Softwood Ordinary Tree - Description. Therapeutic properties of ate which chevings in ate of ordinary

Picea abies
Taxon: Pine Family ( Pinaceae.).
Other names: Eugene spruce
English: Norway Spruce, Christmas Tree

Description

Spruce - Elegant, slim evergreen tree tall up to 30-50 m of a family of pine. The crown of the tree has the form of the correct narrow cone and descends almost to the ground. The top of the ate is always acute, it is never dulled. The high and slim spruce grows only when the uppermost kidney of the tree is normally dismissed every year and gives rise to a new run. If a young eating the top kidney has been damaged or cut off the escape on which it is located, the appearance of the tree changes sharply. The growth of the main barrel is terminated, the side branches coming to the top gradually lift up. As a result, instead of a high and slender tree, low and ugly. The trunk of the spruce is covered with peeling brownish-gray bark. The branches are located in mutants. The needle is a needle, flattened-tetrahedral, dark green, brilliant, 2-3 cm length, holds on the branches of 6-12 years. Chewinders have a much shorter than that of pine. The life expectancy of needles ate more than that of pine needles. In the spring, ate, like a pine, on the branches, male and female shchers appear on the branches. It happens around at a time when the cherry blooms. Spruce - One-bedroom plant, male spikelets are located at the bottom of the shoots in the sinuses of the chewing. Women's cones elongated-cylindrical, young - bright red, late - green, in a mature condition - brown, up to 15 cm long. In men's spikelets, the cishets ripens, resembling a thin yellow powder. Spruce spruce very abundant. Pollen is spread by the wind far around, settles on various subjects. It is noticeable even on the leaves of forest herbs. The bumps of ate, ripening in the first year, are formed by spiral-arranged crumbling scales, in the sinuses of which are two seeds, of which seeds develop after fertilization. Seeds are dark brown with wings, similar to pine seeds. Falking out of the cones, they are also circling in the air like propeller. Their rotation is very fast, and the fall from this slow. The seeds grabbed by the wind can fly away from the maternal tree rather far away. The dispersion of the seed occurs at the end of winter, in dry sunny days.
Unlike pine, fir shape. The lower branches do not die and persist, so in fir forests dark and damp. The root root system has much less than that of pine, and is located in top layer Soil, so the tree is unstable and often strong winds will be all over.
The fir grows well under the canopy of pine, birch, oak. She, like the rest shadowish trees, thick, dense crown that transmits little light.
One of the features of ate - sensitivity to late frosts. Returns of the fields in the spring ruin her young, just what has appeared, not yet faster shoots. Damaged by frost Young Christmas trees can sometimes see in the beginning of summer somewhere on open place (on cutting down, on the big glade among the forest, etc.). They have a piece of needles green, old, and young shoots dried, brown, as if buried fire.
Heri, like in pine, on the cross-section of the trunk is clearly distinguished by the annual rings of wood. Some annual rings are wider, others are narrower. The width of the annual ring to a large extent depends on the conditions of the environment in which the tree grows (temperature, humidity, illumination, security nutrient substances etc.). Than better condition, the wider the ring. During the years with the rings especially favorable weather conditions are particularly wide. Since the fir creates a very strong shading, then under its canopy can only exist shadowish plants. Shrubs in Ylannika is usually a little, on the ground - a solid green carpet of moss, against the background of which a few taiga herbs grow and blueberries thickets (such a type of forest is called a stybene-box). Where the soil is better provided with nutrients and is sufficiently drained, as a rule, develops solid cover of sourness - small herbatous Plant With tremendous, like clover, leaves (this type of forest was called the Yelannik-Sucker). On the soils, especially the poor and very raw, under the firs, a solid rather thick carpet of moss Kukushkina flax (the name of such a forest is a dongle).
In the spruce forest, as a result of strong shading, quickly dying the frills of almost all wood breeds. However, the progress of the spruce itself is very long lasting under these conditions. However, it has a strong oppressed look. The tree is less than the growth of a person, alike in shape on an umbrella, the crown they seem to be flattened, very loose. Live branches are completely thin, with a rare short cheese, a triberglass - like a ski stick. If a sharp knife Cut such a troller at the bottom, then on the cross section you can see unusually narrow annual rings, almost indistinguishable by a simple eye. It is possible to consider them only with a strong magnifying glass. The reason for this is the fact that in the deep shadow of the tree almost does not produce organic substances, and therefore cannot produce a lot of wood.
Spesties ate - almost the same as Pine. In the forest, they are quite rare. This is explained by the fact that a thin weak root of a germinating seed is often not able to "break through" a powerful layer of dry fallen needles. But many shoots are there, where this obstacle is not, - on rotten trees lying on the ground, on the trummy stumps, on the newly naked areas of the soil, etc.

Spread

The area of \u200b\u200bnatural spread ate ordinary in our country is almost the entire northern half of the European part. In the northernmost regions of this territory, as well as in the Urals and in Siberia, a close view of Siberian (Picca Obovata) is growing. A spruce occupies 10% of forest area, forming fir forests, is part of mixed, one of the most common tree species. In the European part of the country, the fir does not apply far to the south, since quite moisture. East of the Urals is replaced by a close view of the Siberian, in the Caucasus East.

Growing

Split fir seeds. This tree cannot grow in too dry climates. It does not endure fir and dry soil. In this regard, it is much more soothing pine, which grows perfectly on very dry sands. The fir is more demanding than pine, and in relation to the fertility of the soil. It does not grow on extremely poor nutrients of rollers (sphagnum) swamps.

Collection and harvesting

As medicinal raw materials, the unripe cones, young tops of the branches of ate. The cones are collected in summer until the seed ripening is dried on the racks under the canopy.

Chemical composition

In cones found essential oils, resins, tanning substances, phytoncides, minerals. The needles of ate contains ascorbic acid (200-400 mg /%) and the same substances as the cones.

The use of ate in medicine

Decoction and infusion of cones are used for diseases of the upper respiratory tract and bronchial asthma, chevy as anti-sings, especially in winter time. The needles also have a diuretic, antimicrobial effect. It is recommended for diseases of the kidneys and bladder. IN folk medicine Buckle of kidneys and young cones are used in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, with sings, water, inflammatory diseases of the respiratory organs.

Medications

Infusion of fir needles: 20-25 g of chopped needles are brewed with boiling water (1: 5), boiled 10 minutes, then insist 10 minutes, take this dose within a day. This infusion is drinking from zingle and with diseases of the respiratory organs.
The decoction of cones ate. The bumps are crushed, poured with water (1: 5), boiled for half an hour, the resulting decoction the throat, dripped into the nose. Infusion for baths. The paws are boiled with salt, the resulting decoction is added to the baths with pains in the joints of various origins.
Spruce forest is clean, but he acts in oppressively on a person who has a little communicating with him, although a fir tree is a donor, not a vampire, but when there are a lot of donors, they act badly at each other.

Use in the farm

The fir has widespread use in the national economy. Her wood B. large quantities There is, for example, to make paper. Fir wood produce cellulose, artificial silk and much more, it is widely used in construction. Spouse wood - an indispensable material for the manufacture of some musical instruments (From it, for example, the top decks of violins, etc.).
Wood is also an important supplier of tannilic substances that are needed when the skin is washed. These substances in our country are mainly made of fir bark. Our other plants as sources of tubyl substances are much less (oak bark, willow, larch, rhizome of the grassy plant of Badan, etc. are used, etc.).

A bit of history

Spruce is not only a Christmas tree. It is constantly used, wiring a person on the last path. The branches of ate are put under the coffin, made of wreaths made of fir branches. This tree is at the same time festive, and mournful. Phytoncides needles disinfected the room, expelled " unclean power" It is believed that when removing the body, with the help of spruce branches from the house, all the bad, who sent a person on the last journey, facilitates the suffering of His soul, has not yet been able to finally part with the body, - for this it will take 40 days. Fir brancheslying on the grave, contribute to the relief of the soul of the deceased.
Sometimes there is a characteristic and witches, reading conspiracies, as if to strengthen, enhancing the action burn a small twig of ate in the iron bowl and look like ashes will settle, in what form - feeding or not.

Photos and illustrations

Ordinary spruce - the most common coniferous tree in western sector Forest zone Eurasia. Simply put, this is the usual tree, perfectly familiar to everyone. But in a familiar, habitual, everyday life, you can find a new and unknown.

Ordinary spruce, or European

Ordinary spruce is called another European fir. Although in Western and Central Europe, the tree grows only in the mountains. This spruce is the most common in Northern Europe, Belarus, in the north of Ukraine. And, of course, in the north of European Russia, where it forms significant forest arrays.

In the east, closer to the Urals, and in the very north of the forest zone, spruce is replaced by a close view of Sibirskaya. The view is close, but still another - with a shorter and barbed bay, smaller cones, less height. And the ability to survive in a more severe climate.

The view of the other, but still close. Eli Ordinary and Siberian cross up, forming viable hybrids. They even say about a special transitional form - spruce Finnish.

If you carefully consider the bumps of rods of ordinary and Siberian, you can see the differences that are considered species signs. The edge of the scales in the era of Siberian is rounded and smooth, and in ordinary - with small cloths, jazbins.

A spruce belong to the family of pine. In fact, despite the obvious differences, these trees have a lot in common. In addition to green needles, which persists for several years, spruce spots unites with a pine wadness - on one tree matured men's and women's cones. The structure and origin of the cones, the structure of pollen and seeds, the processes occurring during pollination and fertilization are also similar.

There are many differences. Unlike pine, ate can grow high and slender trees regardless of whether they grow in a dense forest or in an open place. The fact is that spruce splashes is predominantly with its aspired kidney. It is she who gives the longest shoots - from 30 to 50 cm annually.

And it grows spruce with its top all his life. True, provided - if the top kidney is not damaged. Or carrying this kidney Escape for some reason not deleted. In this case, the functions of the top takes on one of the lateral kidneys. But the tree will never grow high and slim.

The top of the ate always crowned the "crown" from the kidneys: one top and several side. In the spring they give shoots. And a meal is formed. Just like the pine is ordinary. And the age of young ate is also easily determined by claiming the number of these duties and adding 5 to 7 years. During the first years of life, the trees on the tree are not formed.

Side branches are also growing annually, but significantly less than the tops. Moreover, and on the side branch of ate every year, side shoots grow up - already relative to this branch. These are also a muve, just not complete - the twigs are not separated into all directions, but close to the same plane. A spruce branch is formed, which we usually call the spruce paw.

The shoots of the elder ordinary, unlike the pine, only one type - elongated. Let me remind you that, in addition to annually increasing elongated shoots, there are still shortened, a couple of millimeters long. They grow a couple of pine chevings. Together with the joy, these shoots and fall after 2 - 3 years, or a little more.

Spruce needles grows straight on the elongated escape. Coupling, significantly shorter pine, sweep the whole escape, located in the helix. Cooking is sitting on a leaf pad. When it falls, a leaf trail remains on the crust.

Floating needles flattened-tetrahedral, with a barbed top. Cable length 1 - 2 cm. It holds on the tree it longer. In natural conditions, the life of the chewing is up to 10 - 12 years. True, in trees growing in conditions of increased air pollution, coniferves significantly earlier.

Spruce, like other representatives of this kind, tolerate shading quite well. Therefore, even in a dense fir forest, Krone Tree remains very developed. Drop from lack of light only the lowest branches. Crown ate growing in an open place is usually a pyramidal. Branches grow on the trunk almost to the earth itself.

Developed Krone well provides a tree with nutrients. After all, the more on the leaf tree (chewing), the more sugars are made at photosynthesis. But such a crown can deliver a tree and serious problems.

In winter, we fall a lot of snow. Even devoid of birch leaves under his weight is often bent, but they break. Ate ordinary abundant snowfalls of big trouble do not deliver. Thin, but durable and flexible branches under the weight of snow are also bent. And reset it!

But here are strong winds with a large sail of crowns often turn the whole tree. Contribute to this and the features of the root system of ate. Only years until fifteen at the tree grows a rod root. And then the side roots that occur in the upper layer of the soil are actively growing. Hold tall tree With strong winds such roots can not. And forest giants are crumbling.

Eugene elast lives up to 250 - 300 years. But only to meet such trees in the forest is unlikely to succeed. Is there somewhere in the reserve. Most of the firings will be cut down, without harvesting and to the age of the anniversary.

Never a chopped yelnik leaves the impressions unforgettable! I had to go to such a forest many years ago. It is in the north-west of the Vologda region, almost on the border with Karelia, in the upper reaches of the Andde River. Associations ... fabulous. It seems, just because of the neighboring tree looks like Baba Yaga. Or loose.

Tens of meters up powerful columns of firs. Their diameter of the comula - more than meters. Branches are hunted with lichen ravines. Quiet in such a forest and dusk. Soil, a dog, including entire trunks of tremendous elder, and winds of huge firings - everything is covered with a thick layer. From the shrubs, it is growing except for blueberries, and not everywhere.

Where with a brightest - near the forest stream, for example, some herbs appear. White stars of European student sparkle. And in the places of close range groundwater Green mughters are replaced by a swamp.

On fresh stumps on the bridge under the forest road, which reached these places then, you can count the one-year rings that the nerds of our expedition could not be confused. There are 250 - 300 rings.

According to the results of the expedition, in which I then worked, the Upperband state reserve was created. An array of native franks was taken under protection. What is there now - I can't say ...

Fir ordinary much more demanding pine to soil conditions. It will not grow on dry sands, nor on the top swamp. And she does not tolerate drought. Therefore, in the south of the forest zone, it is less common.

Winter trees are held in a state of peculiar "hibernation" when the life processes slow down. No exception and trees coniferous. Ustian on the needles tightly closed - you need to save water. The roots cannot provide a tree in good luck, the water in the cold soil is practically not absorbed.

However, at temperatures above - 5 degrees in the needles still begins photosynthesis. But such temperatures are not typical for our winters.

But spring comes, and everything starts to change quickly. Others at the turn of the seasons, during, poetically called MM Prishvin "", in dry sunny days, fir cones are revealed, pouring seeds, diverted by the wind. In May, with the arrival of heat, first swell, and then the kidneys bloom, giving rise to new vegetative shoots.

Consider spruce paws at this time. At the ends of the sprigs of swollen, large kidneys covered by pale yellow caps of soil scales. Someone where the scales have already moved away, but also faltered. From under, they appear brush of light green needles. This is a young escape.

Young needles differ from old not only in color. They are soft and completely stale. If the "brushes" disrupt and december, felt their taste. And no resinous taste and fragrance.

Young shoots grow rapidly. In May - early June, they still differ from the old color of their needles. But with the arrival of the present summer, the growth of shoots stops, the needle hardens and acquires conventional properties.

Almost simultaneously with vegetative, both generative kidneys are dismissed. Of these, the modified shoots of Eli ordinary appear - its female and men's cones. Spruce "blooms." It happens almost simultaneously with the blossoms of the cherry.

Of course, biologists are corrected - coniferous do not bloom, they have no flower. But still the resemblance is big, especially if you consider that the bumps at this time look very sight.

Several more about "bloom" ate there is a separate article.

Consider young cones ate is usually quite difficult, since they are located at the top of the crown. Is that lucky ... On the tops of last year's shoots, small yellow or reddish male cones (or men's spikes) appeared. In the bags under the scales, a huge amount of pollen matures.

Pollen grains of spruce, like pine, have air bags, so that they specific gravity Mal. Pollen is far off the wind, covers the leaves of trees, grass. If it rains, the yellow pollen is well noticeable on the puddles.

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A well-known ordinary spruce belongs to an extensive family of conifers, namely pine. Translated from the Old Slavic language "Spruce" means "resin". Among plants, the main place is occupied by spruce, which includes about 50 species. Culture is widespread throughout the planet and grows from Central Asia to South Africa and North America. It is important to consider the description of ordinary ate in more detail.

Description of culture

Spruce is an evergreen culture, has a reprehensive slim barrel and a thick crown in the form of a cone. The trunk of culture is quite difficult to distinguish, as it is hidden under branches.

Ate of different ages Covered large number branches that grow to the very base. The bark in young crops is painted in gray-brown or brown tint, pretty smooth to the touch. The older trunks of the races on the touch, the bark in some places is very cracked, you can distinguish the heights of the resin. Chowlings of ereated needle needle and continue to persist on the plant for ten years. In the context of growing in the city, there was no more than five years of living, and the worsening of the ecology shortens the life of the plant.

Needles of coniferous culture in the context of a quadruple type, are located singly around the perimeter of the entire spiral of the branches.

Plant growth features

European spruce is distinguished by poor metabolism, so it is very slowly developing in the first decade after disembarking. After the process of the development of the culture, it begins to accelerate and stops only after 120 years. Uneven growth european ace Distinguishes it from Siberian.

A spruce is considered a long-liver who can freely grow in one place for three centuries. Best of all, culture is formed on sandstones and sublinks.

Such. ground mix Helps the culture to form branchy rhizomes that are attached deep underground and help the plant is resistant to hold on the surface. It is also important to remember that Spruce really likes to grow on raw territories. But in places where in the ground is too a large number of liquids, culture develops surface roots small size. With a strong wind, such a root system may not keep the plant.

A spruce can grow even on swampy places if the swamp is flowing. Root system The culture is small in comparison with the pine, this can explain the instability of the plant when exposed to strong winds and factors from outside. Another property of the plant is that his branches dry, but do not die completely. Spruce forests are always distinguished by special dampness and shading.

Despite the undepair to grow conditions, the fir continues to remain gentle plant. It is allowed to grow almost anywhere. Culture grows well under the gentle trees, for example, pines, ash and oaks. A spruce continues to remain more demanding compared to the pine. Culture is important to provide some water, let it even minimal. It is for these reasons that it is very rare to see a spruce and pine, growing near each other. In the capacity with the soil put one seed and deepen it for several centimeters. Capacity is important to put in the refrigerator or in a cold place in the house (it will be stratification). This procedure is particularly important, since in nature the grain covers in winter are exposed to low temperatures.

Stratification helps speed up the germination of seeds. In cold temperatures, the seeds should be throughout three months, this time will help to provide a wintering culture. TOT planting materialwho has not passed the stratification may for a long time Sneak in the ground, but do not give sprouts. After some time, the containers with seeds inside are placed in the clarified place and are waiting for the first sprouts.

For sowing it is best to choose October or November to find seeds in the ground just accounted for winter season. In March, the container with seeds, which was in the refrigerator or on the balcony, will be best Material To germinate shoots.

In most cases, coniferous trees are simply identified by leaves (needles).

Photo 1. Pine cedar or cedar Siberian. Needles.

Let's start with myself simple optionBut at the same time, as practice shows, the least known for the average person living in the Urals.
Very remarkable needles, right? They guessed what kind of tree? This is a pine cedar. The second name of this tree "Cedar Siberian", although the tree refers to the genus of the pine. The needles of the pine cedar noticeably longer than the needles of pine ordinary, because of this, the tree looks very fluffy.
On average, the length of the needles is 7-8 cm, but can reach 12-13 centimeters, color dark green . In Yekaterinburg, this plant can be seen in the Botanical Garden on March 8, near the bridge through the Iset on Malyshev Street, etc. Natural habitat: Siberia, Ural, Altai; In the forests around Yekaterinburg almost not found.
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Photo 2. Ordinary pine. Needles.

Pine coniferous tree most common in the Urals, in most cases there are no problems with its definition. Needle in pine pair (2 needles), 4-7 cm long, dark greencolors.

Photo 3. Fir spiny blue. Needles.

One of the most popular coniferous trees Used to landscaping cities in Russia.

Of course, that's blue spruce. Needles this ate very tough and prickly, stand out sIZO-Blue Color, as a rule, in contrast to the erect of ordinary trees, more fluffy - needles are located almost perpendicular to the escape and have a length of 2-3 centimeters. The needles are evenly distributed around the branch.

Photo 4. Spruce spruce. Needles.

The sharp eye will immediately notice the differences in the shade of the needles, and if you put two spruce (blue and ordinary) nearby, then the differences will be obvious to any person. In contrast to the blue fir, which is brought (introduced) from Canada, a spruce spruce is well known to us since childhood, many dressed her on New Year, and the generation of boys of the seventies-eighties of the 20th century remembers these trees as excellent sticks for playing hockey with a ball when the tip of the tree bent and the rope mesh, which formed the feather was stretched. Need a her green or dark green Her stiffness and thoroughness to the touch are somewhat less than that of the blue ate, largely due to the fact that the needles are less flushed and adjacent to the branch. The length of the needles is relatively small, on average 1.5-2 cm. In adult trees, shoots with a cheese, branched from a slightly curved central stem branches, are usually directed down. The kind of adult tree resembles a chandelier with a crystal suspension. According to these features it is not difficult to distinguish a spruce from other coniferous trees. Wood can often be found in the forests, this is the second coniferous tree for prevalence in the territory of the Urals (you can only meet only pines)

Photo 5. Larch. Needles.

How will the coniferous tree be called, which drops foliage for the winter? Of course it is larch. But not necessarily waiting for the winter to separate this coniferous tree from others. Larch needles are very gentle and soft. Color has lighter ( salad ) Tint than other coniferous trees.

Photo 6. Fir. Needles.

Well, finally, one of the most beautiful coniferous trees is fir. The needles in fir relative to fir trees and pines are soft, in the context, as a rule, have a narroweliptic or flat form, unlike firings and pines that have a form of needles in a diamond cross section. Copper tips, in most cases either dull, or twisted, and on the bottom of the needles you can discern a pair of light strips.

, or european (Picea Abies)
Spruce Ordinary is valued as an important forest-forming breed. Widely used during forest-based work and protective landings along railways, as well as how decorative tree To decorate landscapes. This species Spruce is heterogeneous by appearanceWhat is due to various types Her branches. These types are inherited.
Soft and lightweight Wood eating ordinary goes to sawing, and also is good building material and valuable raw materials for cellulose.

Features of the species
The bark is gray, thin, the old trees hollow out with small scales. The shoots are brown, reddish, bare or rather mosted. The kidneys are pointed, drowned, immature. Sailing seed 60-80%. Keep the germination in hermetically closed glass container up to 5 years. Can germinate without prepaiming trainingBut cold stratification (from 2 to 8 weeks) or soaking in water (18-22 hours) increases their germination. Like all other species of ate, can multiply by vaccination and stalling. Annual increase in height -50 cm, in width-15 cm. Up to 10-15 years grows slowly, then quickly. It takes a haircut well. It is recommended to use for a living hedge, in which the trees have 40 cm.

Areal In Northern and Central Europe. On the territory of Russia - from Western borders to the Urals.
Dimensions of an adult plant Tree with a height of 30-50 m, the diameter of the crown is 6-8 m, the diameter of the trunk is up to 1.8 m.
Decorativeness Not all specimens of this species are characterized by decorative. Sometimes the shape of the crown is uneven
Cable shape Needle quadrighed long 10-35 mm long and 1-1,5 mm thick, with a sharp tip, brilliant, dark green, keeps on shoots 6-7 years. In the fall, the painting needle does not change.
Time and Form Flowering In May-June, red oval spikelets and red or green female gates appear on the branches
Shishki. Cylindrical cones, 10-16 cm long and 3-4 cm wide, reddish-brown, shiny, with large or stretched with seed scales. Immature cones - light green or dark purple. Seeds are poured at the end of the next winter. Seed starts from 25-30 years.
Source requirements Suglinka, samp light soil, does not endure soil seals, close groundwater, salinization and dryness of the soil, pH \u003d 4.0-5.5.
Attitude towards light Very shadowed, in the spring can suffer from sunburn.
Resistance to urban conditions Sensitive to smoke, gases and dust, so rarely used in urban landings.
Frost resistance The species is characterized by increased frost resistance (up to -45 ° C), but sensitive to spring frosts.
Shelter for winter Young plants in the first year of planting.
Life expectancy Lives up to 250-300 years.

IN lately The demand is used by dwarf (from 0.3 to 1.5 m) erect form European: Gregoriana, "Echinforis", "Clanbrasiliana" and some others. Characteristics These forms are a dense crown, slow growth, short shoots. Food forms of european erected are especially attractive when landscaping small limited spaces: stony gardens, alpine Gork etc. Everything decorative forms It is necessary to multiply by vaccinations.