Annual labor productivity of 1 worker. How to calculate labor productivity - formulas, examples. in production
Labor productivity is characterized as one of the basic indicators reflecting the actual performance of the company's personnel.
Being a relative indicator, labor productivity makes it possible to compare the efficiency of different groups of people employed in the production process and to plan numerical values for subsequent periods.
The concept of labor productivity
Labor productivity characterizes the effectiveness of labor costs per unit of time. For example, it shows how much output a worker will produce in an hour.
At the enterprise, productivity is determined through two basic indicators:
- production;
- laboriousness.
They are the most appropriate in assessing the degree of efficiency of labor costs per unit of time. Increasing productivity leads to higher production volumes and savings on wages.
Calculation algorithm
In essence, labor productivity reflects the ratio of the volume of produced and/or sold products to the number of employees.
Indicators of the number of employees are based on payroll data. Each employee is only counted once per business day.
Labor costs and time spent on the production of products are also taken into account in the reporting documentation.
Indicators
The indicators of labor productivity at the enterprise include production, labor intensity and labor productivity index.
Working out(C) determines the volume of output per unit of paid working time by one payroll worker. The indicator can be found depending on two factors - the time spent and the average number of employees.
B=Q/T.
V=Q/H.
Labor intensity(Tr) expresses the amount of labor required by one worker to produce a unit of product. The indicator of labor intensity is the opposite of the indicator of production.
Calculation depending on the time spent:
Tr=T/Q.
Calculation depending on the average number of employees:
Tr=H/Q
- B - production;
- Tr - labor intensity;
- Q is the volume of production in natural units (pieces);
- T - the cost of paid working time for the production of this product;
- H is the average number of staff.
There is a more detailed way to calculate performance:
PT \u003d (Q * (1 - K p)) / (T 1 * H),
- where PT is labor productivity;
- K p - downtime coefficient;
- T 1 - labor costs of the employee.
If it is necessary to calculate the labor productivity of one employee, then the value of the average headcount indicator will be equal to one. Annual output per employee not only characterizes the performance of an individual, but also allows you to plan for the next period.
When calculating output, hours worked do not include downtime.
The volume of products sold can be expressed in any units - pieces, monetary or labor units.
The formula for calculating labor productivity
Based on the calculation of performance indicators for the functioning of employees at the enterprise, labor productivity index.
This indicator reflects the rate of productivity growth and is found as follows:
by production: ΔPT \u003d [(V o - V b) / V b] * 100%
in terms of labor intensity: ΔPT \u003d [(Tr about - Tr b) / Tr b] * 100%
- where B o - production output in the reporting period;
- C b - production output in the base period;
- Tr about - the complexity of products in the reporting period;
- Tr b - labor intensity of products in the base period;
- PT - index of labor productivity in percent.
The change in productivity can be found through the planned headcount savings using the following formula:
ΔPT \u003d [E h / (Ch r - E h)] * 100%,
- where E h is the planned savings in the number of personnel;
- Ch p - the number of workers (employees employed in the production process).
Indicator average labor productivity necessary in the case of a large number of manufactured products with different complexity.
The formula for calculating the average labor productivity:
Vsr=ΣQ i *K i,
- where Вср – average labor productivity;
- Q i is the volume of each type of manufactured product;
- K i - the coefficient of labor intensity of each type of manufactured product.
To determine this coefficient, a position with minimal labor intensity is allocated. It equates to one.
To find the coefficients for other types of products, the labor intensity of each is divided by the indicator of the minimum labor intensity.
For calculation productivity of one worker the following formula is used:
PT \u003d (Q * (1 - K p)) / T 1.
To calculate the indicators of labor productivity, the data of the balance sheet of the enterprise, in particular, the volume of manufactured products, are used. This indicator is reflected in the second section of the documentation in line 2130.
The formula for calculating labor productivity according to the balance sheet is as follows:
PT \u003d (line 2130 * (1 - K p)) / (T 1 * H).
Analysis
The calculated indicators allow for a comprehensive analysis of labor productivity at the enterprise.
Production and labor intensity evaluate the actual work of the staff, according to the results of the analysis, it is possible to identify resources for the development and growth of productivity, as well as for saving working time and reducing the number of employees.
The performance index reflects the change in performance in the current period compared to the previous one. It is extremely important for performance evaluation.
The level of productivity depends not only on the competence and ability of employees, but also on the level of material equipment, financial flows and other factors.
In general, labor productivity needs to be constantly improved. This can be achieved through the introduction of new equipment, employee training and competent organization of production.
Video - how you can use new technologies to increase productivity:
Discussion (12 )
How to calculate the average number of employees in the planned year if labor productivity increased by 9%. The number of workers in the reporting year is 280 people and the cost of marketable products in the reporting year is 650 billion rubles?
Two teams of workers process the same kind of parts. The daily production of parts by individual workers is characterized by the following data
Number of the worker (1 brigade) Daily output of the worker of the 1st brigade, pcs. Number of the worker (2nd brigade) Daily output of the worker of the 2nd brigade, pcs.
Determine the average daily number of parts processed by one worker of each team and a total of two teams. Need a solution, help?
Hope. Try to focus on the definition of labor productivity not in the way that we were drummed into the institutions, but according to K. Marx: - "labor productivity is the minimum cost of living labor with the maximum production of the product" and understand why we in the Union had giant workshops and an exorbitant number of workers, and capitalists automated lines and a minimum of workers in the production of the same volume of product.
Labor productivity, its growth in any enterprise is the basis for the growth of the wage fund and, accordingly, the growth of wages for specific workers.
For the proper running of a business, performance indicators are very important. With the help of them, not only the efficiency of the use of labor is analyzed, but also the level of mechanization and automation of labor. There will be no productivity with ancient tools and equipment.
With such calculations, large companies usually bother, where there is an economist, or even an entire economic department. For small businesses, everything is easier in practice. For example: I know what minimum revenue I should have in a month so as not to go into the red. Anything above is my profit. My personal opinion, how much and how do not count, but there will be no more money. It is better to work, sell more - and there will be something to consider.
As I understand it, a person is taken into account only as labor power and the cost of this labor power. But various force majeure situations are not included in the formula. As usual, in the absence of people, the overall productivity should not fall in any way, that is, the rest of the workers should do all the work of those absent. In general, there are many shortcomings in the workers, they need to pay bonuses, taxes, vacations and much more for them. Therefore, the installation of robots and machines is an ideal option for production.
Knowledge of the theory is, of course, good ... But in fact, I have come across the fact that not a single business plan has yet ended as positively as planned ... Well, at least for me. There is always an action of some indefinite force that confuses all the cards. In any case, one thing is clear - if there is a sales market, and a good market that will not let you down and will pay for goods (or services) on time, then you can build a business ... If the sales market is not established, at least count. My business is based on sales of parts and accessories. There are no problems with suppliers - they are always ready to supply goods - both immediately and on order, but there are not always customers in the right quantity, since these are not essential products. Plus competition.))) Plus periodic crises ...))) How to calculate all this?
In fact, it is not so difficult as it might seem at first glance. When I was studying at the university in economics, we were literally forced to learn indicators of labor productivity, so that we would bounce off our teeth. But we didn't really want to do that. But now I have to admit that in vain. After I was lucky enough to open my own tailoring and repair workshop, I was faced with such important indicators of labor productivity as output and labor intensity. There were a lot of orders, there were 2 workers. There were difficulties with the task of orders, so I had to plan the work, calculate these indicators in order to get the result I needed, i.e. so that my workers complete at least 2 orders a day, working 8 hours. We also had to motivate employees to improve the speed and quality of work. For example, for every 3 completed orders for tailoring a product, give bonuses, then the speed of work will increase. That's all I've had so far, but I'm sure there are other ways that can help in this case, and at the moment I'm looking for ways to solve this problem.
In fact, all sorts of calculations are a huge pile and you can count endlessly. But I always go from the opposite. From the result that I need. If I want to receive from a retail outlet, let's say 1000 rubles of profit per day, then the goods should be sold for 9,000 rubles, if on average I (from experience) the seller sells for 700 rubles per hour, then I need to work 11000/700 = 12.9 hours. Actually from 8 am to 9 pm. To reduce this time, you come up with different "promotions" and increase hourly revenue, as a result, according to me, the seller's productivity can be up to 100 rubles of revenue per hour. I am working on her promotion.
The production rate for 1 worker is calculated quite simply. The formulas are simple, but you need to understand how and when they need to be applied at all.
The effectiveness of human labor is characterized by production.
As quantitative performance indicators, natural and cost indicators are used, such as: tons, meters, cubic meters, pieces, etc.
The productivity of labor characterizes the development. The output is calculated for one main worker, for one worker and one worker. In different cases, the calculations will be carried out in different ways.
- For one main worker - the number of products produced is divided by the number of main workers.
- Per worker - the number of products produced is divided by the total number of workers (main plus auxiliary).
- For one worker - the number of products produced is divided by the number of total employees.
Labor productivity indicators characterize the effectiveness of the use of employees in the enterprise. One of them is the rate of production.
The output rate is the amount of work (in units of production) that a worker or a group of workers needs to complete in a specified time in specific organizational and technical conditions. It is set when the same operation is regularly performed during the shift (the same products are created). Based on it, you can already assign a salary to an employee.
Specific indicators of the production rate are set by the enterprise - the state only gives general practical recommendations (they are set out in regulatory documents).
For each industry, the rate of output per person is calculated slightly differently, despite the existence of one simple "general" formula.
Formula for 1 worker
Production rates can be determined for one worker by dividing the time fund by the time rate.
As a fund, you can take a year, a month, a week, or the duration of a shift.
For mass production, large enterprises, the norm of time for the manufacture of a product is equal to the norm of piece-calculation time. For industries where the same workers perform the main, preparatory and final work, the time standards will be different.
It is best to take the duration of the shift as a fund. From here, the average output per month or per hour is calculated.
The calculation formula looks like this:
H vyr \u003d T cm / T op,
where T cm is the shift time,
T op - time to manufacture one product.
This is the same “general” formula that was mentioned earlier. It works great for mass production. It is worth noting that, although it is customary to take time in minutes, you can choose other units of time.
For serial or single production, the formula will be different:
H vyr \u003d T cm / T pcs,
T cm - change time,
T pcs - time for the manufacture of one product, calculated taking into account its cost.
For industries where the preparatory stage is calculated and normalized separately, the production formula must be modified:
H vyr \u003d (T cm - T pz) / T cm,
where H vyr is the operating time rate in natural units,
T cm is the working time fund for which the operating rate is set (here: shift time),
T pz - time for the preparatory stage in minutes.
In cases of working with automated equipment, it is necessary to take into account the service time (which is also normalized):
N vyr \u003d N o * N vm,
where H vyr is the operating time rate in natural units,
N vm - the rate of production of equipment, which is calculated:
N vm \u003d N vm theor * K pv,
where H vm theor is the theoretical output of the machine,
To pv - the coefficient of useful labor time for one shift.
If periodic hardware processes are used, the formula also changes.
H vyr \u003d (T cm - T about - T exc) * T p * H o / T op,
where H vyr is the operating time rate in natural units,
T cm - the duration of the shift,
T about - time for equipment maintenance,
T ex - the norm of time for personal needs of personnel,
T p - products manufactured in one period,
H o - normalized service time,
T op - the duration of this period.
It must be understood that the “general” formulas do not take into account the specifics of a particular production. For the food industry, for example, the calculations are slightly different.
It is not enough for us to measure how many dishes the chef prepared per day, this will not say anything about his productivity: there are different dishes, including complex ones. Therefore, in this case, special coefficients are used to calculate the production rate.
One "simplest" dish is taken and taken as a unit of labor input. For example, a portion of chicken soup is cooked in 100 seconds, taken as a unit. Soup, the preparation of which requires 200 s is taken as a deuce. Etc.
The cook needs to prepare the workplace, serve it. Prepare yourself for work.
The calculation formula looks like this:
H vyr \u003d (T cm - T pz - T obs - T exc) / T op,
where H vyr is the operating time rate in natural units,
T cm is the working time fund for which the operating rate is set,
T pz - time for the preparatory stage in minutes;
T obs - the time required to service the workplace, in minutes;
T ex - time spent on personal needs, in minutes;
T op - time per unit of production in minutes.
When calculating the rate of operating time, cleaning of industrial premises, it is taken into account that different surfaces are not washed equally well. Plus, cleaners need to move from one room to another.
H vyr \u003d (T cm - T obs - T ln - T otd) * K / T op,
where H in is the production rate,
T cm is the duration of the shift in minutes,
T obs - the time required to service the workplace during the shift, in minutes;
T otd - time spent on rest, in minutes,
T ln - time for a break for personal needs in minutes,
T op - time to clean 1 m 2 of area in seconds,
K is the coefficient that is taken into account when cleaning. It is determined with a stopwatch. It shows how much time is spent when moving between halls.
Calculation examples
For single production:
A craftsman who makes handmade teapots works 20,000 s a day. Time for one piece - 2500 s.
H vyr \u003d 20000 / 2500 \u003d 8 pcs.
The craftsman makes 8 handmade teapots per day.
For mass production:
The working shift time at the plant for the production of teacups is 28800 s. The time for the manufacture of one teapot, according to regulatory documents, is 1800 s.
H vyr \u003d 28800 / 1800 \u003d 16 pcs.
One worker must make 16 teapots in one shift.
For production, where the preparatory stage is normalized:
At another chapel plant, the time it takes workers to prepare the workplace and tools is taken into account. The duration of the shift is 28800 s. The time for making one teapot is 1700 s. Preparatory work time - 200 s.
H vyr \u003d (28800 - 200) / 1700 \u003d 16.82 pcs.
A worker at the second plant must produce 16.82 teapots during a shift.
For automated production:
Chapelnikov plant No. 2 began to use chapelnikov machines, in theory capable of producing 50 chapelniks during a shift. The coefficient of useful labor time per shift for machines is 0.95. The normalized service time is 0.85 work shifts.
H vyp \u003d 0.85 * 50 * 0.95 \u003d 40.375 pcs.
The chapelnikov machine will have to produce 40,375 pieces per day.
For periodic hardware processes in production:
Other workers in the same factory must attach automatic latches to the teapots - using machines. The duration of the shift is 28800 seconds. 1000 s is allocated for the maintenance of machines. For personal needs, you can leave for 900 seconds during the shift. In one period, the machine attaches 10 latches. Service time is 0.85 shifts. The duration of one period of using the machine is 500 seconds.
H vyr \u003d (28800 - 1000 - 900) * 10 * 0.85 / 500 \u003d 457.3 pcs.
Workers during the shift must attach 457.3 automatic latches to the teapots.
For the food industry:
Cooking oatmeal in the canteen for the workers of the teapot factory spends 28,700 s. The preparation time takes 1200 s. It takes the chef 1000 s to prepare the necessary ingredients and the workplace. In breaks for rest, 3200 s are spent. According to the regulations, it takes 1800 seconds to prepare one serving of oatmeal.
Introduction
Labor productivity is one of the most important indicators of the efficiency of social production, which directly depends on the level of development of productive forces in society, the degree of use of its production, labor, natural and scientific potential, because the problem of this study is relevant today.
Raising the level of labor productivity means saving labor, i.e., reducing the socially necessary labor time for the production of a unit of goods; reduction in the cost of the product itself. The achieved level of labor productivity determines the provision of society with material and spiritual benefits, the level of its wealth. The higher the level of labor productivity in the sphere of material production, the more opportunities society has for the development of the non-productive sphere (services, the spiritual sphere).
It should be noted about the relevance of the problem of increasing labor productivity, because in the conditions of capitalism, this is one of the most important problems.
Based on this, the purpose of this work is to show the essence of labor productivity, to study the theoretical aspects related to this topic, to show by example possible ways to increase labor productivity.
This work consists of three chapters. The first chapter, which characterizes the whole essence of labor productivity, talks about the features of labor productivity, its role, defines the basic concepts that relate to this topic. The second chapter reveals the question of the main factors that increase labor productivity. The third chapter is practical in nature. considers ways to increase labor productivity in Russia.
ChapterI. The essence of labor productivity
The purpose of labor activity is to obtain a product of labor, i.e., the production and marketing of specific products, the sale of goods or the provision of services. For the employee and the labor collective, the productivity of this labor is important, which is expressed by the level of the received volume of work per unit of labor costs, including per unit of time. The higher this level, the lower the costs per unit of time, because with high labor productivity, which can be observed with an increase in the volume of work, the level of total costs decreases, and, importantly, the level of fixed costs. One of the main tasks of the organization of labor is to pay attention to the growth of labor productivity, because with its increase, the amount of work produced by one employee per unit of time increases, and, in turn, the time spent per unit of work decreases.
Labor productivity- fruitfulness, productivity of people's production activities, the effectiveness of expedient productive activities. Labor productivity is measured by the amount of products (work, turnover, services) produced by an employee in the field of material production per unit of working time (hour, shift, month, year), or the amount of time spent on the production of a unit of output.
Levels, types, and indicators of labor productivity measurement
With the new tasks facing the regulation of the economy through the state, it is necessary to streamline the typology and identify the levels of labor productivity.
The first level of economic productivity of labor is the productivity of labor for a single worker.
The second level is p-local, p which is determined p for each separately taken region p (territory) or industry, p labor productivity. Naturally, social and labor productivity, and here, cannot be numbered, since accounting for unemployment is carried out only for the territories.
Finally, the third level is the labor productivity of the country as a whole - the total social (social) or total economic (macroeconomic) productivity of labor. In turn, the latter reflects the level of labor efficiency that is actually used at a certain point in time in the entire economic complex of the country.
The typology of labor productivity indicated above, according to the levels of measurement, is based on the scale and content of labor used to produce goods. In the first case, this is a separate workplace, production site or a separate enterprise; in the second, a space of application of labor limited in terms of territory or type of economic activity, which can cover a certain set of enterprises; in the third - all the territories of the country, economic sectors and enterprises, taken in organic unity.
Indicators of local labor productivity depend on the dynamics of the levels of individual productivity, and the aggregate ones are determined by the dynamics of the local one.
However, the calculation of certain types of labor productivity can also be carried out by comparing the result of production and labor costs at each specific level of measurement, taking into account the interdependence of these levels. In particular, as the arithmetic mean of the values of the previous level by the number of employees (for economic labor productivity) or by the economically active population (for social aggregate labor productivity).
As we found out earlier, labor productivity is the amount of output produced per employee for a certain period of time.
The formula for determining labor productivity is as follows:
Etc. labor = Q / h,
h - the average number of employees for this period.
The main indicators of labor productivity, which are calculated at the enterprise, are annual (monthly), daily, hourly labor productivity. Annual and monthly productivity calculated according to a single formula, which has already been given above.
Daily labor productivity- this is the amount of products that one employee produces per day (shift), for a certain period (year, month).
Etc. labor (daily) = Q / h × D,
where Q is the volume of manufactured products for a certain period;
D - the average number of days worked by one employee for a certain period (year, month).
Hourly productivity- this is the amount of output that one worker produces in 1 hour during a certain period.
Etc. labor (hourly) \u003d Q / h × D × t,
where Q is the volume of manufactured products for a certain period;
h - the average number of employees for this period;
t is the average number of hours worked by one employee during a working day for a certain period.
In the presence of some specific source material, labor productivity indicators can already be presented in a different form.
Etc. labor (daily) \u003d labor ave × t,
where Q is the volume of manufactured products for a certain period;
h - the average number of employees for this period;
D - the average number of days worked by one employee for a certain period (year, month);
t is the average number of hours actually worked by one employee per shift.
Annual (monthly) labor productivity can be presented in the following form.
Etc. labor (annual, daily) \u003d labor ave × D,
where D is the average number of days (hours) actually worked by one employee for the period.
Or annual labor productivity can be represented as the following formula:
Etc. labor (annual, hourly) = pr. labor × t × D.
An increase in labor productivity contributes to a reduction in the cost of working time for the manufacture of a unit of output or an increase in the output produced per unit of time.
An increase in labor productivity, K. Marx wrote, should be understood as “any general change in the labor process that reduces the labor time socially necessary for the production of a given commodity, so that a smaller amount of labor acquires the ability to produce a larger amount of use value” 1 .
The growth of labor productivity has a direct impact on the change in the ratio between the costs of living labor and labor materialized (embodied) in raw materials, materials and tools, i.e. in the means of production.
“The increase in the productivity of labor consists precisely in the fact that the share of living labor decreases, and the share of past labor increases, but increases in such a way that the total amount of labor embodied in the commodity decreases.” 2
Before talking about the growth factor of labor productivity, it is necessary to introduce the concept of a factor.
Factors- these are organizational and technical measures aimed at quantitative and qualitative changes in the technology and organization of production conditions for the manufacture of planned products, which contribute to an increase in labor productivity.
Factor classification
Logistical factors provide for the introduction of the achievements of scientific and technological progress in order to increase the share of production equipment and advanced technologies, technological equipment and new, more efficient types of material resources, as well as the quality of products and the level of mechanization and automation of production.
Organizational factors represent the concentration of production assets and labor resources in individual industrial enterprises: to increase the volume of production (concentration of production); reducing the range of manufactured products and restructuring production for the production of new products or the performance of certain technological operations of the production process (subject, detailed, technological specialization); expansion of the scientific organization of labor and management.
Economic forces - increasing the material interest of the main production workers and reducing the labor intensity and material consumption of products, the share of manual labor and auxiliary operations; observance of the economically justified number of employees and workers.
The sequence of substantiating the growth of labor productivity, depending on the implementation of measures for a particular factor, is as follows:
the labor intensity or output achieved in the base period is determined, and on the basis of these calculated indicators the number of employees and workers necessary to complete the planned scope of work is established;
the change in labor intensity and output is calculated, which is the basis for establishing initial information on the number of employees and workers, labor savings;
the relative release of the number of employees and workers is established.
When implementing measures for several factors that affect the growth of labor productivity, savings in labor costs are determined as the sum of savings in labor costs for each group of factors included in the general plan of measures to increase labor productivity.
Labor productivity and the release of the number of main production workers for a group of material and technical factors are determined by the following factors.
By the factor "Implementation of achievements of scientific and technological progress".
The release of the number of main production workers and the growth of labor productivity are the result of a reduction in the labor intensity of products and an increase in the coefficient of compliance with the standards:
In general, for an enterprise or for its division, the release of the number of main workers is defined as the sum of the release of the main workers employed in the manufacture of all products, the labor intensity of which has decreased as a result of the introduction of scientific and technological progress.
2. By the factor "Improving the quality of the product."
Improving the quality of manufactured products leads, on the one hand, to an increase in labor intensity, which is reflected in an increase in the number of main production workers, and on the other hand, to an increase in demand and production volume, while the wholesale price is growing.
The growth in the number of main production workers as a result of improving the quality of products can be calculated by the formula:
For a group of organizational factors and, in particular, for the factor “Change in the structure of products”, the change in the number of main production workers is calculated by the formula
Let's take an example. The initial data are presented in the table.
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Indicator |
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Labor intensity, normo-min. |
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Annual volume, thousand pieces |
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Compliance rate |
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With structural shifts in the range of products produced, the number of key workers may rise and fall.
An increase in the number of core workers occurs when the total labor costs for additional output exceed the labor cost savings achieved by reducing the volume of production for individual product items due to structural changes. As a result of saving labor costs, the release of labor is ensured.
In the context of the economic crisis and unfavorable investment policy, special attention is paid to identifying and using reserves for further growth in labor productivity at industrial enterprises.
Labor productivity growth reserves
Labor productivity growth reserves - these are potential opportunities for further reducing the labor intensity of products and reducing unplanned downtime. One of the most common reserves is the transfer of manual labor to mechanized.
So far, this process is proceeding slowly, despite the available technical possibilities for the mechanization of manual labor. For example, in some industries, the level of mechanization does not exceed 30%, and in loading and unloading operations - 15%.
Elimination of unplanned downtime of working time can be achieved by maintaining the share of physically worn out equipment, improving the quality of repairs by expanding centralized and specialized repairs to restore the working capacity of equipment, as well as improving the organization of production, etc.
Planning for the growth of labor productivity is carried out in all production departments in which the volume of output, the number of employees, workers, etc. are planned.
The planned growth rates of labor productivity are calculated for individual measures and groups of factors, of which the following stand out:
Raising the technical level of production as a result of the introduction of scientific and technological progress aimed at increasing the share of mechanization and automation, advanced technology, reducing the fleet of physically worn out and obsolete equipment through replacement and modernization, expanding the range of modern and more efficient material resources and energy carriers.
For this factor, the growth of labor productivity is determined on the basis of a decrease in labor intensity according to the formula:
where TE, TE are, respectively, the basic and reported labor intensity of manufacturing the i-th unit of production, min;
The volume of production, respectively, in the base and reporting periods.
Improving the organization of production and labor as a result of the introduction of measures to improve production management, reduce the labor intensity of products and increase the coefficient of norms based on the growth of the qualifications of the main production workers, and reduce the loss of working time.
Growth in labor productivity due to:
- elimination of intra-shift losses of working time
where T is the piece time of the product, min;
The proportion of time lost during the working day, depending directly on the worker, a fraction of a unit;
Share of scheduled breaks and downtime associated with shortcomings in the organization of production, unit share;
-improving the use of an effective working time fund
where Ф is the increase in the effective annual fund of working time as a result of the implementation in the reporting period of a plan of organizational and technical measures to reduce time losses that do not depend on the worker;
The effective annual fund of working hours in the base period.
Changing the volume and structure of production by reducing the number of industrial workers due to a decrease in the labor intensity of products with an increase in production volume and structural shifts and the range of products, reducing the share of labor intensity of products, an increase in purchased products, semi-finished products, cooperative deliveries.
Stages in planning to increase labor productivity
Determination of the initial number of employees:
where C is, respectively, the wholesale price and the annual planned production volume
i-th product name;
BP - output per average employee in the base period;
k - number of items of manufactured products (I = 1, 2, 3, ….., k)
Next, a possible increase in labor productivity is determined, the calculation of which is carried out separately for each measure, factor, and in general for the entire set of factors included in the plan of organizational and technical measures to release the number of employees.
When assessing the release of the number of employees as a result of an increase in the technical level of production, a decrease in the labor intensity of the product can be used, i.e. saving labor costs (the difference between the labor intensity of the product before and after the implementation of the measure). The release of the number of employees due to changes in the volume and structure of output is due to the fact that the growth of the average number of employees, with the exception of the number of key production workers, lags behind the growth in production volume.
The release of the number of workers is determined by the formula:
An increase in labor productivity is manifested in the fact that the share of living labor in manufactured products decreases, and the share of past labor increases, while the absolute value of the cost of living and materialized labor per unit of output is reduced. In planning the increase in labor productivity, absolute indicators are used that characterize the level of labor productivity, and relative indicators that determine the dynamics of its growth.
In the practice of planning the growth of labor productivity, depending on the goal and object, two methods are most widely used:
direct calculation method based on the labor intensity (production) of the production program. This method is mostly used in planning labor productivity for sections, workshops, jobs;
the method of labor productivity planning based on technical and economic factors, applied in general for the enterprise (firm).
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PLANNING BY THE DIRECT ACCOUNT METHOD
The planning of labor productivity by the method of direct calculation for sections, workshops, jobs is carried out as follows.
The change in labor productivity for a certain period in terms of output (B) or labor intensity (T) is determined using the following formulas:
I pt \u003d V o / V b (1)
I pt \u003d T b / T o, (2)
where I Fri - index of labor productivity growth;
V o and V b - production output in the reporting and base periods in the appropriate units of measurement;
T o and T b - labor intensity of products in the reporting and base periods (standard, man-hours).
PT \u003d (V o / V b) × 100 (3)
PT \u003d (T b / T o) × 100, (4)
where PT is the growth rate of labor productivity, %.
PT \u003d [(V o - V b) / V b] × 100 (5)
PT \u003d [(T b - T o) / T o] × 100, (6)
where PT is the growth rate of labor productivity, %.
The percentage increase in labor productivity does not coincide with the percentage decrease in labor intensity - the first is always greater than the second. The ratio of these indicators can be determined by the following formulas:
PT = (Т × 100) / (100 – Т), (7)
Т = (PT × 100) / (100 + PT), (8)
where Т is the percentage of labor intensity reduction.
So, for example, if labor intensity decreases by 10%, then labor productivity increases by 11.1%: (10 × 100) / (100 - 10) = 11.1.
If labor productivity increases by 10%, then labor intensity will decrease by 9.1%: (10 × 100) / (100 + 10) = 9.1.
The growth of labor productivity can also be determined by saving working time (E):
∆PT \u003d E / (T r - E) × 100, (9)
where E - labor savings (man-hours);
T p is the labor intensity of products according to the labor intensity of the base period (man-hours).
LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PLANNING BY THE METHOD OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY PLANNING ACCORDING TO TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FACTORS
The level of labor productivity at the enterprise and the possibility of its increase are determined by a number of factors and reserves for its growth. Under productivity growth factors the reasons for the change in its level are understood. Under reserves of labor productivity growth the enterprise understands the real opportunities for saving labor resources that have not yet been used. The relationship between the concepts of "factors" and "reserves" is that factor represents the reason for the possibility of the implementation of a phenomenon, and reserve - unrealized opportunity in a particular case.
The impact of factors and reserves of labor productivity growth is determined by a possible change in the number of employees in the coming period due to each factor individually and all together. At the same time, the labor costs for the production of the planned volume of output in the basic and planned conditions for each factor are compared.
Labor productivity growth factors depend on the sectoral affiliation of the enterprise and a number of other reasons, however, it is generally accepted to single out the following groups of factors:
Raising the technical level of production;
improvement of the organization of production and labor;
change in the volume of production and structural changes in production;
change of external, natural conditions;
other factors.
In general, for the enterprise (firm) productivity planning according to the main technical and economic factors is carried out in the following order:
1. The saving of labor resources from the development and implementation of each specific i-th measure to increase labor productivity is determined (E i):
E i \u003d ∆T / (F pl × K int) (10)
where T is the change in the labor intensity of products from the use of new technology, a new product, a separate specific event, etc. in production. (working hour);
Ф pl - the annual fund of working time per worker in the planning period (hour);
K vn is the planned coefficient for the fulfillment of norms by these workers.
2. The total savings of labor resources (E) are determined under the influence of all technical and economic factors and measures:
E \u003d E i. (eleven)
3. The increase in labor productivity at the enterprise (in the workshop, on the site) is determined, achieved under the influence of all factors and activities (PT):
∆PT \u003d E × 100 / (Ch r - E) × 100, (12)
where Ch p is the estimated number of industrial and production personnel required to perform the annual scope of work, provided that the output of the base period (persons) is maintained. Can be determined by the formula:
Ch p \u003d OP pl / V b, (13)
where OP pl is the volume of production in the planned period in the appropriate units of measurement;
In b - the level of labor productivity (production) in the base period in the appropriate units of measurement.
In market conditions of management, the concept of marginal labor productivity, according to which an additional increase in the number of workers leads to a smaller increase in marginal product. At the same time, the marginal product of labor is understood as the amount of additional production that the enterprise will receive by hiring one additional worker.
Multiplying the marginal product by its price, we obtain the monetary expression of the marginal product, or the marginal (or additional) income from hiring the last worker (see table)
|
Number of workers |
Number of manufactured products |
marginal product of labor |
marginal revenue |
Marginal labor cost |
Because firms are profit-driven under market conditions, they can only add to employment as long as the marginal revenue exceeds the marginal cost of an additional worker.
As can be seen from the initial data of the table, the optimal option is the number of workers - six people, since the seventh worker creates a marginal product of 100 units at a marginal labor cost of 350 units, that is, with the seventh worker accepted, profit begins to decrease. Thus, in market conditions, there is a problem of excess labor force, unemployment, underemployment.
According to McKinsey experts, over the past 10 years, labor productivity in Russia has grown from 18% of the level in the US to 26%. The figure has almost doubled, but the lag behind developed economies is still very significant. And if, in a favorable external environment, this problem was felt locally in specific companies or in production, now it has come to the fore on a national scale.
What are the reasons for the low level of labor productivity in Russia, what hinders its growth? How can the Russian economy increase labor productivity in various sectors of the economy? Informatization? Technologies? Education? Or something else?
Will the situation with labor productivity in Russia be able to change radically, or will this problem remain a beautiful slogan and the subject of theoretical discussions?
Tell us what the phrase means, "over the past 10 years, labor productivity in Russia has grown from 18% of the level in the United States to 26%." The level of development of productive forces, working conditions, the development of science - we still have different. Is it correct to compare the level of labor productivity in Russia and the USA?
What is important here is not so much the comparison between Russia and the United States, but rather the level of Russia's lag in labor productivity from the highest level in the world. In this case, this phrase refers to the reduction of the backlog. In addition, there is also an indication of what the potential for productivity growth in Russia is - that is, the unconditional potential, not the fact that it is realizable.
It is quite correct to compare the labor productivity of developed countries. This is a certain fact, like the results of an athlete from the top ten and from the sixth ten. Of course, it would also be interesting to compare with countries of our level of development, i.e. located approximately 55-65 in the world.
Labor productivity is considered somewhat different for us and for them, so everything is not so bad. In the industry, P.T. lags behind the bourgeois because most of the repair services are within the enterprise, and separate firms are engaged in this. In trade, Magnet is the savior of mankind and the chief Cerberus of private shopkeepers. The worst situation is in agriculture, where P.T. has always been far below them. On the one hand, an extensive way of developing agriculture is good: there are no GMOs, roundup is not poured into the aisle, employment in the countryside is 100%, but, unfortunately, not everyone appreciates environmentally friendly and expensive products, for example - "Yellow Pumpkin" , everyone wants to get drunk cheaply and cheerfully. But the mechanization of agriculture, especially animal husbandry, would not hurt.
The level and share of wages of wage workers in the structure of GDP have a dominant influence on social parameters, including the labor market. Characteristic for 2001–2007. there was an upward trend in the demand for labor force. The change in the demand for labor was determined by the shift of employment to activities that provide market services. The formation of this trend at the initial stage of the recovery of economic growth had a powerful positive impact on the quality of life and gave impetus to accelerate the development of the service sector. However, the slowdown in industrial growth and the acceleration of imports provoked a downward trend in the average annual number of industrial and production personnel. In recent years, almost all sectors of industry have seen a decrease in employment, with the most intensive decrease in the number of jobs in manufacturing. The formation of this trend took place against the backdrop of a weakening dynamics of labor productivity.
Natalya Volchkova. Why do we have bad incentives for labor productivity in the sphere of management? Why is the quality of the work of officials determined not by intelligence, but by numbers? Their number is overestimated by 5 times against the need.
Natalia Volchkova, Professor at the Russian School of Economics, CEFIR Economist
This, in principle, is a problem for any economy. And the key point here is incentives. In market conditions, incentives for productivity growth are created by competition. Strong competition - and productivity growth is big. In the field of public administration, there is no competition by definition. Therefore, there are no incentives. And this is true everywhere - in Russia, and in Europe, and in America. However, this problem can be partially solved by strict control and clear regulation. Another important point is to reduce the scope of public administration by transferring as many functions as possible to the market. Of course, everything cannot be transferred. But what the state can part with must be parted. In Russia, however, both in terms of control, and in terms of regulation, and in terms of transferring some of the functions to the market, there are big problems. So it is not surprising that we have a bloated and inefficient public administration sector, which also hinders the development of the market.
What to do with "superfluous people" with productivity growth? Let's say today's crisis is not a crisis, but an impressive increase in productivity. 10 million people were released. Where should they go? What are the solutions?
Sergey Pyatenko, General Director of the FBK School of Economics and Law
We really have a labor shortage covered by migrants. Therefore, on a national scale, the task of what to do with the extra is not worth it. Another thing in a particular locality may be unemployment. It is necessary to increase the mobility of workers. First of all, to themselves. BUT: for some reason, residents of Central Asia, Ukraine, Moldova, and so on. they go mobile to work in Russia, and the inhabitants of the Northern Caucasus ...... well, in general, give us money, we have unemployment.
Natalia Volchkova, Professor at the Russian School of Economics, CEFIR Economist
Not quite a correct description of the situation - if productivity grows, then there is every reason to believe that this sector or economy becomes attractive to investors - investments increase and there is not even enough labor. Moreover, if only I have productivity growth, then I can also squeeze out competitors on the market by reducing the cost of products - that is, there is another reason for expanding production. There is a very clear positive correlation between the level of productivity and the size of production.
Maxim Klyagin, analyst at Finam Management
The current rise in the unemployment rate is associated almost exclusively with the negative consequences of the crisis. In fact, in recent years there has been a significant shortage of specialists of various qualifications. I believe that in many respects the problem was still connected with the situation in the field of education. Here, unfortunately, serious disproportions between graduates and the needs of the labor market are quite characteristic.
Please name 5 main reasons for low labor productivity in Russia. Comment on my 2: 1) Lack of guarantees of private property (consequence - high risks of business investment in equipment, training, etc. inside Russia). Why, for example, buy equipment if tomorrow it will be taken away by officials, raiders, etc.? 2) The mentality of the average Russian employee. "Work less - get more. Give me an American salary - I can work. But I will endlessly smoke, drink tea, use social networks, etc. Everyone owes me (both business and the state) I owe nothing to anyone. My troubles are to blame everyone except me, so I'm too lazy to work
Sergey Pyatenko, General Director of the FBK School of Economics and Law
There are two reasons for you. Moreover, the lower the qualification, the more pronounced reason two. The proletariat is its bearer in full measure.
Natalia Volchkova, Professor at the Russian School of Economics, CEFIR Economist
I'm not so sure about the second reason - this problem is perfectly solved by quality management in the enterprise. There are quite successful enterprises in Russia where there is no such problem. The first reason is correct. But another very important and nearby reason is fair competition, which implies, in particular, the absence of state paternalism, excessive administrative resources, corruption, and so on. And also - the advanced development of the educational system.
Sergey Pyatenko, General Director of the FBK School of Economics and Law
Schematically so. Labor productivity = quality of management + quality of labor force + quality of equipment.
We are learning normal market management. Fast: three years. What the pioneers have created in management over the past few years, one hundred advanced people in growing business have mastered in 15-20 years. The quality of the labor force = creativity + reliability = qualification. It's also growing. But not as fast as we would like. Another huge array of ideas, my uncle should solve all the problems for me, give a big salary, and then I’ll think about it, maybe I can work.
Labor productivity is already reaching the state level. What solutions do you come up with for this problem, where does it all come from?
Olga Izryadnova, Head of the Laboratory for Structural Problems of the Economy, Institute for the Economy in Transition
The main reason for the outstripping growth rates of real wages relative to labor productivity is the dynamic growth of wages in the sector of non-tradable goods, primarily in the service sector. The solution to this problem, apparently, requires the adoption of measures to reduce the shortage of workers with working specialties, which should include both measures to ensure the training of relevant personnel and stimulate their employment in the specialty, as well as measures to attract labor with the necessary qualifications for employment in Russian industries in the conditions of its deficit in the country
Sergey Pyatenko, General Director of the FBK School of Economics and Law
Labor productivity is a complex matter. Here and the quality of equipment, the quality of management and the quality of the workforce. The quality of our workforce, to put it mildly, is not very good. She was not accustomed to work as one should work in a developing country. Many claims but little desire to work. Normal management is only just beginning to get used to and take root. Equipment - here the situation is different in different areas.
Elena Lebedinskaya, expert of the Economic Expert Group
The problem is taken from the fact that most employees do not have incentives to work better, management does not have incentives and the ability to control results, to stimulate employees. Most people just want to get paid. I don't think this problem can be overcome quickly. But we need to make attempts to somehow introduce normal control and more flexible pay schemes. As was rightly noted above, for this, first of all, normal competition is necessary, enterprises must be really interested in productivity growth. This requires competition.
What are the best ways to increase productivity in your opinion? Are they used by Russian companies? What hinders productivity growth?
Elena Sharipova, Economist at IG "Renaissance Capital"
The most effective way to increase productivity is free competition. Competition both within the country and in foreign markets. Monopolization and protectionism are the main obstacles to increasing labor productivity.
Sergey Pyatenko, General Director of the FBK School of Economics and Law
In different periods, different methods are optimal in crisis ones. Others during periods of growth. Agree with colleague. Competition comes first. For this - demonopolization and debureaucratization of the Russian economy.
The growth of labor productivity is the main real source of overcoming the negative consequences of both the reform period and the global financial crisis. This is the most important factor in the irreversibility of the ongoing reforms and, ultimately, in improving the lives of the people.
Under labor productivity understand the degree of its fruitfulness. It is measured by the amount of use-values created per unit of time, or by the amount of time spent per unit of labor product.
A distinction is made between the productivity of living labor, determined by the costs of working time in a given production at a given enterprise, and the productivity of total social labor, measured by the costs of living and materialized (past) labor.
An increase in labor productivity occurs when the share of living labor decreases, and the share of materialized labor increases. This growth takes place in such a way that the total amount of labor embodied in the commodity is reduced. The fact is that the mass of living labor decreases to a greater extent than the mass of materialized labor grows.
The total savings in working time, taken in accordance with costs and production resources, characterizes the efficiency of production.
In enterprises, labor productivity is measured by the indicator of output per worker or per unit of time. In these cases, the indicator takes into account only the savings of living labor. At the same time, labor productivity can be measured as the ratio of the physical volume of national income to the number of workers in material production. The specificity of this indicator is that it directly reflects the savings of human labor and indirectly - through the volume of national income - the savings of social labor. Hence, the most general approach to the definition of labor productivity can be expressed by the formula:
Fri - labor productivity;
P - product in one form or another;
T is the cost of living labor.
Forms of manifestation
The essence of labor productivity can be understood more deeply if we understand the forms of its manifestation.
First of all, labor productivity is shown as reduction of labor costs per unit of use value and shows time savings. Most importantly - absolute reduction in labor costs required to meet a particular social need.
Hence the focus of enterprises on the search for methods of saving labor and material resources, that is, reducing the number of employees in those areas where this is possible, as well as saving raw materials, fuel and energy.
Labor productivity is the same as an increase in the mass of consumer values, generated per unit of time. An important point here is the results of labor, which mean not just an expansion in the volume of goods produced, but also an increase in their quality. Therefore, taking into account such a manifestation of labor productivity in practice implies the widespread use in business planning and commercial promotion of approaches that reflect utility, that is, power, efficiency, reliability, etc.
Labor productivity is also shown in the form changes in the ratio of the costs of living and materialized labor . If the production process uses past labor relatively more than living labor, the enterprise has a chance to increase labor productivity, and hence increase the wealth of society.
True, options are possible. In one case, with a decrease in the cost of living labor, the cost of materialized labor per unit of output increases both relatively and absolutely (with a decrease in total costs). In the other, the costs of past labor grow only relatively, but their absolute expression falls. Such processes, for example, are observed, respectively, either when manual labor is replaced by mechanized labor, or when obsolete equipment is modernized, enterprises are reconstructed on the basis of more progressive and efficient means of production.
Growth in labor productivity has a significant impact on increase in the mass and rate of surplus product. The fact is that the excess of the product of labor over the costs of maintaining labor, as well as the formation and accumulation on this basis of a social production and reserve fund - all this has been and remains the basis of any social, political and intellectual progress.
Finally, labor productivity is expressed in the form turnaround time reduction which is directly related to saving time. The latter acts as calendar time. Savings in this case are achieved by reducing production time and circulation time, that is, shortening the construction time and mastering production capacities, promptly introducing scientific and technological achievements into production, accelerating innovative processes and replicating the best experience.
As a result, the enterprise, with the same resources of living and materialized labor, receives higher end results per year, which is tantamount to an increase in labor productivity. Hence, taking into account the time factor becomes extremely important in organization and management, especially in conditions of high dynamism of the market economy, constant transformations in the course of reforms, and the growth and complexity of social needs.
Production efficiency
Labor productivity is an important indicator in the production efficiency measurement system. At the same time, it is importantly influenced by the magnitude and especially the quality of the capital-labor ratio, that is, the measure of the equipment of labor with fixed capital.
capital-labor ratio, in turn, is measured by the ratio of the value of fixed capital to the cost of living labor (number of employees):
Fv - capital-labor ratio;
Ф - the value of the cost of fixed capital.
This dependence should be taken into account when considering the impact of labor productivity on the overall efficiency of production.
The fact is that not any increase in labor productivity is effective, but only if the saving of living labor pays for the additional costs of increasing its technical equipment, and in the shortest possible time.
return on assets characterizes the efficiency of the use of fixed capital. It is measured by the number of goods produced per given amount of fixed capital:
There is a close relationship between labor productivity, capital productivity and capital-labor ratio, which can be expressed by the formula:
Fri \u003d F0 x Fv.
It follows from this dependence that labor productivity rises, provided that the return on assets and (or) capital-labor ratio increase, and falls in inverse proportion. At the same time, if labor productivity grows faster than its capital-labor ratio, then capital productivity increases. Conversely, the return on assets falls if the dynamics of labor productivity lags behind the growth of capital-labor ratio.
As scientific and technological progress and the improvement of production, the share of social labor costs increases, as the worker is equipped with more and more new means of labor. However, the main trend is that the absolute value of the cost of both living and social labor per unit of output is reduced. This is precisely the essence of raising the productivity of social labor.
Labor productivity level
It is characterized by two indicators. Firstly, output per unit of time. This is a direct, most common and universal indicator of labor productivity. Depending on the units in which the volume of production is measured, certain outputs are distinguished in physical terms, as well as in terms of normalized working hours.
Secondly, labor intensity production, which expresses the cost of working time to create a unit of output. This is an inverse indicator, which is determined per unit of production in physical terms for the entire range of goods and services. It has a number of advantages:
Establishes a direct relationship between production volume and labor costs;
Excludes the impact on the indicator of labor productivity of changes in the volume of supplies for cooperation, the organizational structure of production;
Allows you to closely link the measurement of productivity with the identification of reserves for its growth;
Compare labor costs for the same products in different departments of the enterprise.
These indicators of production and labor intensity can be represented by the following formulas:
v = -- ;
t = -- ,
v- production output per unit of time;
t- the complexity of manufacturing products;
B - cost volume of manufactured products (rubles);
T is the time spent on the production of a given volume of output.
There are several types of labor intensity.
Technological complexity(t tech) includes all the costs of the main workers. The labor intensity of production maintenance (t obs) includes the labor costs of auxiliary workers.
Production labor intensity reflects the labor costs of all (main and auxiliary) workers.
Labor intensity management production (t upr) is made up of the labor costs of engineers, employees, maintenance personnel and security.
Complete labor intensity (t pol) is the labor costs of all categories of industrial and production personnel: t pol = ttech + t obs + t control.
Increase reserves
Determining ways to increase labor productivity is an important stage in the analytical work of each enterprise. Therefore, in domestic practice, a specific classification of reserves for increasing labor productivity has become widespread.
Raising the technical level of production. Among its main directions are the mechanization and automation of production, the introduction of new technological processes, the improvement of the structural properties of products, the improvement of the quality of raw materials and new structural materials, the introduction of new energy sources, and the "scientificization" of production.
Improving the organization of production and labor. It provides for the improvement of the existing and the formation of a new workforce, the increase in norms and service areas, the reduction in the number of workers who do not comply with the norms, the prevention of staff turnover, the simplification of the management structure, the mechanization of accounting and computing work; change of the working period; increasing the level of specialization of production.
Changes in external, natural conditions. We are talking about socialization, adaptation to the needs of the modern worker, about achieving ecological balance. At the same time, changes are needed not only in the conditions of extraction of coal, oil, gas, ores, peat, in the content of useful substances, but also in agriculture, transport and other industries.
Structural changes in production. They include a change in the share of certain types of products, the labor intensity of the production program, the share of purchased semi-finished products and components, and an increase in the weight of new products.
Creation and development of the necessary social infrastructure. It is designed to solve financial problems, problems of timely payment of labor and many other issues aimed at meeting the needs of enterprises, labor collectives and their families.
An increase in labor productivity due to an increase production volumes and changes in the number of employees can be determined by the formula:
∆P = -------- ,
∆B is the share of the increase in output at the enterprise in a given period;
∆Рn is the share of the decrease in the number of employees of the enterprise.
The growth of labor productivity of employees at the enterprise due to increase in the share of cooperative deliveries of products is determined by the formula:
dk1, dk0 - the share of corporate deliveries and gross output of the enterprise, respectively, in the base and planned periods (in %).
The growth of labor productivity due to the better use of the working time fund is calculated by the formula:
∆P = ------- x 100 ,
Fe1, Fe0 - the effective annual fund of the working time of one worker, respectively, in the base and planned periods (in man-hours).
An individual enterprise, determining the required number of workers to be hired, must determine the demand price for labor, that is, the level of wages.
The demand price for any factor of production and labor depends on ultimate performance. It represents the increment in the volume of output caused by the use of an additional unit of labor under fixed other conditions.
Marginal productivity is calculated on the basis of the marginal product of labor, which is understood as the increase in output produced as a result of hiring one more unit of labor.
Consequently, the management of the enterprise, based on the need to optimize all attracted resources, will use or displace labor, reaching the level of marginal productivity. The fact is that it is difficult to force an enterprise to do otherwise, since the interest of its survival in a competitive environment is under threat. In such a situation, various options are possible.
Competitiveness strategy
For outsider enterprise market, there are several ways to increase competitiveness:
A radical reorganization by revising the basic competition strategies used;
Increasing revenue by increasing prices and marketing costs;
Cost reduction and all-round savings;
Reduction of assets;
Combination of various methods.
An enterprise with a weak competitive position has, in essence, three main ways out of this situation.
It will have to increase its competitiveness by working with cheap products or by using new methods of differentiation. An effective method of maintaining and maintaining sales volumes, market share, profitability and a specific position at existing levels. Finally, business reinvestment at a bare minimum is important. Their goal is to make short-term profits and/or maximize short-term cash flow.
An enterprise with a strong competitive position is called upon to continue searching for a free market niche and to focus on making it possible to build up one's own potential. For such enterprises, it is also possible to adapt to a specific group of consumers. Another way is to create a better product. Follow the leader is not excluded. Sometimes the capture of small firms is practiced. Finally, the creation of a positive and distinctive image of the enterprise cannot be discounted.
Enterprise competitiveness, which is understood as its ability to participate in the economic competition of commodity producers for the most profitable areas of capital investment, sales markets, sources of raw materials, requires its maintenance, and sometimes even improvement.
To do this, the leader needs at least the continuation of an offensive economic policy, the preservation of current positions, and confrontation with competitors.
In any case, no matter what position an enterprise occupies in the market environment, an important condition for its survival and increase in competitiveness is the growth of labor productivity. It is higher labor productivity that has always provided and continues to provide advantages, and ultimately victory, not only for individual enterprises, their associations, industries, but also for countries.
The level of labor productivity is characterized by the amount of products created per unit of time (production - a direct indicator), or the time spent on the production of a unit of output (labor intensity - an inverse indicator). Direct and inverse indicators are used to characterize the level of labor productivity. The indices calculated on their basis are also mutually inverse. So, if it is known that in the reporting period labor productivity increased by 25% compared to the base period, then the labor intensity for the same period decreased by 20% (1/1.25 = 0.8).
The change in the level of labor productivity (W) can be determined on the basis of data on changes in the volume of production (VP) and the number of employees (T), i.e.
If, for example, it is known that the number of employees in the base period (T0) was 2000 people, in the reporting period (T1) - 2100 people, output in the reporting period increased by 15.5% compared to the base period, then the labor productivity index can be calculated as the quotient of dividing the production index by the population index. In this example
JVP = 1.155; JT = T1/T0 = 2100/2000 = 1.05, and JW = 1.155/1.05 = 1.1.
In the practice of statistical analysis, the level of labor productivity can be calculated on the basis of 1 worked man-hour, 1 man-day, 1 worker and 1 worker of industrial and production personnel. These indicators and their indices are interconnected.
The output per 1 worker of industrial and production personnel is equal to the hourly labor productivity multiplied by the length of the working day, the working period and the share of workers in the total number of employees. The same dependence is also preserved between the indices of the quantities under consideration. Hence,
This dependence can be used when conducting a statistical analysis of specific data of an enterprise (association, industry).
Example 1 Calculate labor productivity indices based on the following conditional data for two enterprises:
|
Company |
Output, thousand rubles |
Number of employees, pers. |
The level of labor productivity, thousand rubles. |
|||
Based on these data, we will make some auxiliary calculations.
|
iw = W1/W0 |
Enterprise share |
|||
|
in the number of employees |
in production |
|||
From the conditions of the example and the calculations performed, it follows that the level of output at enterprise 1 is significantly lower than at enterprise 2 (columns 5 and 6). At the same time, output at enterprise 1 in the reporting year increased compared to the base year, while at enterprise 2 it decreased (columns 1 and 2). The growth rates of labor productivity for the two enterprises together amounted to 1.125 (column 7) and were lower than for individual enterprises (1.50 and 1.25). The dynamics of the structure of the number of employees and output was different. At enterprise 1, the share of employees in their total number at two enterprises together (groups 8 and 9) increased by 88% (0.625 / 0.333), and the share of this enterprise in output (groups 10 and 11) increased by 2.5 times (0.5/0.2).
Let us determine the indices of the dynamics of labor productivity that are common for the two enterprises together.
Variable Composition Index:
i.e., on average, for two enterprises, labor productivity increased in the reporting period compared to the base one by 12.5%. The output growth turned out to be lower than for individual enterprises, as the influence of the structural factor affected.
Let's define the fixed composition index:
Thus, on average, labor productivity at two enterprises with a fixed structure of output at the level of the reporting period increased by 40.6%. This would be the growth in output if there were no unfavorable changes in the structure of output (if the share of more labor-intensive products in its total output did not increase).
The index of the fixed composition of labor productivity with a fixed structure of the number of employees at the level of the base period will be:
Consequently, labor productivity increased by 30%. This would have been the growth in output on average at the enterprises under study, if it were not for the negative impact of structural changes in the number of employees (an increase in the share of enterprise 1, where output is lower in the total number of employees). When determining this index, the output of the base period SW0dT0 is compared with the output that would have been if the structure of the number of employees remained at the base level in the reporting period: SW1dT0.
Therefore, an increase in the share of the number of employees in those areas (enterprise 1), where the output is lower, reduced the level of labor productivity by an average of 12.5%.
11.4. Labor productivity. Key indicators and calculation methods
Labor productivity is understood as the effectiveness of specific living labor, the effectiveness of expedient productive activities to create a product over a certain period of time. The tasks of labor productivity statistics are:
1) improving the methodology for calculating labor productivity;
2) identification of labor productivity growth factors;
3) determining the impact of labor productivity on the change in output.
In economic practice, the level of labor productivity is characterized through indicators of production and labor intensity. Development (W) of products per unit of time is measured by the ratio of the volume of output (q) and the cost (T) of working time: W = q / T. This is a direct indicator of labor productivity. The inverse indicator is the complexity: t = Т/ q, whence W=1/q.
The system of statistical indicators of labor productivity is determined by the unit of measurement of the volume of manufactured products. These units can be natural, conditionally natural, labor and cost. Accordingly, natural, conditionally natural, labor and cost methods are used to measure the level and dynamics of labor productivity.
Depending on how labor costs are measured, the following levels of its productivity are distinguished.
It shows the average output of a worker for one hour of actual work (excluding intra-shift downtime and breaks, but taking into account overtime work).
It characterizes the degree of production use of the working day.
In this case, the denominator reflects not costs, but labor reserves.
The average quarterly output is calculated similarly to the monthly average. Currently, the average output is characterized through the ratio of marketable products (volume of products, works, services) and the average number of industrial and production personnel.
There is a relationship between the above averages:
where W 1PPP - output per employee;
W h - average hourly output;
P r.d - the length of the working day;
P r.p - the duration of the working period;
d workers in PPP - the share of workers in the total number of industrial and production personnel.
Labor productivity is studied at different levels - from individual labor productivity (IPT) to social labor productivity (POT) in the national economy of the whole country as a whole:
This indicator has been calculated by the statistical authorities in our country since 1970.
Thus, the current system of statistical indicators characterizes the effectiveness of only human labor. Proposals are made for calculating the productivity of total labor - both living and materialized. represented by labor costs previously invested in production in the form of means and objects of labor. This problem becomes especially acute with the development of mechanization and automation of production, when the share of living labor decreases, while the share of materialized, on the contrary, increases. In this regard, the task of expressing and comparing the costs of living and materialized labor arises.
A number of scientists express the opinion that it is necessary to include in the costs of total labor, in addition to living and embodied labor, the costs of future labor, i.e. labor expended on the repair and modernization of the product of living and materialized labor.
It is also proposed to calculate the labor productivity not only of workers in the sphere of material production, but also those employed in the non-productive sphere, and by the result of labor we understand both the volume of production and the volume of information produced and services rendered.
The dynamics of labor productivity, depending on the method of measuring its level, is analyzed using statistical indices: natural (1), labor (2, 3) and cost (4):
3) index acad. S.G. Strumilin 
To analyze the change in average output under the influence of a number of factors, a system of indices of average values or a system of aggregate indices is used, in which the indexed value is the level of labor productivity of individual units of the population, and the weights are the number (in absolute terms) of such units with different levels of productivity labor or their share in the total number (d t):
The influence of labor productivity as an intensive factor and the cost of working time as an extensive factor on the change in the volume of production is clearly displayed by diagrams (Varzar signs). In a simplified form, the analysis is carried out according to the following method.
Total change in output
Change in the volume of production under the influence of changes in labor productivity
Change in the volume of production under the influence of a change in the number of employees or hours worked by them
performance performance labor 9 1.3. Analysis Method performance labor 14 ...
Currently, many tools have been developed to analyze their own performance. These indicators include labor productivity. Its calculation formula is simple. And the result will show how effective the work of the staff is.
Performance
Labor productivity is an indicator of labor efficiency. It determines the result of labor in quantitative terms at a certain point in time.
The following indicators speak about labor productivity:
- production;
- laboriousness;
- labor productivity index.
These indicators will reveal how many units of products can be sold (produced) in the company. Based on these data, it is possible to generate a production forecast, build a sales plan.
How to define output?
Output is the total amount of work performed by one employee. This indicator can measure the results of the sale of goods, services, production.
You can calculate the production rate by two values:
- the average number of workers involved in the production process;
- time spent creating the product.
In the first variant, the calculation of production will be as follows: V=V/N
B - production;
V - the amount of work performed;
N is the average number of specialists directly involved in production.
The second option (based on the time spent): B = V / t
B - production;
V - volume of released works (actual release of finished products);
t - actual labor costs per unit of time of interest.
How to define labor intensity?
Labor intensity - the amount of time spent by one worker on the production of one unit of service (goods). That is, it is the inverse coefficient in relation to production.
T - labor intensity;
N is the number (average) of specialists;
You can calculate the indicator per worker. Then the value of N must be equal to one.
T - labor intensity based on the time spent;
t - actual labor costs per unit of time of interest;
V - the volume of the released product (the result of work or service).
Labor productivity. Calculation formula
Several formulas have been developed for calculating labor productivity. When calculating according to any formulas, it is necessary to take into account that:
- the volume of manufactured products should be calculated in units of manufactured goods;
- only those personnel who are directly involved in production are taken into account (managers, lawyers, etc. are not taken into account).
The calculation of labor productivity, taking into account the factors of labor intensity and output, can be made using the formulas:
In terms of labor intensity: PT \u003d (V * (1 - Kp)) / (T1 * H)
PT - labor productivity;
T is the labor intensity of one worker;
Kp - downtime ratio;
V is the volume of output;
N is the average number of personnel.
Taking into account the production: PT \u003d [(In - Wb) / Wb] * 100%
PT - percentage performance indicator;
In - product development in the reporting period;
Wb - production output in the base period.
Labor productivity. Balance formula
To calculate labor productivity indicators, you can use the balance sheet data of the organization. For example, an indicator of the volume of production.
Balance calculation formula: PT = (V * (1 - K p)) / (T * N)
V - the volume of manufactured products according to the balance sheet (reflected in line 2130);
Kp - downtime, coefficient;
T - labor costs of one employee;
N is the average number of employees.
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