Homonyms in Russian. Lexical homonymy. Stylistic use of homonyms. Errors associated with the use of homonyms

In many languages of the planet, there is such a phenomenon as homonymy. It is based on the fact that words and morphemes with the same sound and spelling have different meanings. They are called homonyms. Examples of them are found everywhere. We use them very often in ordinary speech.

Homonyms

Examples confirming this phenomenon, are known to many. These are common words:

"Bow" in the meanings of a plant and a weapon;
"Escape", in one case denoting a young branch, and in the other - an unauthorized hasty departure.

Out of context, it is difficult to determine in what sense these homonyms are used. Examples of sentences with words will demonstrate this phenomenon clearly.

Chives are especially good in vegetable salads.
The boy was presented with a toy bow and arrows for his birthday.
The apple tree gave a young shoot, but the gardener pruned it in the fall.
Count of Monte Cristo escapes from prison in a creative way, replacing the corpse of a prisoner.

Examples of phrases will help to understand what homonyms mean:

"Green onions" and "well-aimed bow";
"Girl's braid" and "river braid";
"Three apples" and "three duster stain".

This phenomenon is quite entertaining, therefore it is often used by teachers of the Russian language as an entertainment technique in studying a subject, a way to expand vocabulary and the outlook of students.

Games with homonyms in the classroom and at extracurricular activities

For this competition, you must prepare pairs of words that have the same pronunciation and spelling, but completely different meanings. Players are offered only meanings, and the words themselves (you can use one spelling option for both) are hidden under a cardboard picture that will serve as a point token, for example, a template for a leaf of a tree, an apple, a gold bar. The participant who correctly named the homonyms receives this emblem after the correct answer as a point. At the end of the game, the token points are calculated and the winner is selected.

For the competition, homonyms are suitable, examples of which may be as follows (it should be reminded that only pictures are presented to participants and spectators, the words themselves are closed):

"Shop" as a piece of furniture and a medium-sized retail outlet;
the word "lama", acting in one sense as an animal, and in another - as a Tibetan monk.

In the lesson, you can offer students one or two pairs of words. This task will only take a few minutes to complete, and the benefits will be enormous. Indeed, in addition to the above, given view activity generates and strengthens interest in the study of the Russian language.

Homonymy and polysemy

Many words have not one but several meanings. While the spelling is the same, they differ lexically. A distinction should be made between homonyms and ambiguous words. Examples of polysemia are also common. For example, two words pronounced like "key" can act as homonyms in the following form:

spring and opening device.

But in the meanings "violin", "nut", "from door lock"," Can rolling device "" key "is one word. This is an amazing linguistic feature that should already be considered as a polysemy phenomenon. Indeed, in each of the listed options, the key's ability to open something appears: a musical string or some object. This is one word with different meanings, not different homonyms.

There are a great many examples of such ambiguous words in Russian. Sometimes it is difficult to separate them from homonyms.

Polysemy sometimes comes from the transition of the name by external similarity. This is

"Sleeve" - a separate river bed and a part of the shirt;
"Tape" - a device for a girl's hairstyle and a long road, a moving part of the conveyor.

The ambiguity of these words arose from the external similarity of some features. For example, a sleeve in a garment is detached from a common large item. And the branching of the channel resembles the same phenomenon. Actually, the word "trouser leg" could have appeared in this version, but for some reason the Russian people chose the "sleeve".

The ribbon is a narrow, long object. Apparently, the person who invented the conveyor saw the similarity of its moving part with a device for a girl's hairstyle. And so there was a transition to the name, the phenomenon of polysemy.

Etymological homonymy

A group of words refers to homonyms unambiguously, since their very origin is already different. Therefore, in the task "Give examples of homonyms that differ etymologically," you need to choose such words that came into Russian speech from different languages... To do this, you should look into the etymological dictionary.

These are the word "boron", meaning chemical element, and its homonym is a pine forest. The first noun came into Russian from the Persian language, where it sounded like "bora", that is, a boron compound. The name of the pine forest is of Slavic origin.

Some linguists believe that the existence of the phenomenon of homonymy should be recognized only where the very etymology of words differs.

These same linguists do not see homonymy in the noun "ether" as an organic substance and in the meaning of "radio broadcasting and television". Indeed, historically, both words have a common etymology. They originated from the ancient Greek root αἰθήρ, which means “mountain air”. And if the task says: "Give examples of homonyms", and the respondent uses the word "ether" in two meanings, then these scientists will consider the answer incorrect.

Linguists' controversy about polysemy and homonymy

However, not everyone can quickly determine the historical origin of words. This often requires special dictionaries. Therefore, most people see that the meanings of the word "ether" are completely different and rank them as homonyms. Therefore, some linguists also do not see the ambiguity here. The explanatory dictionary also refers them to different words with different meanings.

Examples of homonyms that cause controversy among linguists are:

"Braid" in the meaning of a hairstyle and a tool for mowing, as some argue that there is a transition of the name by external similarity (thin and long);
"Pen" as a tool for writing, a device for opening, switching on, since some people define ambiguity by the fact that they have something in common in their mode of action (write and open with their hand);
"Pen" in the sense of "pen" and as a cutaneous horn formation of birds and some dinosaurs, considering that the first meaning came to the word from the historical way of writing with bird feathers.

Some linguists refer to homonymy all words in which ambiguity can be traced. They regard polysemy as just a special case.

Complete homonyms

Linguists divide words that coincide in pronunciation and spelling and have different meanings into two groups. Full lexical homonyms belonging to one grammatical category are distinguished into one category. Examples of these are: "scythe", "tongue", "escape", "key" and others. In all their forms, these words coincide in spelling and pronunciation.

Incomplete or partial homonyms

Words that match only in some forms are also distinguished. These are grammatical homonyms. Examples of this phenomenon often refer to different parts of speech:

"Three" - 2nd person singular verb imperative mood with the initial form "rub" and "three" - a cardinal number;
"Oven" is an indefinite verb and "oven" is a noun female singular;
"Saw" is a feminine singular verb in the past tense and "saw" is a feminine singular noun.

Grammatical homonymy is also observed in words related to one part of speech. For example, the verbs of the 1st person singular of the present tense "fly". The first word is defined as a medical action. Already the infinitive will sound like "treat". And the second verb has initial form"Fly" and denotes the action of taking flight.

Partial homonymy is observed in words of the same grammatical category. This happens when words differ in only one form. For example, two nouns "weasel" - an animal and a manifestation of tenderness - do not coincide only in the genitive case plural... These homonyms will look like "weasel" and "weasel" in this form.

Homonyms and homophones

Some people confuse the phenomenon of homonymy with others. For example, homophones are the same spoken words that have different meanings, but differ in spelling. These are not homonyms! Examples of words that are homophones show this feature.

"Cat" is a pet, and "code" is most often a certain set of symbols or sounds.

Everyone will notice that these words should be written in different ways. But it is almost impossible to catch the difference by ear. The word "code" must be pronounced with a stunning final consonant. Hence the sound similarity arises.

Homonymy and homography

There are other linguistic phenomena similar to the one we are considering. For example, homographs are interesting because they coincide in spelling, but pronounced differently, most often because of the stress. They are also not homonyms. Examples of homograph words are:

gate - gate;
castle - castle;
smell - smell.

Homographs are also interesting for drawing up tasks for contests and games. With the help of picture riddles in which homographs are encrypted, you can diversify linguistic activities.

Homonyms are words that are identical in sound composition, but not related in meaning: lezginka (dance) - lezginka (woman); rook (chess piece) - rook (ship); ambassador (method of preparing food) - ambassador (diplomat). The identical external sound-letter and grammatical form of homonyms complicates communication, since distinguishing their meaning is possible only in context, in combination with other words. Homonyms, examples of which show this, cannot be understood without context: an advantageous offer - impersonal offer; buds open - heal the buds; right hand- right (innocent).

Types and examples of homonyms in Russian

Full lexical homonymy is the coincidence of words referring to the same part of speech, in all forms: month (calendar) - month (luminary), car assembly (from the verb to assemble) - assembly on fabric (fold), motive (musical) - motive (behavior), read (book) - read (adults, parents), outfit (order) - outfit (clothing), note (diplomatic) - note (musical). Incomplete lexical homonymy presupposes coincidence in the spelling and sound of words related to the same part of speech, not in all forms: skat (wheel; inanimate) - skat (to the river; inanimate) - skat (fish; animate); bury a hole ( perfect view- to bury) - to bury the medicine (perfect form - to bury); cancer (river animal) - cancer (disease, has only a singular number).

There are homonyms, examples of which can be seen below, related to grammatical and sound changes: mouth - gender (pronounced as [mouth]); three (from the verb to rub) - three (number); a pair (boots) - (clubs) a pair; oven (pies) - (Russian) oven.

Homonyms: examples and types by structure

Root. They have a non-derivative basis: marriage (factory) and marriage (happy), peace (reigns in the family and state) and peace (the Universe).
Derivative homonyms are the result of word formation: drill (drill song) and drill forest.

Phonetic, grammatical and graphic homonyms: examples of use

Homophones (phonetic homonyms) are words that are the same in sound composition, but different in spelling (letter composition): mushroom and flu, code and cat, fort and "Ford", illuminate and sanctify, people and fierce.

Homographs (alphabetic, graphic homonyms) are words that have the same alphabetic composition, but differ in pronunciation: shelves - shelves, horns - horns, atlas - atlas, soar - soar (stress in these words falls on different syllables).

Omoforms - coincidence of grammatical forms of one word or different words: window glass (noun) - glass on the floor (the verb in time to go - summer time; hunting (for predators) and hunting (desire); ice cream popsicle - frozen meat (noun and adjective); return in spring - enjoy the spring (adverb and noun ); to flow on the floor - to close up the leak (verb and noun).

Pun and homonyms: examples of words and casual sayings

You need to be careful in using homonyms, as in some situations, homonyms can distort the meaning of a statement and lead to comic. For example, the words of a commentator of a football match: "In today's match, the players left without goals" - can be understood in two ways. And even writers are not immune from such speech incidents:

"Have you heard?"
"You cannot be indifferent to evil."

In the modern Russian language, a significant number of homonyms are recorded, and with the development of the language, their number is increasing. The question arises whether homonymy prevents the correct understanding of speech? After all, homonyms are sometimes called "sick" words, since homonymy reduces the informative function of a word: different meanings get the same form of expression. In support of the negative assessment of the phenomenon of homonymy, the idea is also expressed that the very development of the language often leads to its elimination. For example, in early XIX v. in linguistics, the term "dialectical" was used, meaning "related to the dialect" (local dialect). But with the spread of the concept of "dialectical materialism" the word dialectical more often it began to be used in a different meaning - "related to dialectics." And then the linguistic term fell out of use, giving way to another - "dialect" - "associated with a dialect, referring to a dialect." There are many examples of such opposition of the language itself to the phenomenon of homonymy. So, adjectives disappeared from the dictionary eternal(from eyelid), wine(from guilt); the latter is supplanted by a related word - guilty.

However, this process is far from active and not consistent in lexical system modern Russian language. Along with the facts of elimination of homonymy, the emergence of new homonyms, homophones and homographs is observed, which has a certain linguistic value and therefore cannot be regarded as a negative phenomenon, to which the language itself "poses obstacles."

First of all, the context clarifies the semantic structure of such words, excluding inappropriate interpretation. In addition, homonyms belonging to different areas use and having an ambiguous expressive coloring, various functional attribution, as a rule, do not collide in speech. For example, "paths do not cross" of such homonyms as bar 1 - "view of the restaurant" and bar 2 - "unit of atmospheric pressure"; a lion 1 - "beast" and a lion 2 - "currency unit In Bulgaria"; abuse 1 - "swearing" and abuse 2 - "war" (obsolete) and under.

At the same time, the deliberate clash of homonyms has always been an indispensable means of witty wordplay. Kozma Prutkov wrote: It's nice to caress a child or dog, but all you need to do is rinse your mouth... Similar homophones are played up in folk jokes: I'm in the forest, and he climbed, I'm for the elm, and he stuck(Dahl); Not in the rain - let's stand and wait.

Poets use homonymic rhymes, which often make a poem especially entertaining.

You puppies! Follow me! You will have a roll, But look, do not chat, Or else I will beat you! (NS.). The snow said: - When I flock, There will be a river of pigeons, It will flow, shaking a flock of Reflected pigeons (Goat.).

The use of homonymous rhymes is all the more justified in humorous and satirical genres, for example, in epigrams: Don't flaunt it, buddy, that you have an abundance of topics. We know the works, where the best themes died(Min.). Successful juxtaposition of consonant forms, their playing around in speech arouses keen interest.

However, it is necessary to be careful in the use of words, since in some cases homonymy (and related phenomena) can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement, inappropriate comic. For example, when commenting on a football match: " Today the players left the field without goals ";" On the TV screen you see Gavrilov in a beautiful combination ". Even professional writers and great writers are not immune from such speech errors: Have you heard ...(NS.); I lay motionless with lead in my chest(L.); Is it possible to be indifferent to evil?(modern translation from Kazakh). Puns are most often caused by homophony.

Rosenthal D.E., Golub I.B., Telenkova M.A. Modern Russian language.
M .: Ayris-Press, 2002

1. Introduction............................................... .................................................. ... 2

2. Background .............................................. ....................................... 4

3. The concept of homonymy. Lexical homonymy .......................................... 5

4. Linguistic phenomena similar to lexical homonymy ......................... 8

5. Homonymy and polysemy in Russian (overview) ............................ 12

6. The emergence of homonyms in Russian ........................................ 13

8. Use in speech ............................................. ............................. 16

Between the words that form the vocabulary of the Russian language, certain relationships are found both in the nature of the meanings they express and in their phonetic design, that is, the similarity of their sound composition.

In the vocabulary of the Russian language, there are 3 types of systemic relationships between words:

Homonymous (by sound match)

Synonymous (by proximity of expressed values)

Antonymic (by the opposition of expressed values)

The presence of these relations allows us to talk about a certain organization of words in the vocabulary, about the existence of the lexical system of the language. The essence of the phenomena of homonymy, synonymy and antonymy is as follows: in homonymy there is an identity (that is, coincidence) of sounding with a difference in the meanings of words, with synonymy - identity or similarity of meaning with a complete difference in sound (that is, sound composition), with antonymy - the opposite meaning with the difference in the sound of words.

These relations between words in the lexical system of the language in the textbook Valkova D.P., Popov R.N. and others are presented in the following table:

This paper will consider the phenomenon homonymy... The phenomenon of homonymy is a topic that has been covered in linguistic literature for a very long time and is considered by such scientists as V.V. Vinogradov, Fomina M.I., Popov R.N., Akhmanova O.S., Lipatov A.T., Rakhmanova L.I. and others. Their disputes concern the understanding of the essence of homonymy, its emergence in the Russian language, its use in speech, the differentiation of homonymy and polysemy, homonymy and related phenomena. As a result, we can conclude that until the polemic on this issue, it should be considered relevant.

The purpose of this work- based on the analysis of linguistic literature, give an idea of how to modern science the phenomenon of homonymy is highlighted.

Work tasks :

Analyze different approaches in the definition of homonymy;

Get acquainted with the history of coverage of this issue;

Show how in school curriculum and textbooks cover this issue;

Create didactic material for lessons on a specified topic;

The problem of homonymy, the multifaceted aspects of its semantics have long attracted close attention researchers. This problem had its ebb and flow, ups and downs, but at each new stage of strengthening the interests in it, new facets, new aspects of this linguistic phenomenon opened up.

It is known that for a long time, research in the field of homonymy focused on lexical homonymy, which, due to this, received the most complete semasiological and lexicographic interpretation. With regard to lexical homonymy, 3 points of view have clearly developed.

According to the first, the earliest, only etymological (heterogeneous) homonyms that have arisen as a result of an accidental coincidence of sound complexes are recognized. This theory was adhered to by J. Gillieron, R.I. Menner, J. Orr, V.I. Abaev.

According to another, lexical homonymy has two original sources:

Phonetic convergent evolution of different words or forms (including borrowings)

Semantic divergent evolution of one word

(Bulakhovsky L.A., Budagov R.A., Nyurop K., Ulman S.)

And according to the third, the formation of homonyms is possible as a result of word-formation processes.

(Vinogradov V.V., Smirnitsky A.I., Stepanov Yu.S., Balli Sh.)

In the scientific and linguistic literature, the essence of homonymy is not understood unambiguously.

The main work on this issue is an article in the journal "Questions of Linguistics" by V.V. Vinogradov "On homonymy and related phenomena" 1968. In this article Vinogradov V.V. gives a definition of homonymy and delineates related phenomena. In the future, I will constantly refer to this article.

And Rosenthal D.E. agrees with the point of view of V.V. Vinogradov that lexical homonyms are words that sound the same, but have completely different meanings. He defines homonymy - sound and grammatical coincidence of linguistic units that are not semantically related to each other.

Greek. homos- the same, onyma- name.

Fomina M.I. offers a broader definition: lexical homonyms two or more words with different meanings are called, which coincide in spelling, pronunciation and grammatical design.

In lexicology, two types of homonyms are distinguished - complete and incomplete (or partial).

By structure, lexical homonyms can be divided into:

Fomina M.I. suggests other names: simple, or non-derivatives, and derivatives. Non-derivative homonyms are most often found in the circle of nouns. In the derivative homonymy of nouns and verbs, the researchers, following V.V. Vinogradov usually distinguish the following varieties:

1. homonymous derivative stems each of two (or more) homomorphic homomorphs.

lezgin- To-a(cf. Lezgin) and lezgin- To-a(dance)

2. homonymous derived stems consist of morphemes that do not match in sound design.

paper- Nick (paper industry worker) and paper- Nick (paper wallet)

3. in a homonymous pair of words, the derivation of the stem is felt only in one of the words, while in the other (or others) a morphological process of simplification takes place.

siege go- besiege(siege, that is, surround with troops)

siege - besiege(highlight component part draft)

siege - to besiege(make to slow down at full gallop, move back, crouching slightly)

4. one of the homonymous stems is derivative, the other is non-derivative.

nor- To-a(reduced from burrow) and mink(animal and animal skin)

O.S. Akhmanova calls these types of derivative homonyms "words with a pronounced morphological structure" and distinguishes among them 5 subtypes:

Homonymy of basics

prickly(look, grass, mockery) and prickly(sugar, firewood)

Homonymy of affixes

finca(to Finn) and finca(knife)

Homonymy with varying degrees of articulation

straighten(galleys) and straighten(passport)

Homonymy with different internal structure

crossbow(a type of weapon that shoots itself) and crossbow(the one who shoots himself)

Homonymy with different parts speeches

bake (noun) and bake(verb infinitive)

Derived homonymy among verbs (the process most active in modern language) occurs in such cases when in one verb the prefix merges with the stem, losing its morphological distinguishability or separability, while in another, homonymous with the first, it retains its semantic functions of a separate morpheme.

to name"To call whom what" (compare the name) and call(a lot of people)

to speak"Speak your teeth" (cf. conspiracy) and to speak(start talking, start talking)

Homonym words are characterized primarily by the fact that they relate to one or another phenomenon of reality independently of each other, therefore, between them there is no associative conceptual-semantic connection inherent in different meanings of polysemantic words. when implementing lexical meaning mixing them with homonyms is practically impossible. For example, no one would think that it comes O key as a "spring, source" if, standing at the door, they ask for key, that is, "a device for activating the lock." The conceptual and thematic correlation of words is completely different, and the use of one of the homonymous words in the text (or living speech) excludes the use of the other. (Unless, of course, there is a special encounter with a certain stylistic task. See ____)

Having mastered the material on this topic, you will learn:

what is semantic variation;

how are the main and non-main meanings of a polysemantic word related to each other;

what is the semantic structure of a word;

whether polysemy and lexical compatibility are related;

about the stylistic functions of polysemantic words and homonymous words.

You will learn to:

distinguish between ambiguous words and homonyms;

qualify cases of unsuccessful use of homonyms;

eliminate errors in the syllable associated with these phenomena.

Lesson plan

Polysemy concept.

The ratio of polysemous words with lexical compatibility.

Intra-word antonymy.

Homonymy and related phenomena.

Stylistic functions of homonyms:

Stylistic errors associated with the use of ambiguous words and words that have homonyms.

THEORY

Polysemy concept. Polysemy– (from the Greek poly - a lot, sema - a sign) means the ability of a word to have several meanings at the same time. The study of polysemy allows you to highlight the main and non-basic meanings in polysemous words, as well as direct and figurative meanings.

The ratio of polysemantic words with lexical collocation . A polysemic word can have different lexical collocations. For example, the word "low" in its basic meaning "small in height" has wide boundaries of lexical compatibility (short person, height, mountain, house), but, speaking in the meanings of "bad" or "mean", it is not combined with all words (you cannot say: "poor health", "low knowledge").

Intra-word antonymy (enantiosemia) - the development of opposite, mutually exclusive meanings of one word. For example, to move away may mean “to come to a normal state, to feel better”, but the same word can mean “to die” (to move away into eternity).

Polysemous words are the most common, they have rather generalized meanings; unambiguous owls are distinguished either by the extreme concreteness of semantics (like proper names), or by narrowly subject meaning (bandage, binoculars). However, over time, an unambiguous word can show its inherent ability to polysemy.

Homonymy and related phenomena. Homonymy (from the Greek. homos - the same, bpota- name), that is, the coincidence in the sound and spelling of words that are different in meaning, outwardly resembles polysemy. However, the use of a word in different meanings does not give grounds to speak of the appearance of new words each time, while in homonymy completely different words collide that coincide in sound and spelling, but have nothing in common in semantics. For example: marriage in the meaning of "matrimony" and marriage- "spoiled products" - the first is derived from the verb home brew by suffix -To(cf. to marry), homonymous noun marriage borrowed at the end of the 17th century. from German language(it. Brack - "lack" goes back to the verb brechen - "break").

Together with homonymy, the adjacent phenomena related to the sound and graphic aspects of speech are usually considered - homophony and homography. Words that sound the same but are spelled differently (meadow- onion) called homophones (from the Greek. homos - the same, phone - voice, sound). Words that match only in writing, but differ in pronunciation, are called homographs (from the Greek. homos - the same, grapho - writing). Homographs are usually stressed

Stylistic functions of homonyms:

used to create puns (mainly in poetry);

give "musicality" and "melodiousness" to poetic works;

homonyms make the statement more expressive;

Stylistic errors associated with the use of ambiguous words and words with homonyms.

The collision, not noticed by the author, in the text of ambiguous words used in different meanings, or homonyms often gives speech inappropriate comic (Inthe pre-wired system systematically fails, andrepairers don't have any system). Incorrect use of ambiguous words and homonyms can cause ambiguity in the statement. For example: People saw in himkindthe head- word kind can have the meaning of "good" and the meaning of "doing good to others, responsive." This sentence is also ambiguous: Vbushes Mozhaisky district aboutthere were trade union meetings- using the word bush, the author had in mind, of course, a group association of enterprises, but it turned out to be a pun.

The reason for the ambiguity of the statement when using ambiguous words and words that have homonyms may be speech deficiency. For example: In vehiclesthe tailor enterprise has such production workers whosome are constantly looking for(the question arises: what?); "Released for lack of principle"(necessary: liberatedden from the position held ...).

An inattentive attitude to the word is especially characteristic of colloquial speech(for example, at the checkout of the store you can hear: Blow my brains out). Accidental puns are often the reason for the absurdity of the statement. They are also found in written speech. [WorkshopHe does not accept orders for belts: the lower back is ill("Cr."); In summer, the number of passengers on the electric traindax increases due to gardeners and sadists("Cr.")].

Abbreviations that have lexical homonyms can give comic and ambiguity to a statement. For example: INTO THE NOSE(aerial surveillance, warning and communication), STI(Grozny Oil Institute), MNI,Mukhin(names of institutions), etc.

Very often, homographs are the cause of stylistic errors, since it is not customary to denote stress in Russian graphics. [According to the movement of the poetic chuvwe unmistakably recognize Pushkin, Lermontov,Nekrasov, Blok (learn or find out?) In particular, homography obliges you to be attentive to certain features of the graphic image of a word.

In oral speech, the meaning of the statement may be distorted due to the incorrect division of the text into speech units. So, once high school students, memorizing the elegy of K.N. Batyushkova "Prisoner", without delving into the meaning, read the line Make noise, make waves, Rona so what was heard "waveMiron. "

LITERATURE

Golub I.B. Stylistics of the modern Russian language / I.B. Golub. - 8th ed. - M .: Ayris-press, 2007. - Stylistic use of ambiguous words and homonyms in speech - pp. 41-50

Exercise 1

Find antonyms for these words. At the same time, keep in mind that polysemantic words can have several antonyms.

Fun, cheerful, have fun; windy; meeting, meeting, meeting; deep, depth; light, frivolous; fullness, full, plump; thick; quiet; bold, bold; hard, hard, hardness; to praise; cunning, cunning.

Golenkova K.

What professional qualities do these assignments actualize?

Care should be taken when using polysemantic words, as they have a high expressiveness, which often leads to the creation of inappropriate puns.

The use of ambiguous words can create ambiguity. For example, the doctor decided to leave this medicine ( "Cancel" or "recommend to accept").

Do not forget about the lexical compatibility of the polysemic word. For example, the word short in its main meaning "small in height", has wide boundaries of lexical compatibility ( short person, growth, mountain, house), but, speaking in the meanings of "bad" or "vile", it is not combined with all words (you cannot say: "poor health", "low knowledge").

The use of polysemous words is limited in styles. Intra-word antonymy is not allowed in official business speech.

Ambiguity can sometimes be confused with homonymy.

Undesirable ambiguity sometimes arises on the basis of homonymy and related phenomena: Visit the bottom of science. (science day? science bottom?)

CONTINUE ...

Exercise 2

Find homonyms in the text. Define the stylistic functions of homonyms.

1. He loved to fall asleep to students, apparently because they liked to fall asleep in his lectures. 2. Burning in the flame of love, I realized that until recently I did not know any grief. 3. The dressmaker sews with a needle in a line, the grinder took the skates to a point. I, finishing the line, put a small dot. 4. You fed the white swans, throwing back the weight of the black braids ... I swam beside; the helm converged; the sunset ray was strangely braid. 5. I sacredly remember this meeting: a pond, a shore, a bright plate of the sky ... The moment is the same if I meet again - and life is insignificant from the plates. 6. I am under a blue canopy on a canopy hill. 7. But outdated, a terrible minute!

it must be remembered that homonyms are used in such stylistic devices as puns, so you need to monitor their appropriate use;

when using homonyms, stress in words should be indicated for a more accurate transfer of information;

AFTER LESSON QUESTIONS

What are antonyms? homonyms?

What stylistic functions of antonyms and homonyms can you name?

What stylistic figures are based on the phenomenon of antonymy?

What is an oxymoron? antiphrasis? pun?

What stylistic flaws can arise as a result of the unjustified use of antonyms?

What should be considered when using antonyms, homonyms?

What is semantic variation?

What are polysemy and enantiosemia?

HOMEWORK

1. List the antonyms in the art passages. Find examples of antithesis and oxymoron.

1. A French proverb says: "A dry fisherman and a wet hunter are sad." Having never had a passion for fishing, I cannot judge what a fisherman experiences in good, clear weather, and how much in inclement times the pleasure given to him by abundant prey outweighs the trouble of being wet. But for a hunter, rain is a real disaster (T.). 2. Then this play of lights and shadows - comic, tragic, touching, beautiful, terrible in life - amused me (L. T.).). 3. Parting and meeting are the two main parts from which happiness will one day be formed (Dolm.). 4. That night we went mad from each other, only ominous darkness shone for us (Ahm.). 5. Not cheerful, not sad, as if descended from a dark sky, you are both my wedding song and my crazy star (Zab.).

2. Find and describe all varieties of homonyms.

1.Freckles have no demolition,

Do not disappear from the nose.

I, sparing no soap,

The nose was patiently soaping, -

It would depend on soap,

I would have washed freckles.

(A. Shibaev)

Gopher jumped out of the mink

And he asked the red mink:

Where have you been? - At the chanterelle!

What did you eat there? - Chanterelles!

(A. Shibaev)

The poet makes a speech from afar.

The poet - the speech leads far.

(M. Tsvetaeva)

Defender of liberty and rights

In this case, it is not at all right.

(A. Pushkin)

You puppies follow me!

There will be a roll for you.

But look, don't talk,

Otherwise I will beat you.

(A. Pushkin)

Carrying a bear, walking to the market,

To sell honey in a pot.

Suddenly the bear is about to attack! -

The wasps decided to attack.

Teddy bear with aspen army

He fought with a torn aspen.

How could he not fall into a rage,

If the wasps climbed into the mouth, stung anywhere,

They got it for this.

(J. Kozlovsky)

3. Write down homonyms, homoforms and homophones in groups. Compare their lexical and grammatical meanings.