Milling over copier. How to make a milling (copier) machine on wood or metal? Machine Copier - milling with CNC

All photos from the article

Tokarno- copying machine A tree is a machine that is widely used in factory woodworking to replicate products of a specific configuration corresponding to the specified pattern. This equipment allows you to handle any details with high accuracy and speed. However, production machines with their large dimensions will be difficult to position in a small private workshop.

Copy Woodworking Equipment

Many fans of a joiner, gradually expanding their instrumental base and improving skills, come to the thoughts to collect copy lathe Wood with your own hands. After all, with the help of this device it is possible to make an exact copy of any piece of furniture and will perform restoration work.

Note!
In most cases, of course, the main factor that prompts people to "invent a bicycle" is a high price for the finished factory product.

The principle of operation on the copying machine for wood is pretty simple:

• The workpiece of the required size is clamped in a horizontal position..
• Run the deviceForcing the workpiece rotate around its axis.
• In turn, also the movable cutter removes excess wood, turning the blank in the product of the right form.

Constructive copier For a lathe on a tree is whole line Details connected to each other, so work will work on what.

Handy equipment assembly at home

Lathe

In order to assemble a small copying machine for a tree personally, you will need to make certain efforts and patience, and to invest financially (about 7-7.5 thousand rubles). But this is many times less than the costs that are waiting for you if you purchase a ready-made option.

For the full spectrum of woodwork works by a manual milling or on milling table not only ordinary devices, such as various size Cutters, but also additional devicesthat will help to fulfill more complex work. The tool must have the ability to create a blank of such a form, which is needed according to the wizard idea.

Some such devices are included with the device, but if they are not available or if it is planned to be made independently, then additional details can be done manually. As a rule, they are quite simple in the manufacture. In addition to different stops, you can make a copier for a milling machine with your own hands and set the design to the framework.

Create a milling and copy machine can be independently using a manual milling. The device can be various designBut the task is one thing - as much as possible to transfer to the profile-holder of the working head to the device, which cuts the material.

Buy the finished machine with a copier is not always possible, so it often makes it alone from the remedies. It is recommended to collect first, to adapt the copier to the serial device is difficult, it requires deep alterations.

Characteristics of the work themselves

Millies equipped with copiers are used for volumetric manipulations and on the processing of planes. They cope with the works that use bulk forms, engraving various shapes, drawings, patterns, inscriptions. Simple milling functions are also under force. Such structures are distinguished by their simplicity, but at the same time are able to perform surprisingly complex ornaments and forms.

For work, not only wood, but also cast iron, steel, non-ferrous metals will be suitable for work, for this, use a high-speed tool from solid alloys. IN industrial scale On similar aggregates, but, of course, more overall, perform blades of engines for aircraft, ship screws, ridges of hydro turbines, various models, Metal blanks, stamping, cast and extruded parts.

The copier made with your own hands is used when drilling the locking holes, for spivelights. They can make a frame, grooves, channels of any sizes in plastic and metal profiles.

But the most interesting thing is that it is possible to mill curvilinear details, copying them by the template. The latter allow you to perform an accurate copy and exclude with such sophisticated work human factor. Details have accurate, perfectly the same shape.

Identical parts are manufactured using a template, all subsequent details can be made according to the first. For the clearer and accurate copying, the milling mill is equipped with a copier, such a device is also called pantograph.

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Principle of operation and device

In short, the principle of operation of the copier is: with the help of the probe, the contours of the original of the copied object or template are deployed. The probe is connected to the working plane, at the other end of which the milling mill is attached, so all the movements of the probe repeats the milling head.

In the machines there is a system of guides, an electric motor and a cartridge for the clip of the cutter or mill. It describes the simple design.

Standard construction consists of:

• working surface and carrier frame;
• milling working head;
• copy probe.

To make a copier with your own hands for a manual millingrer, you will need:

• frame made of wood or metal, if based on a lathe, then such a machine;
• boards and rails, fat plywood, wooden bars;
• fasteners (bolts, nuts, screws);
• mill;
• set spanic keys, hacksaw for cutting the required size of wooden parts;
• metal pipe guides;
• drills on wood and metal;
• belt drive and electric motor (if it is not with manual, but with automatic drive).

The working plane is set to height, the head is equipped with an electric motor of the drive and a two-stage gear mechanism, it creates two rates of the milling shaft. This is for more complex designs.

If there is a lathe and manual frezer, You can build a very good copying machine that will work on volumetric billets. This will require a minimum of details.

Make a copier with your own hands is not so difficult.

As the main tool take a hand mill. It is installed on the basis of thick plywood (12 mm), its parameters 500/200 mm.

It makes a hole under the sole of the milling and fastening bolts. The framework and supports from bars are also made, it serves as additional stabilization and fixation of the tool. Two clusters are smaller fixed to the plane of plywood along the edges. The milling mill is mounted between these two bodies of pins (bolts or nails) through the holes in its sole and those done in the plywood.

The platform with its distant end slides along the pipe along the design, that is, it is attached to the bar, which goes through it. You can take a pipe from metal 1 and ¾ inches. It is fixed between two cubic bars, it seems to hang with a carriage and cutter over the machine. In addition, she is folding. These bars are fastened with self-drawing to the frame. The pipe is exhibited as much as possible along the axis of the machine, it coincides with its axis. Two wooden cube with holes corresponding to it are also attached to it. So the carriage is attached to them.

On the facade side of the carcass, the machine is also attached another bar, but already horizontal, the profile template is fixed on it. It is fixed to two vertical racks vertically from his two sides. The upper part of it goes exactly along the axis of the machine. With the urgency of the copier, it is removed, the milling mill together with the carriage. It is attached to it in the middle of the vertical crossing, it slides on the selection of the template, copying the relief. This is actually a copier, it is attached by self-drawing, in the case of which it can be removed and replaced or adjust the height. A template is mounted on a bar on the front of the facade of self-drawing. The playground moves hands.

Such a machine is designed for simple bulk parts of the type of legs of the chair, candlesticks, where there are no twisted elements.

Copying milling Machine The wood is designed to create products according to a given pattern. With the help of such devices, the flat, volumetric or sculptural thread is carried out. If it is not possible to purchase a factory model, you can always make the machine with your own hands.

Classification of copier milling machines

According to the degree of automation, three groups of copier milling machines are distinguished:

• manual (desktop):
• stationary;
• automatic.

On the devices of the first group, the workpiece is fixed mechanically. The design of milling machines of the second and third category provides for the presence of pneumatic clamps holding the product. This allows you to work with aluminum.

Principle of operation of the device

Copy milling machines on wood are designed for processing flat and bulk parts. With the help of such devices, ornaments and inscriptions, shaped profiles are created, complex patterns on the harves with edges in different planes.

There are models of CNC milling machines that process curvilinear parts by copying the pattern. Thanks to the use of these devices, it became possible creation A large number of parts of complex shape and the same size.

Similar machines are used primarily in furniture manufacturing for creating decorative elements complex shape.

In addition to furniture, decor objects are created on milling machines, architectural elements (bas-reliefs, friezes), souvenirs, wooden details Arms, handles garden tools. Since all these products differ in form and in size, then for the creation of each of them requires milling machines of a certain design. But regardless of the layout, all devices operate on the same principle.

To work with a tree on the machine, a cutter is installed - cutting tool. Product processing is carried out according to the following scheme:

• Using the copier, the contour or surface is set. A flat template, a reference sample, a spatial model, drawing, a photocell can act as a copier.
• The tracking device is associated with the cutting head through the mechanical (less than a hydraulic or pneumatic) feed system.
• According to a given template, the cutter creates an outline or surface.

Options for milling

The milling on the copy machine can be carried out by one of two methods:

• Counter millingat which the part is fed in the opposite direction from the cutter.
• Backway millingat which the billet and the milling cutter move in one direction.

The cutter on such devices can be made of mineral cells, synthetic or superhard material and is able to replace the grinding procedure. But for machine tools working with wood products, it is not too relevant, since this material is not distinguished by a special hardness.

Process creation of the machine with your own hands

Buying a copy-milling machine on a tree, especially equipped with CNC, is beneficial for large manufacturers, in other cases it is easier to create it yourself.

Before making the machine, you need to create a drawing and decide how the device will be used. If you plan to work with large products, the size of the machine should also be large so that the cutter makes less vibrations. In addition, you need to pick up electrical engine sufficient power. The selection depends on the density of the material with which it is planned to work.

The number of axes is also determined at the stage of the layout, since the change in the design of the finished machine may be problematic. To work with flat parts of enough two axes: with longitudinal and transverse motion. Billets with a small relief require a perpendicularly moving axis. For processing more complex products Four and five axes may be needed.

There are many designs of the milling machine, but they all consist of three elements:

• working surface;
• stanina;
• milling head.

The design of the working surface of the copying machine should provide for adjustment in height, and the milling head must be highly coiled and equipped with an electrical drive.

The layout of the copy-milling machine on a tree can be vertical or horizontal. This depends on the comfort of working with the tool and unloading finished parts.

Pantograph

Most cheap optionFor the manufacture of which you need several boards and milling mills. Designed for flat threads.

The form resembles a parallelogram. Thanks to such a design, the nodal points describe equidistant curves. To scale the device, the link is extended.

The side of the parallelogram is twice as short as a total length with a copy tip. Because of this feature, when copying the tip of any part, the milling cutter will double it, which reduces the accuracy of the copier.

Model with a plane-parallel mechanism

Used for contour milling. In contrast to the previous model, the curvilinear trajectory is achieved by folding two perpendicular to each other axis. The third axis introduces a mill into the workpiece.

To balance the system, in the design there is a counterweight on the other side of the swivel frame. To be able to adjust, it is better to be placed on the threaded stud.

Model for bulk milling

On such a device, the milling head is placed on a swinging frame, which during processing moves on roller carriages on perpendicular guides. The model and part are attached on two swivel nodes at the bottom of the base. The open window makes it easy to clean the sawdust.

The serial copy milling machine on a tree, designed for both flatfoot and sculptural threads. The design provides five controlled axes:

• side levers;
• swivel frame;
• milling head;
• working tables;
• cross moving head.

Pretty light (mass about 28 kg) for one person.

The design of this model is similar to DP CARWER-2, but has two addition rod guides (another linear axis), and rotary tables Installed vertically. Thanks to such changes it became possible to work with long volumetric threads.

Despite the fact that the copy-milling machine on a tree-controlled tree makes significantly easier and improves labor productivity, it still needs to be controlled. But the models used in mass production are equipped with numeric software control (CNC). When working with such a device, it is only required to load the workpiece and pick up the finished part.

A simple milling machine, equipped with CNC, works from the control program that the operator creates in a special system, on a three-dimensional model developed by a designer engineer in advance.

Unlike the simple milling device with CNC, the programming system is installed in the copy models, which the control program itself is installed. Such devices have an additional CNC prefix that comes up with a reference workpiece, develops its three-dimensional model based on which the control program is made.

The main problem in the numerical control machines is high cost. For small production There is no point in such an apparatus, since payback period should be no more than five years. At home with CNC, it is easier to do a non-copy machine, but an ordinary milling thing, which, however, is also not the simplest task.

Manual or automatic stationary copy-milling machine on aluminum or other metal is an unit that allows you to create products, as defined in the form of the original specified sample.

1 Purpose of the copy-milling unit

The milling plants under consideration in this article are optimal for the production of copiers on the plane and by volume using the corresponding copiers and volumetric models. Also they are used for:

• performing uncomplicated milling;
• engraving all sorts of ornaments, shaped profiles, inscriptions, patterns, and so on.

It is important that with a relatively simple and understandable design, such machines can perform truly complex ornaments, milling with tools made of non-ferrous metals, cast iron and steel products.

On the industrial enterprisesMelno- and large-scale production, copying and milling plants make it possible to release:

• metal blanks and models;
• shoulder blades steam turbines and engines on turbojett;
• a variety of stamps and cams;
• stamps (forging and cutting);
• foundry and molds;
• screws (ridge) swimming agents.

The explicit advantage of copier-milling units in front of universal is that they can drill holes for steel loops, locks, handles, decogents, make a framework of different geometric parameters for surroundifications and channels on aluminum and plastic profiles.

The described machines are milling curvilinear blanks using the prepared copy technology template. It is due to this technique that the same form of all finished parts is ensured. Moreover, the probability of an employee's error serving the unit is reduced to zero. That is, the notorious "human factor" does not have any negative influence on the production process.

To make a number of absolutely identical details on the copying machine, it is allowed to apply not only a template, but also any product that was manufactured by it. At the same time, experts strongly advise additionally equip the unit with pantograph - a special mechanism transmitting the most accurate movement of the cutting tool along the profile of the installation head.

2 Copy milling machine - work principle

The aggregates you are interested in processing workpieces through a copier, which, through a special node (copying mechanism), gives commands to various machine executive devices. Moreover, the installation cutter and the part directly, subjected to milling, recreate the surface specified on the copy, in relative motion.

Movement along the contour of the salazzo and the desktop of the unit, as well as the rotation of its spindle - these are operations that are counted to the main movement. And to secondary (auxiliary) include the following actions:

• movement of the installation character of the copying finger, stops and a trailer table;
• acceleration of the work table, spindle heads and sled;
• spindle head clamp.

Copy milling is customary to be divided into two types:

• contour;
• volumetric.

With contour processing, the copier curve is located in a perpendicular or parallel axis of the working tool. In the first case, the work surface with the part and the copier moves in the longitudinal and transverse direction along the latter line curve. In the second - only in the longitudinal. At the same time, control over the modifications of the curve becomes possible due to the movement of the copier finger and the cutters vertically.

With volumetric milling, the workpiece has a spatial complex surface that it turns out to be treated with the execution of parallel (two or more) of the desktop. In essence, in this situation we are talking That every time there is contour milling. The working tool after each passage relative to the part shifts the transverse feed rate perpendicular to the row. And then the next stroke of the table is performed.

For simple milling and engraving activities, so-called "direct" copying and milling plants are commonly used. In them, the pantograph transmits movement to the tool by probe. On machines equipped with a pantograph, in addition, a decrease (relative to the copier) of the scale of processed blanks is performed.

3 Construction of a copy-milling machine - Drawings, cutters for the aggregate

The most important working tool of such an aggregate is a milling cutter, which is designed to play the surface or contour of the copier on the workpiece. The copier is more commonly called the specifying device. It is associated with the tracking mechanism designed to control the direction of the cutting of the cutter. This link may be:

• mechanical;
• pneumatic;
• hydraulic.

The copying device is:

• photocell;
• special copy finger or roller.

And under the copier they understand made of metal, plastics, wood:

• contour drawing;
• spatial model;
• flat pattern pattern;
• reference workpiece.

The copier and the billet that must be processed is fixed on the rotating table.

The executive chain of the unit is driven by an electric motor and a hydraulic cylinder. Under the executive body of the installation, the differential, solenoid, spool, coupling with electromagnets or screw. The obligatory node of the copy-milling equipment is a relay that enters the machine amplifying device.The relay can be:

• hydraulic;
• electromagnetic;
• electro-optical.

By big account Any homework, who has certain technical knowledge, can study drawings, and make their own manual copying unit, which will handle the milling operations perfectly with milling operations.

4 Classification of copier-milling units

The whole range of such machines is divided into several different types:

• hydraulic;
• equipped with pantograph, which can function in two and three dimensions;
• photocopiers;
• universal (in them, too, there is a pantograph placed in the vertical plane on the rotary sleeve);
• electrified;
• multi-monotonne with a round or rectangular table.

According to the pressing of the milling part and the degree of automation, the aggregates are divided into three types:

• Automatic installations in which the profile is pressed by a pneumatic device. They are most often used to handle billets from, and cannot be used to drill triple holes.
• Desktop (in other words - manual) machines. Also not suitable for triple holes, but are able to perform the operation of the abuser on the template of single holes. To expand their functionality, installing on a drill or machine three-starry nozzle is allowed. Desktop units are equipped with a clamp of a mechanical type.
• Automatic installations with a three-starry nozzle and a pneumatic clamp. They are rightfully considered the most functional and widely servers.

Tree is one of the main materials that a person uses in everyday life For the manufacture of furniture, items interior decoration, decorative architectural elements, household I. garden accessories and much more.

Copying machine on wood.

One or two things can be done hand tool Either using woodworking equipment.

But how to process a large number of absolutely identical products with the least costs Labor and time? In this case, copying machines will come to the rescue. One of them is a copy milling machine on wood.

The article discusses its device and the principle of operation, and some advice are offered to make the device independently.

Copy milling machines (CFS) are designed to handle parts from the tree by the method of copying. Method varieties:

• contour or 2-dimensional (2-d) milling;
• volume or 3-dimensional (3D) copy.

This or that method is used depending on the form of the product being processed.

The main advantage of copiers is that you can make any number of parts with a curvilinear contour, which are a copy of the source instance. All of them will be absolutely identical. At the same time, the machine has flexibility to go to the processing of another detail, it is enough to change the standard.

Therefore, the scope of application is quite wide: from small-scale manufacture to mass production. Along with fairly large machines for industrial purposes, there are compact desktops. Copy machines are used in furniture manufacturing, woodworking shops, in joiner's workshops of individual entrepreneurs.

Milling heads (milling) are often used as a working unit in small machines. Its rotational speed is sufficient to provide the required surface quality (the absence of chips, splitting, burrs).

Examples of processed products

The following is not the full composition of products manufactured using CFS:

• details of furniture - facades, headboard beds, backs, legs of armchairs and chairs;
• interior Items - Fireplace Framing, wooden panels, frames, stands;
• souvenir products - figurines, boxes, medallions;
• building structures - framing the arched windows, filling the panel doors;
• architectural elements - bas-reliefs, decorative friezes and borders, window platnis (slit or relief), cornice carving;
• decorative fences - elements of railing, balusters, screens with ornament, fence parts;
• wooden elements of weapons - Butt, Tsevier;
• handles of the garden-household instrument, for example, hatching.

As you can see, the listed parts have significant differences between themselves, both in size and form. If they are grouped them general signs, it becomes obvious that for processing parts related to one group, a machine (layout) of the machine is required.

Principle of operation of the copying device

To replicate the product, uses one of the instances that serves as a template. Head S. cutting tool (cutter) is connected to one integer with a copy probe.

With 2-dimensional milling, the probe moves along the forming of the circuit circuit, and the rotating tool repeats this movement, resulting in a copy of the template.

When the bulk part is milled, the copier tip scans the 3-dimensional model and causes the mill to move along the equidistant (similar) trajectory. The nature of the movements of copier machines is 2 species:

• Pattern and processed blanks are fixed, cutting head Moves in the longitudinal direction, removing for one double stroke some volume of the material.
• The template and billet (one or several) rotate, and the milling cutter moves in the radial direction through the copier. As a result, repeats the profile of the copied section. In this case, the cutting knot or item is evenly moving along the longitudinal axis of the product.

A private view of copy-engraving works is the milling of drawings or ornaments by a template, which is a glued paper copy, printed on the printer.

As a program for creating a drawing, you can use Avtocad, Compass, Word, Paint and others. In order not to break through the paper, a soft insert (wood or plastic) is inserted into the copper tip.

Layout selection of homemade machine

What you need to know, starting to develop your original device.

First of all, it should be determined for which items it is intended. Next, you should choose formaking movements, the number of axes of the machine. For the processing of flat parts by the method of contour copying, there are enough 2-axes: longitudinal and transverse movement. Details with low relief require another movement (perpendicular).

However, if the relief is cool, then the axis of the tool must be additionally rotated to ensure better conditions for processing. That is, there are already 4 axes. In some cases, it will take 5 or more axes. Presenting processing technology in the head, all possible situations should be provided. After making the machine, make additional movements may be problematic.

Finally, the machine must be composed in such a way that the management efforts are minimal. This means that mobile nodes should be as easier as possible. Think - what kind of layout it is better to choose: horizontal or vertical. First, it depends on the convenience of work, as well as downloading and unloading the processed parts. Secondly, with a vertical layout, the chips fall immediately to the floor or in trough, and does not accumulate on the base or in the machine mechanisms.

The milling head should be chosen as high as possible. This is an important factoraffecting the quality of processing (the height of the scallops from the cutter decreases).

A few examples

Pantograph

Photo 1: Machine for cutting letters.

Applied for flat threads. The basis of its design lies geometric figure - parallelogram. One of the properties of this mechanism is that the nodal points during the movement describe equidistant curves. Moreover, if the link is lengthened, then its endpoint will be longer than the distance. This property allows you to use the mechanism for scaling.

The photo shows that the total length with a copy tip at the end is about 2 times longer than the side of the parallelogram. This means that the mechanism is increasing. If the tip is copied any piece, the milling cutter is 2 times reduced. This will reduce copier error. Do not forget that the drawing or pattern is enlarged.

For the manufacture of Pantograph, it will take a purchase mill and several dry boards. Apparently, it does not happen cheaper.

Machine with a plane-parallel mechanism

Photo 2: Contour milling

Scope - also contour milling.

In contrast to the pantograph, the curvilinear trajectory is obtained by adding 2 disinfectacular movements. The 3rd axis serves to introduce the cutter into the thickness of the item. The load at the opposite end of the swivel frame is intended for balancing the system.

Pay attention to a small flaw design: the load is better installed on the threaded stud in order to provide the ability to adjust.

Machine for volumetric milling

Photo 3: Volumetric Milling

At the bottom of the bed there are 2 rotary assemblies of the fastening of the copier and blanks.

The milling head is installed on a balanced swing frame, which when working moves to mutually perpendicular guides.

Instead of linear movement bearings or sliding sleeves, as in the previous device, roller carriages are used here. The dignity of the design is an open base, due to which it is facilitated by the removal of chips.

DPARKARWER-2.

Photo 4: Machine for flatfoot and sculptural thread

Serial machine for flatfoot and sculptural thread. A sample of simplicity: about such structures they say - two sticks, two rollers. Has 5 controlled axes:

• 4 turns (side levers, swivel frame, head, working tables);
• cross moving head.

The longitudinal movement is obtained by adding 2 turns: levers and frames. A German milling mill of 500 W is used as a power head and with a spindle rotation frequency of 10 - 30 thousand revolutions per minute. Easily transferred to one person (weight - 28 kg).

DPERCARVER-3.

Photo 5: Treatment of Strong Thread

Another 2 guides are added to the previous machine (additional linear axis), and the rotary working tables are located vertically. As a result, it became possible to process the long bulk thread.

Below are some drawings that can be useful in the manufacture of a self-made device.

Drawing 1 - Pantograph device

Drawing 2 - Mill Motor Scheme installed on Pantograph

Drawing 3 - carriage for the installation of the milling device on a flat-copy device

Video: Presentation of the homemade copying machine

CNC copying machine on their own - is it possible

All device discussed above have manual controlThat is, despite the increase in productivity, a person remains chained to the mechanism. Such work is pretty monotony and tedious. In mass and large-scale production, copy-milling machines equipped with numeric software control (CNC) are used. All work on such equipment is reduced to loading blanks and removal finished products. As an example, a similar machine is shown in the photo.

From the usual milling machine with CNC CPU, the copy is characterized by the presence of a programming system. The traditional CNC machine operates from the control program compiled by the operator in the system, for example, ArtCAM, 3-D models that engineer designer develops at the design stage. If the product is created by a sculptor or designer, it must be pre-digitized, that is, create a 3-D model. This work executes a programmer engineer.

On the CNC copying machine, the control program is made up by the system itself. When installing the copied product, the CNC prefix helps the part and creates its 3-dimensional model, which automatically generates the control program. Given the high cost of components, problems with the acquisition of the CNC system, make an independent CNC copying machine - something from the fiction area. It is easier to make a milling machine with CNC (not copying), although it is also not everyone will cope with it.

For those who are going to do their business, making crafts made of wood, as well as for professional chapels-carriers made with their own hands a copying machine will be a big help. It can be successfully applied to the aim of the decoration of a country manor, household buildings, playgrounds and other structures. Jewelry, it would seem, work will be performed by playing and with high quality.