"Psychosomatic medicine" Alexander Franz. Psychosomatic medicine: principles and practical application (Alexander Franz)

BBK 88.4 A46.

Franz Alexander Psychosomatic Medicine It "S Principles and Applications

Translation from English S. MogilevskySerial decoration of the artist D. SazonovThe series is founded in 2001

Alexander F. ",

A 46 Psychosomatic medicine. Principles and practical application. / Lane from English S. Mogilevsky. - M.:

Publishing house Eksmo-Press, 2002. - 352 p. (Series "Psychology without borders").

ISBN 5-04-009099-4

In its main book, he summarizes the results of seventeen years of work devoted to the study of the influence of psychological factors on the body's function, on the emergence, course and outcome of the somatic diseases.

Relying on the data of psychiatry, medicine, gestalt-psychology, psychoanalysis, the author talks about the relationship of emotions and diseases of the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, metabolic disorders, sexual disorders, etc., revealing its understanding of the body as an integrated system.

For psychiatrists, psychologists, doctors, students of all listed specialties.

ISBN 5-04-009099-4

My colleagues, employees of the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis

Preface

This book, which appeared on the basis of an earlier publication "Medical value of psychoanalysis", It has two goals. It makes an attempt to describe the basic concepts on which a psychosomatic approach in medicine is based, and present the existing knowledge concerning the influence of psychological factors on the body function and their disorder. The book does not contain an exhaustive review of many individual observations published in the medical literature and relating to the impact of emotions for the disease; It presents only the results of systematic research.

The author is convinced that progress in this area requires the adoption of the main postulate: psychological factors affecting physiological processes should be subjected to the same detailed and thorough study, as adopted in the study of physiological processes. Mention of emotions in terms such as anxiety, tension, emotional instability, is obsolete. The actual psychological content of emotions should be investigated the most advanced methods of dynamic psychology and have a correlation with somatic reactions. Only those studies that correspond to this methodological principle were included in this book.

Alexander Franz.

Another postulate characterizing this work is that psychological processes are at their base are not different from other processes in the body. At the same time, they are physiological processes and differ from other bodily processes only by the fact that they are perceived subjectively and can be transferred to the verbal surrounding. They can therefore study psychological methods. Each physical process is directly or indirectly affected by psychological incentives, since the body as a whole is a unit, all parts of which are interrelated. A psychosomatic approach can therefore be applied to any phenomenon that has a place in a living organism. Such universality explains the statements about the coming psychosomatic era in medicine. Currently, there can be no doubt that the psychosomatic point of view offers a new approach to understanding the body as an integrated mechanism. Therapeutic capabilities of the new approach are installed for many chronic diseasesAnd it makes it possible to hope for its further application in the future. "

Chicago, December 1949.
THANKS

The psychosomatic approach is a multidiscip-linary method, within which psychiatrists cooperate with experts in various fields of medicine. This book is the result of my seventeen-year-old cooperation with colleagues in the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis and other specialist physicians.

I would like to thank Dr. I. Arthur Mir-Ski (I. Arthur Mirsky) for help in assessing some physiological data, in particular, in chapters about hormonal mechanisms, nervous anorexia, hypertension, thyrotoxicosis and diabetes, as well as for the preparation of illustrations and Miss Hang Ross (Helen Ross), Doctors of Thomas Szasz and George Ham (George Ham), who read the manuscript and made valuable comments. The head of thyrotoxicosis is based on research workconducted by me in collaboration with Dr. George Ham and Dr. Hugh Carmichael, the results of which will be published in « Journalof.Psychosomatic.Medicine.».

Part of the heads of the book are based on articles published earlier. I would like to thank Dr. Karl A. L. Binger (Carl A. L. Binger) and the fields B. Heber (Paul V. Hoeber) for permission to reprint in this book part of the articles previously published in « Psychosomatic.Medicine.» (F. Alexander: "Psychological Aspects of Medi Alexander Franz.

cine "," Emotional Factors in Essential Hypertension "," PsychoaNalytic Study of A Case Of Essential Hypertension "," Treatment of A Case of Peptic Ulcer and Personality Disorder "; F. Alexander & S.A. Portis: "A PsychoSomatic Study of Hypoglycaemic Fatigue"), Doctors, Sydney Portis (Sidney Portis) for permission to partially reprint my chapter, published in « Diseases.of.theirDigeStive.System.», Chicago National Security Council for permission to reprint my article published in « CurrentTOPICS.m.HOMESafety.», And Dr. Yago Gald Ston (Lago Galdston) and Henry X. Wiggins (Henry H. Wig-Gins) for permission to reprint the parts of my article " Modern tendencies in psychiatry and look into the future "(" Present Trends in Psychiatry and Future Outlook ") published in « Modern.Attitudees.iN.Psychiatry.», The population of the Columbia University, which served as the basis for some parts of the introduction and the first five chapters.
Part 1 General Principles

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

And again in the center of attention of the doctors turns out to be a patient - a living person with his troubles, fears, hopes and disappointments, which is an indivisible whole, and not just a set of organs - liver, stomach, etc. For the last two decades, the main attention began to be paid The causal role of emotional factors in the occurrence of the disease. Many doctors began to use psychological approaches in their practice. Some serious conservative clinicians believe that this trend threatens the basics of medicine, with such labor achieved. Authoritative voices are heard, arguing that this new "psychologism" is incompatible with medicine as natural science. They would like medical psychology to be reduced to a doctor's clock and intuition when careing for the sick, which has nothing to do with a scientific method based on physics, chemistry, anatomy and physiology.

Nevertheless, in the historical perspective, such interest in psychology is nothing more than the revival of the former, donatic views in an updated scientific form. The priest and the doctor did not always divide the care of the body and spiritual human health. There were times when the care of the patient was concentrated in the same hands. Whatever the healing power of the doctor, evangelist or holy water, le11

the preventive effect of their intervention was very significant, being often even more noticeable than many modern drugs, whose chemical analysis can be carried out and the pharmacological effect of which we can appreciate with a high degree of accuracy. The psychological component of medicine has been preserved exclusively in rudimentary form (in the process of the relationship between the doctor and the patient who carefully separated from theoretical foundations Medicine) - mainly as a convincing and consistent influence of a doctor on the patient.

Modern scientific medical psychology is nothing more than an attempt to put on the scientific basis the art of healing, psychological impact Doctor on the patient, making it an integral part of therapy. Apparently, the therapeutic success of the physician (Lekarya or the priest, as well as a modern practitioner) in modern practice, largely owes the existence of some emotional relationship between the doctor and the patient. Nevertheless, this psychological function of the doctor was largely ignored in the past century - during the period when medicine has become a real natural science based on the use of physical and chemical principles with respect to the living organism. Here is the indigenous philosophical postulate modern medicine: The body and its functions can be understood in terms of physical chemistry in the sense that living organisms are physicochemical mechanisms, and the doctor's ideal is to become an engineer of the human body. Therefore, the recognition of the existence of psychological mechanisms and psychological

the approach to the problems of life and illness could be perceived as a return to ignorance of those gloomy times when the disease was considered a business evil spirit And the treatment was the expulsion of unclean power from the patient body. It was considered natural that new medicine based on laboratory experiments should carefully protect his newly acquired scientific halo from such obsolete mystical concepts as psychological. Medicine, this nouveauis among the natural sciences, in many respects adopted a setup, typical of Nuvorish, who wishes to forget his modest origin and is made more intolerable and conservative than the true aristocrat. Medicine becomes intolerable to everything that reminds her spiritual and mystical past, at the same time its older sister, physics, aristocrat between natural sciences, has undergone a much more foundatory revision of fundamental concepts affecting the very core of science - the validity of the concept of determinism.

These comments are not intended to reduce the significance of the achievements of the laboratory period in medicine - the most brilliant stage of its history. The orientation of medicine on the physicochemical approach for which a scrupulous analysis of the smallest aspects of the research subject was characterized, the reason for the significant progress of medicine, the examples of which are modern bacteriology, surgery and pharmacology. One of paradoxes historical Development It is that, the more significant the scientific merits of any method or principle, the stronger it slows down the subsequent development of science. In the SI Lu inertia, ideas and methods, the value of which were proved in the past, even if their benefits were obviously wrapped in harm in the science of Nydold. In the history of the exact sciences, for example of physics, you can find a lot of similar examples. Einstein argued that the ideas of Aristotle on the movement stroked the development of mechanics for two thousand years (76). Progress in any area requires reorientation and introducing new principles. Although these new principles may not contradict the old, nevertheless, they often rejected or accepted only after a long struggle.

A scientist in this regard has no less prejudice than any manual. The same physico-chemical orientation, which medicine is obliged to outstanding achievements, becomes the obstacle for further development due to its one-sidedness. The laboratory era in medicine was characterized by its analytical installation. For this period, a specific interest in the parties was typical, to understanding private processes. The appearance of more exact methods Observations, in particular, the microscope, opened a new microcosm, creating an opportunity for unprecedented penetration into the smallest parts of the body. In the process of studying the causes of diseases, the principal goal was the localization of pathological processes. In ancient medicine, a humoral theory was prevailed, which claimed that carriers of diseases are fluids of the body. The gradual development of autopsy methods during the Renaissance period made it possible to accurately study the organs of the human body, and this led to the appearance of more realistic,

but at the same time, more localization ethio-gicarious concepts. Morgani in the middle of the XVIII century argued that the sources of different diseases are in certain organs, for example in heart, kidneys, liver, etc. With the advent of the microscope, the location of the disease has become even more determined: the location of the disease has become a cell. The main merit here belongs to Virhov, arguing that there are no diseases of the Vobbit, there are only diseases of organs and cells. The outstanding achievements of Virchov in the field of pathology, supported by his authority, have caused both currently actual dogmatic views of physicians on the problems of cell pathology. Influence of Virchov on etiological thought - classic example The historical paradox when the great achievements of the past become an obstacle for further development. Observation of histological changes in patients who became possible due to the microscope and improved tissue coloring techniques determined the direction of etiological thought. Finding the causes of the disease for a long time was limited by the search for individual morphological changes in tissue. The idea that individual anatomical changes themselves can be the result of more general disorders arising from excessive stress or, for example, emotional factors arose much later. Less Particulary Theory - Humoral - was discredited when Wirchs successfully crushed her last representative, Roki-Tansky, and humoral theory remained in the shadows

before its rebirth in the form of modern endocrinology. (

Few people managed to understand the essence of this phase of the development of medicine better than Stephen Cweig, an amateur in medicine. In his book "Health", "he wrote:

"The disease now began to mean not what happens to a person as a whole, but what happens to its organs ... Thus, the natural and initial mission of the doctor, an approach to the disease as a whole, is not replaced by an example of a more modest localization task. and identifying the disease and comparing it with a certain group of diagnoses ... This inevitable objectification and formalization of therapy in the XIX century reached the extremes - a certain third - device, mechanism, got up between the doctor and the patient. To make a diagnosis, it was less likely and less frequently needed an insightful and capable of synthesis of an inherent doctor ... "

No less impressive thinking of Humanitaria Alan G Gregga 2. He considers the past and future of medicine in a broad perspective:

"The fact is that all organs and systems in man are analyzed separately; The value of this method is huge, but no one is obliged to use only this method. What unites our bodies and functions and keeps them in harmony? And what can say medicine about the superficial division of "brain" and "body"? As a result, personality becomes whole? The need for a new knowledge here is painfully obvious.

S T E FA and Z W E I G: Die Heilung Durch Den Geist (Spirit Treatment). Leipzig, Insel-Verlag, 1931.

Al An G Regg: "The Future of Medicine", Harvard Medical Alumni Bulletin, Cambridge, October 1936.

But even more than just the need for this is an omnation of future changes. It is necessary to interact with other sciences - psychology, cultural anthropology, sociology and philosophy, as well as chemistry, physics and therapy of internal diseases, in order to try to solve the problem of the brain dichotomy and the body left to us by Descartes. "

Modern clinical medicine was divided into two heterogeneous parts: one is considered more advanced and scientific and includes all disorders explained from the point of view of physiology and general pathology (for example, heart failure, diabetes, infectious diseases, etc.), the other is considered less scientific and includes a large number of Ailments of unclear origin having often psychogenic origin. A feature of this dual situation is a typical manifestation of human thinking inertia - is the desire to drive as many diseases as possible in the infectious etiological scheme, in which the pathogenic factor and the pathological effect are interrelated quite simple. When an infectious or any other organic explanation is not applicable, the modern clinician is very inclined to console itself with the hope that someday in the future, when the features of organic processes will be better studied, the factor of the psyche, which is still recognized, will be completely eliminated. Nevertheless, gradually more and more clinicians begin to recognize that even in the case of diseases well explained from the point of view of physiology, such as diabetes or hypertensive disease, only the last links are known.

chains, while the initial etiological factors still remain unclear. Under similar conditions, accumulating observations indicate the impact of the "central" factors, and the word "central" - apparently, only euphemism for the word "psychogenic".

Such a state of affairs easily explains the strange discrepancy between the official-theoretical and actual practical installations of the doctor. In his scientific works and speeches before colleagues, he will emphasize the need to learn as much as possible about the physiological and pathological processes underlying the disease, and will not seriously consider psychogenic etiology; Nevertheless, in private practice, he does not hesitate to advise the patient suffering from hypertension, relax, try to treat life not so seriously and not work too much; It will try to convince the patient that the real cause of increased blood pressure lies in its superfluid ambitious attitude to life. "Split personality" of the modern clinician manifests itself distinct than any other weakness Today's medicine. Within the framework of the medical community, the doctor's practitioner is free to afford a "scientific" installation, which is essentially a dogmatic antipsychological position. Since he does not know exactly how this mental factor works works, as it contradicts everything that he studied aware of medicine, and since the recognition of the mental factor undermines the physico-chemical theory of life, the practitioner is trying to ignore psychos

fair factor. However, as a doctor, he cannot ignore it completely. When he faces patients, medical conscience makes him focus on this hated factor, the importance of which he instinctively feels. He has to be considered with him, while he justifies himself with a phrase that medicine is not only science, but also art. He does not realize that what he considers medical art is nothing more than a deeper, intuitive - that is, non-verbalized - knowledge gained by him for many years of its clinical practice. The meaning of psychiatry, and in particular the psychoanalytic method, for the development of medicine is that it gives effective method study of psychological factors of the disease.

Name: Psychosomatic medicine: principles and practical application
Author: Alexander Franz.
Publishing house: Eksmo press
The year of publishing: 2002
Pages: 352
Format: doc.
Language: Russian
The size: 1.31 MB
ISBN.: 5-04-009099-4
Quality: Excellent
Series: Psychology without borders

Franz Alexander (1891-1964) is one of the leading American psychoanalysts of his time. In the late 40s - early 50s. He developed and systematized the ideas of psychosomatics. Thanks to his work on the emotional causes of hypertension and stomach ulcers, became one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine.
In its main book, he summarizes the results of seventeen years of work devoted to the study of the influence of psychological factors on the body's function, on the emergence, course and outcome of the somatic diseases.
Relying on the data of psychiatry, medicine, gestalt-psychology, psychoanalysis, the author talks about the relationship of emotions and diseases of the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, metabolic disorders, sexual disorders, etc., revealing its understanding of the body as an integrated system.
For psychiatrists, psychologists, doctors, students of all listed specialties.

Table of contents
Preface.
Thanks.
Part one
General principles
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 2 The Role of Modern Psychiatry in the Development of Medicine
Chapter 3 Effects of Psychoanalysis on Medicine Development
Chapter 4 Effect of Gestalt-Psychology, Neurology and Endocrinology
Chapter 5 Conversion hysteria, vegetative neurosis and psychogenic organic disorders
Chapter 6 Development of etiological thought
Chapter 7 Methodological considerations related to a psychosomatic approach
Chapter 8 Fundamental Principles of the Psychosomatic Approach
1. Psychogenesis
2. Physiological functions affected by psychological effects
3. The problem of the specificity of emotional factors in case of somatic disorders
4. Personality type and illness
5. The ratio of nerve and hormonal mechanisms
Part two
Emotional factors for various diseases
Introduction
Chapter 9 Emotional factors for gastrointestinal disorders
1. Power disorders. Appetitian disorders
2. Outlets of the act of swallowing
3. Disorders of digestive functions
4. Violations of excretory functions
Chapter 10 Emotional factors in respiratory disorders
Chapter 11 Emotional factors for cardiovascular disorders
1. Cardiac disorders (tachycardia and arrhythmia)
2. Hypertensive disease
3. Vasodepressor fainting
4. Psychogenic headaches and migraine
Chapter 12 Emotional Factors for Skin Diseases
Chapter 13 Emotional factors for metabolic disorders and endocrine disorders
1.Tireotoxicosis
2. Troying
3. Sugar diabetes
Chapter 14 Emotional factors for lesions of joints and skeletal muscles
1. Rheumatoid arthritis
2. Necession to accidents
Chapter 15 Functions of the genital organs and their disorders (Teresa Benedek)
1. Men's sexual functions
2. Women's sexual functions
3. Psychossecual dysfunctions
Chapter 16 Psychotherapy
Bibliography

Father Psychosomatics Franz Gabriel Alexander in the book "Psychosomatic Medicine" in detail and thoroughly talks about the fact that the disease occurs at the junction of three spheres - psychological, physiological and social.

Psychosomatics: how it works

In his opinion, the general scheme looks like this. There are two factors. physiological(weakened by genetics or environmental conditions) and psychological(personality features, internal conflicts And the familiar set of emotions). And then a factor comes to them social(unfavorable situation), and launches the reaction. You can say, the stars agreed.

The most curious here is that the psychological factor is the type of source psycho-emotional conflict - may defend far from the disease itself far in time.

That is, "first there was a word," and the man about him and knew did not know until a kind of shock happened.

It turns out, in a sense that inside each of us there is a sealing bomb of a slower action in the form of two factors - a weakened organ and "nuclear conflict" (from the word "core, center").

Nuclear conflict arises, as a rule, in childhood, as a result of the confrontation of the desires and feelings of the child and the requirements of the family . In general, the strongest intrapersonal conflicts are developing in the conditions of the dependence required for survival, which has a place in childhood.

The child receives some installation from his parents, which calmly hassle himself in the unconscious. Time later, long stress is superimposed on the previously obtained installation, from which the real feelings are suppressed and the disease appears.

Let's now "pay the Alexander" and try to figure out what a "nuclear conflict" stands for one disease. I will try to be brief, as much as possible, because the description and study of each group of diseases in itself is the endless ocean. We will assume that I will show you the "map of the planet" from the satellite.

Skin disease

The skin is both the border of the body and the sense organ. She is - and what protects us, and what we come into contact. Through touch, we can transfer love and tenderness. They can be a source of pain. The skin blues when shame, pale and covered later at a fear, passing us as a bad partisan.

Skin diseases are always problems with contacting and borders.

It is always a conflict message "Touch me - do not touch me."

Somewhere in the depths can be depressed and drawn anger to the closest one. To those who, showing love, broke the boundaries too much or vice versa, cruelly rejected if desired approach.

As an example, a hyper-migratory mother can be given, which constantly not only stroking and caressed the baby, but also unceremoniously managed his things and personal space in more adulthood.

But, since the woman was all the time in gentle and rasament, angry at her was completely impossible, because "she is a mother, and everything is done only for him." At the moments of the next violation of the borders, the teenager felt anger and guilt for this anger at the same time. Realize and express these feelings have not been possible. But at such moments of life, neurodermatitis was particularly strong.

Another polar version is a very busy mother. She always went early, and came when the child was already sleeping. But, if the baby was covered with specks and sores, she stayed at home and smeared his ointment, gently touching warm hands ...

Gastrointestinal and food disorders

Remember the phrase "belly not sore"? The words "belly" and "life" go hand in hand.A child during feeding receives not only Mother's milk, but also heat, attention, care, affection, pleasure and calmness.

If my mother feeds on time, the child feels loved, protected, and he likes life. A long sense of hunger makes angry, and then absorb more with greed than you need. Strong, late, not beloved food or its very large amount is forced to feel disgust, nausea.

Just think about how many feelings are associated with food! The spectrum of psychosomatic diseases is also huge.

Bulimia - insatiable, greed for food, like a metaphor higher lack of love and security. "Eat now, how much will fit, and then it may not be" - as a metaphor of longing for love and attention, rare and insufficient spiritual contact with parents.

ANOREXIA - Food refusal as riot as an extreme way to pay attention. Hunger strike as an expression of anger and resentment. "Maybe at least you pay attention to me, hear, notice me. It was me, and not his expectations and things! ".

Ulcer stomach and duodenal - The disease "people of Western civilization living with aspirations and ambitions", businessmen and hyperships.

"I'm stubborn and independent so much that I cut off the branch on which I sit in order to prove that I can cope with all the difficulties yourself. I will even feed myself myself. Ourselves. "

On the surface - ambition, activity, independence, and in the depths - displaced desire for love and a big insult. This symptom says the following "Once upon a time I really wanted your love and care, but you rejected me in my weakness and noticed only when I was independent. I will never never be weak. I can do everything myself. "

Respiratory disorders

Do I need to talk about the importance of breathing? Smooth and deep, it is associated with freedom, ease and satisfaction. Heavy - with a cargo of experiences, forbids, fear. Stopped - with angrily and indignation. Inhale is filling. Exhalation - emptying, relaxation. Natural continuation of breathing is speech.

Pome the phrase "occurred on the throat of his own song"? People who deprive themselves "the rights of votes often arise colds with various complications.

BUT the basis of bronchial asthma is the conflict between the need for love and the fear of rejection. "Do not approach me so close, you do not give me to breathe. But and far do not go out, I can not without you, "says the child is too disturbing, guarding and demanding mother, who does not give the child to manifest itself naturally, cry where it hurts or hurt (" what are you crying, now calm down! ") , show interest where something new appears.

The need for love and support is strong, but suppressed, because it threatens "stranger", anger is also impossible, since it threatens with a rejection. So there remains asthmatics somewhere in the middle, between the breath and exhalation, due to the increased requirements and expectations, without being able to relax, experiencing attacks of choking.

CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES

"Heart, you don't want to rest ..." Peel, when we fall in love. "Heart man" - we are talking about good and cute. We like them, these spiritual, always smiling people. And we also say "the eyes of blood flooded from rage," and avoid those who show their discontent and openly expresses the evil.

In our world, there is much more profitable in our world than to express their intentions, the desires of power and control. "Girls are not angry", "the boys should be able to keep themselves in their hands." And they grow, and learn to look decent in the eyes of others, to be cute and restrained.

And how to be with anger and indignation? If the child was not taught to express them constructively, to protect their borders to civilized and respect their values, he will learn to suppress anger to be a good, decent person. And the stronger the press of the medium will be, the higher the pressure column will rise.

"I want to be here the main thing, everything is controlled and put you in place. I am very, very angry, but it is not so decent. I have to save good face. So I will smile now, "the hypertensive will tell you. Not words. Tonometer.

Metabolic and endocrine disorders

Have you ever noticed your own development at the time of development itself? Do you have an experience of how saturation occurs or are you encounter with its result in the form of a satiety?

Exchange processes inside the body occur quietly and imperceptibly, showing us only the result:changes in mood and condition, drowsiness or vigor, activity or lethargy.

The detection of the pathology of exchange processes is one of the most complex tasks, because the "exchange process" itself does not hurt. Sometimes a person does not hurt anything at all, and only indirect signs You can determine that something went wrong. The most common diseases of this spectrum is diabetes mellitus, hypo and hyperfunction of the thyroid gland. Psychological factors causing their occurrence are very different from each other.

Hypothyerio

I can not resist the quotation "The thyroid hormone plays an important role in the process of growth. Phylogenetically, it first appears in amphibians, which performs the function of stimulation of metamorphosis.

The artificial introduction of thyroxin accelerates the transition of Salamandra from water existence to the earth, from gill breath to breathing light. The evolutionary transition from water existence to the Earth is due to the development of the thyroid gland. " (F.Alevander, "Psychosomatic Medicine")

So, the thyroid gland is an organ directly related to development. Hypoteriosis is manifested externally as fatigue, lethargy, deterioration of attention and memory. Simply put, a person suddenly ceases to show activity. He literally "hands down". The reason for this can be banal disappointment, the refusal of your dreams. "Why strain and invest vitalityIf your desires are put on the altar of other people's requirements, norms and rules? I declare a sedentary strike. "

Hyperteriosis

Thyroid gland looks like a shield. Therefore, it is called.

The desire to be protected appears in the threat situation.When a man is scared, his heart beats rapidly, sweat palm, motor excitement appears and the metabolism is accelerated. Exactly the same action on the body has an emission of a thyrotropic hormone, which produces "thyroid". According to a psychodynamic approach, hypertheriosis can be provoked by the absence of security, safety senses in childhood and mental injuries.

DIABETES

Literally translates as "Sugar Sugar". Joy and pleasure leave the body without keeping in it. Yes, and from the outside to get them in the form of sweets is not possible. What can lead to such a sad picture? Sadness and maybe. And the chronic stress and conflicts, staying in constant voltage and the experience of self-esteem, in which you can be loved and necessary.

Hunger, fear and sense of emotional abandonment. Here are the feelings that the background is always present in the life of diabetics. A completely some kind of sweet life is obtained.

Diseases of the musculoskeletal system

Movement - life. Run, jump, strive forward, learn, move and act. So the energy and strength manifests itself in man. We like active adults. But the children cause irritation. "Yes, sit down already, do not run, do not turn, calm down. Become a comfortable and obedient. Become managed. "

Tell me, what would you feel if you were put on a "strait shirt"? Perturbation, anger, anger on those who dared to deprive you of freedom.

And what if these outrageously leading themselves are your loving mom and dad? How to be then?

Where to give your destructive impulses?

That's right, in physical activity and constant control. Patience and humility outside, no matter what happens and depressed anger inside is what can be the inner basis of the appearance of rheumatoid arthritis.

Autoimmune diseases

Immunity is designed to protect the body, destroying the harmful micro-objects falling inside. How does the own authorities begin to be perceived as something threatening, requiring suppression, destruction? Everything is simple. You are probably familiar with the erroneous division of emotions on negative and positive. Joy, pleasure, tenderness - we leave. From anger, disgust, envy - get rid of. But my friends do not happen.

Emotional background, as well as hormonal, in person - one. You can not "delete" one without changing the other. If there is a person, then there is a shadow. Diseases of this spectrum arise when a harsh sentence was carried out by one of the own parts of the individual - to destroy.

I want to blame you from instant desire to blame the parents in all my troubles. Believe me, they raised you on the basis of those resources that had. And if they knew how to raise you better, they would certainly have done it. But it all happened as it happened. Supublished

In the article, let's talk about who Franz Gabriel Alexander. Psychosomatic medicine originates from the work of this person. We will talk a little about his biography, but mostly focus on key principles psychosomatics.

about the author

Alexander appeared in the winter in the winter of 1891. It happened in Budapest. The boy was trained in Germany, where he was engaged in Karl Abraham. After years, he was invited to become a professor of psychoanalysis. This made him friend and part-time chapter after that significant event Franz Alexander worked for a long time in the Chicago Institute. Much later, he became a community co-founder for the study of system theory. Note that he was one of the first researchers who began to be part of this group.

The hero of our article is considered an outstanding psychoanalyst with Hungarian roots. And it is also ranked with the creators of psycho-directional criminology and psychosomatic medicine. He died on the day of the female holiday - on March 8. It happened in 1964 in California.

Activity

The name of Dr. Franz Alexandera is inextricably linked with the emergence of psychosomatics. It is he who is considered the founder, because in his works he paid the biggest attention to this issue. He himself reworked the whole experience, which allowed him to nominate the fundamental principles of psychosomatics at the beginning of the last century. He also described his methodology in a detail and argued the need for a mental approach to the interpretation and treatment of many ailments and diseases. In the modern world, his work is recognized as a classic that has had a huge impact on the development of psycho-emotional intelligence in humans.

What is it about?

Franz Gabriel Alexander in the book "Psychosomatic Medicine" outlined its main ideas. But we will try to figure out what psychosomatics is what its basic provisions and what the essence of this teaching.

Note that translated from greek This term is divided into two separate words, namely the "body" and "soul". At the moment, psychosomatics are recognized as a separate direction in medicine and psychology, which is engaged in the search for relationships between psychological reasons and the emergence of certain diseases in the human body. As part of this direction, researchers are looking for various relationships between the individual characteristics of the individual, for example, the characteristics of the constitution, the nature, features of the personality, the style of behavior, a tendency to one or another type of conflicts and diseases to which this person is inclined. Alternative medicine assures that absolutely all diseases that occur in humans are based on some psychological conflicts that arise in thoughts, soul and unconscious.

Ailments

Pretty details of his ideas in the main work outlined Franz Alexander. The principles of psychosomatic medicine and their application are considered in close relationship. So, he allocated some ailments that are absolutely somatic, that is, caused by those or other psychological factors. These are not happy include:

Study of the colon.
Arterial hypertension.
Migraine.
Dizziness.
Panic attacks.
Bronchial asthma.

Modern state of affairs

At the moment, such a branch of knowledge as veterinary psycho-erectology is actively developing. It appeared due to the fact that new modern research methods have become available, they were proposed very interesting ideas from outstanding scientists. This branch of knowledge is engaged in dealing with the relationship between work nervous system and its influence on the organs. As we understand, 80% of key provisions in this discipline are based on the provisions of psychosomatics.

Psychosomatic diseases

In the book of Franz, Alexander "Psychosomatic Medicine" states that psychosomatic agers are those diseases that appear to more due to certain psychological processes that occur with a sick person than due to physiological reasons. At the same time, these types of diseases belong to those that official medicine cannot detect even with the most careful studies. It is also believed that mostly all diseases arise according to the result of such emotional experiences, like longing, feeling of guilt, rage, anxiety.

The reasons

Franz Alexander psychosomatic medicine explored pretty superficially, because he was a hence of this branch of the knowledge. But today there are quite interesting theories and thoughts that are guided by the ideas of Alexander. For example, psychologist L. Lekron allocated several reactions, which, in his opinion, may be the causes of psychosomatic diseases. Consider them in more detail:

Conflict situations. The fact is that conflicts that fight in one person can lead to some symptoms and diseases. Very often, the person's conflict is that the conscious part adhere to one opinion, when the unconscious part of the person adheres to a completely different or even opposite opinion. Because of this, the struggle between conscious and unconscious, which sometimes leads only to the temporary victory of one side or another. But sometimes the unconscious part begins to play not according to the rules, if you can express it, and causes certain ahs. Perhaps the reason is that a person should think and pay attention to some aspects of his life.
Language of the body. Sometimes a person who is at the limit of emotions uses certain words that can in one way or another to influence its body. For example, such phrases like "I do not digest this situation," he creates too much headache"," I can't affect it because my hands are connected ", etc. All of these understandners, which, with due emotion, can influence certain structures of our body, causing rapid breathing or headaches.
Benefit or motivation. This is very interesting variety, the essence of which is that some health problems in one way or another bring a person a certain benefit or motivate it into certain actions. It is known that a person does not understand this consciously. But at an unconscious level, he thus stimulates itself. In this case, everything happens quite real. A person is experiencing real pain and real symptoms, but he reaches certain purposes, which may not be aware of.

Past and identification

Sometimes the cause of the disease can be a difficult experience from the past. Very often causes the diseases of somatic memories of childhood, because this period is the most innocent and unprotected. It is interesting that this can be like a long negative experience and a separate episode that has influenced the unconscious part of the person. Franz Alexander psychosomatic medicine considered as a way to deal with such experience, because he argued that negative thoughtforms have a certain place in the body. If you do not recycle your experience, do not work with it and not transform it into neutral memories, it is sooner or later he will raise his power and cause one or another ailment.

Franz Gabriel Alexander was considering psychosomatic medicine as one of the ways to deal with psychological affection. For example, there is an interesting idea that with a strong connection with another person, that is, when attaching to him and identify itself, it is possible to experience strong malaise with him. The most negative situation happens when this man died or is on the verge of death.

Suggestion and wine

Sometimes a person just begins to believe in his illness, even if it just begins and it can be quite easily avoided. This is happening in cases where an authoritative doctor or a representative of alternative medicine, whom a person really trusts. Then he just accepts the idea that he is very sick, and stops any criticism. Thus, the thought form is immediately transferred to the unconscious person and has an impact on it.

Sometimes pain may arise due to the fact that a person feels guilty for something and decides to punish himself. He does not understand this consciously, but unconsciously does everything in order to experience a certain sentence. It helps easier to move the feeling of guilt, but very much complicates ordinary life man and often pounds him into depression.

Treatment

Franz Alexander psychosomatic medicine offered to be considered in a complex with official science. So, he believed that psychosomatic diseases should be treated with psychotherapy and some medicines. In the modern world, representatives of alternative medicine are treated with antidepressants, tranquilizers, as well as psychotherapy. Note that very often psychosomatics are confused with hypochondria. The main difference is that psychosomatic patients really feel real symptoms and the disease can progress, while hypochondricks experience only illusory symptoms.

So, we understood what the principles of psychosomatic medicine formulated by Franz are being built. Reviews on the application of these principles allow us to look at the situation comprehensively and make a personal opinion about it. Each person has its own flair, as well as analytical thinking, which will tell him whether there is a grain of truth in these statements.

To date, quite a large number of people are made to the fact that they are talking about psychosomatics, not really knowing even who was the founder of this direction. That is why if you are interested this topicBetter consult to the classic work of the hero of our article. It will help to explore the topic from the inside, analyze the information and critically comprehend it, so as not to get caught on the tricks of modern drugs.

Psychosomatics - Direction of psychology, exploring the relationship between mental experiences and bodily reactions of the body. The disease carries us this or that symbolic message - you only need to learn how to understand the language on which she speaks with us through their symptoms.

Psychosomatic diseases are diseases, the causes of which are to greater extremely mental processes of the patient than anyone directly physiological reasons. If a medical examination cannot detect the physical or organic cause of the disease, the disease is classified as psychosomatic.

Psychosomatic approach It begins when the patient ceases to be only a carrier of the patient organ and is considered integrity. Then the psychosomatic direction can be considered as an opportunity "healing". The main goal is to find connections in time between the beginning of somatic manifestations and reliable life situations.

All methods and methods of work are aimed at turning the energy, sensations and experiences that are blocked in simtomy. Those directly in the client's body. On the study of ways to interact it with the world around the disease. Search and formation of new, healthy manifestations through indisitation, feeling, feelings, finding an object and action.

Psychosomatics helps:

find the root of the problem of psychosomatic disorder;
hear and understand the signals of your own body;
learn to express depressed emotions and feelings;
openly talk about your needs;
build relationships healthy waywithout using symptoms.
understand the causes of diseases of your loved ones;
realize than the disease is beneficial for you;
learn to cope with the symptoms of the disease independently;
allow unresolved life situations do not pain.
learn to speak and hear people close to you;
help your children build healthy relationships and be healthy;
live more filled and creative life.

From the history of psychosomatics:

Psychosomatics - "Psychosomatic" in translation from the Greek means "Psycho" - a soul and "Soma, Somatos" - body. The close interconnection of mental and somatic is seen and studied over several centuries, since the times of Hippocrates and Aristotle. This term introduced into medicine in 1818. The German psychiatrist Johann Heinrot, who was the first to speak that negative emotionremaining in memory or regularly repeated in the life of a person, poisoning to him the soul and undermines physical health. From the works of Z. Freud at the end of the 19th - early 20th centuries, the systematic study of the mutual influence of the psyche and body in the picture of the disease begins. He, as it is known, argued that the memories depressed as a result of mental injury and the mental energy associated with them can manifest itself in somatic symptoms. Freud also indicated that the "somatic readiness" is an important influence - a physical factor that matters to "the choice of the body"

The term "psychosomatic" finally accounted for in medicine thanks to Viennese psychoanalystics (Doych 1953), and since that time, psychosomatic medicine has been designated as "applied psychoanalysis in medicine." A huge contribution to the study and development of psychosomatics was made by Doych, Flanders Dunbar, Franz Alexander, Adler, Sondi ...

Franz Alexander (Franz Alexander, 01/22/1891 - 03/08/1964) Hungarian-American psychoanalyst. One of the creators of psychosomatic medicine, the founder and leader of the Chicago School of Psychoanalysis. Professor of the Clinical Psychiatry of South California University (1957). Winner of Freud (1921) of the International Psychoanalytic Association and other scientific awards and differences. President of the American Psychological Association (1938). Chief Editor "Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine" (1939). President of the American Society Research in Psychosomatic Problems (1947). Author of more than 120 articles. "Psychoanalysis of a whole personality", 1927; "psychoanalytic therapy", 1946, in the author. with T. Franch; "Basics of psychoanalysis", 1948; "Psychosomatic medicine. Its principles and application ", 1950; "Dynamic Psychiatry", 1952, in the author. Since Ross; "History of Psychiatry", 1966, in the author. With Sh. Selestik. In Russian translation "Man and his soul: knowledge and healing from antiquity and to the present day", 1995, etc.

Franz Alexander graduated from the University of Budapest Faculty of Budapest (1913). Explored a wide circle of various psychological problems, including the negative consequences of raising children in exorbitant rigor or pampering. He studied and tipped emotional conflicts. During World War I, Alexander was a military doctor (1914 - 1918). After the war, he took up psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, worked as an assistant in the neuropsychiatric clinic of Budapest University (1919 - 1920). Alexander worked and taught at the Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute (1924-1925), where he practiced along with standard abbreviated copies of psychoanalytic therapy.

Alexander formulated the principle and created a model of a "corrective emotional experience", according to which psychoanalyst can consciously and actively regulate their own emotional reactions and direct their impact on the patient in order to confront it with unproductive installations.

Franz Alexander interpreted neuroses of obsessive states, conversion hysteria and manic-depressive psychosis as various forms of violation of the interaction between the repressive functions of the ego and displaced entrepreneurs.

Alexander carried out the distinction between the concepts of "guilt" and the "sense of shame" on their emotional content and functional results. In 1930, he was invited to read lectures at the University of Chicago, where he became the first professor of psychoanalysis. Soon moved to the United States and in 1932 organized and headed by the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis, which was led to 1956

Franz Alexander founded the first psychosomatically-oriented psychoanalytic laboratory, where, together with his colleagues, he studied and described conflict patterns of diseases manifested in various types of personality, studied social disorganization and a number of criminological problems. In the late 40s - early 50s. Alexander developed and systematized the ideas of psychosomatics. He became one of the founders of psychosomatic medicine. Developed a functional identity theory, in the boundaries of which installed four main functions of the personality:

perception of subjective needs (internal perception);
perception of information of the surrounding world (external perception or "a sense of reality");
integration of external and internal perceptions (entrying action planning to meet the subjective needs);
control of arbitrary motor behavior (executive function "I").

Alexander fulfilled the cycle of work on the emotional reasons for the emergence of hypertension and stomach ulcers, which are considered a classics of psychosomatics and psychosomatic medicine. Since 1956, for a number of years, he was the director of the Psychiatric and Psychosomatic Research Institute in Los Angeles. Considered the leading US psychoanalyst.

"The term" psychosomatics "should be used only for illustration methodological approach In the study and therapy, which means simultaneous and agreed use of somatic - that is, physiological, anatomical, pharmacological, surgical and dietary - methods and concepts, on the one hand, and psychological methods and concepts - on the other. The emphasis here is placed on the expression "coordinated use", showing that two methods are used in the conceptual basis of the causal sequences. " Alexander Psychosomatic medicine.

Psychosomatics therapists:

I, as a former health care, I want to help customers not fall into the hospital. Learn to listen to signals of your body and do not postpone your symptoms for later.

Personally, my understanding of bodily reactions helps to stop the development of symptoms.

There are good results in working with panic attacks, with migraines, with pain of different location, with gynecological problems.

For me, psychosomatics is the probability of meeting with inner world A person with his hidden resources, with its ways to interact, with his secret desires to be seen, heard, recognized. Meetings with his inability, with his desire to change their lives and their world, become healthier!