Types of monarchy: concepts and classic signs. Constitutional monarchy: examples of countries. Countries with constitutional monarchy: list

We all know that there are various forms of government management, including monarchy. And what is the monarchy, and what, for example, the power of the English Queen differs from the power of the Oman Sultan? We will try to tell you in detail about it.

Monarchy: What is it?

The monarchy is called one of the forms of government management, in which the supreme power in it is partially or fully belong (formally or real) the monarch is the sole chapter of this state. Monarch (Sultan, Shah, Emperor, King, King, etc.) usually receives power inheritance and rules for life.

Based on the above definition, the following main signs of the monarchy can be distinguished:

Supreme Power in the state belongs to one person;
This power is obtained and is inherited, on the principle of blood;
Power belongs to the monarch for life;
The monarch personifies the historical continuity, the unity of the nation, tradition and represents its country in the international arena.

Even in those countries where the power of the monarch is limited by the Constitution and it does not actually manage the country, it is still a personification of the supreme state power.

Types of monarchy

In terms of the volume of restrictions, the monarchy is divided into several types: absolute, constitutional, parliamentary and dualistic.

What is an absolute monarchy?

With the absolute monarchy, the power of the monarch is not limited. All authorities are subordinated to him. States with absolute monarchy are Qatar, Oman, the Principality of the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia.

What is a constitutional monarchy?

With this state management state, the power of the monarch is limited to the Constitution, traditions or unwritten rules. The constitutional monarchy, in turn, is divided into two forms:

Parliamentary monarchy. With this form of the monarchy, the monarch fulfills a representative function and does not have real power. The government is subordinated to the Parliament, and not the formal chapter of the state is a monarch. Currently, States with parliamentary monarchy are Sweden, Denmark, United Kingdom.
Dualistic monarchy. it special view The constitutional monarchy, in which the power of the monarch is limited to both the Parliament and the Constitution. Monarch has the right to benefit independent solutions Within the framework provided to him. This form government controlled Currently, there is in Liechtenstein, Monaco, Kuwait, Jordan, Morocco.

Advantages and disadvantages of the monarchy

The monarchy as a state management form has the following advantages:

From early childhood, the monarch is raised as the future head of state. It develops the necessary character necessary for this quality.
The change of power does not affect the interests of some individuals. This ensures that the person will not come to power for whom it is an end in itself.
Any monarch wants to leave their heirs (son, daughters) a strong, prosperous state.
Monarchy provides unity of power, and therefore makes it more durable.
The position of the monarch is much higher than the position of any party. And therefore the monarch is not a biased political figure.
Monarchy provides best conditions For long-term reforms.
After the death of the monarch, his successor is always known, which significantly reduces the risk of political upheavals.

The shortcomings of the monarchy are:

Monarch is not responsible for anyone for the decisions made. This may lead to mistaken solutions that do not meet the interests of the country.
A monarch can become a person who is not able to fully manage the state, for example, a child.
Monarch is largely dependent on its environment.
The death of a monarch, who has no children can lead to the development of a severe political crisis in the country.
The position of the monarch over the law makes all the population dependent on the will of its ruler, in fact, displeasure.

The content of the article

MONARCHY, the form of a board characterized by one-chosenist, usually transmitted by inheritance. At the breeding stage in many primitive societies, famous anthropologists today, the monarchical principle is expressed at the Chief Institute. Any kind of individual leadership among people has to some extent a monarchical nature, but in practice it is necessary to distinguish the freely elected leader, whose influence is based on the ability to express the Group's consent, and the leader, the power of which relies on the custom, tradition, the right, support of the clergy or any Another foundation other than voluntary cooperation. Monarchic is only the second rule of power; The decisive difference is how the personality domination is recognized whether it is being adopted by the spontaneous (leadership) or the institutional establishment (monarchy), allowing a separate person to use the authorities regardless of his personal qualities. Thus, one of the main criteria is whether the ruler should deserve his chair or throne.

Almost all monarchies in history were hereditary, and to such an extent that the applicants were not checked for suitability to the Board, but on legitimacy, i.e. On the origin in a straight line from the right family. This does not contradict the fact that new dynasties usually resort to the seizure of power, because then, as a rule, the relevant genealogical documents are carefully facilitated or a connection is established, through marriage or adoption, with the old dynasty. At its very nature, the monarchy looks extremely adapted to the needs of society, closely related to traditions, and this is confirmed by the fact that the kings often performed, except for the responsibilities of manual and management, a variety of priestly and symbolic functions. Most monarchs sought to approve and support the folk faith in the divine origin of the throne and their families. Reduced prestige and power of monarchs Recently, partly reflects the growth of the worldly orientation of modern civilization.

In 19, 20 and 21 centuries. Many monarchies managed to adapt to the changed conditions and become the symbolic embodiments of the cultural unity of their peoples. Religious sanction to some extent replaced the powerful psychological imperative of the national feeling.

As for the possibility of supporting monarchy institutes, arising from loyalty to economic and social dogmas, here there are no convincing examples. Modern totalitarian dictators demonstrate something close, but they are based on the personal qualities of an attractive leader. In addition, the problem of establishing legitimacy is solved by a new way that is completely non-associated with the appeal to the historical precedent, which is essential for the monarchy. Inheritance is another important criterion for the existence of monarchist institutes, and on it also lack experience that one could justify the judgment about the possibility of regular inheritance in modern dictatorship. Finally, the regime where everyone who takes the highest post is a usurper, as it has so far, it can hardly correspond to the principle of legitimacy.

The origin of the monarchy.

The origins of the monarchy are found in the distant past, before the emergence of writing and chronicle history. Mythology and folklore of all countries are narrated by the kings, attributing them the legendary manifestations of valor, piety, foresight and justice, or - quite often - actions of the opposite property. The stereotypes of the King Warrior, a sinless monarch, a royal legislator and the Supreme Proud of a variety of roles that the kings were called upon to fulfill.

What of these roles can be distinguished as paramount or decisive in the event of a prehistoric monarchy - the subject of long debates. Some believed that the catalyst was a military function, and leadership in the war, it was worth stopping the battles, usually led to the assignment of priests, judicial, economic and other functions. Some confirmation of this point of view can be found in both the ancient and modern primitive peoples in a certain tendency, during the crisis, separate leaders or rulers of emergency power - for example, in the threat of an internal split or external attack. So there was a reign in ancient Sparta, and dictatorship in the Roman Republic, and the powers of military time at modern democratic leaders discover this trend.

Since the kings, under the pretext of national defense, got access to new sources of income, they were not too hurried to free themselves from them, returning to a peaceful life. In France, the first royal permanent army appeared after graduating from a century of war, when the wandering gangs of former soldiers began to submit such a threat that the king had to hire a part of them for permanent service to suppress the rest. For monarchs, it was quite logical and naturally use new resources, financial and military to keep in a reverent fear of their own powerful subjects - feudal milk. Urban middle class In general, he welcomed the strengthening of royal power, because it brought a number of advantages, for them especially attractive: the growth of public order and security of the individual and property; more uniformity in legal norms, chasing money, measures and scales; cheaper and reliable justice; support for merchants in other people's edges; Favorable opportunities for commerce (for example, deliveries to the royal army forms and equipment, equipping the royal fleet or the collection of royal taxes).

For its part, the king was glad to take advantage of the money and the mind of his subjects from the middle class, because in this way he could free himself from traditional restrictions, for example, a feudal idea that "the king should live on income from his place." In addition, the new royal civil service needed hundreds of employees, and people prepared in the office of merchants could now supplement or replace the clergy as a source of replenishment of rows of competent bureaucrats. Thus, an effective union arose or even symbiosis in relations between the kings of the new time, striving to increase its power, and their burghers who were looking for ways to increase their wealth. It is on this collaboration that often spontaneous and unintentional, built the absolutism of the monarchies at the beginning new story. Naturally, other circumstances, sometimes a local or personal nature, also played a well-known role.

Economic factors B. Western Europe . Conditions in this region especially favored the consolidation of the monarchy in the 16th and 17th centuries. It was the era of research and discoveries, expansion and colonization - activities that increased the advantages of countries with energetic and concentrated management. Sea expeditions were dangerous and expensive, international rivalry - sharp, so that financial support and the assistance of the king were vital. , Spain, France and England found that their monarchical institutions are very suitable for promoting the discoveries and exploitation of new lands, and the dynasties of these countries were pretty fell out of participation in such activities. Some Dutch were the people who acquired a colony with the Republican form of the Board, and deserves attention to the fact that they took advantage of the benefits. small territory, commercial efficacy and cultural homogeneity in a much greater extent than any of their monarchical rivals. For the same reasons, the Dutch did not too much in need of politics aimed at building a state economy, which was called differently: mercantilism, ethcticism, counsels or - by the name of its greatest French representative of Jean-Batista Kolbera - Kolbertism. Although for purposes and methods, you can find a set of variations, the main task in the mercantilistic art of the control was the growth of the prosperity and wealth of the Corolnic Citiza, necessary in order for the king to collect more taxes.

Military and religious factors in Central Europe . The growth of centralized absolutism here was less depended on economic factors than from political, religious and military. The situation as a focus against the Turks contributed to monarchical consolidation with and simplified transformation and Bohemia to the hereditary kingdoms. Absolutism was also powerful moved to Protestant and the last century after its religious wars occur. And other leaders of Protestantism transferred the functions of the eradication of church abuses by local princes as divinely appointed shepherds, and Luther, in particular, preached the complete obedience to the princely power. In and Scandinavia, the kings and princes used the reformation for confiscation ("secularization") of the property of the church and monasteries, oppression and feudal opposition in cities and among the nobility, as well as to replace Catholic bishops with new and more submissive clergy. In England, acted in many respects, although it was not so radical.

Absolute monarchy.

In the Catholic, as in Protestant countries, the most acute conflicts took place in a strongly encouraging concentration of power in the monarch. (In terms, it can be noted that after the Trent Cathedral of the mid-16th century. The papacy has sharply strengthened his monarchical power.) A fighter war in France between Protestants - Huguenots and Catholics first brought the monarchy to the actual powerlessness, but then the opposition to religious straight helps to recover royal powers and expand them with cardinal. (1648), which provided the sovereign rights of peace and war by the German states of the Holy Roman Empire, accelerated the transition from the medieval Christian world (Respublica Christiana) to the territorial absolutism, which became already natural in Germany, as in the lands of the Habsburgs. The somewhat energetic states, including France and Brandenburg, ended the war, not only increasing the territory, but also with significant internal structural improvements, suggested by the needs and capabilities of war.

Theory of absolutism . Political theory reflected a new dominant role of territorial lords. Royal lawyers did not slow down to refer to the Roman Imperial Jurisprudence - especially for the wording from the Code - to substantiate the claims of their owners on the "complete power" (Potense Potestatis) and the approval of the thesis that "the king is the emperor in his possessions" (Est Imperator in Regno SUO) . No subjects, as stated, could not legal grounds oppose the will of the king. Such theories reached the highest point in absolutist philosophy and Benedict Spinoza, although their extreme views had probably less influence compared to more moderate doctrines, Barona Pufendorf and. The divine law of kings argued with repulsive pedanticism and extraordinary tactlessness in England, as well as with great eloquence and success - the bishop in France of the end of the 17th century, but this approach was no longer a widely recognized substantive of the monarchy.

Taking advantage of the Roman law, the theory of the public contract and the divine right, the kings did not hurry to discard the generic concept of their reign. In accordance with it, the kingdom and all of its wealth belongs to the monarch as a generic ownership (passing to the descendants of the owner), which he has the right to dispose at his own discretion, and only by his grace individuals and corporate associations can enjoy the conditional possession of their property.

Centralized administration . In practice, the kings rarely tried to apply this concept literally, as they did not make a systematic effort to destroy all other government centers in their possessions. More often, as in France, the former feudal and corporate institutions persisted, albeit in weakened forms, and were used in the necessary king of goals. This was achieved by their submission of a new centralized administration, the key figure of which was the intensity sent to its province as a representative of the king and the complete power. It was significant that the initiants were not chosen from the highest nobility, but were "new people", fully dependent on the favor of royal power. Many of these officials were enlightened administrators with first-class abilities, they did a lot to the prosperity of their districts; This is especially true of France and Prussia.

Despite the authoritarian methods established in the administration, the absolute monarch usually did not conduct fundamental changes in the judiciary, even if, as in the French parliaments, among judges who represented the selfish interests of privileged classes, there was a strong resistance to royal reform events. This is partly due to the fact that with the absolute monarchy of the pre-revolutionary French, judicial positions usually bought and transferred inheritance, creating, thus, the right of ownership that the royal power was not solved to break and had no funds to smash. Monarchs also held back fear seem despotic, and this consideration was actually stronger with the spread of the liberal ideas of the 18th century.

Enlightened despot . Ironically, some of the most capable and dedicated monarchs of the new time of the new time ruled in the 18th century, when the whole theory and practice of the absolute monarchy underwent a critical revision and attacks. England has already shown an example, resolutely replacing the absolutism of a limited monarchy, the power in which focused mainly in the highest secondary class, which controlled the parliament. Not so rapid development of capitalism on the continent, especially east of the Rhine, restrained the growth of aggressive movements of the middle class. So the most energetic pressure in the direction of modernization was provided by royal power. In Prussia and in with reinforced energy and consistency, the policies of their predecessors continued. In Austria and Karl III, in Spain, they also strived to improve the efficiency and honesty of the administration and paid more attention to the well-being of the people.

The goals of "enlightened despots" (but not always their methods) were generally approved by the French philosophers of enlightenment, which, like Plato, believed that the marriage of wisdom with the authorities should be at the light of the greatest benefit. With enthusiasm praised Friedrich, and French physiocrats associated the implementation of their economic ideals with the rule of "legal despot". One performed for the restoration of the "intermediate power" of the late Middle Ages. The philosophers reproached and mainly for the fact that they failed to enlighten the use of absolute power to eradicate abuses, stale anachronism and special privileges that prevented the development of the French economy and society.

Exist in the modern world? Where on the planet countries still drive kings and sultans? Look answers to these questions in our article. In addition, you will learn what constitutional monarchy is. Examples of the countries of this form of the Board you will also find in this publication.

The main forms of government in the modern world

To date, it is known about the two main models of public administration: monarchical and republican. Under the monarchies imply such a form of government at which power belongs to one personality. This may be the king, the emperor, Emir, Prince, Sultan, etc. The second distinctive feature of the monarchist building is the process of transmitting this power to inheritance (and not according to the results of nationwide elections).

Today there are absolute, theocratic and constitutional monarchies. The republic (second form of government) is more common in the modern world: there are about 70%. The republican state management model suggests the election of the supreme authorities of the Parliament and (or) president.

The most famous planet monarchies: United Kingdom, Denmark, Norway, Japan, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates (UAE). Examples of countries - Republics: Poland, Russia, France, Mexico, Ukraine. However, in this article, we are interested only in countries with a constitutional monarchy (a list of these states you will find below).

Monarchy: Absolute, Theocratic, Constitutional

Monarchic countries (in total in the world about 40) are three types. It may be theocratic, absolute and constitutional monarchy. Consider briefly features each of them, and let's stop in detail on the latter.

In absolute monarchies, the entire fullness of power is concentrated in the hands of one person. He takes absolutely all decisions by implementing the inner and foreign Policy of his country. The brightest example Such a monarchy can be called Saudi Arabia.

In the theocratic monarchy, power belongs to the Higher Church (spiritual) minister. The only example of such a country is the Vatican, where the Pope of Roman is the absolute authority for the population. True, some researchers belong to theocratic monarchies of Brunei and even the Great Britain. After all, it is no secret that british Queen At the same time is the head of the church.

Constitutional monarchy is ...

The constitutional monarchy is the model of state reign, in which the power of the monarch is significantly limited.

Sometimes he may be completely deprived of supreme powers. In this case, the monarch is only a formal figure, a certain symbol of the state (such as in the UK).

All these legal restrictions on the monarch authorities are usually displayed in the Constitution of a specific state (where and the name of this form of state reign).

Types of constitutional monarchy

Modern constitutional monarchies can be parliamentary or dualistic. In the first government is formed by the country's parliament, before which it is reported. In the dualistic constitutional monarchies, ministers appoints (and removes) the monarch himself. For parliament, only the right of some veto remains.

It is worth noting that the separation of countries in the republic and the monarchy is sometimes somewhat conditional. After all, even the most particular aspects of the continuity of power may be observed (appointment of relatives and friends to important state posts). This applies to Russia, Ukraine and even the United States.

Constitutional monarchy: examples of countries

To date, 31 states of the world can be attributed to constitutional monarchies. The third part of them is located in Western and Northern Europe. About 80% of all constitutional monarchies in the modern world are parliamentary, and only seven - dualistic.

Listed below are all countries with a constitutional monarchy (list). The brackets indicates the region in which the state is located:

Luxembourg (Western Europe).
Liechtenstein (Western Europe).
Monaco Principality (Western Europe).
Great Britain (Western Europe).
Netherlands (Western Europe).
Belgium (Western Europe).
Denmark (Western Europe).
Norway (Western Europe).
Sweden (Western Europe).
Spain (Western Europe).
Andorra (Western Europe).
Kuwait (Middle East).
UAE (Middle East).
Jordan (Middle East).
Japan (East Asia).
Cambodia (Southeast Asia).
Thailand (Southeast Asia).
Bhutan (Southeast Asia).
Australia (Australia and Oceania).
New Zealand (Australia and Oceania).
Papua - New Guinea (Australia and Oceania).
Tonga (Australia and Oceania).
Solomon Islands (Australia and Oceania).
Canada (North America).
Morocco (North Africa).
Lesotho (South Africa).
Grenada (Caribbean).
Jamaica (Caribbean region).
Saint Lucia (Caribbean region).
Saint Kitts and Nevis (Caribbean region).
Saint Vincent and Grenadines (Caribbean region).

On the map, all these countries are marked in green.

Constitutional monarchy - the ideal form of government?

There is an opinion that the constitutional monarchy is the key to the stability and welfare of the country. Is it so?

Of course, the constitutional monarchy is not able to automatically solve all the problems that arise before the state. However, it is ready to offer society a certain political stability. Indeed, in such countries, the constant struggle for power (imaginary or real) is missing a priori.

The constitutional monarchical model has a number and other advantages. As practice shows, it was in such states that they managed to build the world's best social security systems in the world. And the speech here is not only about the countries of the Scandinavian Peninsula.

You can take, for example, the same countries of the Persian Gulf (UAE, Kuwait). They have much less oil than in the same Russia. However, over several decades, from poor countries, the population of which was engaged exclusively by grazing in oases, they were able to turn into successful, prosperous and fully consisting of the state.

The most famous constitutional monarchies of the world: United Kingdom, Norway, Kuwait

Great Britain is one of the most famous parliamentary monarchies on the planet. (as well as formally 15 more countries of the Commonwealth) is the Queen of Elizabeth Second. However, it is not necessary to think that it is a figury purely symbolic. The British Queen has a significant right to dissolve parliament. In addition, it is she who is the commander-in-chief of the British troops.

The Norwegian king is also the head of its state, according to the Constitution, which has been operating since 1814. If you quote this document, then Norway is a "free monarchist state with a limited and hereditary form of the Board." Moreover, initially the king had broader powers, which were gradually narrowed.

Another parliamentary monarchy since 1962 is Kuwait. The role of the head of state is played by the EMir, who has broad powers: he dismisses the parliament, signs laws, appoints the government head; He will command the troops of Kuwait. It is curious that in this amazing country, women are absolutely equal in their political rights with men, which is atpicious for the states of the Arab world at all.

Finally

Now you know what a constitutional monarchy is. Examples of countries are present on all continents of the planet, except Antarctica. This is the gray-haired wealthy states of old women, and young rich

Is it possible to say that the most optimal form of government in the world is the constitutional monarchy? Examples of countries - successful and highly developed - fully confirm this assumption.

In the modern world there is a little more than 230 countries and self-governing territories with international status. Of these, only 41 states have a monarchical form of government, not counting several dozen territories under the rule of the British crown.

It would seem that in the modern world a clear advantage on the side of republican states. But upon closer examination, it turns out that these countries are mostly owned by the third world and were formed as a result of the colonial system decay.

Often those created on colonial administrative borders, these states are very unstable formations. They can be crushed and modified, which can be seen, for example, in Iraq. They are covered by incessant conflicts as a significant number of Africa countries. And it is completely obvious not to the category of advanced states.

Today monarchy - This is an extremely flexible and long-sided system in the range from a tribal form, successfully operating in the Arab States of the Middle East, to the monarchical version of the democratic state in many European countries.

Here is a list of states with monarchical build and territories under their crown:

Europe

Andorra - Co-Princes Nicolas Sarkozy (from 2007) and Joan Enric Viveves and Sisilla (C 2003)

Belgium - King Albert II (from 1993)

Vatican - Pope Benedict XVI (from 2005)

United Kingdom - Queen Elizabeth II (from 1952)

Denmark - Queen Margrenet II (from 1972)

Spain - King Juan Carlos I (from 1975)

Liechtenstein - Prince Hans Adam II (since 1989)

Luxembourg G. Great Duke Henri (from 2000)

Monaco - Prince Albert II (from 2005)

Netherlands - Queen Beatrix (from 1980)

Norway - King Harald V (since 1991)

Sweden - King Karl XVI Gustav (from 1973)

Asia

Bahrain - King Hamad Ibn Isa Al-Khalifa (from 2002, Emir in 1999-2002)

Brunei - Sultan Hassanal Bolkhah (from 1967)

Bhutan - King Dzhigme Kzezar Namgyal Wangchuk (since 2006)

Jordan - King Abdullah II (since 1999)

Cambodia - King Nodod Siamoni (from 2004)

Qatar - Emir Hamad Bin Califa Al-Tanya (since 1995)

Kuwait - Emir Sabah Al-Ahmed Al-Jaber AS-Sabah (since 2006)

Malaysia - King Mizan Zaistal Abidin (since 2006)

United Arab Emirates of the UAE - President of Khalifa Ben Zaid An-Nahayan (from 2004)

Oman - Sultan Cabs Ben Said (from 1970)

Saudi Arabia- King Abdullah Ibn Abdel Aziz AS-Saud (from 2005)

Thailand - the king of the pumipon ADULADES (from 1946)

Japan - Emperor Akihito (since 1989)

Africa

Lesotho - King Letasti III (from 1996, first time in 1990-1995)

Morocco - King Mohammed VI (since 1999)

Swaziland - MSUTI III King (since 1986)

Oceania

Tonga - King George Stupid V (since 2006)

Dominions

In the dominiones, or the kingdom of the Commonwealth, the head is the monarch of Great Britain, presented by the Governor-General.

America

Antigua and Barbuda Antigua and Barbuda

Bahamas Bahamas Islands

Barbados

Saint Vincent and Grenadines

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

Oceania

Australia

New Zealand

Papua New Guinea

Solomon islands

The first place in the number of countries with monarchical statehood holds Asia. This is progressive and democratic Japan. Muslim world leaders - Saudi Arabia, Brunei, Kuwait, Qatar, Jordan, Bahrain, Oman. Two monarchical confederations - Malaysia and the United Arab Emirates. And also - Thailand, Cambodia, Bhutan.

Second place belongs to Europe. The monarchy here is represented not only by a limited form - in countries occupying a leading position in UES (United Kingdom, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, etc.). But also the absolute form of government - in the "Dwarfs" states: Monaco, Liechtenstein, Vatican.

The third place is behind the countries of Polynesia, and the fourth of Africa, where only three full-fledged monarchies are preserved: Morocco, Lesotho, Swaziland plus a few hundred "tourist".

Nevertheless, a number of republican countries are forced to put up with the presence of traditional local monarchical or tribal formations on their territory, and even consolidate their rights to the Constitution. These should be attributed to: Uganda, Nigeria, Indonesia, Chad and others. Even countries such as India and Pakistan, who have abolished the sovereign rights of local monarchs (Khanov, Sultanov, Raj, Magaraj) in the early 70s of the 20th century, are often forced to make the existence of these rights, which is called de Facto. Governments turn to the authority of the owners of monarchical rights in resolving regional religious, ethnic, cultural disputes and other conflict situations.

Stability and welfare

Of course, the monarchy does not automatically solve all social, economic and political problems. But, nevertheless, it can provide a well-known stability and equilibrium in the political, social and national structure of society. That is why even those countries where it exists is not rushing from the monarchy, where it is exclusively nominally, say, Canada or Australia.

The political elite of these countries mostly understands how important it is for equilibrium in society, so that the Supreme Power be a priori is fixed in one hands and political circles did not be opposition for it, but worked in the name of the interests of the entire nation.

Moreover, historical experience shows that the world's best social security systems are built in monarchical states. And it is not only about the monarchies of Scandinavia, where even the Soviet Agitprop in the monarchical Sweden managed to find the option of "socialism with human person" Such a system is built in modern countriesah Persian Gulf, where oil is often much smaller than in some fields of the Russian Federation.

Despite this, in 40-60 years since independence, the countries of the Persian Gulf, without revolution and civil wars, the liberalization of everything and everything, without utopian social experiments, in a tight, sometimes absolutist, political system, in the absence of parliamentarism and the Constitution, when all the country's subsoil belongs to one ruling family, from poor Bedouins, grazing camels, the majority of the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and other neighboring states turned into quite wealthy citizens.

Without deepening in endless transfer of the advantages of the Arab social system, only a few strokes can be given. Any citizen of the country has the right to free medical care, Including the one that turns out to be in any, even the most expensive, clinic located in any country of the world.

Also, any citizen of the country has the right to free training, coupled with free content, in any higher educational institution of the world (Cambridge, Oxford, Yel, Sorbonne). Young families at the expense of the state is provided with housing. The monarchies of the Persian Gulf are truly social states in which all conditions have been created for the progressive growth of the welfare of the population.

By turning from the flowering Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar on their neighbors in the Persian Bay and the Arabian Peninsula, who refused due to a number of reasons from the monarchy (Yemen, Iraq, Iran), we will see a barrier difference in the internal climate of these states.

Who bonded the unity of the people?

As historical experience shows, in multinational states, the country's integrity is primarily associated with the monarchy. This we see in the past, on the example Russian Empire, Austria-Hungary, Yugoslavia, Iraq. Coming to replace the monarchist regime, as it was, for example, in Yugoslavia and Iraq, no longer possesses the authority and is forced to resort to the cruelings that were not peculiar to the monarchic management system.

With the slightest weakening of this regime, the state, as a rule, is doomed to the collapse. So it was with Russia (USSR), we are seeing in Yugoslavia and Iraq. The abolition of the monarchy in a number of modern countries would inevitably lead to the cessation of their existence of both multinational, uniform states. This primarily applies to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia.

Thus, the year 2007 clearly showed that in the conditions of the parliamentary crisis, which arose due to national contradictions of Flemish and Wallian politicians, only the authority of the King of Belgians Albert II resist Belgium from the collapse of two or even more independent state entities. In the Little language of Belgium, a joke was even born that the unity of her people fasten only three things - beer, chocolate and king. Whereas the cancellation of the monarchist building in 2008, this state in the chain of political crises and permanent civil confrontation was commissioned in Nepal.

The second half of the XX century gives us several successful examples of the return of peoples who have experienced the era of instability, civil wars and other conflicts, to the monarchical form of the board. The most famous and, undoubtedly, in many ways good example - This is Spain. Past through a civil war, the economic crisis and the right dictatorship, she returned to the monarchical form of the board, taking a worthy place among the family of European peoples.

Other example was Cambodia. Also, monarchical regimes at the local level were restored in Uganda, after the fall of the dictatorship of Marshal Idi Amin (1928-2003), and in Indonesia, which, after the departure of General Mohammed-Khoja Sukto (1921-2008), is experiencing the insisted monarchical renaissance. One of the local Sultanates was restored in this country after two centuries, after he was destroyed by the Dutch.

Restrastruor ideas are quite strong and Europe, first of all, this belongs to the Balkan countries (Serbia, Montenegro, Albania and Bulgaria), where many politicians, public and spiritual figures constantly have to speak out on this occasion, and in some cases support chapters Royal houses, former in exile.

This proves the experience of King Albania Leki, a little bit of armed coup, and the stunning successes of the Tsar of Bulgaria Simeon, who created his own national movement, called him named, who was able to become the country's prime minister and is currently the leader of the largest opposition party. In the parliament of Bulgaria, which entered the coalition government.

Among the currently existing monarchies are a lot of frankly absolutist in their essence, although forced, bringing tribute to the time, fall into the clothes of popular representation and democracy. European monarchs in most cases do not even use data to them by the Constitution of Law.

And here the principality of Liechtenstein is covered in a special place on the map of Europe. Sixty years ago, it was a large village, in a ridiculous accident, gained independence. However, now, thanks to the activities of Prince Franz Joseph II and his son and successor of Prince Hans Adam II, this is one of the largest business and financial centers, who managed to not succumb to the ambassadors about the creation of a "United European House", to defend its sovereignty and an independent look at its own state device.

The stability of the political and economic systems of the majority of monarchical countries makes them not only not outdated, but progressive and attractive, causes them to be equal to them for a number of parameters.

So the monarchy is not an application to stability and sufficiency, but an additional resource that allows you to easier tolerate the disease, to recover faster from political and economic adversity.

Without a king in my head

The world is quite common in the situation when there are no monarchies in the country, and there are monarchs (sometimes they are outside the country). The heirs of royal childbirth or claim (even if formally) for the throne, lost their ancestors, or, having lost the official power, retain the real impact on the life of the country. Here is a list of such states.

Austria. The monarchy stopped existence in 1918 after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The applicant for the throne is the ERCGERCOG O Otto von Gabsburg, the son of oversported Emperor Charles.

Albania. The monarchy ceased existence in 1944 after coming to power of the Communists. Challenger for the throne - Leka, son of overthrown King Svoga I.

Andorra Princess. Nominal coincidences of which are the president of France and the Bishop Urkhelsky (Spain); Some observers consider it necessary to classify Andorra to monarchies.

Afghanistan. The monarchy stopped existence in 1973 after the overthrow of King Mohammed Zahir Shah, who in 2002 returned to the country after a long time staying in Italy, but did not actively participate in political life.

Benin Republic. An important role in the lives of which traditional kings (AHOS) play and leading tribes. The most famous is the rightful king (AHOS) Abomey - Agoli Agbo III, the 17th representative of his dynasty.

Bulgaria. The monarchy ceased to exist after overthrowing in 1946 of King Simeon II. Decree on the nationalization of land owned by the royal family was canceled in 1997. Since 2001, the former king has been held by the post of Prime Minister Bulgaria under the name of Symeon Sakkoburggotsky.

Botswana. The republic since the declaration of independence in 1966. The deputies of one of the chambers of the country's parliament - the Chamber of the leaders are entitled to leaders (KGOS) eight largest tribes of the country.

Brazil. The republic since the renunciation of Emperor Don Pedro II in 1889. The applicant for the throne is the rightmark of the reinforced emperor Prince Luis Gastao.

Burkina Faso. The republic since the declaration of independence in 1960. On the territory of the country there are a large number of traditional states, the most significant of which is the New Year (on the territory of the capital of Wuagudugu), where at present the throne of the ruler (my Naaba) BAONGO II.

Vatican. Theocracy (some analysts consider it one of the forms of monarchy - the absolute theocratic monarchy, - but it should be borne in mind that it is not and cannot be hereditary).

Hungary. The Republic since 1946, before that, since 1918, there was a nominal monarchy - regent rules in the absence of the king. Until 1918, it was part of the Austria-Hungarian Empire (Austria's emperors were also kings of Hungary), therefore the potential applicant for the Hungarian royal throne is the same as in Austria.

East Timor . The republic since the proclamation of independence in 2002. On the territory of the country there is a number of traditional states whose rulers have raffle titles.

Vietnam. The monarchy on the territory of the country finally ceased to exist in 1955, when the republic was proclaimed according to the results of the referendum in South Vietnam. Earlier, in 1945, the last emperor Bao Dai was already renounced the throne, but the French authorities returned it to the country in 1949 and provided him with the post of head of state. The applicant for the throne is the son of the emperor Prince Bao Long.

Gambia. Since 1970, the Republic of 1970 (since independence in 1965, before the Republic of the Republic of the head, the Queen of Great Britain was the leader). In 1995, Ivonna Prior, Holland from Suriname, was recognized as the reincarnation of one of the kings of antiquity and proclaimed the queen of the people of Mandingo.

Ghana. The Republic of 1960 (since independence in 1957, the Queen of Great Britain was proclaiming the Republic of China). The Ghana Constitution guarantees the right of traditional rulers (sometimes they are called kings, sometimes leaders) to participate in the management of state affairs.

Germany. The republic since the overthrow of the monarchy in 1918. The applicant for the throne - Prince Georg Friedrich Prussian, the Rights of Kaiser Wilhelm II.

Greece. The monarchy officially ceased to exist as a result of the referendum of 1974. The king of Greece Konstantin, who fled from the country after the military coup of 1967, lives in the UK. In 1994, the Greek government deprived King citizenship and confiscated his property belonging to him in Greece. Currently, the royal family challenges this decision in the International Human Rights Court.

Georgia. Republic from the date of the declaration of independence in 1991. The applicant for the throne of the Georgian kingdom, which has lost independence as a result of accession to Russia in 1801, - Georgy Iraklievich Bagration-Mukhransky, Prince Georgian.

Egypt. The monarchy existed to overthrow the king of Egypt and Sudan Ahmad Fuada II in 1953. Currently, the former king, which at the time of the throne loss was a little more than a year from the family, lives in France.

Iraq. The monarchy stopped existence in 1958 as a result of the revolution, during which the king of Faisal II was killed. Claims on the Iraqi throne express Prince Raad Ben Zeid, Brother King Iraq Faisala I, and Prince Sharif Ali Ben Ali Hussein, the grand-nephew of the same king.

Iran. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1979 after the revolution, as a result of which Shah Mohammed Pakhlavi is overthrown. The applicant for the throne is the son of overthrown Shaha, the Crown Prince of Pakhlavi Reza.

Italy. The monarchy stopped existence in 1946 as a result of the referendum, the King Umberto II was forced to leave the country. The applicant for the throne is the son of the last king the Crown Prince Victor Emmanuel, the Duke of Savoy.

Yemen. The republic arose as a result of the unification of the Northern and South Yemen in 1990. In the territory of North Yemen, the monarchy stopped existence in 1962. The Sultanates and Principles on the territory of South Yemen were eliminated after the proclamation of its independence in 1967. Applicant for the throne - Prince Ahmat Al-Ghani Ben Mohammed Al-Mutavakkil.

Cameroon. The republic since the declaration of independence in 1960. On the territory of the country there is a large number of traditional sultanates, the heads of which are often occupied by high government positions. Among the most famous traditional rulers - Sultan Bamuna Ibrahim, NJOi, Sultan (Baba) of the Kingdom Ray Buba Buba Abdulayea.

Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo, former Zaire). The republic since the declaration of independence in 1960. There are a number of traditional kingdoms in the country. The most famous are: the Kingdom of Cuba (on the throne King Queent Mbeca); The Kingdom of the Luba (the king, sometimes also called the emperor, Cabongo Jacques); The state of Ruind (Louund), at the head of which is the ruler (Mwanant Yaav) MBUMB II MUTEB.

Congo (Republic of Congo). The republic since the declaration of independence in 1960. In 1991, the country's authorities restored the Institute of Traditional Chiefs (revised its decision of 20 years ago). The head of the Traditional Kingdom of Tek - King (UNKO) Maco Xi is most famous from among the leaders.

Korea. (DPRK and the Republic of Korea) The monarchy stopped existence in 1945 due to the surrender of Japan, in 1945-1948 the country was under the control of the Allied Powers who won World War II, in 1948 the two republics were proclaimed in the territory of the Korean Peninsula. Due to the fact that from 1910 to 1945, Korean rulers were vassals of Japan, they are customary to be counted to the Japanese imperial family name. The applicant for the Korean throne is the representative of this name of Prince Kew Ri (sometimes his surname is written like a). In the territory of the DPRK de facto, there is a hereditary form of government, but D-Yura is not stipulated in the country's legislation.

Côte d'Ivoire. The republic since the declaration of independence in 1960. On the territory of the country (and partly in the territory of the neighboring Ghana) there is a traditional Kingdom of Abrons (rules King Nanan Ajumani Kuissy Adingra).

Laos. The monarchy stopped existence in 1975 as a result of the Communist Revolution. In 1977, all members of the royal family were sent to the concentration camp ("Camp of the Revilization"). Two sons of the king - Prince Suvorong Savang and Prince Danyavong Savang - were able to flee from Laos in 1981-1982. About the fate of the King, Queen, Crown Prince and other family members there are no official information. According to unofficial, they all died from hunger in the concentration camp. Prince Suvorong Savang, as the eldest of the people who remained in the living men, is a formal contender for the throne.

Libya. Monarchy stopped existence in 1969. After the coup, organized by Colonel Muamar Gaddafi, King Idris I, who was during the coup abroad, was forced to renounce. The applicant for the throne is the official heir to the king (the adoptive son of his cousin) Prince Mohammed Al-Hassan al-Rida.

Malawi. The Republic from 1966 (since the declaration of independence in 1964 to the proclamation of the republic's head of the state was the Queen of Great Britain). An important role in the political life of the country is played by the Supreme Leader (Inquos I McOSOs) MMBELVA IV from the NGON Dynasty.

Maldives. The monarchy ceased to exist after the referendum in 1968 (during the period of British rule, that is, before the proclamation of independence in 1965, the country once became the republic for a short time). The formal applicant for the throne, however, never announced his claims, - Prince Mohammed Nuzreddin, Sultan's son Maldives Hassana Nuresdendine II (rules in 1935-1943).

Mexico. The monarchy stopped existence in 1867 after the shooting by the revolutionaries of the ruler proclaimed in 1864 the Ertice of the Ertzgertzoga Maximilian Austrian. Earlier, in 1821-1823, the country has already once been an independent state with a monarchical form of the device. Representatives of the Iverbide dynasty, whose ancestor was a Mexican emperor during this period, are applicants for the Mexican throne. The head of the Family of the ITIBIDE - Baroness Maria (II) Anna Tankl Invibid.

Mozambique. The republic since the declaration of independence in 1975. On the territory of the country there is a traditional state of Magnik, whose ruler (Mambo) is Mutas Pafiva.

Myanmar (until 1989 Burma). Republic from the moment of independence in 1948. The monarchy stopped existence in 1885 after the joining of Burma to British India. The applicant for the throne is Prince Khteytin Tau Payya, the grandson of the last king of Thaibu Mina.

Namibia. Republic from the moment of declaration of independence in 1990. Nearby tribes run traditional rulers. On the role of traditional leaders, at least the fact that Hendrik Vitbui was held for several years held the position of Deputy Head of Government.

Niger. The republic since the declaration of independence in 1960. On the territory of the country there is a number of traditional states. Their rulers and elder tribes choose their political and religious leader who wears the title of Sultan Zinder (the title is not inherited). Currently, the title of 20 Sultan Zinder wears Haji Mamad Mustafa.

Nigeria. The Republic from 1963 (since independence in 1960 before the Republic of the Republic of the State of the State was the Queen of Great Britain). There are about 100 traditional states on the territory of the country, whose rulers are both the habitual titles of Sultan or Emir, and more exotic: Aku Point, Ola, Alam, Amanyanabo, Tag, Alafin, both, Obi, Hyodge, Olubaka, Okhomag (most often this means in the translation of the "leader" or "Supreme Leader").

Palau (BELA). Republic since the proclamation of independence in 1994. Legislative power Performs the Chamber of Delegates (Council of the Chief), which includes the traditional rulers of the 16 provinces of Palau. Yutak Gibbons uses the greatest authority, the Supreme Leader (Ibedul) of the Koror, the main city of the country.

Portugal. The monarchy ceased to exist in 1910 as a result of escape from the country of Manuela II, who was fond of his life in connection with an armed uprising. Challenger for the throne - House Duarte III Pio, Duke of Bragans.

Russia . The monarchy ceased to exist after the February Revolution of 1917. Although there are several applicants for the Russian throne, the majority of monarchists recognize the great heiress the great princess Maria Vladimirovna, the Rights of Emperor Alexander II.

Romania. The monarchy stopped existence after the renunciation of King Michai I in 1947. After the collapse of communism, the former King visited his native country several times. In 2001, the Romanian Parliament granted him rights former chapter The state is a residence, a personal car with a chauffeur and a salary in the amount of 50% of the wages of the country's president.

Serbia. Along with Montenegro, it was part of Yugoslavia until 2002 (the remaining republics came out of Yugoslavia in 1991). In Yugoslavia, the monarchy finally ceased to exist in 1945 (since 1941, King Peter II was outside the country). After his death, his son became the head of the royal house - the prestroll leather Prince Alexander (Karageorgievich).

United States of America. Republic from the moment of independence declarations in 1776. At the Hawaiian Islands (joined the United States in 1898, the status of the state in 1959) until 1893 there was a monarchy. The applicant for the Hawaiian throne is Prince Quentin Kuhio Kavananako, a direct descendant of the last Hawaiian Queen Liliouocalani.

Tanzania. The republic was formed in 1964 as a result of the unification of Tanganiki and Zanzibar. On the island of Zanzibar, a monarchy was overthrown shortly before the union. The 10th Sultan Zanzibar Jamshid Ben Abdullah was forced to leave the country. In 2000, the authorities of Tanzania announced the rehabilitation of the monarch and that he had the right to return home as an ordinary citizen.

Tunisia. The monarchy stopped existence in 1957, the next year after independence. The applicant for the throne is the Crown Prince Sidi Ali Ibrahim.

Turkey. Proclaimed by the Republic in 1923 (the Sultanate was abolished a year earlier, and the calibath a year later this date). Applicant for the throne - Prince Osman VI.

Uganda. Since 1963, the Republic of 1963 (since independence in 1962, the Queen of the Republic of the Republic was the Queen of the United Kingdom). Some traditional kingdoms on the territory of the country were liquidated in 1966-1967 and almost all restored in 1993-1994. Another managed to avoid liquidation.

Philippines. The Republic since the proclamation of independence in 1946. There are many traditional sultanates in the country. 28 of them are focused in the Lake Lanao area (Mindanao Island). The Philippine Government officially recognizes the Confederation of Sultanov Lanao (Ranao) as political force representing the interests of certain layers of the population of the island. At the throne of the Sultanat Sulu (located on the archipelago of the same name), there are at least six people representing two kinds, which is explained by various political and financial benefits.

France. Monarchy abolished in 1871. In the French throne, the heirs of various kinds are claiming: Prince Henry Orleans, Count Parisian and Duke of France (Orleanist Challenger); Louis Alfonson de Bourbon, Duke Anjui (legitimistic applicant) and Prince Karl Bonaparte, Prince Napoleon (Bonapartist applicant).

Central African Republic. After finding independence from France in 1960, the republic was proclaimed. Founding to power in 1966, as a result of a military coup, Colonel Jean-povements Bokassas in 1976 proclaimed the country of the Empire, and he himself with the emperor. In 1979, Bokassa was overthrown, and the Central African Empire again became the Central African Republic. Challenger for the throne - the son of the Bokassa Crown Prince Jean-Bowls Georges Bokassa.

Chad. The republic since the declaration of independence in 1960. Among the numerous traditional states in the territory of Chad, two: the Sultanates of Bagirmi and Vadari should be distinguished (both were formally eliminated after the declaration of independence and restored in 1970). Sultan (Mbang) Bagirmi - Muhammad Yusuf, Sultan (Kolak) Vadari - Ibrahim Ibn-Muhammad Urada.

Montenegro. See Serbia

Ethiopia. The monarchy stopped existence in 1975 after the abolition of the emperor's post. The last of the ruling emperors was High Selessis I, belonging to the dynasty, the founders of which it is customary to Meallica I, Solomon's son, Tsar Israel, from Queen Sava. In 1988, within the framework of the private ceremony in London, the son of Heily Selussie - Amha Selassi I. was proclaimed with the new Emperor Ethiopia (in Exile).

South Africa Republic. Since 1961 (since independence in 1910, the Queen of Great Britain has been to proclaim the Republic of China). In the life of the country, the leaders of tribes (Amakosi) play an important role, as well as the ruler of the traditional kingdom of Kuzalo Goodwill Zellitini cookery. Separately, it is worth highlighting the Supreme Leader of the Tribe Tomba Baequet Dalineburg A Sabata, which, in accordance with the customs of the tribe, is considered the nephew of the ex-president of South Nelson Mandela. The leader of the tribe is also a well-known politician, the leader of the freedom of the "Incata" of Mangohuta Gatchezi from the Butellis tribe. During the apartheid, the South African authorities have created ten "autonomous" formations on the tribal basis, which were called Bantustans (Homeland).