in compliance with the following requirements:

Rectangular air ducts must be stacked; straight sections with a height of no more than 2.7, shaped parts - no more than 2 m;

Circular air ducts should be installed vertically;

Air ducts delivered in inventory containers should be stored in these containers at specially organized container yards. It is prohibited to store air ducts and other products in railway containers;

During storage, each air duct should be laid on wooden inventory pads;

Air ducts in stacks should be placed taking into account the sequence of installation: stacks and containers - provided with signs;

Passages with a width of at least 1 m must be left between the stacks; every three stacks, driveways for vehicles with a width of 3 m should be arranged.

The movement of air ducts along the floors of multi-storey buildings is carried out using lifting equipment or manual transport.

2.3. Works of the main period. Mounting

2.3.1. Installation of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems. General Provisions

Installation of internal ventilation and air conditioning systems should be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SP 73.13330.2012, SP 48.13330.2011, SNiP 12-03-2001, SNiP 12-04-2002, standards and instructions of equipment manufacturers, as well as in accordance with fire safety requirements of SP 7.13130.2009.

Installation must be carried out by industrial methods from air duct assemblies and equipment supplied as a complete set of large blocks.

Installation of systems should be carried out when the facility is ready for construction (seizure) in the amount of:

For industrial buildings - the entire building with a volume of up to 5000 m 3 and a part of the building with a volume of more than 5000 m 3;

For residential and public buildings up to five floors - a separate building, one or more sections; over five floors - five floors of one or more sections.

Another scheme of installation organization is possible, depending on the adopted constructive scheme.

2.3.2. Installation of air ducts

The method of installation of air ducts should be selected depending on their position (horizontal, vertical), location relative to structures (near the wall, near columns, in the interfarm space, in the shaft, on the roof of the building) and the nature of the building (one- or multi-storey, industrial, public and etc.).

Flexible air ducts made of fiberglass SPL, metal fabric, aluminum foil, etc., should be used as fittings of complex geometric shapes, as well as for connecting ventilation equipment, air distributors, silencers and other devices located in false ceilings, chambers, etc. flexible ducts as straight links are not allowed.

In order to reduce aerodynamic drag, parts from flexible sleeves in the mounted position must have a minimum compression ratio.

Installation of metal air ducts should be carried out, as a rule, in enlarged blocks in the following sequence:

Marking of installation sites for fastening means for air ducts;

Installation of fastening means;

Coordination with the builders of the locations and methods of fastening the lifting equipment;

Delivery of air duct parts to the installation site;

Checking the completeness and quality of the delivered air duct parts;

Assembly of air duct parts into enlarged blocks;

Installation of the unit in the design position and fixing it;

Installation of plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts located at a height of up to 1.5 m from the floor.

The length of the block is determined by the dimensions of the section and the type of connection of the air ducts, the conditions of installation and the availability of lifting equipment.

The length of enlarged horizontal air duct units connected on flanges should not exceed 20 m.

Diagrams of the organization of the working area during the installation of air ducts are given in Fig. -.

Rice. 9. Diagram of the organization of the working area during the installation of air ducts
along the outer wall of the building

1 - console with block; 2 - winch; 3 - auto-hydraulic elevator;
4 - traverse; 5 - guy line; 6 - block

Rice. 10. Diagram of the organization of the working area during the installation of horizontal
air ducts in the building

1 - winch; 2 - traverse; 3 - enlarged unit of the air duct; 4 - pendants

2.3.3. Fan installation

The fans must be installed in the following sequence:

Acceptance of ventilation chambers premises;

Delivery of the fan or its individual parts to the installation site;

Installation of lifting equipment;

Slinging the fan or individual parts;

Lifting and horizontal movement of the fan to the installation site;

Fan installation (fan assembly) on supporting structures (foundation, platform, brackets);

Checking the correct installation and assembly of the fan

Fastening the fan to supporting structures;

Checking the fan operation.

During the installation of fans, a step-by-step operational control should be carried out in accordance with the operational control cards.

2.3.4. Installation of equipment for refrigeration systems

When adjusting ventilation and air conditioning systems for the design air consumption, you should perform:

Check the compliance of the actual design of ventilation and air conditioning systems with design documentation and requirements SP 73.13330.2012 ;

Testing of fans during their operation in the network, checking the compliance of the actual technical characteristics with the passport data, including: air flow and total pressure, rotation speed, power consumption, etc.;

Checking the uniformity of heating (cooling) of heat exchangers and checking the absence of moisture carryover through the drip catchers of the irrigation chambers or air coolers;

Determination of the flow rate and resistance of dust collecting devices;

Checking the operation of natural ventilation exhaust devices;

Testing and adjusting the ventilation network of systems in order to achieve design indicators for air flow in air ducts, local suction, for air exchange in rooms and determination of air leaks or losses in systems.

Deviations of air flow rates from those provided for in the design documentation after adjustment and testing of ventilation and air conditioning systems are allowed:

Within ± 8% - according to the air flow passing through the air distribution and air intake devices of general ventilation and air conditioning installations, provided that the required backpressure (vacuum) of air in the room is ensured;

Up to +8% - according to the air flow rate removed through local suction and supplied through the spray nozzles.

For each ventilation and air conditioning system, a passport is issued in two copies (Appendix G, SP 73.13330.2012).

2.4.2. Refrigeration systems testing

Testing of water cooling systems should be carried out with the heat generators and expansion vessels turned off by the hydrostatic method with a pressure equal to 1.5 working pressure, but not less than 0.2 MPa (2 kgf / cm 2) at the lowest point of the system.

The system is recognized as having passed the test if, within 5 minutes of keeping it under test pressure:

The pressure drop will not exceed 0.02 MPa (0.2 kgf / cm 2);

There are no leaks in welds, pipes, threaded connections, fittings and equipment.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR QUALITY AND ACCEPTANCE OF WORKS

Quality control of work on the installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems should be carried out by specialists or special services that are part of the construction organization or involved from outside, equipped with technical means that ensure the necessary reliability and completeness of control.

Quality control of work is carried out at all stages of the technological chain, starting from the development of the project and ending with its implementation at the facility on the basis of PPR and flow charts. Quality control should include incoming control of working documentation, structures, products, materials and equipment, operational control of individual installation processes or production operations, and assessment of the conformity of the work performed.

During the incoming inspection of the working documentation, its completeness and the sufficiency of the technical information contained in it for the production of work are checked.

During the incoming inspection of products, materials and equipment, it is checked by external examination that they comply with the requirements of standards or other regulatory documents and working documentation, as well as the presence and content of passports, certificates and other accompanying documents.

3.1. Requirements for the quality of work on the installation of air ducts

Air ducts should be installed in accordance with design references and elevations. The connection of the air ducts to the technological equipment must be carried out after its installation.

Air ducts intended for transporting humidified air should be installed so that there are no longitudinal seams in the lower part of the air ducts.

Air duct sections where dew may fall out of the transported humid air should be laid with a slope of 0.01 - 0.015 towards the drainage devices.

The spacers between busbars or duct flanges must not protrude into the ductwork.

Gaskets should be made of the following materials: foam rubber, tape porous or monolithic rubber with a thickness of 4 - 5 mm, polymer mastic bundle (PMZh) - for air ducts through which air, dust or waste materials move with temperatures up to 343 K (70 ° C) ...

To seal flangeless air duct connections, use:

Sealing tape of the "Guerlain" type - for air ducts through which air moves with a temperature of up to 313 K (40 ° C);

Mastic such as "Buteprol", Silicone and other certified sealants - for circular air ducts with temperatures up to 343 K (70 ° C);

Heat-shrinkable cuffs, self-adhesive tapes - for circular air ducts with temperatures up to 333 K (60 ° C);

Other sealing materials specified in the working documentation.

The bolts in the flange connections must be tightened with all the bolt nuts on the same side of the flange. When installing bolts vertically, the nuts should generally be on the underside of the joint.

Fastening of air ducts should be carried out in accordance with the working documentation.

Fasteners of horizontal metal non-insulated air ducts (clamps, hangers, supports, etc.) on a bandage flangeless connection should be installed:

At a distance of no more than 4 m from one another with circular duct diameters or dimensions of the larger side of a rectangular duct less than 400 mm.

At a distance of no more than 3 m from one another - with diameters of a circular duct or dimensions of the larger side of a rectangular duct of 400 mm or more.

Fasteners of horizontal metal non-insulated air ducts on a flange, nipple (coupling) connection should be installed at a distance of no more than 6 m from one another:

For circular cross-sections up to 2000 mm diameter,

For rectangular section on flanges, bus on flange connection of circular section with a diameter of up to 2000 mm or rectangular section with dimensions of its larger side up to 2000 mm inclusive.

The distances between the fasteners of insulated metal air ducts of any cross-sectional size, as well as non-insulated air ducts with a circular cross-section with a diameter of more than 2000 mm or a rectangular cross-section with a larger side of more than 2000 mm, should be assigned by working documentation.

The fastening of the nipple (coupling) should be carried out with rivets with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm or self-tapping screws with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm every 150 - 200 mm of a circle, but not less than three.

The clamps should fit tightly around the metal air ducts.

Mounts for vertical metal ducts should be installed at a distance of no more than 4.5 m from one another.

Fastening of vertical metal air ducts inside the premises of multi-storey buildings with a floor height of up to 4.5 m should be carried out in the interfloor ceilings.

Fastening of vertical metal air ducts indoors with a floor height of more than 4.5 m and on the roof of the building should be determined by the working documentation.

Fastening of guy wires and hangers directly to the duct flanges is not allowed. The tension of the adjustable hangers must be uniform.

The deviation of the ducts from the vertical should not exceed 2 mm per 1 m of the duct length.

Freely suspended air ducts should be braced by installing double hangers every two single hangers with a suspension length of 0.5 to 1.5 m.

For hangers longer than 1.5 m, double hangers should be installed through each single hanger.

Air ducts should be reinforced so that their weight is not transferred to the ventilation equipment.

Air ducts should generally be connected to fans through vibration-damping flexible inserts made of fiberglass or other material that provides flexibility, density and durability.

Anti-vibration flexible inserts should be installed immediately prior to individual testing.

When making straight sections of air ducts from a polymer film, bends of the air ducts are allowed no more than 15 °.

To pass through the enclosing structures, the air duct made of plastic film must have metal inserts.

Air ducts made of plastic film should be suspended on steel rings made of wire with a diameter of 3 - 4 mm, located at a distance of no more than 2 m from one another.

The diameter of the rings should be 10% larger than the diameter of the duct. Steel rings should be fastened with a wire or plate with a cutout to a supporting cable (wire) with a diameter of 4 - 5 mm, stretched along the axis of the duct and fixed to the building structures every 20 - 30 m.

To exclude longitudinal displacements of the air duct when it is filled with air, the polymer film should be stretched until the slack between the rings disappears.

Table 1. Map of operational control of the installation of metal air ducts

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
Delivery of air duct parts to the installation site	Checking the completeness of the ventilation system (availability of control devices, fasteners, etc.)		Permanent 100%. Visually. Compliance with the picking list, sketches
Marking of installation sites for fixing air ducts	Installation step of fasteners in accordance with SNiP 3.05.01-85	Roulette I= 10 m Cord Plumb line M = 200 g	Permanent 100%
Drilling holes in building structures	Drilling depth	Steel meter	Permanent 100%
Installation of fasteners	Fastening strength		Permanent 100%. Visually
Assembly into enlarged units of parts of air ducts, regulating and air distribution devices at the site	Correctness of assembly in accordance with the project. Tightness of connections		Visually. Permanent 100%
Ascent to the design level and interconnection of enlarged units of air ducts with preliminary fastening	The position of transverse seams and detachable duct connections relative to building structures. Verticality of risers. Absence of kinks, curvature in straight sections of air ducts	Plumb line M= 200 g	Visually Permanent 100%
Alignment of the mounted air ducts and their final fixing	The horizontal installation of the air ducts and the observance of the slopes in the distribution sections of the air ducts. Density of coverage of the duct with clamps. Reliability and appearance of fasteners	Metal meter, tape measureI= 10 m, level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%. Visually
Connection of air ducts to ventilation equipment	Correct installation of soft inserts (no slack)		Permanent 100%. Visually
Testing the operation of regulating devices	Smooth operation of regulating devices		Output 100%. Visually

3.2. Requirements for the quality of work on the installation of fans

Radial fans on vibration bases and on a rigid base, installed on foundations, must be fixed with anchor bolts.

When installing fans on spring vibration isolators, the latter must have a uniform settlement. Vibration isolators do not need to be fastened to the floor.

When installing fans on metal structures, vibration isolators should be attached to them. Elements of metal structures to which vibration isolators are attached must match the corresponding elements of the fan unit frame.

When installed on a rigid base, the fan frame must fit snugly against the sound insulating pads.

The gaps between the edge of the front disc of the impeller and the edge of the inlet pipe of the radial fan, both in the axial and in the radial direction, should not exceed 1% of the impeller diameter.

The shafts of the radial fans must be installed horizontally (the shafts of the roof fans - vertically), the vertical walls of the casings of the centrifugal fans must not be skewed or tilted.

The gaskets for the split fan shrouds should be of the same material as the gaskets for the ductwork of this system.

The motors must be precisely aligned with the installed fans and secured. The axes of the pulleys of electric motors and fans with a belt drive must be parallel, and the center lines of the pulleys must coincide. The belts must be tensioned according to the manufacturer's requirements.

The motor skids must be mutually parallel and level. The support surface of the slide must be in contact over the entire plane with the foundation.

Couplings and belt drives must be protected.

The fan suction opening, which is not connected to the air duct, must be protected with a metal mesh with a mesh size of not more than 70 × 70 mm.

Table 2. Map of operational control of installation of centrifugal fans

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
Supply of the fan unit to the installation site	Checking the availability and quality of component parts		Permanent 100%.
Installation of the frame on the stands. Installation of vibration isolators under the frame	The horizontality of the foundation, frame	Level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%
Installation of fans on a frame with vibration isolators	Pulley vertical, shaft horizontal	Plumb line M= 200 g	Permanent 100%
Assembly of fans on the frame: installation of the fan frame; installation of the lower part of the fan casing; installation of the turbine with fastening of its frame to the frame; installation of the inlet pipe	Fastening strength. Clearance between the edge of the front disc of the impeller and the edge of the inlet. Fastening strength	Ruler	Visually. Permanent 100%
Installation of the upper part of the casing and connection on the flanges of individual parts of the fan casing	Tightness of the connection		Visually. Permanent 100%
Adjustment and final fastening of vibration isolators to the frame	Uniform settlement of vibration isolators. The strength of fastening vibration isolators to the frame		Visually. Permanent 100%
Balancing the turbine before starting	Correct position of the turbine wheel		Permanent 100%. Visually, testing by hand (when scrolling, the risks should not coincide)
Installing the skid and the electric motor on the skid	Parallelism of the sled. The strength of the fastening of the electric motor to the slide. The strength of the connection between the electric motor and the fan. Parallelism of the axes of the fan and motor shafts. Ease of rotation of the shafts of the fan and electric motor	Level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%. Visually
		Cord
Installing a belt drive on pulleys. Belt drive guard	Alignment of grooves for V-belts of fan and motor pulleys. Correct belt tension	Cord (tension of the cord in the plane of the ends of the pulleys), steel meter, testing by hand	Permanent 100%
Connecting air ducts to the fan with the installation of flexible connectors	Tightness of connections. No slack in flexible joints		Visually. Permanent 100%

Table 3. Map of operational control of installation of axial fans

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
	Quality (no mechanical damage), completeness		Permanent 100%. Visually, compliance with the passport data of the fan and electric motor
Installation of the fan unit on metal brackets. Fan mount	The strength of the supporting structures. Fastening strength of the fan to the supporting structures. Verticality, horizontal	Plumb line M= 200 g	Visually. Permanent 100%
Checking fan operation	The gap between the ends of the blades and the shells. Correct direction and ease of rotation of the impeller	Ruler	Permanent 100%. Visual, freehand testing

Table 4. Map of operational control of installation of roof fans

Technological process	Controlled indicators	Measuring tool	Control type
Supply of a fan complete with an electric motor to the installation site	Completeness, quality (no mechanical damage)		Permanent 100%. Visually, compliance with the passport data of the fan and electric motor
Checking the horizontal alignment of the cup support flange	Horizontality	Level I= 300 mm	Permanent 100%
Connecting the self-opening valve to the fan	Ease of valve movement		Permanent 100%. Visual, freehand testing
Installation of the fan casing on the glass with its fastening with anchor bolts	Fastening strength of the fan to the supporting structures. The verticality of the shaft. Ease of rotation of the shafts of the fan and electric motor. Clearance between inlet and impeller	Plumb line M= 200 g	Permanent 100%. Visual Freehand Testing
		Ruler	Permanent 100%
Checking fan operation	Correct direction of rotation of the wheel		Permanent 100%. Visually (in accordance with the project)

3.3. Requirements for the quality of work on the installation of air conditioners

Air heaters of air conditioners should be assembled on gaskets made of certified material, with a heat resistance corresponding to the temperature of the heating medium. The rest of the blocks, chambers and units of air conditioners should be assembled on gaskets made of tape rubber 3-4 mm thick, supplied with the equipment.

Air conditioners must be installed horizontally. The walls of chambers and blocks should not have dents, distortions and slopes.

The valve blades should turn freely (by hand). In the "Closed" position, a tight fit of the blades to the stops and to each other must be ensured.

Supports of chambers and air conditioner units must be installed vertically.

Flexible air ducts should be used in accordance with the working documentation as fittings of complex geometric shapes, as well as for connecting ventilation equipment, air diffusers, silencers and other devices located in suspended ceilings and chambers.

The use of flexible air ducts as main air ducts is not allowed.

Fastening of fan coil units, door closers, split systems should be carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the manufacturers.

4. REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY AND LABOR PROTECTION, ENVIRONMENTAL AND FIRE SAFETY

Installation of ventilation ducts must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of safety, sanitation and occupational health, established by building codes and rules for occupational safety in construction.

Before being admitted to work on the installation of ventilation ducts, heads of organizations are required to provide training and briefing on occupational safety at the workplace.

Persons at least 18 years of age who have undergone a medical examination without contraindications to work at height, have professional skills, have been trained in safe methods and techniques of work and have received an appropriate certificate are allowed to work at heights.

Individuals (workers and engineers and technicians) at least 18 years of age who have passed a medical examination and recognized as fit for performance of climbing work, having experience of climbing work for at least one year and a wage category not lower than the third.

Workers admitted to climbing work for the first time must work for one year under the direct supervision of experienced workers appointed by order of the organization.

To electric welding works are allowed persons who have undergone appropriate training, instruction and testing of knowledge of the rules of safe work with registration in a special magazine and having a qualification certificate. Persons with medical contraindications are not allowed to work on electric welding at a height.

Persons at least 18 years of age who have passed a medical examination, trained in the rules for using the tool, work safety and have an electrical safety group of at least II, and for connecting and disconnecting electric outlets with a group of at least III are allowed to work with an electrified tool. All electrified tools are subject to registration and registration in a special journal. Each copy of the instrument must have a reference number. Monitoring the serviceability and timely repair of electrified tools is assigned to the department of the chief mechanic of the construction organization. Before issuing an electrified tool, it is necessary to check its serviceability (no short circuit to the case, insulation at the supply wires and handles, the condition of the working part of the tool) and its operation at idle speed.

Responsibility for the correct organization of the safe conduct of work at the facility rests with the manufacturer of the work and the foreman.

The admission of unauthorized persons, as well as drunken workers to the territory of the construction site, to production, sanitary and amenity facilities and workplaces is prohibited.

Work on the installation of ventilation and air conditioning systems, as well as equipment for refrigeration systems are carried out according to the permit for work in conditions of hazardous and (or) harmful production factors.

Installation should be carried out only if there is a work production project, flow charts or wiring diagrams. In the absence of these documents, installation work is prohibited.

The order of installation, determined by the work production project, must be such that the previous operation completely excludes the possibility of industrial hazards when performing subsequent ones. Installation of air ducts and equipment parts for ventilation, air conditioning and refrigeration systems should, as a rule, be carried out in large blocks using lifting mechanisms.

No people should be under the elements to be installed. A suspended air duct or a block of air ducts must not be secured to trusses, ceilings and other building structures in places not provided for by the work production project.

Installation of air ducts from scaffolding, scaffolds and platforms must be carried out by at least two workers.

Alignment of flange holes when connecting air ducts should be done only with mandrels. Do not use your fingers to check the alignment of the holes of the flanges to be connected.

To prevent swaying or twisting of the lifted air duct blocks, hemp rope braces should be used.

Installation work on ventilation ducts may only be carried out with serviceable tools. Wrenches must exactly match the sizes of nuts and bolts, have no bevels on the edges and burrs on the handle. Do not unscrew or tighten the nuts with a wrench of large (compared to the head) sizes with a lining of metal plates between the faces of the nut and wrench, and also lengthen the wrenches by attaching another wrench or pipe.

Workplaces and work areas during installation in the dark should be illuminated. Illumination should be uniform, without the glare of lighting fixtures on workers. Work in unlit areas is not allowed.

Before starting work on the installation of internal systems, places that are dangerous for work and the passage of people should be fenced, provided with inscriptions and indicators, safety signs should be installed, and when working at night, marked with light signals.

When installing the air ducts, it is necessary to provide for the installation of fasteners, for which the air duct installer can fix himself when working at height.

The operation of construction machines (lifting mechanisms, small-scale mechanization), including maintenance, must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001 and the instructions of the manufacturers. The operation of lifting mechanisms, in addition, must be carried out taking into account PB 10-382-00 "Rules for the construction and safe operation of lifting cranes".

The places where electric welding works are performed with an open arc should be fenced with fireproof screens, shields, etc.

When electric welding works are performed in the open air, sheds made of non-combustible materials should be erected over the installations and welding stations. In the absence of sheds, electric welding work should be stopped during rain or snowfall.

To protect against drops of molten metal and slag falling during electric welding, a dense platform covered with sheets of roofing iron or asbestos cardboard must be installed under the welding place in places where people pass.

When installing ventilation ducts on roofs with a slope of more than 20 °, as well as regardless of the slope on wet and frosty or snow-covered roofs, workers must use safety belts, as well as ladders with a width of at least 0.3 m with transverse strips to support the legs; the ladders must be secured during operation.

Loading and unloading operations should be carried out in accordance with GOST 12.3.002-75 *, GOST 12.3.009-76 *.

Loading and unloading operations must be carried out in a mechanized way using lifting and transporting equipment and small mechanization means. It is necessary to lift loads manually in exceptional cases, observing the norms established by the current documents.

When loading and unloading ventilation air duct blanks and their parts, containers should be used. During lifting, lowering and moving of the container, workers should not be on it or inside it, as well as on adjacent containers.

Slinging and unfastening of goods should be carried out in accordance with PB 10-382-00.

The supply of materials, ventilation blanks, equipment to workplaces should be carried out in a technological sequence that ensures the safety of work. Workpieces and equipment should be stored at workplaces in such a way that no danger is created during the performance of work, passages are not constrained, and it would be possible to assemble air ducts into enlarged blocks. It is necessary to monitor the correct placement of equipment and workpieces on the floors, avoiding concentration and not exceeding the permissible loads per 1 m 2 of the floor.

Ventilation blanks should be stored in stacks no more than 2.5 m high on spacers and pads. Oversized and heavy equipment should be stored in one row on pads.

The storage area for workpieces and ventilation equipment at the construction site should be fenced and located in the area of ​​an operating crane. The storage area should be planned, have slopes for water drainage, and in winter time it should be cleared of snow and ice.

Explosive or harmful paints and varnishes and other materials are allowed to be stored at workplaces in quantities not exceeding the replacement requirement. Such materials must be stored in tightly closed containers.

Between the stacks (racks) on sites and in warehouses, there should be at least 1 m wide passages and passages, the width of which depends on the dimensions of transport and handling facilities serving the warehouse or site.

The heads of the installation organizations are obliged to provide workers, engineering and technical workers and employees with overalls, footwear and other personal protective equipment in accordance with regulatory requirements.

All persons on the construction site are required to wear safety helmets. Workers and engineering workers without protective helmets and other necessary personal protective equipment are not allowed to perform work on the installation of air ducts.

When working at heights, ventilation installers must always wear safety belts.

Workers and employees receiving personal protective equipment (respirators, gas masks, safety belts, helmets, etc.) must be trained in how to use them.

All work on the installation of ventilation ducts should be carried out in the presence and under the guidance of responsible engineers in accordance with the rules for the production and acceptance of work in accordance with SP 73.13330. 2012 with strict adherence to labor safety requirements in accordance with:

P / p No.	Name of machines, mechanisms, machine tools, tools and materials	Brand	Unit rev.	Quantity
	Paint spray gun with a productivity of 600 m 3 / h	SO-72	PCS.
	Compressor with a capacity of 20 - 30 m 3 / h	SO-7A
	Open-ended wrenches, double-sided		kit
	Flat square, triangular, round, semicircular files with notches No. 1, 2, 3
	Steel bench hammer		PCS.
	Chisel
	Fitting and assembly screwdriver (set)		kit
	Combination pliers 3 E 1
	Welder's shield
	Mounting and traction mechanism	MTM-1.6
	Rack jack	DR-3.2
	Drilling machine	IE-1035
	Electric grinder	Sh-178-1
	Electric wrench	IE-3115B
	Electric screwdriver	IE-3602-A
	Electric puncher	IE-4712
	Electric scissors	IE-5502
	Assembly device for moving loads	PMPG-1
	Manual winch	STD 999/1
	Hydraulic jack	DGS-6.3
	Blind riveting gun	STD 96/1
	Safety steeplejack device	PVU-2
4 digits
Ventilation systems installer:
4 digits
3 digits
2 discharges

As an example of the installation of ventilation ducts, we will take the installation of vertical air duct risers measuring 800 × 800 mm with an area of ​​100 m 2 using a hand winch.

Labor and machine time costs for the installation of ventilation ducts are calculated according to the "Uniform norms and prices for construction, installation and repair and construction work" (presented in table 7)

Measurement unit 100 m 2 ventilation ducts.

Table 14 - Calculation of labor costs and machine time

P / p No.	Justification (ENiR and other norms)	Name of technological processes	Unit rev.	Scope of work	Time rate		Labor costs
					workers, man-h.		workers, man-h.	driver, man-h. (machine operation, machine-hour)
	E9-1-46 No. 1a	Drilling holes with an electric drilling machine in building structures	100 holes
	E1-2 Tab. 3 No. 1ab	Delivery of air duct parts to the installation site	100 t	0,0083		1,8 (1,8)	0,034	0,034 (0,034)
	E10-5 Tab. 12 No. 4c	Assembly of air ducts into enlarged blocks, installation of fastening means, lifting and installation of blocks, connection of an installed block with a previously mounted one, alignment and final fastening of the system	1 m 2		0,62		62,0
	E10-13 Tab. 2d Will apply.	Installation of plugs on the upper ends of vertical air ducts	PCS.		0,59		0,59
		TOTAL:					64,8	0,034 (0,034)

The duration of work on the installation of ventilation ducts is determined by the work schedule presented in the table.

Technical and economic indicators are.