How to make a hole in metal without drilling. How to drill metal drill. Deep holes, coolant

Drill the metal drill is somewhat more complicated than a tree, brick or concrete. There are some features.

Practical advice on this type of work We combined for convenience in step-by-step instructions.

1. You will need such tools: drill, drill, coolant (better machine oil, but can be water), kerner, hammer, safety glasses.
2. When drilling a metal on a horizontal surface, under the product put wooden barber And as much as possible fix it. When working in a vertical position, rigid fixation is extremely important, since it is necessary to drill strictly perpendicularly.
3. We make markup, after that, with the help of Kerner and the hammer we plan the center of the future hole.
4. In a small container, we pour cooling fluid.
5. We put on safety glasses.
6. We start drilling. Do not have a strong pressure on the drill, because it is better to work on small turns. If the drill is powerful, then the way of short-term inclusions will suit, while the tool did not have to dial maximum turns.
7. Do not forget to cool the drill as often as possible .
8. When the drilling occurs is not strictly perpendicular, but at an angle, then the likelihood that the drill is properly. If this happens, then place the switch to the reverse position. So you will avoid injuries and do not break the drill.
9. If everything was done correctly, even in household conditions with a low-power drill, you can drill a hole in metal with a thickness of up to 5 mm inclusive and diameter up to 10-12 mm. We will tell about more complex tasks below.

Metal drilling work

Is it possible to drill a metal drill on concrete?

It is possible, but it is in case of extreme need for shallow holes with a small diameter. Unprofitable.

It is better to use or standard metal rods with a brand of steel R6M5 or improved - P6M5K5.

The letter K in the marking indicates that this is an alloy with the addition of cobalt. You can find the drill on the market, which is called "cobalt". For all manufacturers, we will not vouch, only we note that reviews on practical application In the overwhelming majority of cases - positive.

How to drill a stepped metal drill?

Step twisted universal - just one can do holes different diameter (from 2 to 40 mm). They are most effective when working with a thin metal when you need to get a neat edge. Better fixed in the cartridge, they are easier to sharpen, and therefore, with proper operation, serve longer, but also cost more than ordinary. In working with them, the principles are the same, but it is easier to drill holes big diameterthan conventional spiral bumps.

Is it possible to drill metal to drill the drill?

The principle of operation rolled down the metal - cut, and with a defender attack the materials crushed. For this, brick, concrete, stone suitable for this. Therefore, as mentioned above, of course, you can drill metal, but it will quickly come into disrepair and the victorious attack collapses.

Turns

The larger the diameter of the hole? The smaller should be rev. Than more depth? Thus, it is gradually necessary to reduce the pressure on the drill. When the drill diameter up to 5 mm, the torque should not be higher than 1200-1500 rpm. Accordingly, 10 mm in diameter - no more than 700 rpm, 15 mm - 400 rpm.

How to drill holes in a metal diameter metal?

As a rule, most drills for household use with a capacity from 500 to 800W, which allows drilling holes with a diameter to 10-12 mm. In metal with a thickness of up to 2 mm using a stepped rolling, you can make holes up to 40 mm. With a thickness of 3 mm, bimetallic crowns are better.

Bimetallic crown

When drilling deep holes, any tool may sometimes need a magnet to remove the chips.

Metal drilling process

Special attention should be paid to the safety technique, be sure to take care of the chips, and if there will be a skew and jamming - immediately turn off the drill and move the torque to the reversible movement.

In the absence of electricity or when the noise of the working tool can prevent others ( read: ?)– the ideal solution When drilling a metal will be a manual mechanical drill, the so-called coft. Low speed and pressure, no overheating, just what is needed. Of course, there are also minuses - time costs and fast fatigue. Such a simple "grandfather" method can drill holes with a diameter of up to 10 mm.

We hope our tips will be useful to you.

Additional information in this video.

To improve the main characteristics of the metal, it is often necessary for its hardening. Such technology provides for improving the hardness of the product due to strong heating of the metal and its rapid cooling. In some cases, after thermal processing, it is necessary to perform drilling. Due to the increase in such a characteristic, the drilling of Kalenny metal becomes more difficult. Consider all the features of drilling kalena steel more.

Drill hole in kalena steel

Distribution of the question how to drill kalenny Steel It can be associated with the fact that when using ordinary technology, the tool is quickly blinking and comes to unsuitability. That is why it is necessary to pay attention to the specifics of the drilling of the Kalenny alloy. Among the features of the technology, we note the following points:

1. It is necessary to properly prepare a crawling workpiece.
2. In some cases, a special tool is required.
3. The coolant is used.

If necessary, you can make a drill for hardened steel with your own hands, for which certain equipment and skills are required. However, in most cases, the purchase options apply to the purchase options, as it can be better cope with the task when cutting Calen Steel.

Nuances when drilling

The technology under consideration has a fairly large number of features that need to be taken into account. Kalented metal drilling is carried out according to the following points:

1. Before working, the attention of the surface hardness should be paid. This parameter selects the most suitable drill. It is possible to determine the hardness when applying a wide variety of technologies.
2. During drilling there is a large amount of heat. That is why there is a rapid wear of the cutting edge. In this regard, in many cases, the cutting liquid is supplied to the cutting zone.
3. When cutting a hardware material, it has to sharpen the cutting edge from time to time. For this applies the usual sharpening machine or special tool. As an abrasive, an exclusively circle with a diamond spraying is suitable.

There are the very following various methods Cutting of crawled steel. Some of them significantly simplify the processing. Only when taking into account all the nuances can be improved the quality of the obtained hole.

Useful techniques when drilling

To work with Kalena Steel, the most various technologies. The most common technologies are characterized by the following features:

1. Surface treatment with acid. This technology is characterized by long-term use, as it takes a fairly large amount of time to reduce surface hardness. Sulfur, chlorine or other acid can be used to etch. The procedure provides for the creation of a side, which will restrain the applied substance in the cutting zone. After a long exposure, the metal becomes softer, it will be possible to carry out drilling when used normal option execution.
2. Can be used welding machine To achieve the goal. When exposed to high temperatures, the metal becomes softer, which greatly simplifies the procedures.
3. Most often a special drill is applied. The versions are found on sale, which can be used to treat Kalena steel. With their manufacture, the metal is used with increased wear resistance and high temperature exposure. However, the complexity of manufacture and some other moments determine that the cost of a special tool is quite high.

In addition, a missile is often purchased to achieve his goal. With it, you can make a small hole, which will simplify further drilling.

Use of lubricants

When drilling kaleno, serious friction occurs. That is why it is recommended to acquire and use various lubricants. Among the features of such a method of processing, we note the following points:

1. For starters, the drilling zone is processed. On the surface where the hole will be, a small amount of lubricant is applied.
2. Oil is added to the cutting edge. For colena processing, a small amount of substance is required, but it is necessary to add it from time to time, since when the tool is rotated it is split.
3. During work it is recommended to take breaks for cooling the cutting surface and the surface being treated.

Special oil allows not only to simplify drilling, but also to increase the service life of the applied tool.

This is due to the fact that the oil can reduce the temperature of the cutting edge.

Choosing a drill

Spiral drills, which are represented by a vertical rod with two grooves, were quite large. Due to a certain location of the grooves, the cutting edge is formed. Among the characteristics of the choice, we note the following points:

1. Pretty much spread received a winning drill. It can be used to work with various kalen alloys. However, the surface with too high hardness does not process like a tool.
2. The choice is carried out in the diameter indicator. It should be borne in mind that getting the hole of the large diameter is quite difficult. The version of the larger diameter is much more expensive due to the use of a large amount of material in its manufacture.
3. Attention is paid to the angle of sharpening, the purpose of the product and the type of material used in the manufacture. For example, cobalt versions are characterized by higher resistant to the effects of high temperature.
4. It is recommended to pay attention to the products of exclusively well-known manufacturers. This is due to the fact that Chinese version embodiments are manufactured using low-quality materials. However, such a proposal costs much cheaper and can be used for non-plum or disposable work.
5. When you select the drill, you can navigate the applied marking. It can determine which materials used in the manufacture of. Also indicates the diameter of the opening that can be obtained when using the tool.

In a specialized store you can find almost everything you need for work. However, a fairly high cost of the product and some other moments determine what some decide to produce drill on their own from the primary materials. Such work can be carried out in the presence of requiring tools.

Manufacture of self-made drill

If necessary, you can make the manufacture of drill from kalena steel. Among the basic recommendations for this work, we note:

1. Rods are selected, which are made of tungsten and cobalt alloys. In the people, such metal is called winning. In comparison with the usual drill, such an embodiment is characterized by increased resistance to wear.
2. For processing the workpiece you need to fix it in small visits. Otherwise, to carry out work will be quite complex.
3. To drain such a surface requires a diamond stone. The usual will not stand long work.
4. The end surface is sharpened so that the surface resembling a flat screwdriver is obtained. After that, the cutting edges are sharpened to obtain an acute tip.

In order to reduce the degree of surface time consumption, an oil is added. Due to this, long-term processing is provided due to reducing the friction force and temperature reduction.

In conclusion, we note that the treatment of kalena steel should be carried out exclusively when applying special tools. A drilling device is required for work, since manual will not allow the desired hole.

Such a dilemma may occur in the manufacture of the homemade bourgeitake panel (hole for chimney), wood or coal oven and many other cases, when, for example, the metal part should be flush steel pipe. In fact, not everything is so difficult, as it may seem at first glance and there is a considerable number of ways of how to drill a hole of a large diameter in the metal, without referring to the help of highly qualified specialists. Yes, of course, ordinary drillwhat would high power She did not possess, it is not capable of performing the task, because maximum size Holes that can be performed with its help will not exceed in the diameter of the one and a half centimeters. In addition, this is how it is not recommended to actually recommend that it is categorically recommended and it should be started with a smaller diameter, from time to time the diamond drill bit into the container with machine oil.

Ideally, of course, take advantage special nozzle On a drill, called the crown drill. It is a kind of sleeve with sharp, as the blade, the edge jar, mounted to the tip of the drill (not to be confused with the tip of the drill) with the help of a special washer. With it, you can literally in a matter of seconds to perform large holes in the thick sheet metal. However, this method is not suitable for all, for the simple reason that standard nozzles have a strictly defined diameter and in the case of the opening of any other size, the most irreversible consequences may occur. Among other things, it should be noted such a very important nuance that high-quality crowning drills of European production cost a lot of money and therefore not to all craftsmen and just lovers they are in his pocket.

At the same time, more affordable Chinese products do not differ high quality And often it turns out to be disposable at best, and at worst - they break even before cope with the task. But you should not refuse this venture, because to help drill through hole even in a thick metal sheet 7-10 millimeters thick, maybe such a universal device like sander. In this case, use diamond Disc, the thickness of which will be at least 2.5 millimeters, but for starters, the stencil of the required circle is applied to the sheet, using the usual pencil to be used. Working the grinding machine (hereinafter, in the text of the MSH) follows the contour, which is obviously made thicker. At the same time, it is necessary to try to act closer to the inner edge, for the reason that it will later be easier to correct defects.

Cut the circle through MSH should gradually, working in small areas and gradually moving forward along the arc. At the same time, it should be understood that the contour of the future end-to-end hole will have one and not two times, especially if we are talking About the thick metal sheet. After working with the MSH will be completed, it is necessary to carefully remove the inner part of the circle, for which it is neatly knocked with a small hammer, alternately acting with one, then on the other hand. If necessary, the internal circuits of the circle should be carefully polished, using for this purpose such programs such as the file and emery with high abrasiveness. Among other things, you should immediately remember that only masters with hard hand and a good eye meter will be able to drill holes by means of MSh.

Finally, it is advisable to remind such a sufficiently primitive method of creating a large diameter holes in metal and steel blanks, as a step-by-step drilling of its circle. To do this, use a diamond or winning drill of any diameter (the less - the longer the workflow, but, at the same time, the result is more effective), with which a step by step performs small holes along the contour. The distance between them should not exceed five millimeters so that in the end it was possible to be easily cut off with an unnecessary inner part with the metal.

Metal drilling is one of the most common plumbing operations. Collapsible and unintended compounds - rivet, screw, bolted, spiest - require holes. To drill metal, it is enough to have a drill, a drill of the corresponding diameter and kerner with a hammer for the opening mark.

Selection of drills

If the holes in the metal are drilled under the thread, then according to GOST 24705-81, for the most frequently used thread sizes (for standard large steps): M4, M5, M6, M8, M10 and M12 - diameter of drills will be equal to 3.3 respectively; 4.2; five; 6.7; 8.4; 10.2 mm. It is permissible if the drilling under the thread will be carried out by a drill, the diameter of which is a bit (0.1 mm) differs from the guest sizes in one direction or another.

Purchasing drills, you need to keep in mind that ordinary drillsMade of high-speed tool steel (for example, P6M5) are designed to drill metals that do not have a high hardness. To dry the metal of high hardness, carbide drills will be required. Such drills can be completely made of solid alloy or have only a carbide tip.

Sometimes before the start of drilling is unknown, which hardness metal will have to drill. Therefore, when you see at the first moment of drilling that the drill is not introduced into the metal, you need to immediately stop drilling, otherwise the drill will be irretrievably invalidated, overheating and losing hardness. Evidence of this will be the emergence of dark blue color. Before drilling the metal, the hardness of which is not known, can be carried out on it with a file. If the latter does not leave the tracks on the metal, then the material has an increased hardness.

How to drill metal

Optimal for the drilling of most metals are small and medium turns - 500-1000 rpm. High revs quickly heat the drill, as a result of which its annealing and softening can occur. When drilling, it is not necessary to put pressure on the drill too much, the feed must be slow and smooth.

When the metal drilling is very important, the sharpness of the drill is very important, while the drill is stupid very quickly. The speed of blurring drill depends in particular from revolutions, feed strength, cooling and other factors, but no matter if it is not drilled by aluminum alloy, the time of operation of the drill to unsatisfactory performance is measured by minutes.

Before drilling, it is necessary to place a hole by leaking it. To do this, you need to establish the kerner (or dowel) edge to the intended center of the hole and hit the hammer on it. Keernation is necessary to exclude the slide of drill at the first moment of drilling. If the trail from the core is not large enough to hold the drill of a large diameter, then first it is necessary to expand the deepening of the drill of the small diameter.

For creating best conditions Drills It is desirable to dip the tip of the drill in the machine oil or drop them into the location. Oil in the drilling zone contributes to better cooling of the drill and facilitates the cutting of the metal. The drill that is drilled with the use of oil is less stupid, requires rarely sharpeners and serves longer. A special emulsion, soap water, kerosene is also used as a coolant. According to some masters, a good lubricant and cooling agent is a pork fat. Before drilling, the rotating drill is immersed in a slice of a sludge, which, when drilling, melts and has a lubricating and cooling effect. But still the simplest and most convenient tool is soapy water. She is not dirty, but soap is in every home. It is enough to drop at the beginning of drilling and in the process. You can periodically dip the drill to the soap solution.

With a cross-cutting drilling with a large supply, a burr (graph) is formed at the opening, for which the drill is cling to its side cutters. As a result, a sharp locking of the drill and its fracture or a fracture is broken, and at that moment the drill is particularly intensively stupid. Such stops are adversely affected and in a drill state. To avoid graph formation, you need to complete the drilling of the holes in the metal with a small feed. It is also desirable to put a wooden bar, which prevents the formation of a burr. The bar and the billet must be tightly pressed to each other. For greater effect, it is possible to put a wooden bar, but a plate of the same or less solid metal, which should be tightly pressed to the place of the drill output.

Most often it is necessary to carry out steel drilling, but other metals often have to drill and have to drill. Aluminum, for example, envelops the drill, making it difficult to penetrate deep into and expanding the resulting hole. If an accurate hole is required to drill in aluminum (for example, under the thread), it is necessary to apply the cooling fluid and more often remove the drill drill to clean it. An ordinary gray cast iron is drilled relatively easily and does not require cooling and lubricating fluid. But the drilling of cast iron can give surprises. There are high strength gray cast ironthat need to be drilled drilling from carbide material. White cast iron, the main structural component of which is cementitis, very hard, it requires high-strength drill.

Large diameter holes should be drilled in stages. First you need to drill a detail with a thin drill, then drill a hole to a larger diameter. For example, a hole with a diameter of 12 mm is better drilled into two or three receptions - consistently drills 5, 10 and 12 mm.

The fascinated drills must be sharpely sharpened. It is better to do this with the help of fixtures for sharpening, but you can do without it. At the same time, you need to pay attention to the symmetry of the tip of the drill. If the sharpened edges will be converged not strictly in the center, the hole drilled by such a drill will have a larger diameter, since one cutting edge will be longer than the other. The standard angle at the top (the angle between the cutting edges) is 118 °. For drilling aluminum, an angle 130-140 °, soft bronze and red copper 125-130 ° is considered optimal. However, all these metals can be drilled and drill with a standard angle. Read more about sharpening drill.

When drilling, you need to withstand the vertical of the drill relative to the metal surface (if you do not need to drill the inclined hole). When performing holes in thin sheets, this requirement is not as relevant as for thick-walled or hollow parts. Drilling pipes, for example, often leads to the fact that the inlet and outlet turns out to be displaced relative to each other - the greater the larger the diameter of the pipe. Hold the perpendicularity of the drill to the eye is quite difficult, so you can use homemade or purchased drives for drilling or guide devices that ensure the perpendicularity of the drill.

Conductors are needed and for drilling two or more Holes in conjugated details. The best way The coincidence of the holes is the drilling of them assembly. When drilling holes for rivets drilling assembly is mandatory requirement. Drilling the first hole, you can use it to connect the parts by a bolt so that the rest of the holes can be drilled without fear that the parts will be moved relative to each other. If you cannot drill the conjugate parts assembly or uncomfortable, then the conductor or guide must be used. It should be known that, as it were, neither the mating holes are accurately laid, they will not match absolutely accurately, because when drilling even the tank hole, the drill will leave a little to the side.

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Work on the drilling of holes in the metal, depending on the type of holes and properties of the metal, can be performed different tool and using various techniques. About drilling methods, tools, as well as safety techniques When performing these works, we want to tell you.

The drilling of the holes in the metal may be needed during the repair engineering systems, household appliances, car, creating structures made of sheet and profile steel, designing aluminum and copper crafts, in the manufacture of boards for radio equipment and in many other cases. It is important to understand which tool is needed for each type of work so that the holes are the desired diameter And in a strictly intended place, and what safety measures will help avoid injury.

Tools, fixtures, drills

The main tools for drilling are manual and electric drillsas well, if possible, drilling machines. The working body of these mechanisms is drill - may have a different form.

Distinguish drills:

• spiral (most common);
• screw;
• crowns;
• conical;
• pern, etc.

Production cut various design Normated numerous gtales. Up to Ø 2 mm are not labeled, up to Ø 3 mm - on the shank it is indicated by a cross section and steel brand, large diameters may contain additional information. To obtain a hole of a certain diameter, you need to take a drill for several tenth millimeters less. The better the drill is sharpened, the smaller the difference between these diameters.

Rolls differ not only with a diameter, but also length - short, extended and long. Important information is the limiting hardness of the cultivated metal. The shank rolled can be cylindrical and conical, which should be borne in mind when selecting a drilling cartridge or transition sleeve.

1. Drill with a cylindrical shank. 2. Drill with a conical shank. 3. Drill with switches for thread. 4. Center drill. 5. Drill with two diameters. 6. Centering drill. 7. Conical drill. 8. Conical multistage drill

Some works and materials require a special sharpening. The stringently the metal processed, the sharper the edge should be sharpened. For a thin metal, the usual spiral drill may not come up, you will need a tool with a special sharpening. Detailed recommendations for of different types Rolls and processed metals (thickness, hardness, type of hole) are quite extensive, and we will not consider them in this article.

Different types of drill sharpening. 1. For rigid steel. 2. for of stainless steel. 3. For copper and copper alloys. 4. For aluminum and aluminum alloys. 5. For cast iron. 6. Bakelit.

1. Standard sharpening. 2. Free sharpening. 3. Diluted sharpening. 4. Heavy sharpening. 5. Separate sharpening

To secure parts before drilling, vice, stops, conductors, corners, bolts, and other devices are used. This is not only a safety requirement, it is actually more convenient, and the holes are obtained better.

To remove the champers and processing the channel surface, use the cylindrical or conical shape, and for the point of the point under drilling and the drill "not jumped" - the hammer and kerner.

Tip! Best coarse spools It is still considered to be issued in the USSR - the exact following of the GOST according to the geometry and composition of the metal. Good and German Ruko with titanium spraying, and also rolled from Bosch - proven quality. Good feedback About Haisser products - powerful, usually large diameter. A dignity showed themselves the bison, especially the Cobalt series.

Drilling modes

It is very important to securely fix and send the drill, as well as select cutting mode.

When performing holes in metal drilling important factors Are the number of revolutions of the drill and feed force attached to the drill, directed by its axis, which ensures the drill tolerance at one turn (mm / O). When working S. various metals And the twisters are recommended various cutting modes, and the more hard-processed metal and the larger the diameter of the drill, the smaller the recommended cutting speed. The correct mode indicator is beautiful, long chips.

Take advantage of the tables to choose the right mode and do not fasten the drill prematurely.

Feed S 0, mm / about	Diameter of drill d, mm
	2,5	4	6	8	10	12	146	20	25	32
	Cutting speed V, m / min
When drilling steel
0,06	17	22	26	30	33	42	—	—	—	—
0,10	—	17	20	23	26	28	32	38	40	44
0,15	—	—	18	20	22	24	27	30	33	35
0,20	—	—	15	17	18	20	23	25	27	30
0,30	—	—	—	14	16	17	19	21	23	25
0,40	—	—	—	—	—	14	16	18	19	21
0,60	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	14	15	11
When drilling cast iron
0,06	18	22	25	27	29	30	32	33	34	35
0,10	—	18	20	22	23	24	26	27	28	30
0,15	—	15	17	18	19	20	22	23	25	26
0,20	—	—	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22
0,30	—	—	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	19
0,40	—	—	—	—	14	14	15	16	16	17
0,60	—	—	—	—	—	—	13	14	15	15
0,80	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	13
When drilling aluminum alloys
0,06	75	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
0,10	53	70	81	92	100	—	—	—	—	—
0,15	39	53	62	69	75	81	90	—	—	—
0,20	—	43	50	56	62	67	74	82	-	-
0,30	—	—	42	48	52	56	62	68	75	—
0,40	—	—	—	40	45	48	53	59	64	69
0,60	—	—	—	—	37	39	44	48	52	56
0,80	—	—	—	—	—	—	38	42	46	54
1,00	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	42

Table 2. Correction factors

Table 3. Turns and feed when various diameter Drills and drilling of carbon steel

Types of holes in the metal and methods of their drilling

Types of holes:

• deaf;
• cross-cutting;
• half (incomplete);
• deep;
• large diameter;
• for internal threads.

Threaded holes require the definition of diameters with tolerances set in GOST 16093-2004. For widespread hardware, the calculation is shown in Table 5.

Table 5. The ratio of metric and inch threads, as well as selection of the size of the hole for deploying

Metric carving				Inch thread				Pipe thread
Diameter of thread	Thread step, mm	Thread diameter		Diameter of thread	Thread step, mm	Thread diameter		Diameter of thread	Thread diameter
		min.	max.			min.	max.
M1.	0,25	0,75	0,8	3/16	1,058	3,6	3,7	1/8	8,8
M1,4	0,3	1,1	1,15	1/4	1,270	5,0	5,1	1/4	11,7
M1,7	0,35	1,3	1,4	5/16	1,411	6,4	6,5	3/8	15,2
M2.	0,4	1,5	1,6	3/8	1,588	7,7	7,9	1/2	18,6
M2.6	0,4	2,1	2,2	7/16	1,814	9,1	9,25	3/4	24,3
M3.	0,5	2,4	2,5	1/2	2,117	10,25	10,5	1	30,5
M3.5	0,6	2,8	2,9	9/16	2,117	11,75	12,0	—	—
M4.	0,7	3,2	3,4	5/8	2,309	13,25	13,5	11/4	39,2
M5.	0,8	4,1	4,2	3/4	2,540	16,25	16,5	13/8	41,6
M6	1,0	4,8	5,0	7/8	2,822	19,00	19,25	11/2	45,1
M8.	1,25	6,5	6,7	1	3,175	21,75	22,0	—	—
M10.	1,5	8,2	8,4	11/8	3,629	24,5	24,75	—	—
M12.	1,75	9,9	10,0	11/4	3,629	27,5	27,75	—	—
M14	2,0	11,5	11,75	13/8	4,233	30,5	30,5	—	—
M16	2,0	13,5	13,75	—	—	—	—	—	—
M18	2,5	15,0	15,25	11/2	4,333	33,0	33,5	—	—
M20	2,5	17,0	17,25	15/8	6,080	35,0	35,5	—	—
M22	2,6	19,0	19,25	13/4	5,080	33,5	39,0	—	—
M24	3,0	20,5	20,75	17/8	5,644	41,0	41,5	—	—

Through holes

Through holes permeate the workpiece completely, forming a passage in it. The peculiarity of the process is to protect the surface of the workbench or countertops from the release of the drill beyond the workpiece, which can damage both the drill itself, as well as supply the billet "Busken" - GARTA. To avoid this, the following ways are used:

• use workbench with hole;
• put under the part for a piece of wood or "sandwich" - wood + metal + tree;
• put under the part metal bar with a hole for the free passage of the drill;
• reduce the feed rate at the last stage.

The last method is required when driving holes "at the place" so as not to damage closely located surfaces or parts.

The holes in the thin metal metal are cut with perovy rods, because the spiral drill hurts the edge of the workpiece.

Deaf hole

Such holes are performed on a certain depth and do not permeate the workpiece through. You can measure the depth in two ways:

• limiting the length of the drill in the sleeve focus;
• limiting the length of the drill with a cartridge with adjustable focus;
• using a ruler fixed on the machine;
• combination of methods.

Some machines are equipped with an automatic feed system to a predetermined depth, after which the mechanism stops. In the process of drilling, you may need to stop working several times to remove the chips.

Holes of complex shape

Holes located on the edge of the workpiece (half) can be performed by connecting the edges and pressing two blanks or blanks and gasket and driving a complete hole. The gasket must be made of the same material as the workpiece being processed, otherwise the drill will "leave" in the direction of the smallest resistance.

The through hole in the corner (profile metal) is performed by fixing the workpiece in the vice and using wooden gasket.

It is more difficult to perform the drilling of a cylindrical billet by tangent. The process is divided into two operations: preparation perpendicular opening of the site (milling, zenkovka) and the actual drilling. The drill of the holes in the surfaces located at an angle are also starting from the preparation of the site, after which the wooden gasket is inserted between the planes, forming a triangle, and drilled the hole through the angle.

Hollow parts are drilled by filling out the cavity of the tube from the wood.

Holes with ledges are obtained using two techniques:

1. Crew. The hole is drilled over the entire depth of the smallest diameter drill, after which it is drilled to a predetermined depth of the cooler with the diameters from smaller to more. The advantage of the method is a well-centered hole.
2. Reduce diameter. The hole of the maximum diameter is drilled on the predetermined depth, then the roller change with a sequential decrease in diameter and the recess of the hole. In this case, the method is easier to control the depth of each stage.

1. Development of the hole. 2. Reducing diameter

Large diameter holes, ring drill

Obtaining a large diameter holes in massive blanks, a thickness of up to 5-6 mm, the case is time consuming and cost. Relatively small diameters - up to 30 mm (a maximum of 40 mm) can be obtained using cones, and better step-conical swells. For high-diameter holes (up to 100 mm), hollow bimetallic crowns or crowns with carbide teeth from centering drill. And the masters traditionally in this case recommended Bosch, especially on a solid metal, for example, steel.

Such an annular drilling is less energy-proof, but may be more costly financially. In addition to the roller, the power of a drill and the ability to work at the lowest revs. And the thicker metal, the stronger the hole on the machine will want to perform, and when large quantities Holes on a sheet with a thickness of more than 12 mm better to seek such an opportunity.

In a thin-plate billet, a large diameter hole is obtained using narrow-grained crowns or cutter, fixed on the "Bulgarian", but the edges in the latter case leave the best.

Deep holes, coolant

Sometimes it is required to perform a deep hole. In theory, it is a hole, the length of which is five times more diameter. In practice, deeply called drilling, requiring forced periodic removal of chips and the use of coolant (lubricating and cooling fluids).

In the coolant drilling is needed primarily to reduce the temperature of the drill and billets, which are heated by friction. Therefore, when obtaining holes in copper, which has a high thermal conductivity and itself is capable of removing heat, coolant can not be applied. Cast iron (except high-strength) is concerned relatively easily and without lubrication.

Industrial oils, synthetic emulsions, emulsols and some hydrocarbons are used in production. In domestic workshops you can use:

• technical Vaseline, castor oil - for soft steels;
• laundry soap - for aluminum alloys of type D16T;
• kerosene mixture with castor oil - for duralumin;
• soap water - for aluminum;
• skipidar, diluted with alcohol - for silumin.

Universal cooled liquid can be prepared independently. To do this, it is necessary to dissolve 200 g of soap in a bucket of water, add 5 spoons of machine oil, can be used, and boil the solution until a soapy homogeneous emulsion is obtained. Some wizards to reduce friction use pork fat.

Processed material	Lubricating and coolant
Steel:
carbonistic	Emulsion. Heated oil
structural	Cereal oil with kerosene
instrumental	Mixed oils
alloyed	Mixed oils
Cast iron puffy	3-5% emulsion
Cast iron cast	Without cooling. 3-5% emulsion. Kerosene
Bronze	Without cooling. Mixed oils
Zinc	Emulsion
Brass	Without cooling. 3-5% emulsion
Copper	Emulsion. Mixed oils
Nickel	Emulsion
Aluminum and its alloys	Without cooling. Emulsion. Mixed oils. Kerosene
Stainless, heat-resistant alloys	A mixture of 50% of the drying oil, 30% kerosene, 20% oleic acid (or 80% sulfofresol and 20% oleic acid)
Fiber, viniplast, plexiglass and so on	3-5% emulsion
Textolit, Getinaks	Grinding with compressed air

Deep holes can be performed with solid and annular drilling, and in the latter case, the central rod formed by the rotation of the crown is not entirely, and with parts, weakening it with additional holes of the small diameter.

The solid drilling is performed in a well-fixed billet with a spiral drill, in the channels of which is supplied. Periodically, without stopping the rotation of the drill, it is necessary to extract it and purify the cavity from the chips. The work with a spiral drill is performed in stages: first they take a short and screw the hole, which then bueys the corresponding size drill. With a significant depth of the opening, it is desirable to use guide conductor sleeves.

With regular deletion of deep holes, you can recommend the purchase of a special machine with automatic coolant feed to the drill and accurate centers.

Drilling on markup, template and conductor

You can drill holes by setting up or without it - using a template or conductor.

Marking is performed by kerner. The hammer impact is planned for the tile of drill. Feltaster, too, you can mark the place, but the hole must also be so that the tip does not move from the intended point. The work is performed in two stages: pre-drilling, control of the opening, final drilling. If the drill "left" from the planned center, a narrow chisel is made of notches (grooves), sending the edge to a specified place.

To determine the center of the cylindrical billet, use a square piece of fusions bent under 90 ° so that the height of one shoulder is approximately one radius. Applying a corner from different sides of the workpiece, swipe along the edge. As a result, you have an area around the center. You can find the center by theorem - the intersection of perpendicular from two chords.

The template is needed when performing a series of uniform parts with multiple holes. It is convenient to use it for a pack of thin-leaf blanks, connected clamps. So at the same time, you can get a few drilled blanks. Instead of a template, sometimes the drawing or scheme is used, for example, in the manufacture of parts for radio equipment.

The conductor uses when the accuracy of the detention of distances between the holes and the strict perpendicularity of the channel is very important. When drilling deep holes or when working with thin-walled tubes, in addition to the conductor, guides can be used, locking the position of the drill relative to the metal surface.

When working with power tools, it is important to remember the safety of a person and premature tool wear and possible marriage. In this regard, we collected some useful tips:

1. Before work, you need to check the attachments of all items.
2. Clothing when working on a machine or with an electric drill should not be with elements capable of entering rotating parts. Eyes from chips protect the glasses.
3. The drill when approaching the metal surface should be rotated, otherwise it quickly fills.
4. It is necessary to remove the drill from the hole without turning off the drill, if possible, reducing turnover.
5. If the drill does not deepen into the metal, it means that its hardness is lower than that of the workpiece. Increased hardness in steel can be revealed by spending on a sample with a file - the absence of traces indicates increased hardness. In this case, the drill must be chosen from solid alloy with additives and work on low revs with a small feed.
6. If the small diameter drill is poorly fixed in the cartridge, wrap on its shank several turns of brass wire, increasing the diameter to capture.
7. If the surface of the workpiece is polished, wear the felt washer on the drill to be guaranteed not to apply scratches even when contact with the drill patron. When fixing billets from polished or chrome steel, use gaskets from fabric or skin.
8. In the manufacture of deep holes, a rectangular piece of foam plastic, planted on the drill, can serve as a meter and simultaneously, rotating, blow up a small chips.