Spelling of interjections table. Reference book on the Russian language. Limits of the implementation of the constitutional right to freedom of speech and the danger of violating these limits on the Internet

The spelling rule defines the hyphenated spelling of interjections as follows: “Complex interjections and onomatopoeic words are written with a hyphen, for example: oh god, oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh oh, ha ha ha ding, kitty-kitty".
Interjections with a particle –ka written with a hyphen: come on. Some compound onomatopoeic words are also written, for example: on the go.

The hyphen is not written in interjection expressions like: Here are those times! Damn you know! I will show you! (te is an abbreviation for you, you).

Note. Interjection MMM it is recommended to write without a dash if it conveys a feeling of anticipation of something pleasant: Campbell's soup: uh, good!M-M, m-m-m used to denote a sound uttered by someone in a state of indecision, doubt, bewilderment, etc. when speech is interrupted. Often the hyphenated spelling of such interjections is auxiliary in nature (cf.: u-u-u and tuu-tuu-tuu).

Derivative interjections formed from full-valued words retain the same spelling as the original word: God save! Mother! Hello! Farewell! Please! The same applies to interjections derived from words of foreign origin ( Hello! Wow! Bis! Bravo!) and from service parts of speech (for example, particles - you see, you see).

We will study their categories, grammatical features, as well as their other functions in more detail in this article.

Interjection

This part of speech, according to the school curriculum, is studied in the sixth or seventh grade. Although stacked with it much more often. Even in childhood, when a child cannot speak, they are his first sounds. Interjections in our language are usually called a special group of speech, which helps to express Linguists refer them to a special category. From the point of view of morphology, they are part of speech. However, they stand apart from independent and service words. In terms of functionality, they do not carry any semantic load. That is, these words do not have meanings, only indirect ones. Then they cannot be called independent.

As for the service ones, which help to connect words in a sentence and text, they did not transfer their functions to interjections either. These words do not "serve" anyone and do not mean anything. What is it then? These are the most common emotions when we lack words to express them in a more formalized way. Let's say: "Ah!", and everyone will understand that something surprised us. We will hear: “Shh!”, And immediately shut up, because this word means the cessation of conversations or any actions. Sentences with interjections are more emotional and convey much deeper what can not always be said in words.

Compare: “Oh, it hurts!” and "I'm in pain." Both of these sentences convey the same meaning. However, the first conveys a momentary feeling of a person, while the second can also mean a long-term feeling of pain. It will be enough just to gasp, and those who are nearby will understand us.

Origin

The terms "Onomatopoeic words" and "Interjections" appeared a very long time ago, as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century. The linguist Smotrytsky introduced them in 1619. Then he called them "interjections", that is, what was said between words. In fact, they are what they are.

Some were formed, as they say, spontaneously, from our cries. For example, such as "A", "O", "Fu", "Ah", do not have a special history of origin. This is our involuntary reaction to any stimulus.

The well-known word "Bayu-bay" takes its roots from the old Russian word to speak (bayat). Thus, laying down the baby, the parents, as it were, sentence him to fall asleep.

The familiar word "hello" that we pronounce when answering a phone came to us from England. Its direct meaning is hello, which translates as "Hello." Picking up the phone, we let know that we hear the interlocutor, at the same time greeting him.

Modern slang every year creates new onomatopoeic words and interjections. The forms “Oops”, “Cool”, “Blah blah” appeared. All of them are related to our usual "Ah", "Wow", "Yes, yes."

That is, over time, some interjections disappear, and are replaced by others that are more relevant today.

word formation

Like any part of speech, interjections have their own special ways of formation. The following are distinguished:

• With affixes. From the word "A" a more affectionate "Ainki" is formed.
• Transition from one ch.r. to another: “Fathers! "(from im.n.)," Stunned! (from the verb), "Cool!" (from adverb).
• Union: "Here you are," "And don't say."
• Addition: "Kiss-kiss".

A variety of ways of word formation proves that this part of speech is not as simple as it seems at first glance.

Structure

Classify several types of interjections depending on how many parts they consist of. The first group is simple. They have only one word and one root in their structure. Examples: "Oh", "Alas", "Eh".

The next type is called complex. They got this name due to the fact that they are made up of several roots. For example: “ah-ah-ah”, “yes-yes-yes”, “father-lights”, “hoo”.

The last group in terms of structure are compound interjections. They are formed from a few simple words: "alas and ah", "that's it for you." As a rule, this group comes from nouns, to which interjections are added.

Kinds

It is customary to subdivide them into several types.

1. Incentives. They, replacing meaningful words, signal that it's time to act: "Come on faster!", "Hey, tell me how to get here!", "Shh, speak more quietly - the child is sleeping."
2. Emotional. Such words involuntarily escape from a person when he is surprised or frightened: “Oh, how cute!” “Oh, what a strong thunderstorm!”.
3. Label. Not everyone knows that the words “Hello”, “Goodbye”, “Thank you”, familiar to us, belong to the class of interjections. They have no independent meaning, conveying only our polite intonation. For example: "Please let me go for a walk. Thank you very much for your help! Hello, friends!"

It is unlikely that an educated person can imagine his life without the words of this group. They help not only decorate our speech, but also give it a certain charm.

Punctuation

How is this part of speech isolated in writing? Sentences with interjections usually have commas.

For example: “Oh, how quickly the vacation flew by!” A comma is placed after the emotional word because it is at the beginning of a sentence. Similar examples: “Wow, how many of you are here!”, “Ugh, how ugly of you.”

A special place is occupied by the interjection "o". Used together with other words, it is not separated by commas: “Oh, the air, how clean you are!”, “Oh no, I have to refuse you this business.”

In the sentence “Well, how can you decide and call ?!” the word "well" is not isolated, since it has the meaning of amplification. In the case when it denotes the duration of the action, then it must be separated by a comma: “Well, I don’t know how long it will last.”

The interjection “what”, which is used as the highest degree of something, is not isolated: “What a wonderful evening!”, “What a slob you are!”.

Onomatopoeic words and their difference from interjections

A special category is represented by words that imitate any sounds. They, unlike interjections, do not carry any emotionality in themselves. Their main function is to convey a similar sound. For example, the ticking of a clock is conveyed in writing with the word "tick-tock". When we hear a beetle flying by, we will reproduce its flight as “Zhzhzh”. And there are many such examples.

In addition, this part of speech is actively involved in the formation of various words: woof - bark, oink - grunt, hee-hee - giggle.

Their most important difference from interjections is their different role in the language. At first glance, they are very similar. However, it should not be confused, since onomatopoeic words do not convey the feelings and emotions of a person. They just repeat the sound.

Discharges

Onomatopoeic words in Russian are divided into several subspecies:

• Animal voices (including birds): crow (rooster), meow (kitten), woo (owl), pee (mouse).
• Natural sounds: bang (thunder), boom (something fell), pshsh (water hiss).
• Imitation of musical instruments: ding-dong (bell rings), trin (playing the guitar).
• Sounds made by people: hrum (eating a carrot), top-top (someone is walking), tsok (in heels).

These are the most common digits of this part of speech. Onomatopoeic words and interjections constitute a special group in the Russian language, being neither independent nor functional.

Syntactic role

It is very curious that in rare cases such small words can be different members of a sentence. Interjections and onomatopoeic words, examples of which we have repeatedly given above, are:

• Definitions. For example: "Ay yes a holiday!" In this case, the interjection "Oh yes" answers the question "What?", replacing the word "Wonderful".
• Addition: And suddenly in the distance we heard a quiet "Ay!".
• Predicate: And the door suddenly - "Slam!"
• Subject: And then there was a loud "Hurrah".

The role of interjections and onomatopoeic words in speech

Without these seemingly simple words, our language would be very impoverished. After all, most of them are formed impulsively, regardless of our desire. To call for help, to cry out in fear, to be surprised at an act - all these are interjections, onomatopoeic words. at the first we reviewed earlier. But the sounds made by someone or something do not stand out in writing in any way. If necessary, quotes are only put in sentences where there is direct speech.

Speech with the help of this category becomes much more emotional. It is difficult to contain the joy when something happened that we have been waiting for a long time. For example: “Wow! Finally, it happened!" Or in a difficult moment, when a person involuntarily sighs: “Oh, nothing good happened.”

But how to convey the sounds that are made by animals? Only with the help of special words. It is almost impossible to do this without them. Such words try to convey similar sounds, such as the lowing of a cow or the grunting of a pig.

Exercises

In order to consolidate the material covered, the guys perform special tasks, repeating onomatopoeic words. Exercises for them and for interjections are usually simple.

1. For example, it is necessary to determine the category of a certain group: “Ah!”, “Oh!”, “Fathers!”. By all indications, these are emotional interjections, simple in structure.
2. Find onomatopoeic words in sentences.

"Slap-slap" - was heard outside the window. "Chik-chirik" - this is how sparrows attract attention. Approaching the platform, the train sang: "Tu-tu."

1. Determine what sounds a violin, a dog, raindrops, thunder, a yawning person, an object falling to the floor, shivering from the cold can make.
2. Distinguish, interjections or imitative words are used in sentences:

Hello my comrades.

- "Bah!" - was heard in silence.

Come on, hurry up already!

- "Chick-chick!" So we tried to call the little birds.

Holy Fathers! What "Bang-bang" thunder said to us!

Exercise for sentences with onomatopoeic words, as well as interjections, can be very diverse. But for the most part, they usually do not cause any difficulty among students.

Morphological analysis

Like any part of speech, these two small subgroups have their own parsing algorithm. It is, however, absolutely identical.

• Determine the part of speech.
• We designate morphological signs:

Structure

Discharge by value

immutability

• role in the proposal.

Let's give an example of analysis. “Here you go! We didn’t expect rain, but it poured like water!”

1. Here's an interjection for you.
2. Composite in structure (several words).
3. Emotional, conveys surprise.
4. Immutable (cannot be declined or conjugated)
5. It does not play any syntactic role in the sentence, since it does not replace an independent part of speech.

Next example: And then - "Whack-Whack!" - the ball flew past us.

1. Onomatopoeic word (transmits the flight of the ball).
2. Complex, consists of two repeating bases.
3. The discharge is the sound of inanimate nature.
4. Immutability.
5. In the sentence it will be a circumstance (answers the question "how").

Another example: How inattentive you are!

1. Interjection
2. Simple, one word.
3. Emotional, conveys indignation.
4. Immutability.
5. Circumstance (replaces the words "very" or "very").

Output

Spelling of onomatopoeic words and such interjections similar to them usually does not cause difficulties. All of them convey emotions or sounds exactly as we hear them. It must be remembered that repeated stems, such as woof-woof, will always be written with a hyphen.

The spontaneity in their education makes them an integral part of our lives. Babies who can't talk only scream certain sounds to their mothers. Parents are guided by them, what their child wants. As adults, we still continue to use these parts of speech. No one can force us to stop expressing our own emotions. What about the sounds of nature? Each of us can depict them, but writing on paper is not always easy. For this, there are onomatopoeic words. They easily repeat what we hear, only in writing.

We simply cannot do without such seemingly insignificant parts of speech. Faced with them daily in oral speech, we have to use them in writing in some cases.

Do not confuse them with auxiliary parts of speech, for example, with particles. Sometimes they are very similar to each other. It is worth remembering one immutable rule: these words convey emotions, feelings and sounds. No other speech groups can do this. As they say, everyone has their own necessary role.

A special part of speech that expresses, but does not name, various feelings, moods, and urges. Interjections do not refer to either independent or auxiliary parts of speech. Interjections are a feature of colloquial style; in works of art they are used in dialogues.

Groups of interjections by meaning

Interjections are non-derivative (uh, uh, uh, uh etc.) and derivatives derived from independent parts of speech ( Drop it! Fathers! Horror! Guard! and etc.).

Interjection do not change and are not members of the proposal . But sometimes the interjection is used in the meaning of an independent part of speech. In this case, the interjection takes on a specific lexical meaning and becomes a member of the sentence. Here came the "ay" in the distance (N. Nekrasov) - “ay” is equal in meaning to the noun “shout”, is the subject. Tatyana ah! and he roar . (A. Pushkin) - the interjection "ah" is used in the meaning of the verb "gasped", is a predicate.

You have to differentiate!

From interjections it is necessary to distinguish onomatopoeic words. They transmit various sounds of animate and inanimate nature: a person ( hee hee, ha ha ), animals ( meow meow, crow ), items ( tick-tock, ding-ding, clap, boom-boom ). Unlike interjections, onomatopoeic words do not express emotions, feelings, motives. Onomatopoeic words usually consist of one syllable (bool, woof, cap) or repeating syllables (bul-bul, woof-woof, cap-cap - are written with a hyphen).

Words of other parts of speech are formed from onomatopoeic words: meow, meow, gurgle, gurgle, giggle, giggle, etc. In a sentence, onomatopoeic words, like interjections, can be used in the meaning of independent parts of speech and be members of a sentence. The whole capital shuddered, and the girl hee hee hee yes ha ha ha (A. Pushkin) - “hee-hee-hee” and “ha-ha-ha” are equal in meaning to the verbs “laughed, laughed”, are predicates.

Interjection- this is a part of the Russian language that expresses motives, feelings and emotions, but does not name them. Like the service parts of speech, interjections do not change.

Are not interjections the following words:

- onomatopoeic(imitating ordinary sounds and sounds made by birds, animals or insects): knock-knock, woof-woof, chirp-chirp.

Denoting instant actions: top, slap, jump.

Types of interjections.

Interjections differ in composition, origin and meaning.

According to the composition of the interjection there are:

• Simple interjections- consisting of one word: great, wow, bravo;
• Compound interjections- consisting of two or more words: wow, here are those on, say mercy;
• Compound interjections- consisting of two or more bases: oh-oh-oh, oh-oh-oh.

Origin distinguish:

• Derived interjections- formed from other words and phrases (syntactic constructions): full, think, pipes, please tell and etc.
• Non-derivative interjections- primordial, not having genetic links with other parts of speech: oh, oh, uh and etc.

• Borrowed interjections- interjections that came into Russian from other languages: bravo, basta, guard, wow and etc.

By value distinguish:

1. Incentive interjections: hey, come on, chick, but-but, bye-bye and others.
2. Emotional interjections: great, bravo, wow and etc.
3. Etiquette interjections: hello, please be kind, goodbye, thank you and others.

The syntactic role of interjections.

Usually interjections are not part of the sentence. But when interjections act as other parts of speech in a sentence, they take their place among the members of this sentence. Let's consider, what parts of a sentence can be an interjection replacing other parts of speech:

• Out of the darkness, an endless “ay” came in response. In this sentence, "ay" replaces the noun and acts as subject.
• Aye girl! In this sentence, the interjection "ah yes" replaces the adjective, therefore it acts as definitions(what girl?)

Interjections and punctuation marks.

Consider the following punctuation rules for interjections:

• Exclamatory interjections are marked with an exclamation point if pronounced with a pronounced intonation: Ba! Who complained to us! yeah! Gotcha!
• The same exclamatory interjections can be separated by commas if pronounced with normal intonation: Oh, something in the chest squeezed! Ba how smart!
• Also, a comma or an exclamation mark stands out onomatopoeic words and imperative-impellative interjections: Stop! The passage is closed! - Stop, a car! Knock Knock! Can you come? - ay, is there someone alive?
• Interjectional expressions expressing the author's attitude to the stated facts are also separated by commas: Fortunately The injury was not serious. To my joy Mom answered the phone.

How to distinguish interjection from particles?

Some interjections may have homonyms that are spelled the same but are actually particles used to enhance the emotional tone of a sentence. How to distinguish interjections oh ah oh oh well and others from homonymous particles?

1) The particle "o" is usually used in appeals and exclamatory sentences before the words "yes" or "no": Oh yes, that's what you need!(compare with interjection: Oh, how beautiful this day is!)

2) The particle "well" is used in sentences with amplifying meaning: Well, how have you grown, my boy!(compare with interjection: Well, are we going for a walk or not?)

3) The particle "ah" is most often used with personal pronouns: Oh, you sly fox face!(compare with interjection: Oh, what a beautiful garden!)

In cases where we have not an interjection, but a particle, commas are not put. Interjections in a sentence are always distinguished by punctuation marks. Exceptions are phrases: “oh you”, “wow”, “ah yes”, “oh you”, “oh and”, etc.