Growing Bakhchyev: General Information and Growing Technology

Everyone knows that today to buy vegetables on the market in unknown people are quite risky for many reasons.

But there is a way out: grow vegetables in your site. However, in the middle lane, where the summer is short for ripening and melons, it is quite difficult to do it. But probably!

Do you want an early harvest? Seedlings on the Say window!

Do not everyone know that the Bakhchyeva, which is generally accepted in the middle lane of Russia to plant seeds in the soil at the beginning of June, it is quite possible to start raising in March-month on your window.

Why do people use this way? Yes, just replant the seedlings of cucumbers, melons, watermelons are very difficult - their roots are gentle and quite sensitive to various kinds of injury.
It is for this purpose that Bakhchyev is prepared in special peat pots that planted later directly in them.

And if there are no such, you can make a capacity ... from ordinary paper!
On a bottle, for example, a deodorant with a diameter of 3-4 cm with a sheet of a sheet of 9-10 cm wide so that it remains free from the edge about 4 cm. It will be the bottom of the tank. It must be chipped in such a way that the cup is. Then the tank is neatly removed from the template and fill the earth. There and planted seeds.

Care for seedlings normal: sunlightRegular watering. It is only important not to pour the cup with a glass so that it is not splashing right on the window.

In late May - early June, the seedlings can be planted in the ground just right in the cup. During irrigation, it will twist in the ground, and the roots freely penetrate deep into. Especially it is useful because the paper (or peat cup) has been protected from the cold for some time. And the need to penetrate through the walls of the tank is some "charging" for them. So they will become stronger and stronger.

Sproutock will force the Matriot Teklitsa - let him frost are not afraid at all!

You can plant seeds and immediately into the ground. Do it also at the end of May. And so that our shoots do not frozen, they are covered plastic bottles. And here there is one trick.
Cut from the bottom of the liter eggplant is covered with seeds or shoots, slightly with the edge of its edge into the ground. You can dip it the edge of sand. The lid is best removed - it will interfere with watering.

On top of the second shelter will be a larger plastic container for 3 or 5 liters. It is also cut off from below and put on top of a small one. The lid leave twisted. And watering can be produced through the neck of the bottles. Of course, during this procedure, the cover is removed.
When shoots no longer fit under the bottom bottle, it is cleaned, leaving only the top. It can be kept over sediment until mid-June.

Bach cultures are very susceptible to warmth and light - this is not a secret. Therefore, they should only land on the open space where there are no shaders.

Although there are some difficulties here: in severe heat, the plants can burn. Therefore, on such days it is better to cover the bulk from the rays of the leopa leaves, newspapers. If there is an opportunity, then you can even pull the awning over them to create a shadow.

It goes, my watermelon goes out - it will be sweet.

So that Bakhchyev's bushes have not fastened the earth around, they did not interfere with the weeding and watering, they are best to make support - let them crawl up, clinging to your mustache! It is aesthetically, and convenient, and protects shoots from posting.

Watering Fall, but do not shy all the crop!

Another problem for gurordares of the middle strip of Russia - rot on the fruits lying on the ground sometimes, just trouble! Especially when the occurrence of cool and rainy days.
And in order to prevent this incident, experienced bachcheviks are being added from the root cervix a bunch of sand - a hill such in 2-3 cm. You can use a hay or straw.

And many are put on the fruits of the plank. Others even put on them grids and hang to supports - and bushes are not difficult to keep them, and they do not touch the earth, and the worms do not get to the fruits.

And there are also those who care about the convenience of the storage of the Bakhchyev's crop. After all, round fruits have the ability to ride, which creates some inconvenience. And if the marking is immediately placed in the transparent container with a flat bottom, for example, into a five-liter plastic eggmarket, the fetus will gradually fill it and takes the form of a rectangle. So immediately two hare you can kill with one shot: and from rotting a vegetable to protect, and the original form to give it.

Bakhchchu on the sidelines pour - with abundant we will harvest!

In the northern regions groundwater Frequently locked pretty close to the surface. And the roots of the Bakhchyev are stiguously growing deep. But, reaching the aquifer, they begin to rot.
Clear gardens invented how to fool nature. If we water the plant is not in the roots, but a few on the sidelines, then you can avoid this trouble. In this case, the roots will expand the breadth, feeling moisture.

Just make a grocery grocery - there and lay water during irrigation. But you do not need to forget the next day to loosen and mulite the groove to avoid the formation of an earthen crust. Yes, and watering after the formation of the barriers should be reduced. It is only needed in heat.

Extraly cut off - I do not interfere with the crop!

To get the most delicious fruits already in August, you need to take care of it in advance. To do this, it should be triggered by unnecessary weaves - on them the plant spends its own strength, and it will not be able to dissolve absolutely all the root fruits in the middle strip conditions, this is a proven fact.

Therefore, watermelons need to cut all the sidelands, leaving only the main thing - it is formed on it female flowers. Leave no more than 6 barriers on one bush.
Melon should also remove the main whip over 6 sheet. It is also not worth allowing the plant to "feed" more than 5-6 fruits.

Bakhchy cultures - watermelon, melon and pumpkin - are cultivated for the preparation of juicy fruits, characterized by high taste. The fruits of the cutle watermelon and melon contain 6-12% sugar, vitamins B, 3, C, PP, etc. in watermelon many salts of iron and folic acid. In addition to direct eating from these fruits in the canning and confectionery industry, honey (from juice), candle, junction, jungle, pasteil and other products are prepared.

Pumpkin with a yellow pulp is rich in phosphorus and carotine salts, contains a lot of phytoncides.

Fresh fruit usually go to the feed feed varieties Pumpkins and watermelon. They are considered a valuable milk-stern. B100 kg of feed pumpkin contains 10 food. units. and 70 g of digestible protein; In 100 kg of fodder watermelon - 9 feeds. units. and 40 g of digestible protein.

From the seeds of bulk crops, especially pumpkins, extracted food oil.

The yield of the best varieties of watermelons on irony lands is 25-30 t / ha, and on irrigated - 40-50 t / ha or more. The yield of melons from 16-8 to 50 t / ha and pumpkin from 35 to 70 t / ha more.

Bakhchy cultures belong to the pumpkin family - Cucurbitaceae, which includes the three most important in the culture of the genus: Watermelon (Citrullus), Melo (Melo) and Pumpkin (Cucurbita). Plants of these birthings annuals, very similar among themselves in the structure of vegetative and generative bodies.

Watermelon. It is represented by two species: watermelon table (Citrullus Edulus Pang.) And watermelon Feed, Citrullus Colocynthoides Pang.).

Root cutlery watermelon The rod, highly developed, reaches a depth of 3-5 m and applies to 7 m. Steel, long-line (2-5 m), with 5-10 branches, sowed with rigid hairs. The leaves are strongly dissected on parishes, rigid-handed. Five flowers, yellow, separation; female flowers Larger than m ^ lkski (Fig. 22). Pollination cross, with insects. The fruit is a multi-moon false berry (Thawina) on a long fruit, spherical, oval or oblong, painted in white and greenish or dark green color, often with a marble pattern. The crust of the fruit is leathery, fragile, thickness from 0.5 to 2.0 cm. The flesh of various consistency, carmine-red, pink, less often white or yellow paint, sweet or small-fold taste. The pulp contains from 5.7 to 13% sugar. Mass of the fetus from 2 to 20 kg. Watermelon seeds are flat, egg-shaped, length of 0.5-2.0 cm, with a string along the edge and solid leather white, yellow, gray, red and black painting, often with a spotted pattern. Mass 1000 seed 60-150 g

Feed watermelon In terms of its structure, somewhat different from the table. The root system is more powerful. Leaves with larger shortened slices. Flowers are large, with pale yellow ven-

Fig. 22.

1 - female flower; 2 - Male flower; 3 - pollen; 4 - Part of escape

chikik. Men's flowers are located on long flowerwomen, female - in short. Fruits of various shapes - spherical or oval-oblong, green or light green painting with dark stripes, marble pattern. The pulp of the fetus pale green, contains 1.2-2.6% sugar. Mass of the fetus from 10-15 to 25-30 kg or more. Seeds of stern watermelon without a row. The mass of 1000 seeds is 120-10 g and more. Watermelon table belongs to the number of thermo-loving, ferry and very drin-resistant plants. In the wet soil, its seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 16-17 ° C. Shoots appear on the 8-10th day. Freezing -1 * C for them are devastating. The most favorable temperature for the growth of stalks and leaves is 20-22 ° C, and for the development of fruits 25-30 ° C.

Watermelon Table - a light-chapter plant of a short day. The best soils for him are sandy and sandy. Suglinisty I. clay soils Unlikely, since they firmly hold moisture and warmly warm.

Feed watermelon compared to the dining room is less demanding on growing conditions.

The following varieties of cutle watermelon are common: Astrakhan, Borchansky, earthlings, lotus, extraordinary, light, south-east rose, Sinchevsky, chill, Schironinsky.

From the varieties of feed watermelon is most famous for Dishem.

Melon. Represented by many species. We have a melon with a soft pulp: Handalak (Melo Chandalak Pang.), Adana, or Kiliykaya (Melo Adana Pang.), Cassaba (Melo Cassaba

Pang.), And with a dense pulp: Chargouskaya (Melo Zard Pang.), Amera (Melo Ameri Pang.), Cantaloupe (Melo Cantalypa Pang.). These species have great resemblance.

The root system in melon is less powerful than the watermelon, consists of a main root penetrating to a depth of 3-4 m, and superficially located numerous lateral branches. Stelning stem, cylindrical, hollow, severe, hasty. Leaves of the honesty or heart-shaped, on long stuffs. Flowers orange yellow. Fruits are large, diverse shape and color. The flesh is loose or dense, contains 12% sugar. Egg-shaped seeds, flat, white-yellow, from 0.5 to 1.5 cm long, contain 25-30% oil. Mass of 1000 seeds 35-50 g.

According to its biological peculiarities of the melon, the watermelon is approaching, but more heat-loving and less drought resistant, it is easier to put up with loyal soils.

Sorts: Kolmitsa 749/753, Cossack 244, Coy-Bash, Handalak Kokcha 14, Dessert 5, Amerils 696, Tavria, Golden, Livadia, Dream, Golyanka, Inea, Samara, Amber.

Pumpkin. In the culture, there are three types: CuCurbita Rero L.), a stern (Cucurbita Maxima L.) and a nutmeg (Cucurbita Moschata Duch.).

The root system for all types of pumpkin is well developed. Stem pumpkins ordinary creeping. For some of its varieties, a bush form (zucchini) is characteristic. The leaves are five-weddable, with a rough breadth. Men's flowers are assembled several in the sinuses of the leaves, female - single, located on the side branches. The fruit is inversely, spherical or oblong, with a fibrous sweet pulp containing 4-8% sugar. Seeds of medium size and small, oval, with a clear rim, white, cream or darker color, contain 36-52% oil. Mass 1000 seed 200-230

Pumpkin feed Large-door has a cylindrical hollow pinned stem. Catail leaves, weakly gravy, are pubes with rude hairs. Flowers are very large, orange-yellow. Fruits spherical, flattened or elongated, reaching 50-70 cm in the diameter, various color. The pulp of the fruit is loose, juicy, orange, less often white, contains 4-8% sugar. Seeds are large, smooth, with an unclear rim. The content of oil in them is 36-50 %. Mass 1000 seed 240-300 g

Muscata pumpkin It has a flutter branched stem. Catail leaves, heart-shaped or blade, squeezed by thin hairs. Flowers green or reddish-orange. The fruit is elongated, with interception, the pulp of the fetus is dense, contains 8-11% sugar. Seeds of medium size, dirty gray, with a clear rim, contain 30-46% oil. Mass of 1000 seeds 190-220

Pumpkin is less heat-loving and drought-resistant than watermelon and melon. Seeds begin to germinate at a temperature of 12-13 ° C. Shoots are less suffering from frosts. The best pumpkin manages on suglinist soils.

Varieties: Bashkir 245, Biryuchkutskaya 27, Hybrid 72, Mushroom Winter, Donskaya Sweet, Dressing, Almond 35, Torn, Trojda, Kherson, Farmanka.

The cultivation techniques. Bach cultures are demanding of the fertility of the soil and the purity of the fields from weeds. They are well succeeded on virgin and landscaped lands, along the reservoir of the perennial herbs and on the floodplains. In field crop rotations good predecessors Bachchy crops are winter grains, corn, annual herbs. For specialized baked farms, crop turns with the following alternation of crops are recommended: 1 - winter rye + herbs; 2 - Grass of the 1st year; 3 - Grass

2 years; 4 - herbs of the 3rd year; 5 - Bakhcheva; 6 - Bakhchy; 7 - Spring wheat; 8 - Corn on Silo. In such a crop rotation specific gravity Bachch cultures is 25%.

It must be remembered that fields are unsuitable for the placement of melted crops, at which herbicides were used in the crops of previous crops.

The correct use of mineral and organic fertilizers increases yield, accelerates maturation and improves the quality of fruits of mudflows. As an organic fertilizer under watermelon and melon, a manure is made (with deep dusting soil treatment) in the amount of 15-20 t / ha and under the pumpkin - 30-40 t / ha. Higher doses of manure under these cultures can cause retardation of the ripening of fruits and deterioration of their quality.

At the same time with organic fertilizers Minerals contribute. It is recommended to introduce P ^ RTCLL or N 60 p 45 K 50 under the chilly processing of the soil and N IO P 15 k, 0 in rows when crops. Mineral fertilizers We increase the yield of watermelons by 25-30%, and sugar content by 2-3%.

In addition to the main and sideling fertilizer, it is also desirable to feed the plants before flowering - n ^ r ^ k ^.

The soil treatment for basic cultures includes a malicious (plucked by 8-10 cm and plowing with plows with the prejuditions to a depth of 25-30 cm) and spring processing Soils consisting of harrowing and cultivation (at least two) followed by harrowing. In the northern regions of mudflows on highly compacted soils, the first spring cultivation is often replaced by a disparaner. When drying up the top layer of soil, pressing is used.

For sowing take seeds from quite affected healthy fruits. The germination of seeds should be no lower than 90%. Before sowing, seeds are subjected to air-thermal heating in the sun during

3-5 days or heated 4 hours at a temperature of 50-60 ° C, soaked in water room temperature Within 24 hours in 1-2 days before sowing. Seed warming increases watermelon yields by 11 -20%.

The seeds of Bakhchy cultures are treated in advance against diseases 80% S.P.TMTD (4-5 g at I Kgeymen). The seeds of the suspension of the drug - 5-10 liters of water for 1 ta of seeds.

The optimal period of sowing is the establishment of the temperature of the soil at a depth of 10 cm for watermelon and melon 12-14 "C, for pumpkin

9-10 ° C. The seeds of watermelons are sown under these conditions give shoots after 9-10 days, melons - after 8-9, pumpkins - after 6-7 days.

When sowing, the seeds of Bakhchykh cultures are insufficiently dried up and give transparent shoots. Loading with sowing also reduces their harvest.

Pokhchyev sowing crops are carried out by messenger seeders. For sowing, corn and cotton seeders are also used in farms.

Power area depends on varieties, climatic conditions, soil fertility. Recommend the following sowing schemes, M: Watermelon -

2.5 x (1.5 ... 1.7); 2.1 x (2,1 ... 1.4); 1.8x1.8; Melon - 2.5 x (0.8 ... 1.0); 2.1 x (0.8 ... 1,2); Pumpkin - 2.5x (1.8 ... 2.0); 2.8x (1.5 ... 1.8).

The seeding rate of watermelon seeds is 1.5-3.0 kg / ha, pumpkin 3-5, melons 2- 4 kg / ha. The depth of seed of seeds of watermelon and pumpkin is 6-8 cm, melons 4-6 cm.

Caring for sowing of Bakhchyvy cultures includes harrowing and loosening rotational moths before the appearance of germs for the destruction of the crust and the destruction of the seedlings of weeds, as well as inter-row treatments at a depth of 12-15 cm at the first and 8-10 cm during subsequent loosenings. When processing the parties, the cutting of the plants should be removed to the side so that the NA is to damage them with the wheels of tractors and the soil-productive guns.

To do this, a pletekerter is installed in one unit with a cultivator, which spreads the screamers from the middle of the aisle to a width of 50-60 cm, sufficient for the passage of the tractor and cultivator wheels.

For inter-row treatments, the soil use KRN-4,2 cultivators, KRN-5,6, and the KNB-5,4 miracle cultivator, for weeding in rows - the oscillatory unit PAU-4.

To prevent the confusion of weekest winds, they are sprinkled with crude soil. This causes the formation of additional roots, which improves the nutrition of plants. Good results gives the tailing (chasing) of the ends of the sword during the flowering of male flowers.

In the fight against peronospose, crops are sprayed with burgundy liquid, 1% solution, on copper cune (600 l / ha), against muced dew Farming with powder with sulfur ground (15-30 kg / ha). The processing of the Bakhchev is stopped 15 days before harvesting.

Of great importance in the cultivation of mudflows in Russia has irrigation. Under the bulk cultures give 3-5 vegetative irrigation with a period of 10-15 days. They begin long before flowering, then temporarily stopped and resumed when the fruits are tied. Irrigation rate 600-800 m 3 / ha.

Cleaning. Bach cultures are ripening undesigned. Therefore, the table watermelon, melon and zucchini are removed in 2-3 receptions (as ripening), and pumpkin and feed watermelon - in one reception, before the onset of frosts. Signs of ripening of watermelon fruits are peeling of the fruit, the root of the crust and the appearance of a clear picture on it. Ripe melons acquire characteristic color and drawing. Pipe pumpkin can also be determined by painting and density of the peel.

For selective cleaning of mudflows, a wide-graffitable TCP-25 conveyor is used. Mature fruits are torn and stacked in the cells of the conveyor belt, which directs and stacked them directly in the body near the coming transport. With the last solid collection of watermelons, one-time cleaning on the seeds and when cleaning the pumpkin, a large economic effect gives a mechanized collection of fruits in the rolls with a vote-forming agent of the control system, soft laying They are in vehicles.

The described cleaning technology reduces labor costs 5-6 times compared with the exhaust technology with the removal of fruits on the side of the field.

During the transportation of mudflows, the container method of transportation should be wider, which reduces manual work on loading and unloading operations, improves product quality and reduces downtime of transport.

For laying for storage, the fruits are selected without damage. Watermelons are stored at a temperature of 2-3 ° C, melons - at 0-2 ° C and optimal humidity Air 75-85%, pumpkin - at 10 ° C and relative humidity 70-75%.

Kakhchev cultures are attributable Watermelon, melon and pumpkin, which, in contrast to vegetable plants, cultivate in field and special crop rotations. Agrotechnics are somewhat different from the methods of cultivation vegetable crops. "Bakhcha" translated from Turkic means the garden.

One of the main tasks of mudflow is the creation of zones of obtaining guaranteed crops on irrigated areas, the production of Bakhchyev in quantities that satisfy the needs of the population, a significant reduction in labor costs based on improving the technology of cultivation and complex mechanization.

Bakhchyev's fruits consume fresh and use for processing. They play a big role and as feed crops.

Apply them also in medicine. The fruits of mudflows are a delicacy, dietary food product, characterized by high taste and nutritional qualities.

The nutritional value of fruits is primarily in high content of human and animal-digestible carbohydrates, mainly sugars (Table 1).

Continued

The high sweetness of the fruit of the cutlery watermelon is due to a large number of fructose (glucose little) with a significantly less content of sucrose. At the best on the taste quality of watermelon varieties (dessert 83, Astrakhan, Southeast Rose, Volzhsky 7) The content of dry substances in the pulp of fruit reaches 13-14%, and sugars 10-12%, approaching these indicators to best grades Melon. Watermelons grown in Central Asia, less Saharistists (6-9%). In the fruits of the fodder watermelon there is a 3-5% dry matter (about 50% of polysaccharides) and 1-3% of sugars, which are mainly represented by fructose and glucose.

The fruits of melons are usually richer by sugars than the fruits of watermelon. Sakharoza prevails in them, monosacharov is significantly less (approximately the same amount of fructose and glucose). The secondary and late varieties are characterized by a higher sugar content than early. At the best Central Asian varieties of melons, their number reaches 15%. The ratio of sugars from various varieties is unequal. Therefore, the feeling of sweetness does not always correspond to the indicator of the total content of sugars.

In the fruits of pumpkin, carbohydrates are mainly represented by polysaccharides. The ratio of simple sugars is approximately the same as in melon, with relatively low content. However, there are dining ranges of pumpkins (Spanish 73, dining room Winter A-5) with a very high content of dry matter (up to 20%) and sugars (up to 10%), especially after autumn-winter storage. In the same feed grades of pumpkin (stand, mammoth) the amount of dry matter does not exceed 6%, and the sugars are even less. In the fruits of the zucchini and patisson of sugars are also small.

In addition to sugars, fruits of a cutle watermelon (based on dry matter) contain up to 1.5% of the fiber and hemicellulose, 1-2% of pectin substances (in wild species up to 14%), melons - 3-7 and 1-4.5, respectively %, pumpkins and zucchini - 5-23 and 3-14%. In the pumpkin there is a lot of starch (2-7% per raw substance), especially in immature fruits. Starch is also available in the fruits of late melons.

The fruits of the fodder watermelon contain many pectic substances (10-20% calculated on the dry matter), which determine very good burning.

The high nutritional and dietary value of fruits of mudflows is due to the high content of not only sugars, but also vitamins, especially ascorbic acid (vitamin C), and the pumpkins and individual varieties of melons are also carotene. In some varieties of melons (collective farmers 749/753, Bykovskaya 735), the amount of vitamin C in the fruits reaches 60 mg% (the average content of 30- 45 mg%), in a cutle watermelon - about 10 mg%, feed - 3-5 mg%, Pumpkins - about 15 mg%.

In the fruits of pumpkins, many carotene - an average of 4-7 mg% (in various grades 2-10 mg%), in the fruits of the zucchini - 1.5-6.5 mg.%. The varieties of pumpkins are highlighted from the global collection, in the fruits, which the carotene content sometimes reaches 40 mg%. Of the cultural forms, the large number of carotene has a grade pumpkin varieties - vitamin and carotene 102. Carotine in the fruits of watermelon a little (about 1mg%), in the fruits of melons with a white flesh, it is not or very small, with yellow and orange color meakty (for example, grade ICH-KZL) - significantly less than that of pumpkins.

In addition to ascorbic acid and carotene, the frends of module cultures contain vitamins Bi (thiamine), B2 (riboflavin), RR (nicotinic acid), folic acid. and etc.

Belkov in the fruits of fruits is a bit, but they are very valuable for nutrition. In the pulp of watermelon fruit there are all indispensable amino acids. The amount of them in the crust is even higher than in the pulp.

The fruits are rich in the ash elements. Watermelon contains potassium - 0.22%, sodium - 0.016, calcium - 0.022, magnesium - 0.024, iron - 0.037, sulfur - 0.016%. Melon fruits are somewhat poorer the watermelon in the composition of the asonic elements, but exceed it by the amount of sodium (0.111%) and sulfur (0.029%) - 4-5 mg% copper and 1.62 mg% of cobalt accumulates in mature pumpkin fruits. Cobalt also contains watermelon and melon. In pumpkin and zucchini in large quantities There are potassium and phosphorus.

The fruits of mudflows also contain Organic acids - apple, amber, lemon, etc.

Sugar and other substances are unevenly distributed even within a single fetus. Watermelon and melon have the most suprantes and the central part of the fetus. The base of fruits is poorer sugar. Ascorbic acid is most in the central part of the fruit. The side of the fetus facing upwards to the Sun, usually more saccharous than the lower part of it, which comes into contact with the surface of the soil.

Along with consumption in the fresh form, fruits of mudflows are used in food Industry For technical recycling. Wide distribution was produced by the manufacture of watermelon honey (nurse), various confectionery (candies, jam, mood, marmalalad, candy, jam, grazing, etc.). From the pulp of fruits, melon makes a melon honey (bekmes). In "Central Asia, the pulp pulp flesh is dried - in the sun, and in winter they are consumed directly or used to prepare compotes. Zucchini and patisson fruits are used in the canning industry for production. kabachkoy caviar and mashed potatoes, stuffing, canning in the form of circles (sathta), they also marinate and sued separately or with other types of vegetables (tomatoes, cucumbers). For salvas use non-standard and unripe fruits of watermelon.

The seeds of Bakhchykh cultures are of greater value. They have high oil. . Singing fat in the air-dry core of seeds of various varieties of watermelon and melon - 39-52%, and the pumpkin - 41-48%. In relation to the total mass of watermelon seeds contain 14-19% fat, melons - 19-35%, pumpkins - 23-41%.

Bakhchy's oil, especially watermelon and pumpkin, is valuable for taste, rich in vitamins and is not inferior to the best food oils. Cakes obtained in the production of fat - good livestock feed. Bach cultures can give up to 90-100 kg of oil with 1 hectare. Fascinated pumpkin seeds, especially gone, serve as a delicacy.

Seeds are also rich in protein substances (globulin prevails in freshly collected seeds, there is also a bugness and albumin).

Bach cultures are of great importance for feed purposes. In the southern and southeastern regions of our country, they are the main juicy feed for animals. We use waste and non-standard fruits of cutle watermelon and melon, pumpkin fruits, zucchini and fodder watermelon. Pigs when feeding a pumpkin is quickly added in the mass, the cows are increasing the villas, the milk becomes more dense, sweet, fat content and you-cold oils increase.

The fruits of the Bakhchyevy feed the cattle mainly in the fresh form, and also use for silage, especially feed watermelon, pumpkin and zucchini. Silo from them is distinguished by high nutritional qualities, has a pleasant smell and taste and willingly eaten by all kinds of animals. Muffins are silicue together with straw, pokykin and other rude foods.

Bakhchy cultures are of greater value for therapeutic purposes.. The fruits of watermelon and the zucchini contain a lot of iron, and the fruits of melon - folic acid, which are important for blood formation. Therefore, they are very useful for anemia. The fruits of watermelon, pumpkins, zucchini, patisson are valuable in the treatment of diseases of the liver, stomach and kidney as a diuretic and means against constipation, useful in the treatment of heart disease and atherosclerosis (M. Marshak, 1959). Pumpkin flesh is used as an anti-inflammatory agent, and seeds - as an anthelmal agent.

Bach cultures have a large agrotechnical significance. They are an excellent predecessor of spring wheat and other grain crops.

The fruits of certain types of pumpkin are used for the manufacture of dishes and other household item products and in decorative purposes.

Sawing this or that thermal-loving plant, novice farmers rarely think about the peculiarities of agrotechnology. To easily grow basic cultures, it is important to understand what kinds are included in the group and how they correctly care for them. To obtain a rich crop of delicious and healthy fruits, people use proven landing techniques.

Plant characteristics

Motherland of all representatives of the family are the tropics and subtropics of Africa, Asia and America. They are not only eating, but also used as a feed additive during livestock. Fruits and vegetables are eaten in the phase of physiological maturity, but are grown on specially organized fields - Bakhch.

Watermelon table

The most common type of family, on the content of sugar and vitamins, is superior to many fruits. Low-calorie and tasty, it is simply created for dietary food. Most often used in the fresh form, sometimes processed under:

musek;
jam;
molasses;
confectionery.

Herbaceous annual has a powerful root system. The main rod goes vertically and can deepen to one meter. Side processes are located in thirty centimeters from the soil. A flutter powerful stem has a strong branching and grows up to 5 m. Long leaves are cleaved by three or five blades.

Due to the features of the structure of plates and roots, culture belongs to drought-resistant species. Powerful underground parts are distinguished by an increased sucking force, pulling the liquid from the lower layers of the soil. A shadow is formed under wide leaves in which the desired moisture is retained.

Watermelon forms three types of flowers - male, female and hermaphroditic. The fruit is a multifamous berry, with a juicy flesh and covered with thick crust. Coloring, shape and dimensions depend on the characteristics of the variety. The bookmark of buds begins for 40 days after germination, and after fertilization are tied and growing fruits. The vegetative period lasts from 60 to 120 days.

Aromatic melon

Many people do not know that the melon refers to mudflows, so the delicious fruit is mistakenly considered to be fruit. They are consistent immediately after cleaning or a few weeks after storage. In addition, melon can be used for cooking:

jumped;
tsukatov;
becmes;
marinades.

Herbate annolete plant It has a similar root system, like a watermelon, but not so powerful. The main rod does not grow more than 100 cm, and the side - up to 2 m. The shoulders of the melon are long (up to three meters), peeling along the ground. Flowers most often two-failed, although there are also hermaphroditic. Fruits are elongated berries, the form, taste and structure of which depends on the variety.

Seeds germinate on the third day after landing in the groundAnd after 3 weeks the growth of the main stem begins. Buds appear three months later, and the berries are ripening for 60-120 days. The plant has elevated drought resistance. With heat, melons reduce the return of the liquid and increase the sucking properties.

Delicious pumpkin

Now there are more than 30 varieties of vegetable having all sorts of aromatic and external characteristics. Food varieties are used to prepare dishes, canned and juice. Seeds receive valuable pumpkin oil having regenerating properties.

Annually herbate plant In muggy growing, many years are grown. The root system is similar to a moon and watermelon, but much more powerful. The main rod goes to the depth of two meters, in the side brightened from Liana to 5 m. A strong racking stem consists of the main shoulder and minor shoots. Leaves are large, with elongated cutters.

Under the appropriate conditions, the seeds are born a week after sowing. Otherwise, the development, laying of buds and the formation of fruits is also in the same way as "relatives". From the appearance of germs and to maturation passes from 75 to 135 days. Pumpkin is less heat-resistant than other representatives of the group.

Zucchini and Patsson

Without this type of Bakhchy cultures, the list will not be complete. Throwing vegetables with thick stem and large five-pointed leaves. The plates are covered with rigid, sometimes with white spots. Packers elongated, with noticeable faces. Typical for the whole group of a powerful root system with a pronounced vertical rod and side branch.

The appearance of the fruit depends on the characteristics of the variety. For example, the surface of the zucchini can be both smooth and ribbed. Patchsons are distinguished unusual form and sizes. Under the thin skin is a waterfront pulp with small seeds. We use technical ripening vegetables, ripening 35-60 days after sowing. "Aged" specimens lose beneficial features And used for feeding livestock.

Features landing

The distinctive characteristic of all the groups of the group is thermal lobility. Seeds will start germinate only at a temperature of + 14-16 C. The most active development is observed at the heat from 25 to 30 degrees, although it is enough for normal formation +18 C. When cooling up to +12, the seedlings are freezing and may die. Even minor frosts will destroy Bakhchu watermelon, pumpkin and melon.

Representatives of the species prefer to grow in gentle areas on the hills, well warmed and illuminated by the Sun. In low-voltage lowers, it is bad, therefore there is a threat of damage to the fusariasis and the invasion of the wireman. It is forbidden to grow the plants of the relative group in one place for several years in a row.

Due to the weakness of the roots in the first stages of life, cultivation is complicated by a repentance. After the transplantation of bushes, they suffer for a long time, so professionals recommend using a direct sowing method into the ground. For regions, it is better to choose early varietiesWalking to mature until the end of the season.

Before agrarian works, raw materials are heated, after which they are placed in a wet napkin for germination. The proceeding seeds are planted into the wet soil, an hour before the procedures, political hot water. Landing rate for one square meter (in pieces on the well):

for watermelons - 7;
for melon - 8;
pumpkin - 4;
zucchini, Patchsons - 6

The events begin when the soil at a depth of 10 cm warms up to +14 C. In the southern regions, it is mid April and May, and in the middle lane and in the north - the end of the spring. After disembarking, plantation is abundantly irrigated. If there is a possibility of return freezers, then cover with polyethylene overnight.

Care rules

After punishing from seeds, the plants are stolen and watered. Two weeks later, you can have thinning sowing. In the hole, there are three large and powerful cookies, and the rest are pouring. At the phase of four adult leaves, the procedure is repeated, rejecting half of weak seedlings.

Plants such as zucchini, watermelon and other melting cultures are very preferable to soil aerations. Pulling is a mandatory procedure. During loosening and irrigation. Reception creates conditions for the formation of additional roots, the digestibility of nutrients from the soil is improved.

The maximum need for watering is observed during the flowering and formation of fruits. Do not diligence and flood plants with liquid. Excess moisture is also dangerous as the deficit. Wet soil is an excellent medium for fungal diseases. Soil before the procedure must have time to dry.

When growing plants of this group, you need to sprinkle the screens. The wind turns the long stem, rolling foliage and flowers. If you do not carry out the procedure, the growth and development of bushes is slow. Liana fix B. right direction, fixing a third of the escape of the earth.

Watermelon, Melon, Pumpkin and Zucchini have long become their favorite products in the human diet. When creating the ideal conditions, the bulk cultures are equally well developed both in the southern and in the northern regions. Understanding the peculiarities of cultivation, it is possible to obtain an abundant harvest with minimal investment of forces and means.

Bach and pumpkin cultures belong to thermal-loving plants. The germination of pumpkin seeds begins at a temperature not lower than 12 ° C, melons 13-15, watermelons 16 - 17 ° C. During the years with a cold, protracted spring, the shoots of melons appear on July 19-27, after sowing, in favorable on 10 day. At temperatures below 12 ° C, plants develop poorly, pollen does not ripen, the fruits are poorly tied.

For the formation of a normal harvest of even the most early varieties of watermelons, a frost-free period is required 90 - 100 days, for the mid-lighted varieties of 120-130 days. For early grades, melons are sufficiently surrounded 80 - 90 days. Better temperature for growth, development and ripening 22-30 ° C heat.

Pumpkin and zucchini are easier to carry a cooler and wet summer. Frost are detachious for melting plants, although there are cases when shoots in the phase of the seedlings and the first real leaf have suffered light, short-term spring frosts.

Especially demanding of heat and solar lighting of watermelons and melon during the formation and ripening of fruits. Cool, cloudy, rainy weather during this period delays ripening, reduces sugar vehicles, taste quality and reduces harvest. Pumpkins are easier, carry moderate temperatures.

Bachms, especially watermelons, are relatively resistant to air drought if there is moisture in the soil. Soil drought they carry poorly due to intense evaporation from a large sheet surface. The most moisture of pumpkin. Watermelons can extract moisture from deep layers of subsoils, because The root system is well developed. The main root grows almost vertically and goes on great depth. The side roots are very branched and permeated in all directions of the soil in a layer of 5-40 cm.

Especially demanding bacch plants To moisture during the germination of seeds and the appearance of germs. About a month after the appearance of shoots, the root system and plants can grow rapidly grow quickly from the lower layers of the soil. The lack of moisture in the soil and dryness of the air during flowering and growth of fruits is adversely affected. Excess moisture in this period reduces the sugar content of fruits, taste quality, contributes to the spread of diseases.

Selection of a seed area

Bacchic crops grow well on virgin, landscaped lands, as well as on the reservoir of perennial herbs. According to these predecessors, harvest is higher, 7-12 days earlier begin to clean, plants are smaller than illness. In the absence of a layer, you can place mudflows and on early-old lands.

When choosing plots under Bakhchi, especially under watermelons, melons, it is necessary to give preference to sites with a gentle southern or south-west slope, if possible, protected from cold winds. These slopes are better warmed, well lit by the sun, there is less likely of spring frosts and weaker fluctuations in night and daytime temperatures, plants are less suffering from anthrax.

Bach cultures are better growing on the lungs on mechanical composition, well-warmed soils with sufficient content of organic substances. It grows well on heavy drum soils when making organic fertilizers.

Watermelons and melons are well developed on the boron sands located along the outskirts of the ribbon baguings or the glades in Bor. On the lungs on mechanical composition, the soils are accelerated by maturation, the sugartyness of fruits increases.

Norms of fertilizer application

Bakhchy cultures are responsive for fertilizer. Good results are obtained by introducing 40 g of superphosphate and 10 g of potassium salt in the well. Large doses of manure, made under watermelons and melons, tighten the ripening of fruits, worsen their quality, and also enhance the damage to the disease. The elevated doses of pumpkin manure takes better.

Preparation of seeds to sowing

Receivers prepaiming training diverse. For sowing it is better to use seeds stored 2 - 3 years. When sowing the seeds last year, plants later and in smaller quantities form women's flowers, and the crop is given below. However, if you prepare accordingly, they are not inferior to the seeds stored for 2-3 years.

Effectively in this case, pre-sowing seed warming at a temperature of 40-50 ° C for 5-7 hours or at a temperature of 60-70 ° C for 2 hours. At the same time, the temperature must be raised gradually, and the seeds scatter with a layer no more than 10 cm. The seeds of the previous year, stored in the winter in a cold room, while heating for 5 hours at a temperature of 50 ° C increase the yield by 20-30%, and the productivity of the first fees 1.5-2 times.

Air - thermal solar heating of seeds before sowing significantly reduces the period before the appearance of germs, increases the field germination and energy of seed germination, accelerates the ripening of seeds and increases the crop. Positive results are obtained by soaking seeds at a 0.05% solution of manganese sulfate for 16 hours.

Experienced Bakhchevodov know that good harvest You can get from large full-fledged seeds. The most affordable method of selection of such seeds in a 9% saline solution, in which the seeds hold 2-3 minutes, are then washed with clean water.

In some cases, good results are obtained when processing seeds by variable temperatures - quenching seeds, which is carried out as follows: Seeds in gauze bags are soaked in water for 12 hours, after which they are placed in glass cans And leave for 12 hours (day) in the room with a temperature of 15-20 ° C.

For the next 12 hours (night), the seeds are buried in the snow. Thus, the seeds are treated for 10 days. In the conditions of cold prolonged spring, seeds in the immense soil does not give positive results. With such weather conditions, it is better to postpone sowing at a later date, and stored seeds, this time on the glacier, in the refrigerator at a temperature of 1-3 ° C. Seed treatment with variable temperatures, as shown by experiments, it is better to carry out in this mode: 8 chaovs to withstand at a temperature of 15-20 ° C and 16 hours at a temperature of 1-3 ° C.

Terms and methods of sowing

Seeds of mesh cultures at low temperature and high humidity Soil and air for a long time Do not attend (up to 3 weeks). Therefore, with very early crops in the immentable soil, shoots do not appear for a long time, and during protracted cold weather they may not at all appear or will be exhaled. With late crops, fruits may not be matured. The best results were obtained when sowing watermelons in mid-May, melons 15-20 May, pumpkins May 10-20. Pumpkins Better than other Bakhchy cultures endure early sewing time.

Depending on weather conditions, time can be shifted. In the early friendly spring in the southern slopes of sowing can be carried out before. The depth of seeding depends on the mechanical composition of the soil. On the pulmonary soils, the seeds close deeper than on heavy, taking into account the conditions of the seeds of watermelons are sown to a depth of 4-8 cm, melons 3-6, pumpkins 7-10, zucchini, patissons 6-8 cm.

To obtain an earlier harvest, 20-25 day seedlings should be grown as well as cucumbers. Seedlings are planted after the end of frosts (June 10-15). The distance between the holes 50-70 cm, two - three plants are planted into each well. The technique of planting seedlings is the same as cucumbers. Sow seeds in the wells for 5-8 pcs., And after thinning, leave two - three plants. Watering is carried out regularly and only warm water. After each watering, it is necessary to loose soil well. The long-line of the pumpkin varieties are better located on the edge of the garden, and the short-poplet can be grown inside the vegetable garden at a distance of 1 m.

Harvesting and storage

Zucchini and patissons are cut regularly, not allowing fruit outwards. Pumpkin is cleaned, with full ripeness. In Zucchini, the fruits are collected when they are not more than 10-15 cm, they are cut with a knife. Melon and watermelons are cleaned selectively. The offensive of the removable ripeness of watermelons is determined by the drying of the frozen, melons to change the color, the free separation of the fruit from the fetus, and strong aroma.

Due to proper storage The fruits of fruits can significantly extend the period of consumption in fresh form. It has been established that it is better for storing the fruits grown on the lungs of sulace soils. If the area is irrigated, the watering must be stopped for 2-3 weeks before harvesting. It is better to store the fruits of medium-bed and late varieties, assembled into dry sunny weather.

For storage, mature fruits are harvested. It is necessary to carry them to the place of storage.

Watermelons and melons are stored on racks in one layer, can be stored in containers in 4-5 layers at a temperature of 8-10 ° C and a humidity of 80-85%. Put the fruits on the litter of dry straw, pile, peat, dry sand. It is better to lay on the side, which was turned to the Sun (on this side the most durable bark). In refrigeration chambers, it is necessary to be stored at a temperature of 4-6 ° C, at lower temperatures (0-2, 2-4) fruits are frozen.

Unlike watermelons and pumpkin melons of almost all varieties are suitable for long-term storage. IN room conditions Keeping to a new harvest. Optimal conditions Temperature 3-10 ° C and humidity 70-75%. In raw, cold premises, the storage period is sharply reduced.

It is interesting

Girth pumpkin big and diverse. The largest or main pumpkin - the dining room pumpkin has three types: a hard-sized small asia, a large-scale South AmericaFruggled from Central America. We are most common with a hard and large-scale pumpkin. The pumpkin culture was introduced from time immemorial. In Russia, it is grown from the XVI century.

Watermelons and melons, the fruits of these cultures are high, have a pleasant, refreshing, taste, they can be equated with the best fruit - berry cultures. They contain from 7-21% sugar, mainly fructose, sucrose, iron salts necessary for blood formation.

In the fruits of pumpkins a lot of vitamins in 2, e, T. Products from pumpkins are easily absorbed by the body. More than 30 delicious dietary dishes can be prepared from it. Zucchini, patissons, crooks - krivoshiki, zucchini boiled, fry, marinate, extinguished, cook, cook, stuffed. The products of them are easily absorbed by the body, prevent obesity and accumulation, in the body of cholesterol. Contain 4-6% of dry substances, 2.0-2.5% sugar, iron salts, potassium, calcium, magnesium.