Types of safety devices in production. V. Fittings, instrumentation, safety devices. Safety shut-off valves PKN and PKV
When designing and manufacturing machines and equipment, it is necessary to take into account the basic safety requirements for their operating personnel, as well as the reliability and safety of operation of these devices.
The course of various technological processes in production leads to the emergence of hazardous zones in which the workers are exposed to hazardous and (or) harmful production factors. An example of this can be: the danger of mechanical injury (injury as a result of the impact of moving parts of machinery and equipment, moving products, objects falling from a height, etc.); danger of electric shock; exposure to various types of radiation (thermal, electromagnetic, ionizing), infra- and ultrasound, noise, vibration, etc.
The dimensions of the danger zone in space can be variable, which is associated with the movement of parts of equipment or vehicles, as well as with the movement of personnel, or constant.
As is known, collective and individual protective equipment is used to protect against the effects of hazardous and harmful production factors. Collective protective equipment- protective equipment, structurally and (or) functionally related to production equipment, production process, production premises (building) or production site Collective protection means are divided into protective, safety, blocking, signaling, remote control systems for machines and equipment, as well as special ones.
By protective means of protection, or fences, are called devices that prevent a person from entering the danger zone.
Fencing devices are used to isolate drive systems of machines and units, workpiece processing areas on machine tools, presses, stamps, bare live parts, areas of intense radiation (thermal, electromagnetic, ionizing), areas of emission of harmful substances that pollute the air, etc. Work areas located at a height (forests, etc.) are also fenced.
The design solutions of the protective devices are very diverse. They depend on the type of equipment, the location of a person in the working area, the specifics of hazardous and harmful factors accompanying the technological process. In accordance with GOST 12.4.125–83, which classifies protective equipment against mechanical injury, protective devices are subdivided: by design - into casings, doors, shields, visors, strips, barriers and screens; according to the manufacturing method - into solid, non-continuous (perforated, mesh, lattice) and combined; by the method of installation - on stationary and mobile. Examples of complete fixed enclosures are electrical switchgear enclosures, motor enclosures, pump enclosures, etc .; partial - the fence of cutters or the working area of the machine.
protection collective dangerous protective
The design and material of the enclosing devices are determined by the characteristics of the equipment and the technological process as a whole. Fences are made in the form of welded and cast casings, mesh grids on a rigid frame, as well as in the form of rigid solid shields (shield shields). The dimensions of the cells in the mesh and lattice fencing are determined in accordance with GOST 12.2.062-81 *. Metals, plastics, wood are used as fencing materials. If it is necessary to monitor the working area, in addition to grids and gratings, continuous protective devices made of transparent materials (plexiglass, triplex, etc.) are used.
To withstand the loads from particles flying off during processing and accidental influences of the operating personnel, the guards must be strong enough and well attached to the foundation or parts of the machine. When calculating the strength of the fences of machines and units for processing metals and wood, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of flying out and hitting the fence of the processed workpieces. The calculation of fences is carried out according to special methods.
By design features, protective devices are divided into three types: stationary (removable and non-removable), movable and semi-movable.
Stationary non-removable devices are installed on the border of the danger zone of a permanent production factor - working units, machines, mechanisms, computers.
Stationary removable protective devices perform the same functions, however, in contrast to non-removable ones, they have a removable mount, less weight and dimensions. This is the most common type of protective device.
Movable protective devices are used to protect moving hazardous production factors. A variety of these devices are temporary, loose and portable protective devices. Movable protective devices are manually or mechanically driven.
Semi-movable protective devices on one side are rigidly attached to the stationary part of the unit, mechanism structure, structure. The other part remains mobile. When moving the movable part, either the guarding device rotates, or folds into an accordion, or the area of the fence is reduced. Semi-movable protective devices are used to fence moving hazardous areas, as well as hazardous areas of temporary production factors.
Fencing devices are made in the form of various nets, gratings, screens, casings and others, having such dimensions and installed in such a way as to prevent a person from entering the danger zone in any case.
In this case, certain requirements must be observed, according to which:
The guards must be strong enough to withstand the impacts of particles (chips) arising from the processing of parts, as well as the accidental impact of the operating personnel, and securely fastened;
Fences are made of metals (both solid and metal nets and gratings), plastics, wood, transparent materials (organic glass, triplex, etc.);
All open rotating and moving parts of the machines must be covered with guards;
The inner surface of the fences should be painted in bright colors (bright red, orange) so that it is noticeable when the fence is removed;
Do not work with a removed or faulty guard.
Safety devices- these are devices that prevent the occurrence of hazardous production factors during various technological processes and equipment operation by normalizing the process parameters or shutting down the equipment. In other words, it is a device designed to eliminate a hazardous production factor at the source of its occurrence. In accordance with GOST 12.4.125–83, safety devices are interlocking and limiting in nature.
Safety devices ensure the safe release of excess gases, vapor or liquid and reduce the pressure in the vessel to a safe one; prevent the release of materials; disconnect equipment during overloads, etc.
The safety element is destroyed or does not work when the equipment operating mode deviates from normal. An example of such an element is electrical fuses ("plugs"), designed to protect the electrical network from high currents caused by short circuits and very large overloads. This type of device also includes safety valves and bursting discs installed on pressure vessels to prevent accidents; various braking devices to quickly stop moving parts of the equipment; limit switches and lift limiters, protecting moving mechanisms from going beyond the set limits, etc.
Locking devices- triggered by erroneous actions of the worker. Eliminate the possibility of a person entering the hazardous area or eliminate a hazardous factor for the duration of a person's stay in the hazardous area.
According to the principle of operation, mechanical, electrical, photoelectric, radiation, hydraulic, pneumatic and combined locking devices are distinguished.
A mechanical interlock is a system that provides a link between the guard and the braking (trigger) device. When the guard is removed, it is impossible to release the unit, and therefore, to start it up.
Electromechanical blocking devices are used when the blocking element is a limit switch connected to an electromagnet - when the circuit is closed, the electromagnet turns on the switch. This design is versatile and can be used in various installations.
Electrical interlocking is used on electrical installations with voltages from 500 V and above, as well as on various types of technological equipment with an electric drive. It ensures that the equipment is turned on only when there is a fence. Electrical blocking devices are most often used in high voltage electrical installations, chemical industries for the processing of toxic and toxic substances, in installations and units with a forced cooling system.
Electromagnetic (radio frequency) blocking is used to prevent a person from entering a hazardous area. If this happens, the high frequency generator supplies a current pulse to the electromagnetic amplifier and the polarized relay. The contacts of the electromagnetic relay de-energize the magnetic starter circuit, which provides electromagnetic braking of the drive in tenths of a second. Magnetic interlocking works in a similar way, using a constant magnetic field.
The photovoltaic blocking device consists of a light source, the concentrated beam of which hits the illuminated element. As a result, an electric current is maintained in the circuit, which causes the output contacts of the relay to open and holds them in that position while the photocell is illuminated. Photoelectric blocking devices are used to suspend a technological process or equipment operation when a person crosses the border of a dangerous zone.
The use of photoelectric interlocking devices in the construction of turnstiles installed at the entrances of metro stations is widely known. The passage through the turnstile is controlled by light beams. In case of an unauthorized attempt by a person to pass through the turnstile to the station (no magnetic card presented), he crosses the luminous flux incident on the photocell. The change in the luminous flux gives a signal to the measuring and command device, which activates the mechanisms that block the passage. With an authorized passage, the blocking device is disabled.
Electronic (radiation) blocking is used for protection in hazardous areas on presses, guillotine shears and other types of technological equipment used in mechanical engineering. The advantage of interlocking with radiation sensors is that they allow non-contact monitoring, since they are not associated with the controlled environment. In some cases, when working with aggressive or explosive environments in equipment under high pressure or high temperature, blocking using radiation sensors is the only way to ensure the required safety conditions.
The pneumatic blocking scheme is widely used in units where working fluids are under increased pressure: turbines, compressors, blowers, etc. Its main advantage | is small inertia. In fig. the schematic diagram of the pneumatic interlock is shown. Identical in principle of operation [hydraulic interlock.
Limiting devices- triggered when the parameters of the technological process or the operating mode of the production equipment are violated.
The weak links of such devices include: shear pins and keys connecting the shaft to a flywheel, gear or pulley; friction clutches that do not transmit movements at high torques; fuses in electrical installations; bursting discs in installations with increased pressure, etc. Weak links are divided into two main groups: links with automatic restoration of the kinematic chain after the controlled parameter has returned to normal (for example, friction clutches), and links with the restoration of the kinematic chain by replacing the weak link (for example, pins and keys). The actuation of the weak link leads to a stop of the machine in emergency modes.
A special design is represented by devices that restrict the movement of certain types of equipment or cargo, such designs are used at wholesale depots, for example, dead-end stops for the movement of electric stackers, bridge cranes, weight and lifting height limiters.
Braking devices- devices designed to slow down or stop production equipment in the event of a hazardous production factor. They are subdivided: by design - on shoe, disc, conical and wedge; by the method of operation - manual, automatic and semi-automatic; according to the principle of action - on mechanical, electromagnetic, pneumatic, hydraulic and combined; by appointment - for working, backup, parking and emergency braking.
Signaling devices are intended for personnel information on the operation of machines and equipment, to warn of deviations of technological parameters from the norm or of an imminent threat.
According to the method of presenting information, a distinction is made between sound, visual (light) and combined (light and sound) alarms. In the gas industry, an odoration (by smell) signaling of a gas leak is used, adding odor substances to the gas.
Depending on the purpose, all alarm systems are usually divided into operational, warning and identification.
Operational signaling provides information on the progress of various technological processes. For this, various measuring instruments are used - ammeters, voltmeters, manometers, thermometers, etc.
The warning alarm is activated in the event of a hazard; all of the above methods of presenting information are used in its device.
Warning signals include signs and posters: "Do not turn on - people are working", "Do not enter", "Do not open - high voltage", etc.
Safety signs are established by GOST 12.4.026–76 *. They can be prohibitive, warning, prescriptive and indicative and differ from each other in shape and color. In production equipment and in workshops, warning signs are used, which are a yellow triangle with a black stripe around the perimeter, inside which there is a symbol (black). For example, in case of an electrical hazard, it is lightning, in case of a risk of injury from a moving load, a load, in case of a risk of slipping, a falling person, and in case of other hazards, an exclamation mark.
The prohibition sign is a red circle with a white border around the perimeter and a black image inside. Mandatory signs are a blue circle with a white border around the perimeter and a white image in the center, indicative signs are a blue rectangle.
The identification alarm serves to highlight the most dangerous units and mechanisms of industrial equipment, as well as zones. Signal lamps warning of danger, the "stop" button, fire-fighting equipment, current-carrying buses, etc. are painted in red. In yellow - elements of building structures that can cause injury to personnel, in-plant transport, fences installed at the borders of hazardous areas , etc. Signal lamps, doors of evacuation and emergency exits, conveyors, roller tables and other equipment are painted green. In addition to distinctive coloring, various safety signs are also used, which are applied to tanks, containers, electrical installations and other equipment.
Remote control devices- devices designed to control a technological process or production equipment outside the hazardous area. Remote control systems are based on used television or telemetry systems, as well as visual observation from areas located at a sufficient distance from hazardous areas. Controlling the equipment from a safe location allows you to remove personnel from hard-to-reach areas and high-risk areas. Most often, remote control systems are used when working with radioactive, explosive, toxic and flammable substances and materials.
In some cases, use special protective equipment, which include two-handed turning on of machines, various ventilation systems, noise mufflers, lighting devices, protective grounding, and a number of others.
In cases where collective protective equipment for workers is not provided or they do not give the required effect, they resort to personal protective equipment.
Posted on Allbest.ru
Safety devices
Mechanism for feeding cartridges into the chamber
Mechanism for removing spent cartridges from a pistol
Return mechanism
Locking mechanism
Since this pistol uses the principle of automation with a free breech, the barrel bore locking mechanism consists of two parts: a bolt and a return spring.
The function of the return mechanism in the pistol is performed by a return spring. The return spring is a coiled cylindrical spring, the extreme turn of one of the ends of which has a smaller diameter.
Posted on ref.rf
With this turn, when assembling, it is put on the barrel in order to be securely held.
It includes an ejector and a reflector.
Ejector has a hook for gripping the sleeve and a heel for connecting to the bolt. The work is carried out under the influence of a coil spring and oppression.
Reflector is part of the slide delay.
The bolt is fed into the chamber by its lower part, which is usually called a rammer. The feed for the delivery of cartridges is provided by the magazine with the help of a feeder and a feeder spring. This also includes the slide delay.
Score consists of a body, a feeder, a magazine cover, a feeder spring.
Store building is a box, the upper edges of the side walls of which are bent inward to hold the cartridges and the feeder. At the bottom there are bent ribs for the cover, on the sides there are windows for control.
Feeder has two folded ends for direction of movement. One has a hook for activating the slide delay.
Feeder spring represents a twisted spring of figured production. One end of it serves to lock the lid.
Shop cover has hooks and a latch hole.
Shutter delay has a protrusion for holding the shutter in the rear position, a button with a notch for the hand, a hole for connection with the sear pins, a tooth for disabling the slide delay with a magazine and a reflector.
As mentioned above, protection from an accidental shot is carried out in three ways:
· "Release" of the trigger - due to the wide feather of the mainspring;
· With the help of a safety platoon;
· By means of a mechanical safety catch.
Fuse held in a predetermined position by its spring and has a flag for transferring from the "fire" position to the "protection" position and vice versa; an axle with a ledge for turning the sear and releasing the trigger from the combat platoon when moving to the "safety" position; a rib that ensures the closure of the shutter with the frame in the "safety" position; hook for locking the trigger in the "protection" position; a protrusion for the perception of a hammer blow when the fuse is turned on.
As you can see, this small part is multifunctional in its purpose and connections with other parts and is technologically complex.
Sights
Sights of the open type, designed for a constant distance, consist of a fixed front sight and a movable rear sight located in the transverse groove of the shutter casing.
Safety devices - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Safety devices" 2017, 2018.
2.4.1. To ensure safe operation, gas pipelines are equipped with shut-off and control valves, safety devices, protective equipment, automation, interlocks and measurements. Before the burners of gas-fired installations ....
During operation on a pipeline system with a large hydraulic resistance, the pump may develop a pressure exceeding the permissible one, which can cause an emergency. To prevent this, various safety devices are provided, ....
To ensure normal operating conditions and prevent accidents and explosions, vessels, apparatus and pipelines operating under pressure must be equipped with shut-off or shut-off and control equipment, safety devices, measuring instruments ....
FIRE CLASSIFICATION Table 4.4. Table 4.3. Table 4.2 Table 4.1. Symbols of classes of fires Pictograms for the method of activating any fire extinguisher are depicted directly on the body of the fire extinguisher. At... .
3.7.1 The technical condition of the braking equipment of the cars should be checked during maintenance by the workers of the workshop and maintenance checkpoints. The work is supervised by a shift supervisor or a senior inspector of wagons (shift supervisor), who must ensure the technical readiness of the braking equipment and the inclusion of all brakes in the train, the connection of the hoses, the opening of all end and release valves, the established rate of brake pressure in the train, as well as reliable operation brakes when testing them at the station and along the route.
It is forbidden to submit for loading, boarding of passengers, to put on the train wagons with faulty braking equipment, as well as without presenting them for maintenance and an entry in the VU-14 form in the journal on the recognition of wagons as fit for safe movement on trains.
At the stations of formation, turnover and along the route, where the train stops for maintenance is provided for by the schedule, it is required to check the operability of the braking equipment of each car with the necessary repairs or replacement with serviceable ones.
At stations where there is no PTO, the procedure for checking the technical condition and repairing the braking equipment of cars when they are put on the train and submitted for loading is established by the railway administration or the owner of the infrastructure.
3.7.2 It is forbidden to install wagons in the train, in which the braking equipment has at least one of the following faults:
Defective air distributor, electric air distributor (in a passenger train), auto mode, end or disconnect valve, exhaust valve, brake cylinder, reserve tank, working chamber;
Damage to air ducts - cracks, breaks, abrasions and delamination of connecting hoses, cracks, breaks and dents on air ducts, looseness of their connections, weakening of the pipeline, at the attachment points;
Malfunction, atypical fastening of mechanical parts - traverse, triangels, levers, rods, suspensions, auto-adjuster linkage, shoes; cracks or breaks in parts, spalling of the lugs of the shoe; improper fastening of the shoe in the shoe, faulty or missing safety devices and auto-mode beams, atypical parts and cotter pins in the nodes;
Defective handbrake;
Looseness of fastening of parts;
Not adjusted linkage;
The thickness of the pads is less than that specified in clause 3.7.6 of this Instruction.
3.7.3 It is prohibited to install composite shoes on cars, the linkage of which is rearranged under the cast iron shoes (i.e., the tightening rollers of the horizontal levers are located in the holes located farther from the brake cylinder), and vice versa, it is not allowed to install cast iron shoes on cars, linkage which are rearranged under composite blocks, with the exception of wheelsets of passenger cars with gearboxes, where cast iron blocks can be used for speeds up to 120 km / h.
Six- and eight-axle, as well as wagons for the transport of dangerous goods, freight wagons are allowed to operate only with composite blocks.
3.7.4 The following malfunctions of the braking equipment of freight cars are most common:
| Brake line | - Compressed air leaks in the joints and from the braking devices; - crack in the main pipe on the thread; - scuffs, dents in the main pipe; - damage to the supply pipe; - crack, wear of the tee thread. |
| Connecting sleeve | - lack of a clamp; - break, crack of the sleeve tip; - wear of the ridge of the connecting head; - break, crack of the connecting head; - the groove for the sealing ring is clogged; - swelling of the sleeve; - sleeve break; - sleeve layering. |
| End valve | - spall, crack of the valve body; - jamming of the tap valve. |
| Air diffuser | - break, crack of the working chamber; - wear of the thread in the places where the studs for fastening the main and main parts of the working chamber are installed; - wear of the thread in the places where the union nuts of the supply pipes are installed; - loosening of the fastening of the working chamber. |
| Spare tank | - thread wear, breakage of the spare tank fitting; - cracks, scuffs, dents of the reserve tank; - loosening of the storage tank fastening. |
| Brake cylinder | - loosening of the brake cylinder attachment; - fracture of a crack in the brake cylinder body; - break of the release spring; - wear of the piston cuff; - wear of the thread of the union in the places where the union nuts of the supply pipes are installed. |
| Triangel | - crack, bend or break of a triangel string; - crack, bend or fracture of the triangel spacer; - crack, bend or break of the triangel traverse; - brewing shoe. |
| Brake linkage | - wear of brake pads; - violation of TRP regulation. |
3.7.5 In case of revealing, when checking the technical condition of the braking equipment, malfunctions, on the side walls of the car bodies (between the corner and side posts), on the sides of the platforms, on the boilers of the tanks, the following conventional chalk marks are applied:
"STP" to change the brake device;
"ORP" adjust the brake linkage;
"PP" adjust or replace the automatic brake linkage adjuster;
"ST" to change the triangel;
"PSh" put the cotter pin, washer;
"SKK" to change the end valve;
"СР" to change the connecting sleeve;
"SVR" to change the roller of the brake linkage;
"SK" to change the brake pad.
On the cars to be repaired with uncoupling, clear chalk corresponding inscriptions are also applied: "Remput", "Overload", "At the depot", etc.
In the departure fleet, the replacement and repair of defective parts and units of brake equipment is carried out without uncoupling the car from the train, found both in the arrival and marshalling yards and in the departure park.
3.7.6 When servicing the braking system of cars, check:
Fastening of all devices, fittings and pipelines on the car (Figure 3.25, Table 3.5);
Availability and serviceability of safety and support brackets and devices (Figure 3.25, Table 3.5);
Figure 3.25 Scheme of inspection of the brake system of a freight car
The presence and correctness of installation of devices fixing the tightening force of the fastening nuts (cotter pins, lock strips, washers, lock nuts) (Figure 3.26, Table 3.5);
The presence of linkage rollers secured from falling out by a washer and a standard cotter pin with the antennae set apart at an angle of at least 90 °, a triangel suspension roller fuse (Figure 3.26, Table 3.5);
Figure 3.26 Scheme of inspection of the brake linkage of the load trolley
Table 3.5 - Sequence of inspection of the braking equipment of the car
| pos. one | pos. 2,3,4,5 | pos. 6 | pos. 7 | pos. eight |
| Checking the condition and position of the end valve; inspection of the connecting sleeve, fastening of the main pipe | Inspection of the brake linkage levers, rollers, cotter pins, washers, spacer rods, triangel, brake shoe suspensions, brake shoe suspension rollers fuses. Checking the wear of the brake pads and their fastening, the condition of the suspension shoe and the diverter devices | Inspection of the brake linkage adjuster, rods, safety devices, brake cylinder, horizontal levers, checking the compliance of the horizontal levers tightening setting with the type of pads | Inspection of the reserve tank, air distributor and their attachment to the car frame; monitoring the condition of the supply pipes; control of compliance of the activation of the braking and release modes with the loading of the car | Inspection of supply pipes, automatic mode (if any). Safety devices |
Correct connection of the brake line hoses, opening of end valves between cars and disconnecting valves on the supply air lines from the line to the air distributors, as well as their condition and fastening reliability;
Correctness of switching on the modes of the air distributors on each car, taking into account the presence of the auto mode, including in accordance with the load and type of blocks;
The density of the brake network of the train, which must comply with the established standards.
The presence of leaks is determined by ear and visually (if necessary, wash the connections). A clear sign of a leak is the presence of an oil roll of dust in the summer or oily frost in the winter. Figure 3.27 shows the most likely locations for air leaks in the braking equipment of freight cars.
When air is passed to the atmosphere in a threaded connection (Figure 3.28 a, b) it is allowed to tighten the union nut without removing the connection from the brake line by the torque specified in table 3.6.
The effect of automatic brakes on the sensitivity to braking and release. Air distributors and electrical air distributors that are not working satisfactorily must be replaced with serviceable ones. In this case, check the action of the electro-pneumatic brakes from a power source with a voltage during braking of no more than 40 V, while the voltage in the electric circuit of wires No. 1 and 2 in braking mode per one car of the tested train should be no more than 0.5 V for trains up to 20 cars inclusive, and no more than 0.3 V for longer trains;
On cars with auto mode - correspondence of the output of the auto mode plug to the loading of the car, the reliability of fastening the contact strip, support beam on the bogie, auto mode, damping part and pressure switch on the bracket; Tighten loose bolts;
Table 3.6 - Performance characteristics of unthreaded connections
1-connecting heads of brake hoses. 2- rubber-textile sleeve; 3-end valve connections; 4-brake line connections; 5-attachment flange of the main part of the air distributor; 6 - attachment flange of the main part of the air distributor; 7 - connections of the brake line and supply pipes; 8 - auto mode connections; 9- connections of the release valve; 10-threaded connection of the supply pipe to the double-chamber reservoir from the reserve tank: 11-threaded connection at the double-chamber reservoir of the supply pipe to the brake cylinder (auto mode): 12-threaded connection of the supply pipe to the double-chamber reservoir from the brake line: 13-brake cylinder rod; 14-pipe connection unit and brake cylinder stopper; 15-supply connection and stopper of the reserve tank.
Figure 3.27 The most likely locations for air leaks in the brake equipment of freight cars.
Figure 3.28 Threadless connections in the brake line of freight cars
The correctness of the linkage regulation and the action of automatic regulators, the output of the brake cylinder rod, which should be within the limits indicated in table 3.7:
If necessary, carry out the adjustment by rearranging the rollers on the rods (Figure 3.29 v), with the subsequent adjustment of the "a" size (distance from the end of the sleeve of the protective tube of the TRP regulator to the beginning of the connecting thread on its screw) and re-checking the output of the brake cylinder rod. Dimensions "a" for freight and passenger cars must not be less than those indicated in Table 3.7.
The angles of inclination of the horizontal and vertical levers must ensure the normal operation of the linkage up to the limit wear of the brake pads:
With a symmetrical arrangement of the brake cylinder on the car and on cars with separate bogie braking (Figure 3.29 a) with full service braking and new brake pads, the horizontal lever on the side of the brake cylinder rod should be located perpendicular to the axis of the brake cylinder or have an inclination from its perpendicular position up to 10 ° away from the bogie;
With an asymmetric arrangement of the brake cylinder on cars and on cars with separate bogie braking (Figure 3.29 b) and new brake pads, intermediate levers must have an inclination of at least 20 ° towards the bogies.
Note: Incorrect installation of the horizontal levers tightening with composite pads can lead to jamming of the wheels, with cast iron - to insufficient braking pressure.
Figure 3.29 Scheme for adjusting the angles of inclination of horizontal and vertical levers
After adjusting the linkage, full service braking is required. Bring the thrust lever (stop) of the actuator close to the regulator body and fix its position, for which, in the lever actuator, by rotating the adjusting screw, align the hole in its head with the hole in the thrust lever of the actuator and connect them with a roller, with the setting of the cotter pin. Release the brake after installing the governor drive. In this case, the distance between the regulator body and the stop lever (stop) is set automatically. Approximate values of dimension "A" (installation dimension of the regulator drive) are shown in table 3.7.
Note: When the size "A" is more than the norm, the regulator works as a rigid rod and as the brake pads wear out, it does not tighten the TRP, which leads to an increase in the output of the brake cylinder rod.
If the size "A" is less than the norm, the regulator excessively tightens the TRP; after the brake is released, the brake pads may remain pressed against the wheels, which can lead to their seizure.
The thickness of the brake pads and their location on the rolling surface of the wheels. The clearance between the brake pads and the wheels must be up to 10 mm. It is not allowed to leave brake pads on freight cars if they protrude from the rolling surface to the outer edge of the wheel by more than 10 mm. On passenger and refrigerated wagons, the exit of the blocks from the rolling surface beyond the outer edge of the wheel is not allowed. The minimum thickness of brake pads, at which they must be replaced, is: for cast iron-12 mm, composite with a metal back-14 mm, with a mesh-wire frame-10 mm (pads with a mesh-wire frame are determined by the eye filled with friction mass). The thickness of the brake pad should be checked from the outside, and in case of wedge-shaped wear, at a distance of 50 mm from the thin end. In case of obvious wear of the brake pad on the inner side (on the side of the wheel flange), replace the pad, if this wear can cause damage to the shoe;
Serviceability and operation of hand brakes, paying attention to the ease of actuation and pressing of the pads to the wheels - at the points of formation of freight trains and at points of formation and turnover of passenger trains. Car inspectors should carry out the same check of hand brakes at stations with maintenance points preceding steep, long descents;
The provision of the train with the required pressure of the brake shoes in accordance with the value of the calculated pressure of the brake shoes in terms of cast iron, on the axle of passenger and freight cars (Appendix I);
The condition of the surfaces of the electrical contacts of the heads of the sleeves No. 369A, the distance between the heads of the connecting sleeves No. 369A and the plug connectors of the inter-car electrical connection of the lighting circuit of the cars when they are connected. This distance must be at least 100 mm;
Table 3.7 - Parameters for adjusting the brake linkage of cars
| Size "A", mm. | Dimension "a" not less, mm. | Exit of the rod of the brake cylinder | ||||||
| Lever drive | Rod drive | 1st Art. braking | PST | |||||
| Freight wagons with symmetrical arrangement of TRP (open wagons, covered wagons, tanks, platforms) Figure 3.30 (a), as well as bunker-type wagons (hoppers) with an asymmetrical arrangement of TRP, Figure 3.30 (b) | Composite pads | 35-50 | - | 40-80 | 50-100 | |||
| Cast iron pads | 40-60 | - | 40-100 | 75-125 | ||||
| Eight-axle tanks | Compositional | 30-50 | - | - | - | - | ||
| Freight cars with a rod drive of an autoregulator (dump car, thermos on TsNII-X3 bogies, autonomous refrigerated cars on TsMV-Dessau bogies), rice. 3.30 (c) | Compositional | - | 140-200 | 40-80 | 50-100 | |||
| Cast iron | - | 130-150 | 40-100 | 75-125 | ||||
| Refrigerated sections and thermos cars on KVZ-I2 bogies with lever drives of the automatic regulator, Figure 3.30 (a), and on trolleys CMV-Dessau with a rod drive of the autoregulator, rice. 3.30 (c) | Compositional | 25-60 | 55-145 | 40-80 | 50-100 | |||
| Cast iron | 40-75 | 60-100 | 40-100 | 75-125 | ||||
| Freight cars with bogie braking with composite pads equipped with autoregulators, rice. 3.30 (d, d) | 574B and 675 | 15-25 | - | 25-50 | 25-50 | |||
| RTRP-300 | 15-25 | - | 250-300 | 25-50 | 25-50 | |||
| Passenger cars | 42-47 t | Compositional | 25-45 | 140-200 | 80-120 | 130-160 | ||
| Cast iron | 50-70 | 130-150 | 80-120 | 130-160 | ||||
| 48-52 t | Compositional | 25-45 | 120-160 | 80-120 | 130-160 | |||
| Cast iron | 50-70 | 90-135 | 80-120 | 130-160 | ||||
| 53-65 t | Compositional | 25-45 | 100-130 | 80-120 | 130-160 | |||
| Cast iron | 50-70 | 90-110 | 80-120 | 130-160 | ||||
| Gabarita Rits - with air distributors KE Oerlikon, Dako | Cast iron | - | - | - | 50-70 | 105-115 | ||
| VL-RITs on trolleys TVZ-TsNII "M" | Compositional | - | - | - | 15-30 | 25-40 | ||
Notes:
1. PST - full service braking.
2. The exit of the brake cylinder rod with composite pads on passenger cars is indicated taking into account the length of the clamp (70 mm) installed on the rod.
3. The norms for the output of the brake cylinder rods of freight cars before steep, long descents are established by the head of the railway.
4. When adjusting the leverage of freight cars at maintenance points (in the departure park) and points of preparation for transportation, the brake cylinder rod outlet should be set at the minimum permissible size or 20-25 mm less than the upper limit; on cars equipped with automatic linkage adjusters, their drive is adjusted to maintain the rod outlet at the lower limit of the established standards.
The action of the anti-union and high-speed regulators on passenger cars with brakes of the Western European type in accordance with separate instructions and the procedure below. Check the action of pneumomechanical, anti-union and high-speed regulators on RIC cars in the passenger mode of engaging the brake with full service braking. The action of the anti-skid regulator is checked on each axle of all cars included in the train:
· Through the window in the sensor body, turn the inertial weight, and air should be released from the brake cylinder of the tested trolley through the relief valve. After the impact on the load has ceased, it must return to its original position, and the brake cylinder must be filled with compressed air to the initial pressure, which is monitored by a pressure gauge on the side wall of the car body. Press the button of the speed regulator on the side wall of the car. The pressure in the brake cylinders should rise to the set value, and after you stop pressing the button, the pressure in the cylinders should drop to the initial value. After checking, turn on the car brakes to the mode corresponding to the upcoming maximum train speed.
Symmetrical brake linkage of the car
Scheme of an asymmetric brake linkage of a car
Diagram of a symmetrical brake linkage of a carriage with a rod drive
Scheme of brake linkage of a carriage with bogie braking
Scheme of brake linkage of bunker-type wagons with bogie braking
Figure 3.30 Brake linkage adjustment diagrams
Maintenance of brake equipment for cars with disc brakes
When servicing the braking equipment of cars with disc brakes, additionally, check:
In the area accessible to the inspector, the friction surface of the rims of all the brake discs of the car. If defects are found below and shown in Figure 3.31, the trolley with a faulty disc brake is turned off. For wagons in which the above listed defects of brake discs are found, an act is drawn up in accordance with Appendix D;
Check the serviceability of the pneumatic cylinders of the magnetic rail brake and the condition of the shoes, the height and parallelism of the position of the shoes of the magnetic rail brake above the track rail. The dimension between the extreme poles of the electromagnet and the rail should be in the range from 126 to 130 mm. Check that the bolts are secure. When lifting and lowering, the magnetic rail brake shoe must not be tilted;
Check the fastening of pipelines and hoses on the trolley (tightness of their connections, absence of air leaks by ear), the condition of the power cable of the magnetic rail brake coils.
Fastening of brake parts, including disc brake linings (visually);
Disc brake pads thickness. Sintered metal linings with a thickness of 13 mm or less and composite linings with a thickness of 5 mm or less along the outer radius of the linings must be replaced;
The total gap between both linings and the disc on each disc, which should be no more than 6 mm. On wagons equipped with parking brakes, check the clearances during release after emergency braking.
All malfunctions identified during the check must be eliminated, the faulty brake equipment and fastening parts must be replaced with new or repaired ones, supplied.
1 - cracks located around the circumference of the crown, more than 30 mm long;
2 - radial and oblique cracks in the middle part of the crown with a length of more than 20 mm;
3 - radial and oblique cracks with a length of more than 10 mm, located within 20 mm from the outer or inner edge of the crown;
4 - continuous dark spots (stripes) with a width of more than 80 mm and a length of more than 100 mm;
Radial or oblique cracks, detected by an eddy current flaw detector and confirmed by the magnetic particle method, but not detected visually, with a length of more than 10 mm;
Crack-shaped cracks with a length of more than 20 mm and cracks with sharp edges that turn into a crack, which is recorded by an eddy current flaw detector.
Permissible defects in brake disc rims include:
Small cracks mesh;
Concentric grooves;
Wavy wear;
Spotting.
Figure 3.31 Types of defects on the surface of the brake disc rim
3.7.7 Engaging the brakes for the appropriate braking mode as part of a train, as well as a group or individual carriages attached to trains, should be performed taking into account the following requirements:
1) Before the train departs from the station where there is a PTO, as well as from the train formation station or the point of mass loading of goods, the brakes of all cars must be turned on and function properly.
2) On passenger and post / baggage trains, all passenger air diffusers must be switched on. Passenger trains should be operated with electro-pneumatic braking as the main type of brake, and if a passenger train has RIC-sized passenger cars with automatic brakes and freight cars on, pneumatic braking.
As an exception, it is allowed to attach to passenger trains with electro-pneumatic brakes no more than two passenger carriages that are not equipped with an electro-pneumatic brake, but with a serviceable automatic brake, which is noted in the certificate of the VU-45 form.
If the electro-pneumatic brake fails on no more than two cars, it is necessary to disconnect the electric air distributors of these cars from the electrical circuit in the terminal boxes. These wagons must follow an automatic brake to the PTO station of formation or turnover, where faulty devices must be replaced with serviceable ones.
It is prohibited to place freight cars on passenger trains, except for the cases provided for by the PTE. If freight cars equipped with air distributor No. 483 are attached to a passenger train, then the brakes of these cars must be included in the brake network of the train; in this case, set the mode switch of air distributors No. 270 or 483 to the position of the flat mode, and the cargo switch to the position corresponding to the loading of the car. Freight wagons, the brakes of which do not have a passenger or flat mode, are prohibited from being included in a passenger train.
In passenger trains with up to 20 carriages inclusive, air distributors No. 292 should be switched on to short-train mode "K". When forming passenger trains with more than 20 carriages, switch on air distributors No. 292 to long-train duty "D". Switching on air diffusers No. 292 for short-set mode "K" in trains with more than 20 to 25 wagons is allowed by separate instructions of the railway administration.
In passenger trains with a length of more than 20 cars, the inclusion of cars with high-speed triple valves is not allowed, and in the composition of a shorter length of such cars there should be no more than two.
Brakes "KE" of passenger cars of international traffic must be switched on to the passenger mode at a speed of up to 120 km / h, and at a higher speed - to the speed mode. It is forbidden to turn on the high-speed braking mode if there is no speed regulator sensor or at least one sensor of the anti-skid device on the carriage or the sensor is faulty. The shipment of passenger cars equipped with a "KE" brake in freight trains should be carried out with the brakes off, if the brakes of the train are switched on to the flat mode, and with the switching on to the freight mode, if the brakes of the train are switched on to the mountain mode. If there is one carriage with a Western-European type brake in a passenger train with internal communication, it is allowed to turn off the brake of this carriage if the train is provided with a single minimum rate of braking pressure per 100 tf of weight, excluding the disengaged brake.
The procedure for the inclusion of wagons with disc brakes in trains
Passenger train trains should be formed, if possible, with the maximum number of wagons equipped with disc brakes.
Joint operation in the same train of cars with disc and shoe brakes is allowed, provided that the latter are equipped with composite brake shoes. Joint operation in the same train of cars with disc brakes and shoe brakes with cast iron shoes is allowed only as an exception for the transfer of separate cars with disc brakes to their destination.
The transfer of cars with disc brakes in freight trains is allowed with the auto brakes turned off, in the amount of no more than 2 cars. In this case, on cars with parking brakes, both release valves from the brake line to the parking brake cylinders must be open.
The air distributors of the cars are switched on for a short-set mode with a train length of up to 20 cars inclusive, and for a long-set mode with a train length of more than 20 cars.
After fully charging the braking system of the cars, purge the feed tanks with a volume of 170 liters through the outlet valve on each car to remove condensate.
The calculated brake pressure on the axle of wagons with disc brakes (in terms of cast-iron brake pads) is taken:
For speeds up to 120 km / h inclusive - 10 tf;
For speeds up to 140 km / h inclusive - 12.5 tf.
The tare weight of wagons shall be determined according to the data printed on the side wall of the wagon body, and the load from passengers, hand luggage and equipment - in accordance with the Rules for the operation of brakes of rolling stock of railways.
The norms for the provision of passenger trains with brakes and the permissible speed of movement in the presence of wagons with disc brakes in their composition are established in full accordance with the Rules for the operation of brakes of rolling stock of railways.
When filling out a certificate for brakes f. VU-45 against the corresponding pressing on the axle of cars with disc brakes in the column "Other data" write - DT. When specifying in the certificate the number of composite pads in a train, consider wagons with disc brakes as wagons with these pads. The exit of the brake cylinder rod of a tail car with a disc brake is allowed not to be indicated in the certificate.
3) On freight trains, all freight type air diffusers must be switched on. Freight trains, which include a special rolling stock with a span or wagons with dangerous goods, may be dispatched with automatic brakes turned off for these wagons in accordance with the procedure established by railway administrations. Moreover, in freight trains, the number of cars with the brakes turned off or the span line in one group of cars should not exceed eight axles, and in the tail of the train in front of the last two brake cars - no more than four axles. The last two carriages on the train must have active automatic brakes on.
In the event of a malfunction of the automatic brake of one or two tail carriages along the route and the impossibility of its elimination at the first station, perform shunting operations to ensure the presence of two cars with serviceable automatic brakes in the tail of the train.
In freight (except for trains with a charging pressure of 6.0-6.2 kgf / cm 2) and freight-passenger trains, the combined use of freight and passenger air distributors is allowed, and freight air distributors must be turned on without limitation, air distributors No. 292 must be turned on on long-section mode.
If there are no more than two passenger cars in a freight train, then their air diffusers should be turned off (except for two tail cars).
For freight cars equipped with cast-iron brake pads, the air distributors must be switched on to the loaded mode when the car is loaded more than 6 tf per axle, on average - from 3 to 6 tf per axle (inclusive), when empty - less than 3 tf per axle.
For freight cars equipped with composite blocks, the air distributors should be switched on in empty mode, with an axle load of up to 6 tf inclusive, and on average - with an axle load of more than 6 tf.
When loaded, hopper cars for the transportation of cement, equipped with composite blocks, switch on the air distributors to the loaded braking mode.
Application on other types of freight cars with composite blocks of loaded mode is allowed in the cases stipulated by the Instruction for the operation of brakes of rolling stock of railways.
Switching on the air distributors in freight trains to mountain mode is necessary before long descents with a steepness of 0.018 or more, and switching to flat mode - after the train passes these descents at the points established by the order of the head of the railway. It is allowed to use the mountain regime in loaded freight trains according to local conditions and on slopes of less steepness (established by the head of the railway).
For cars equipped with an auto mode or having a "Single-mode" stencil on the body, turn on the air distributor with cast-iron blocks for a loaded mode, with composite ones - for a medium mode or a loaded mode with an axle load of more than 6 tf, for loaded hopper cars for transporting cement - in accordance with a separate instruction of railway administrations or an order of the head of the railway. It is prohibited to switch on the air distributors on these cars to the empty mode.
4) Switch on the modes of air distributors of refrigerated cars in the following order. Automatic brakes of all cars with cast-iron brake pads, including freight cars with a service compartment in a five-car section, must be switched on in an empty state to an empty mode, when loaded up to 6 tf (inclusive) - to an average and more than 6 tf per axle - to a loaded braking mode ... Switch on the auto brakes of service, diesel and machine cars, including freight cars with a diesel compartment of a five-car section, to medium mode with the switch fastened.
On refrigerated cars with a brake lever transmission, the design of which allows the operation of a car brake with both cast iron and composite brake shoes (horizontal levers have two holes for installing tightening rollers), when equipped with composite shoes, the braking modes include:
On refrigerated freight wagons in the order established by this Instruction for freight wagons;
On service, diesel and machine cars, including cars with a diesel compartment of a five-car section, on medium braking with a switch fastening.
Auto brakes for service, diesel and machine cars, including cars with a diesel compartment
Rev. No. 1 6.2.1 Safety devices must be installed on equipment and pipelines, the pressure in which can exceed the operating pressure both due to the physical and chemical processes occurring in them, and due to external sources of pressure increase, calculated taking into account the conditions specified in clause 2.1 .7.
If the pressure in the equipment or pipelines cannot exceed the operating pressure, then the installation of safety devices is not required.
This circumstance must be justified in the project.
The primary circuit equipment and the safety housing must be designed for the loads arising from the depressurization of the reactor pressure vessel and the outflow of the coolant into the safety housing.
All sections of equipment and pipelines with a single-phase medium (water, liquid metal) cut off on both sides, which can be heated in any way, must be equipped with safety devices.
6.2.2. The number of safety devices, their throughput, setting for opening (closing) must be determined by the design (construction) organization so that the pressure in the protected equipment and pipeline when this valve is triggered does not exceed the operating pressure by 15% (taking into account the dynamics of transient processes in the equipment and pipelines and dynamics and response time of the safety valve) and did not cause unacceptable dynamic effects on the safety valve.
It is allowed to take into account when calculating the dynamics of pressure growth in the protected equipment and pipelines, the anticipatory operation of the emergency protection of a nuclear power plant.
For systems with a possible short-term local increase in pressure (for example, under the chemical action of a liquid-metal coolant and water), a local increase in pressure is allowed, at which safety devices must operate (taking into account the hydraulic resistance in the section from the place of pressure increase to safety devices). This possibility should be provided for in the design and justified by strength calculations.
6.2.3. In equipment and pipelines with a working pressure of up to 0.3 MPa, a pressure increase of no more than 0.05 MPa is allowed.
The possibility of increasing the pressure by the specified value must be confirmed by calculating the strength of the corresponding equipment and pipelines.
6.2.4. If a safety device protects several related pieces of equipment, then it should be selected and adjusted based on the lower working pressure for each of these pieces of equipment.
6.2.5 The design of the safety devices should ensure its closure after operation when the pressure reaches at least 0.9 of the working pressure, according to which the set point for the operation of this valve was selected.
This requirement does not apply to safety diaphragms and water seals.
6.2.6. The setting for the landing of impulse safety devices with a mechanized (electromagnetic or other) drive should be established by the design (design) organization based on the specific operating conditions of the equipment and pipelines.
6.2.7. The number of safety valves and (or) safety diaphragms with forced rupture, installed to protect equipment and pipelines of groups A and B, must be greater than the quantity determined in clause 6.2.2, at least by one unit.
This requirement does not apply to direct burst diaphragms and water seals.
Rev. No. 1 6.2.8. The calculation of the throughput of safety devices must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of the regulatory documents of Gosatomnadzor of Russia.
The capacity of the safety devices must be checked during the corresponding tests of the prototype of the given design, carried out by the manufacturer of the safety fittings.
6.2.9. When choosing the number and capacity of safety devices, the total capacity of all possible pressure sources should be taken into account, taking into account the analysis of design basis accidents that can lead to an increase in pressure.
6.2.10. On the pressure pipelines between the piston pump, which does not have a safety valve, and the shut-off element, a safety valve must be installed, which excludes the possibility of an increase in the pressure in the pipelines above the working one.
6.2.11. The installation of shut-off valves between the safety device (membrane or other protective device according to clause 2.1.7) and the equipment or pipeline protected by it, as well as on the outlet and drain pipelines of safety valves is not allowed.
It is allowed to install shut-off valves in front of the pulse valves of pulse safety devices (IPU) and after these valves, if the IPU is equipped with at least two pulse valves, and the mechanical blocking of the specified shut-off valves allows only one of these valves to be out of operation.
6.2.12. Lever-operated pulse valves are not permitted.
6.2.13. The nominal diameter of the safety fittings and the impulse valve must be at least 15 mm.
6.2.14. In the safety fittings, the possibility of changing the setting of the spring and other adjustment elements must be excluded. For safety spring valves and impulse valves IPU, the springs must be protected from direct influence of the medium and overheating.
6.2.15. It is allowed to install switching devices in front of the safety valves in the presence of a double number of pulse safety devices or safety valves and at the same time ensuring the protection of equipment and pipelines from overpressure in any position of the switching devices.
6.2.16. The design of safety valves should provide for the possibility of checking its proper operation by opening it manually or from a control panel. In the case of impulse safety devices, this requirement applies to the impulse valve.
Manual opening force should not exceed 196 N (20 kgf).
If it is impossible to check the operation of the safety valves on the operating equipment, switching devices installed in front of the valves should be used, which allow checking each of them with disconnection from the equipment.
Switching devices must be such that, in any of their positions, as many pieces of fittings are connected to equipment or pipelines as required to ensure that the requirements of 6.2.2 are met.
The requirements specified in this clause do not apply to membranes and water seals.
6.2.17. Safety valves (for IPU - impulse channels) protecting equipment and pipelines of groups A and B must have mechanized (electromagnetic and other) drives that ensure timely opening and closing of these valves in accordance with the requirements of clauses 6.2.2 or 6.2.3 and 6.2. 5. These valves must be designed and adjusted so that, in the event of an actuator failure, they act as direct-acting valves and perform the above items. If there are several valves on the protected object, the mechanized drives of these valves must have independent control and power supply channels. Mechanized actuators can be used to check the correct operation and forced pressure reduction in the protected object. For equipment of group C, the need to install valves with such a drive should be determined by the design organization.
6.2.18. Safety devices must be installed on nozzles or pipelines directly connected to the equipment. Installation of safety devices on branch pipes connected to pipelines is allowed. When several units of safety valves are installed on one collector (pipeline), the cross-sectional area of the collector (pipeline) must be at least 1.25 of the calculated total cross-sectional area of the connecting branch pipes of the safety valves must be taken from the protected equipment. It is allowed to take a pulse from the pipeline on which the safety valve is installed, taking into account the hydraulic resistance of the pipeline.
6.2.19. On equipment and pipelines with a liquid metal coolant, as well as group C, it is allowed to use safety membrane devices that break when the pressure in the protected equipment rises by 25% of the working pressure of the medium (if this is confirmed by calculation). It is allowed to install safety diaphragm devices in front of the safety valve, provided that a device is installed between them that allows you to monitor the serviceability of the rupture disk, as well as exclude the possibility of parts of the ruptured rupture disk entering the safety valve. In this case, the test shall confirm the functionality of the burst safety valve combination.
The cross-sectional area of the device with a broken membrane must not be less than the cross-sectional area of the inlet pipe of the safety fittings. The membrane marking must be visible after installation.
6.2.20. The passport for the safety valves must indicate the value of the flow coefficient and the area of the smallest bore of the seat with the valve fully open.
The requirements for specifying these data in the passport do not apply to pulse-safety valves.
6.2.21. Equipment operating at a pressure less than the pressure of the source supplying it must have an automatic reducing device (pressure regulator after itself) on the supply pipeline with a pressure gauge and safety valves located on the lower pressure side.
For a group of equipment operating from one supply source at the same pressure, it is allowed to install one automatic reducing device with a pressure gauge and safety valves located on the same line up to the first branch. In cases where maintaining a constant pressure behind the reducing device for technological reasons is impossible or not required, unregulated reducing devices (washers, throttles, etc.) can be installed on the pipelines from the supply source.
On the pipelines connecting the regenerative heaters of the turbine plants for the heating steam condensate, the role of the reducing devices can be played by valves that regulate the level of condensate in the bodies of the apparatus.
6.2.22. If the pipeline in the section from the automatic reducing device to the equipment is designed for the maximum pressure of the supply source and the equipment has a safety device, the installation of a safety device after the reducing device on the pipeline is not required.
6.2.23. If the design pressure of the equipment is equal to or greater than the pressure of the supply source and the possibility of pressure increase due to external and internal energy sources is excluded in the equipment, then the installation of safety devices is not required.
6.2.24. Automatic control devices and safety valves are not required:
1) on pump recirculation pipelines;
2) on pipelines after level regulators;
3) on purging, drainage and air removal pipelines when the medium is discharged into equipment equipped with safety devices in accordance with clause 6.2.9.
The need to install throttling washers on these pipelines is determined by the design documentation.
6.2.25. Safety devices for equipment and pipelines must be installed in places accessible for maintenance and repair.
6.2.26. Discharge pipes in the absence of self-draining must be equipped with a drainage device. The installation of shut-off valves on drainage pipes is not allowed.
The internal diameter of the discharge line must be at least the diameter of the outlet pipe of the safety valve and is calculated so that at maximum flow, the back pressure at the outlet pipe does not exceed the maximum back pressure set for this valve. The working medium escaping from the safety devices must be discharged to a place safe for personnel.
6.2.27. Checking the functional ability (serviceability) of the safety valves, including control circuits, with the release of the working environment should be carried out before the first start-up of the equipment to operating parameters and subsequent scheduled starts, but at least once every 12 months. If, as a result of the check, defects or failures in the actuation of the valve or control circuit are revealed, repairs should be carried out and re-checked.
6.2.28. The adjustment of the safety valves should be checked after installation, after the repair of the valves or the control circuit affecting the adjustment, but at least once every 12 months, by raising the pressure on the equipment, using the devices included in the delivery of this valve, or by testing on a stationary stand ... After adjusting the safety valves to operate, the adjusting unit must be sealed. Adjustment data must be recorded in the safety device operation and repair log.
6.2.29. Checking the serviceability of the operation and setting of systems that protect equipment and pipelines from overpressure or temperature (clause 2.1.7) should be carried out within the timeframes set in clauses 6.2.2 and 6.2.28.
6.2.30. Checking the serviceability of the hydraulic locks, replacing the safety membranes and checking the devices for their forced rupture should be carried out according to the schedule approved by the chief engineer of the nuclear power plant.
The safety of production equipment is ensured already when drawing up a technical assignment for its design, when developing a draft and detailed design, releasing and testing a prototype and transferring it to serial production. General safety requirements for production equipment for all types of economic activities are determined by GOST 12.2.003-91 "Occupational Safety Standards. Manufacturing equipment. General safety requirements ".
Production equipment, when operated under the conditions established by the operating and repair documentation, should not pose a hazard as a result of exposure to humidity, solar radiation, mechanical vibrations, high and low pressures and temperatures, corrosive substances, wind loads, icing, microorganisms, fungi, insects, etc. .P. Production equipment must be fire and explosion proof. The equipment must ensure safety requirements during installation, dismantling, operation, repair, transportation and storage, when used separately or as part of complexes and technological systems. The equipment must comply with safety requirements throughout its entire service life. The technical condition of machines and equipment from the point of view of their safety should be monitored at the stage of commissioning, as well as during operation in accordance with the technical regulations. In accordance with the provisions on scheduled preventive maintenance of equipment, the organization should provide for current, medium and major repairs. The effectiveness of the system of preventive maintenance of production equipment is determined by:
The scope of planned repair work, determined from the conditions and operating mode of the equipment, the size, material and design of the processed parts, the qualifications of machine operators, the quality of equipment maintenance, the quality of its maintenance, lubrication, etc .;
The repair features of the equipment, determined by the structural complexity of the equipment, the peculiarity of its disassembly and assembly, the dimensions and weight of parts removed and installed during repair, the total area of surfaces subjected to scraping during repair, etc .;
The quality of repairs and overhaul services, consisting of the accuracy of manufacturing of parts that are replaced during repairs, the perfection of their manufacturing technology, the quality of fitting and fitting work, the equipment with technological and control devices;
The change in the operation of the equipment and its load factor (the number of hours worked by the equipment, etc.).
In addition to the safe operation of the equipment, the safe operation of the tool plays an important role, for which it must be in good working order. All employees should be aware that it is very dangerous to work with an invalid tool, and therefore such work is prohibited. To work with electrified, pneumatic and pyrotechnic tools, only persons who have completed industrial training and have the appropriate certificate for the right to use the tool may be allowed. It must be remembered that such a tool has an increased danger to the worker, and therefore electrified and pneumatic tools must be periodically tested by qualified personnel with a note about this in a special magazine. In addition, it is prohibited to operate such a tool from ladders. Only an electrician should connect or disconnect ancillary equipment of an electrified tool (step-down transformers, frequency converters, protective shutdown devices).
When working with pneumatic tools strict rules must be followed. The air supply should only be switched on after installing the tool in the working area. In this case, the idling of the pneumatic tool should not be allowed. Do not hold or carry the tool by the hose or working part. Supervision over the change of working equipment, its lubrication, point, repair, adjustment, change of parts must be entrusted to a specially designated person for this. A permit (work permit) to carry out work with a construction and assembly gun must be issued by a person who has the right to do so. Pistols and cartridges for them are issued to workers after they present a certificate for the right to use a pistol and a work permit. Pistols should be stored in a warehouse in separate sealed (sealed) steel cabinets (boxes). A record of the manager's inspection of the storage conditions, condition, serviceability and completeness of pistols should be made in the register of pistols acceptance and distribution. Pistol inventory should be carried out quarterly.
Hand tools must be operated in accordance with the manufacturer's operating document. Sharp parts of hand tools should be covered with special covers when transporting or transporting them. Impact instruments (chisels, barbs, etc.) should not have cracks, burrs, or irregularities in the back of the head. Handles of hand tools must be free from cracks, chips and burrs. Wooden handles of percussion instruments (axes, hammers, sledge hammers, pickaxes, etc.) should be oval in cross section with a thickened free end. The end on which the tool is pushed must be wedged with a metal wedge. Metal rings must be fitted on the wooden handles of pressure tools (chisels, files, chisels, etc.). Wrenches must match the size of the nuts and bolt heads. Key jaws must be parallel and free from cracks. In addition to the listed safety requirements, all tools and the organization of work with them must comply with the requirements of sanitary rules and norms of SanPiN 2.2.2.540-96 "Hygienic requirements for hand tools and work organization". At the same time, taking into account the specifics of the work performed, all workers must be provided with certified personal protective equipment.
Various devices are widely used to ensure the convenience of work and the safety of workers. not participating in the technological process. Safety requirements for the design of devices and their operation are determined by GOST 12.2.003-91 “Production equipment. General safety requirements ", GOST 12.2.029-88" Machine tools. Safety Requirements "and a number of other regulatory and technical documents. These devices are actually means of collective protection against the action of various (mainly mechanical) factors. One of the main requirements for devices is that they should not be a source of hazardous and harmful production factors. In addition, devices used in explosive areas must be made of materials that exclude the possibility of sparking during their use. Appliances include ladders, step-ladders, ladders, bridges, scaffolding, scaffolding, gangways, slopes, rolls, hanging platforms, cradles, various machine tools (conductors, cartridges, faceplates, magnetic plates, mandrels), etc.
Technical protective devices are used as a means of collective protection of workers from hazardous and harmful production factors. According to the principle of operation and design, the devices are divided into(GOST 12.4.125-83 "Means of collective protection against mechanical factors. Classification"): protective; safety (blocking and limiting); brake; automatic control and signaling; remote control; safety signs.
Fencing devices are installed between a hazardous production factor and workers. These include shields, screens, housings, visors, strips, etc. According to the method of installation, they are designed as stationary, mobile, folding, removable. The basic requirements for their design and application are contained in GOST 12.2.062-81 “Industrial equipment. Protective fences ". Fences can be made solid and not solid (mesh, lattice, perforated).
Safety devices are designed to eliminate a hazardous production factor at the source of its occurrence and are subdivided into blocking and restrictive ones.
Locking devices triggered by erroneous actions of the worker.
Limiting devices are triggered when the parameters of the technological process or the operating mode of the technological equipment are violated.
Braking devices are designed to slow down and stop production equipment in the event of a hazardous production factor.
Automatic control and signaling devices are designed to control the transmission and reproduction of information (color, sound, light, etc.) in order to attract the attention of workers and make a decision when a hazardous production factor appears or may arise.
Remote control devices are designed to control the production process outside the hazardous area, and by design they can be stationary and mobile.
Safety signs are subdivided according to GOST R 12.4.026-2001 “Signal colors, safety signs and signal markings. Purpose and application rules. General technical requirements and characteristics. Test methods ".
Poroshenko Petr Alekseevich
Premonition of the Apocalypse: World War III in the predictions of analysts and the Holy Fathers
Hereditary prisoner petr poroshenko-waltsman