Mycorrhizal mushrooms. Mycorrhizal fungi Which of the following fungi do not form mycorrhiza

Many would like to grow mushrooms on their site, next to their home. However, this is far from easy. On the one hand, mushrooms themselves appear where they are not needed, for example, dung beetles or raincoats suddenly grow on lawns and flower beds, and tinder fungus that cause rotting grow on tree trunks. On the other hand, in a different year the weather is mushroom - warm and humid, but there are still no favorite mushrooms (boletus, boletus, boletus).

The mysterious world of mushrooms

In order to understand the mysterious world of mushrooms, you need at least in general terms to familiarize yourself with their biological and ecological characteristics.

Fungi are spore organisms, the unit of their reproduction and dispersal is the smallest cells - spores. Once in favorable conditions, they germinate, forming hyphae - the finest filamentous structures. Have different types fungi for the development of hyphae requires a certain substrate: soil, forest litter, wood, etc. In the substrate, hyphae grow rapidly and, intertwining with each other, form a mycelium - the basis of the fungal organism. V certain conditions on the surface of the substrate penetrated by the mycelium, fruiting bodies are formed, which serve for the formation and dispersal of spores.

The most valuable types of edible mushrooms are distinguished by a great variety in the way they are fed and in relation to the substrate on which they grow. On this basis, all mushrooms of interest to us can be divided into three large groups:

The environment for the development of the mycelium of fungi belonging to this group is the soil, more precisely, its upper humus horizon, consisting of the remains of dead plants decomposed to a uniform organic mass, excrement of herbivores or humus. In such conditions, saprophytic fungi appear on their own, settling in a natural way.

This category includes the world's most popular mushroom culture, double-peeled champignon ( Agaricus bisporus), as well as other representatives of the Champignon genus ( Agaricus): w. ordinary (A. campester), w. field ( A. arvensis), w. forest ( A. silvaticus). There are also a number of mushrooms of this group - smoky talker ( Clitocybe nebularis); some species of the umbrella family ( Macrolepiota): h. variegated ( M. procera), h. shaggy (M. rhacodes); dung beetle white ( Coprinus comatus) and etc.

Mushrooms - Wood Destroyers

In Russia, the cultivation of a wood-destroying fungus is widely practiced - velvety-legged flammulina, or winter honey fungus ( Flammulina velutipes). Winter honey agaric grows naturally on the trunks of living but weakened or damaged deciduous trees, especially willows and poplars. It tolerates frost well, therefore it forms fruiting bodies mainly in the autumn-winter period or in early spring... This mushroom is grown artificially only indoors, since its cultivation in open ground poses a threat to gardens, parks and forests.

In the last 30-40 years, common oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus). For its cultivation, cheap substrates containing cellulose are used: straw, corn cobs, sunflower husks, sawdust, bran and other similar materials.

The fruiting body of the fungus ( commonly called simply "mushroom") - the reproductive part of the fungus, which is formed from intertwined hyphae of the mycelium and serves to form spores.

Mycorrhiza are non-lignified structures from the root of the plant and the tissue of the fungus.

Porcini
Chanterelles
Ryzhik

Mycorrhizal fungi

Fungi of the third group - mycorrhizal formers associated with the roots of higher plants by nutritional conditions - are much less susceptible to artificial cultivation. It is to this group that the majority of edible mushrooms, most valuable in terms of nutritional and taste properties, belong.

As already mentioned, their development requires the roots of woody plants - forest-forming plants. Mycorrhizal symbiosis allows trees to expand their ecological range and grow under sub-optimal conditions.

A good example is the different types of larch, with early age at their root ends mycorrhiza forms with a larch oil can ( Suillus grevillei), and after 10–15 years fruit bodies of yellow-orange color appear under the trees. Practice shows that if you plant even one larch tree on the site, after a while mushrooms of this type will surely grow under it.

A similar picture is observed with Scots pine. This tree species enters into mycorrhizal symbiosis with many types of fungi, however, the obligatory (obligatory) mycorrhizal formers are late, yellow, or real oiler ( S. lutens), and granular oiler ( Suillus granulatus). The symbiosis with these types of fungi allows the pine to grow on poor sandy soils, where other tree species cannot take root. Having created decorative biogroups from Scots pine on your site, it is quite possible to count on the appearance of these types of boletus.

The situation is much more complicated with white, boletus, boletus, mushrooms, chanterelles and even russula. The reason is that they are not obligatory mycorrhiza formers and enter into symbiosis with trees only when the latter requires their help. Pay attention, where are the most mushroom places in nature? At the edge of the forest, felling, in forest plantations. In favorable for tree species conditions mycorrhizal symbiosis is not formed.

Nevertheless, in practice, there are cases of successful cultivation of these types of mushrooms. Most often this occurs as a result of transplanting large trees with a clod of earth. Even cases of mass appearance of fruit bodies of russules after the creation of alley plantings of drooping birch along the streets in Moscow have been recorded. Therefore, decorating your site with trees, from the very beginning you need to take care of creating favorable conditions for the development of mycorrhizal fungi. First, you need to know with which tree species this or that type of fungus can form mycorrhiza. Secondly, if possible, create close to optimal conditions environment for the development of mycorrhiza and the appearance of fruit bodies.

In addition to the presence of tree roots, a certain temperature is required for the development of fungi. Few people know that at temperatures above +28 o C, the mycelium stops growing, and at +32 o C, it dies. Therefore, the surface of the soil should be shaded by the crowns of trees and shrubs. For the development of mushrooms, it is necessary and quite high humidity soil and air. This can be achieved by regular watering. Moreover, it is by no means possible to fill the soil with water until it is oversaturated, otherwise the mycelium will get wet. Development mycorrhizal fungi lawns or other disturbances to the upper soil horizons may be hindered. You should not rake fallen leaves and needles under the trees.

It is possible to stimulate the appearance of certain types of mycorrhizal fungi by sowing their spores, for which the ripe and already starting to decompose caps of the fruit bodies need to be crumbled into a warm, best of all rainwater, hold for several hours, mix thoroughly and water the soil under the trees with this solution.

Honey mushrooms
Aspen boletus
Champignon

Mushrooms and trees

Consider now the most interesting views edible mushrooms in terms of their association with certain tree species.

Porcini (Boletus edulis) White birch mushroom ( B. edulis f. betulicola) forms mycorrhiza with drooping birch, b. oak ( B. edulis f. guercicola) - with pedunculate oak, b. pine ( B. edulis f. pinocola) - with Scots pine, b. spruce ( B. edulis f. edulis) - with common spruce.

Boletus, or common obabok ( Leccinum scabrum This name is often used not only for the common boletus, but also for all species of the genus Leccinum with a brown cap: black boletus, marsh, turning pink. They all form mycorrhiza with our birch species. Common and black boletus are more often with drooping birch, and marsh and pink boletus - with downy birch.

Boletus. Under this name, species of the genus Leccinum with an orange cap are combined, which differ from each other not only outward signs(for example, by the color of the scales on the stem), but also mycorrhizal partners. The most typical species is the red boletus ( L. aurantiacum) with an intensely colored orange cap and white stem, which forms mycorrhiza with aspen and other poplar species. Boletus, or all-skinned boletus ( L. versipele), with black scales on the stem, forms mycorrhiza with birch in damp places. Boletus, or about. oak (L. guercinum), characterized by red-brown scales on the stem, forms mycorrhiza with pedunculate oak.

Common chanterelle, or real ( Cantharellus Cabarus), is able to form mycorrhiza with different tree species. Most often with pine and spruce, less often with deciduous ones, in particular with oak.

Russula (Russula). About 30 species of russula grow in our forests. Some of them, in particular with. green ( R. aeruginea) and c. pink ( R. rosea), form mycorrhiza with birch, others are able to enter into symbiosis with the roots of different types of trees (p. blue-yellow - R. cyanoxantha, With. food - R. vesca, With. fragile - R. fragilis).

Ryzhiki (Lactarius). Real ginger, or pine ( L. deliciosus), Is a mycorrhizal forming agent with Scots pine. Spruce ginger ( L. Sanguifluus) - with common spruce.

Black milk, or chernushnik(Lactarius necator), forms mycorrhiza with birch and spruce.

In the natural environment, seemingly impossible interactions between different kinds animals or birds, insects and plants. One of them, namely the interaction between plants and fungi, we will consider today: fungus root or mycorrhiza, what is it ?.

Did you know? Mushrooms are interesting works of nature: they are eaten, they are made of extracts for medicines, and cosmetics are produced. Yves Rocher launched a line of cosmetics for middle-aged women based on an extract from shiitake mushrooms. The active substances of these fungi, penetrating into the skin cells, nourish them and accelerate regeneration.

Mycorrhiza - what is it

To understand what a fungus root is, it is necessary to consider the structure of the fungus. The fruiting body of the fungus consists of a cap and a leg, but the most interesting are hyphae or thin filaments, which intertwine form a mycelium (mycelium). This organ of the fungus serves both for nutrition and for reproduction (formation of spores), as well as for the formation of mycorrhiza.

What is mycorrhiza? It is just a combination of fungal mycelium with the root system of plants. Mushroom roots and plant roots are intertwined, sometimes the fungus takes root in root system plants, which is being done for fruitful cooperation of both parties.

What is mycorrhiza by definition? This is a symbiotic habitat of fungi on the surface of the root system or in the tissues of the roots of higher plants.

To better understand the action of mycorrhiza, consider its types. There are three main types of mycorrhiza: ectotrophic, endotrophic and ectoendotrophic. In its biological essence, the first type is the external or superficial enveloping of the roots with mycelium, the second type is characterized by penetration into the root tissue, and the third type is a mixed interaction.

So, we have found out what mycorrhiza is in biology and now we know that such cooperation is typical for almost all plants: herbaceous, trees, shrubs. The absence of such a symbiosis is rather an exception to the general rules.

Properties of mycorrhiza for growing plants

Let's take a closer look at what mycorrhiza is and what its functions are useful for plants. Mushroom mycelium is capable of producing special proteins that are some kind of catalysts in nature. In addition, the mycelium digests and breaks down nutrients in soil, from plant residues to organic and inorganic elements from humus. Plants are capable of absorbing only readily soluble humus elements and here they have many competitors: these are weeds and microbes that live in the soil.

–it is a mutually beneficial symbiosis of plants and fungi. Plants receive nutrients and water, while mushrooms receive carbohydrates produced by plants. Without carbohydrates, mushrooms are unable to multiply and grow fruit bodies. Plants give up to 40% of carbohydrates.

The role of mycorrhiza in plant life cannot be overestimated. Mycorrhiza supplies them with vitamins, minerals, enzymes and hormones. Thanks to the mycelium, the root system of plants increases the absorption area of ​​useful elements such as phosphorus, potassium and other stimulating substances. Moreover, it not only serves as a food provider, but also doses it correctly.

Plants grow more actively, during the flowering period they form more inflorescences with fruitful flowers and, accordingly, fruiting increases. Plants gain immunity to stress and weather conditions: drought, heavy rainfall, sudden temperature changes. Fungi, forming mycorrhiza with plant roots, act as defenders against some of the latter's diseases, such as, for example, fusarium or late blight.

Due to its ability to digest and break down organic and inorganic humus compounds, mycorrhiza cleans the soil for plants from excess salts and acids.

Did you know? In nature, there are predatory fungi that feed on living organisms, worms. These mushrooms grow mycelium in the form of rings that act as traps. The adhesive-backed rings contract like a loop when the victim is caught in them. The more the prey twitches, the tighter the trap is tightened.

Mycorrhizal vaccinations

Fungi rarely form mycorrhiza, because this symbiosis has existed since the beginning of the development of flora on earth. Unfortunately on summer cottages mycorrhiza is often destroyed as a result of prolonged use of chemicals, mycorrhiza also perishes during construction. Therefore, to help their plants, gardeners are vaccinating.

Mycorrhiza vaccine - it is a preparation in the form of a powder or liquid, which contains particles of live mycelium of fungi. After a kind of grafting of the soil, the bacteria of the fungi begin to cooperate with the root system of plants, which forms a natural mycorrhiza.

Mycorrhizal vaccines are popular today for indoor flowers, there are big choice for vegetables, garden flowers and herbaceous plants, as well as conifers such as hydrangeas, rhododendrons, heather and roses. When vaccinating, remember that the root system of very old trees is too deep and not suitable for mycorrhiza.

Important! The mycorrhizal vaccine is administered once in a plant's life, and each plant interacts and forms mycorrhiza with certain fungi. There is no mycorrhiza suitable for all plants.

Features of the use of mycorrhiza for plants

The mycorrhiza preparation is applied by watering or spraying crops, and directly into the soil. When vaccinating in the soil, make several shallow holes directly in the ground near the plant and inject the vaccine there.

Many are interested in the question "Which plants do not form mycorrhiza and with which fungi, this symbiosis is also impossible?" Today, few plants are known that perfectly do without mycorrhiza: these are some species of the Cruciferous, Amaranth and Marevaceae family. Mushrooms that do not form mycorrhiza - umbrellas, oyster mushrooms, champignons, dung beetles, honey mushrooms.

The mycorrhiza preparation should be used after harvest, that is, in the fall. During the winter, the fungi form mycorrhiza with the roots of dormant plants, and the results will already be noticeable in the spring. Unlike plants, mushrooms do not go into hibernation in winter and continue to be active. If you use the drug in the spring, its active effect will be noticeable next year.

The use of mycorrhiza is important when transplanting crops to a new or permanent place after rooting of seedlings. The action of the drug will reduce the stress of the plant and accelerate its adaptation. After inoculation with mycorrhiza preparations, there is a significant growth and more accelerated development of crops.

Important!-it is not a fertilizer, and combine with chemicals it is not recommended as it could be destroyed by them. Top dressing is carried out exclusively with organic fertilizers.

When using mycorrhiza for indoor plants there are also a few rules:

• Powder preparations for indoor plants are introduced into the potting soil, then watering is carried out. The composition in the form of an emulsion is drawn into a syringe and injected directly onto the root system into the soil.
• After grafting, the plant is not fertilized for two months. Fungicides are not used during the same period.
• More effective for flowerpots are vaccinations containing particles of live mycelium, and not fungal spores. These include gel formulations with live mycelium, which form mycorrhiza immediately, while spores do not have the conditions for development in a closed pot.

Advantages and disadvantages of using mycorrhiza in plant life

The main advantages of using mushroom root:

Tests

610-1. In which organisms the body is represented by the mycelium?
A) algae
B) bacteria
C) mushrooms
D) protozoa

Answer

610-2. Vegetative propagation in mushrooms it is carried out using
A) dispute
B) gametes
C) mycelium
D) fruit bodies

Answer

610-3. The fruiting body is typical for
A) Bacteria
B) Mushrooms
C) The simplest
D) Algae

Answer

610-4. Mold fungus penicillus consists of
A) a variety of tissues and organs
B) non-nuclear cells on which sporangia are located
C) multicellular mycelium and racemose sporangia
D) multicellular mycelium and fruiting body

Answer

610-5. Which of the following representatives belongs to the kingdom of mushrooms?
A) sphagnum
B) streptococcus
C) penicillus
D) chlorella

Answer

610-6. What fungi do not form mycorrhiza with woody plants?
A) aspen mushrooms
B) boletus
C) chanterelles
D) tinder fungus

Answer

610-7. Consider the drawing. What letter is the mycelium marked on it?

Answer

610-8. What is the function of the cap of the fruiting body in the birch tree?
A) serves to attract animals and humans
B) captures solar energy, providing photosynthesis
C) is the place where the dispute was formed
D) provides air supply

Answer

610-9. Which of the following fungi do not form mycorrhiza?
A) tinder fungi
B) aspen mushrooms
C) boletus
D) white

Answer

610-10. What are GIFs?
A) the threads that make up the body of the mushroom
B) the sporulation organs of the fungus
C) organs of attachment of the fungus to the substrate
D) photosynthetic part of the lichen

Answer

610-11. Consider a photomicrograph of a mildew fungus. What is contained in the black balls of this mushroom?

A) nutrients
B) water with mineral salts
C) microscopic spores
D) microscopic seeds

Answer

610-12. Which mushroom is classified as tubular?
A) russula
B) birch
C) autumn honey
D) champignon

Answer

610-13. What is the function of the fruiting body of the boletus mushroom?
A) structural
B) trophic
C) excretory
D) generative

Answer

610-14. When collecting mushrooms, it is important not to damage the mycelium, as it
A) serves as a place for the formation of disputes
B) serves as food for animals living in the soil
C) absorbs nutrients dissolved in water from the soil
D) holds lumps of soil together and protects it from erosion

Answer

610-15. Settling on stumps, honey mushrooms use them for
A) attracting pollinating insects
B) obtaining ready-made organic substances
C) obtaining energy from inorganic substances
D) protection against pathogenic bacteria

Answer

610-16. Why on a rotten stump you can often find a large number of honey agarics?
A) decaying stump emits heat, which activates the growth of honey agaric
B) rotting stump releases heat, which activates honey agaric reproduction
C) mushrooms feed on organic matter of a dead plant
D) mycorrhiza forms mycorrhiza with stump roots

Answer

610-17. Why are porcini mushrooms often found in the oak forest?
A) There is a lot of light in the oak forest.
B) Porcini mushrooms with oak roots form mycorrhiza.
C) The porcini mushrooms in the oak forest have no competitors.
D) There are no animals in the oak forest that feed on porcini mushrooms.

The fungi that envelop the roots of the host plant require soluble carbohydrates as a source of carbon, and in this respect they differ from most of their free-living, that is, non-symbiotic relatives that break down cellulose. Mycorrhizal fungi meet at least part of their carbon needs at the expense of their hosts. The mycelium absorbs mineral biogens from the soil, and at present there is no doubt that it actively supplies them to the host plant. In studies using radioactive labels, it was found that phosphorus, nitrogen and calcium through the hyphae of fungi can enter the roots and then into the shoots. It is surprising that mycorrhiza, apparently, does not act less effectively even without the hyphae extending from the mycelium enveloping the root. Consequently, this "shell" itself must have a well-developed ability to absorb nutrients and transfer them to the plant. [...]

Mycorrhizal cohabitation (symbiosis) is mutually beneficial for both symbionts: the fungus extracts additional, inaccessible nutrients and water from the soil for the tree, and the tree supplies the fungus with the products of its photosynthesis - carbohydrates. [...]

Mushrooms that enter into symbiosis with forest trees most often belong to the group of basidiomycetes - cap mushrooms that combine both edible and inedible species. The mushrooms that we collect with such enthusiasm in the forest are nothing more than the fruiting bodies of mushrooms associated with the roots different trees... It is curious that some mycorrhizal fungi prefer one type of tree, others - several, and their list may include both conifers and deciduous trees.[ ...]

Mycorrhizal symbiosis "fungi - plant roots" is another important adaptation mechanism that has developed as a result of the low bioavailability of phosphorus. The fungal component of symbiosis increases the absorbing surface, but is unable to stimulate sorption by chemical or physical effects. The phosphorus of the fungal hyphae is exchanged for carbon fixed by the symbiotic plant. [...]

Who mycorrhizal fungi need soluble carbohydrates. [...]

Boletus fungi can form mycorrhiza with one, several, or even many tree species, which are systematically sometimes very distant from each other (for example, with conifers and deciduous). But it is often observed that a fungus of one species or another is confined to trees of only one species or one genus: larch, birch, etc. Within the same genus - to individual species - they usually turn out to be "insensitive". However, in the case of the genus of pine (Rtiv), there is a large confinement not to the entire genus as a whole, but to its two subgenera: to two-leaved pines (for example, to Scotch pine) and to five-conifers (for example, to Siberian cedar). It should also be noted such cases when some mycorrhizal fungi, isolated from tree roots, can apparently develop; as saprophytes, content with litter (fallen from needles, leaves, rotten wood) of those tree species with which they usually form coriza. For example, a porcini mushroom was found on the top of a huge boulder in a pine forest, an Asian boletin (a companion of a larch) - on a high rotten stump of a birch that grew in a larch forest. [...]

M. plants and mycorrhizal fungi. This relationship with fungi is characteristic of most species of vascular plants (flowering, gymnosperms, ferns, horsetails, lymphatics). Mycorrhizal fungi can entwine the plant root and penetrate the root tissue without causing significant damage. Fungi incapable of photosynthesis receive organic matter from the roots of plants, and in plants, due to branched mushroom filaments, the absorbing surface of the roots increases hundreds of times. In addition, some mycorrhizal fungi not only passively absorb nutrients from the soil solution, but also simultaneously act as reducers and destroy complex substances to simpler ones. Through mycorrhiza, organic matter can be transferred from one plant to another (of one or different species). [...]

There are also mycorrhizal fungi that cohabit with the roots of higher plants. The mycelium of these fungi envelops the roots of plants and helps to obtain nutrients from the soil. Mycorrhiza is observed mainly in woody plants with short sucking roots (oak, pine, larch, spruce). [...]

These are mushrooms of the genus Elapho-myces and truffle (Tuber). The last genera also form mycorrhiza with woody plants - beech, oak, etc. [...]

In the case of endotrophic mycorrhiza, the relationship between the fungus and the higher plant is even more complex. Due to the low contact of the hyphae of the mycorrhizal fungus with the soil, a relatively small amount of water, as well as mineral and nitrogenous substances, enters the root in this way. In this case, biologically active substances such as vitamins, produced by the fungus, are probably of importance for the higher plant. In part, the fungus supplies the higher plant with nitrogenous substances, since part of the hyphae of the fungus, which is in the root cells, is digested by them. The mushroom receives carbohydrates. And in the case of orchid mycorrhiza, the fungus itself gives up carbohydrates (in particular, sugar) to the higher plant. [...]

Almost all tree species cohabit with mycorrhizal fungi under normal conditions. The mycelium of the fungus covers the thin roots of the tree with a cover, penetrating into the intercellular space. The mass of the finest mushroom filaments extending a considerable distance from this cover successfully performs the function of root hairs, sucking in a nutritious soil solution. [...]

One of the most widespread species of this genus and the entire family is the cep (B. edulis, Table 34). It is the most nutritious of all edible mushrooms in general. It has about two dozen forms, differing mainly in the color of the fruit body and mycorrhizal confinement to a particular tree species. The cap is whitish, yellow, brownish, yellow-brown, red-brown, or even almost black. Spongy layer in young specimens is pure white, later yellowish and yellowish-olive. On the leg there is a light mesh pattern. The pulp is white, does not change at the break. It grows with very many tree species - coniferous and deciduous, in middle lane the European part of the USSR - more often with birch, oak, pine, spruce, but never in the USSR has it been noted with such a widespread species as larch. In the arctic and mountain tundra, it occasionally grows with a dwarf birch. The species is Holarctic; however, it is also known outside the Holarctic in the cultures of the corresponding tree species (for example, Australia, South America). It grows in abundance in some places. In the USSR, the white mushroom lives mainly in the European part, in Western Siberia, in the Caucasus. It is very rare in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. [...]

The roots are thick and fleshy, in many species they are retractors. The cells of the root bark usually contain a mycorrhizal fungus belonging to the phycomycetes. These mycorrhizal roots are devoid of root hairs. [...]

The role of mycorrhiza in tropical rain forests is very important, where the absorption of nitrogen and other inorganic substances occurs with the participation of the mycorrhizal fungus, which feeds on saprotropho on fallen leaves, stems, fruits, seeds, etc. The main source of minerals here is not the soil itself, but soil fungi ... Mineral substances enter the hogweed directly from the hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi. In this way, a more polio use of minerals and a more complete circulation of them is ensured. This explains why most of the root system of rainforest plants is located in the surface layer of the soil at a depth of about 0.3 m. [...]

It should also be noted that in artificially created forest plantations from a particular tree species, the accompanying characteristic species mycorrhizal fungi are sometimes found very far from the boundaries of their natural range. In addition to tree species, the type of forest, soil type, its moisture content, acidity, etc. are of great importance for the growth of boletus fungi. [...]

Lactose is found in birch and pine-birch forests with linden undergrowth in rather large groups ("flocks"), from July to September. Mandatory mycorrhizal mushroom with birch. [...]

Mutualism is a widespread form of mutually beneficial relationships between species. A classic example lichens can serve as mutualism. Symbionts in lichen - fungus and algae - physiologically complement each other. The hyphae of the fungus, entwining the cells and threads of algae, form special suction processes, haustoria, through which the fungus receives substances assimilated by the algae. Algae minerals are obtained from water. Many herbs and trees normally exist only in cohabitation with soil fungi that settle on their roots. Mycorrhizal fungi promote the penetration of water, mineral and organic substances from the soil into the roots of plants, as well as the assimilation of a number of substances. In turn, they receive carbohydrates and other organic substances necessary for their existence from the roots of plants. [...]

One of the measures against acidification of forest soils is liming them in the amount of 3 t / ha every 5 years. Protecting forests from acid rain with the help of some types of mycorrhizal fungi may prove promising. The symbiotic community of fungal mycelium with the root of a higher plant, expressed in the formation of mycorrhiza, can protect trees from the harmful effects of acidic soil solutions and even significant concentrations of some heavy metals, such as copper and zinc. Many fungi that form mycorrhiza have an active ability to protect trees from the effects of drought, which are especially detrimental to trees growing under conditions of anthropogenic pollution. [...]

Gray russula (R. decolorans) has a cap first spherical, spherical, then prostrate, flat-convex and up to depressed, yellow-brown, reddish-orange or yellowish-orange, more or less reddish along the edge, lilac or pinkish, unevenly fading, with scattered red spots, 5-10 cm in diameter with a thin, slightly striped edge. The plates are adherent, white, then yellow. These mushrooms are found mainly in pine forests of the green-moshnic type. Mandatory as mycorrhizal mushrooms with pine. The taste is sweet, then spicy. [...]

Most of the elements of mineral nutrition enter the forest organisms and the entire biota of the ecosystem exclusively through the roots of plants. The roots extend into the soil, branching out into thinner and thinner ends, and thus cover a large enough soil volume to provide a large surface for nutrient absorption. The root surface area of ​​the community was not measured, but it can be assumed that it exceeds the surface area of ​​the leaves. In any case, nutrients predominantly enter the community not through the surface of the roots themselves (and not through root hairs for most plants), but through the surface of the fungal hyphae, which significantly prevails in area. The surface of the predominant part of the roots is mycorrhizal (that is, covered with fungal mycelium, which is in symbiosis with the root), and the hyphae of these fungi extend from the roots into the soil; for most terrestrial plants, fungi mediate the absorption of nutrients. [...]

The ecosystem function includes a complex distinctive features metabolism - the transfer, transformation, use and accumulation of inorganic and organic substances. Some aspects of this metabolism can be studied using radioactive isotopes such as radioactive phosphorus: their movements in aquatic environment(aquarium, lake). Radioactive phosphorus circulates very quickly between water and plankton, penetrates more slowly into coastal plants and animals, and gradually accumulates in bottom sediments. When phosphorus fertilizers are applied to the lake, there is a temporary increase in its productivity, after which the concentration of phosphates in the water returns to the level that was before the introduction of the fertilizer. Nutrient transport brings together all parts of the ecosystem, and the amount of nutrients in the water is determined not only by its intake, but also by the full function of the ecosystem in a stable state. In a forest ecosystem, nutrients from the soil enter plants through mycorrhizal fungi and roots and are distributed to various plant tissues. Most of the nutrients go to leaves and other short-lived tissues, which ensures the return of nutrients to the soil after a short time and thereby completing the cycle. Nutrients are also transferred to the soil and soil as a result of their washing off the plant leaves. From the surface of the leaves, organic substances are also washed off into the soil, and some of them have an inhibitory effect on other plants. Chemical inhibition of some plants by others is only one of the manifestations of the allelochemical influence, the chemical effects of some species on others. The most widespread variant of such influences is the use of chemical compounds by organisms for protection against their enemies. Large groups of substances are involved in the metabolism of communities: inorganic nutrients, food (for heterotrophs) and allelochemical compounds. [...]

Modern ferns, the geological history of which dates back to the Carboniferous (Permian-Carboniferous genus psaronius - Rzagopshe - and others). Perennial plants ranging from small to very large. The stems are dorsiventral corpse-shcha or thick tuberous trunks. The stems are fleshy. In the stems, as in other vegetative organs, there are large lysigenic mucus passages, which are one of the features of Marattioisids. Have large forms dictyostela is formed very complex structure(the most complex in the genus Angiopteris - Angiopteris). Scalaceous tracheids. In the genus angiopteris, there is a very weak development of the secondary xylem. The roots bear a kind of multicellular root hairs. The first roots formed usually contain a mycorrhizal phycomycete fungus in the bark. Young leaves are always spirally twisted. The presence at the base of the leaves of two thick stipule-like formations, connected together by a special transverse bridge, is very characteristic. [...]

The ability of green plants to carry out photosynthesis is due to the presence of pigments in them. The maximum absorption of light is carried out by chlorophyll. Other pigments absorb the remainder, converting it into different kinds energy. In the flower of angiosperms, due to pigmentation, the solar spectrum with a certain wavelength is selectively captured. The idea of ​​two plasmas in organic world predetermined the symbiotrophic origin of plants. Isolated from all parts of plants, symbiotic endophytes of the Fungi imperfect class synthesize pigments of all colors, hormones, enzymes, vitamins, amino acids, lipids and supply them to the plant instead of the obtained carbohydrates. Hereditary transmission of endophytes ensures the integrity of the system. Some plant species have two types of ecto-endophytic mycorrhizal fungi or fungi and bacteria, the combination of which provides flower color, plant growth and development (Geltser, 1990).

Mycorrhiza is a symbiosis between the plant and the mycelium of the fungus that live in the soil. Certain types of fungi cooperate with specific types of plants. In natural conditions, allies are on their own. In the garden, we must help them with this by applying the appropriate "vaccines" applied to the soil.

What is mycorrhiza?

Mycorrhiza, (from Greek mykos (μύκης) - mushroom and riza (ρίζα) - root) - the phenomenon of mutually beneficial coexistence between living plant cells and non-pathogenic (not causing diseases) fungi that populate the soil. The definition of mycorrhiza literally means " mushroom root«.

Mycorrhiza is a commonwealth between plants and fungi leading to mutual benefit. Mushrooms use the products of plant photosynthesis to obtain plant sugars that they cannot produce themselves. Plants, in turn, receive much more benefits from mycorrhiza.

Mycelium hyphae penetrate into the cells of the root cortex ( Endomycorrhiza) or remain on the surface of the root, braiding it with a dense network ( Ectomycorrhiza), thereby increasing the ability to absorb moisture and mineral salts from the soil. Plants begin to grow stronger, form more flowers and fruits. They also become much more resistant to unfavorable conditions - drought, frost, inappropriate pH or excessive soil salinity. Mycorrhiza protects plants from diseases (,).

Where is mycorrhiza found?

Mycorrhiza has existed in nature for millions of years.- more than 80% of all plants remain in symbiosis with mycorrhizal fungi. On the household plots, unfortunately, rarely occurs, since it was destroyed as a result of intensive cultivation and the use of chemical fertilizers and plant protection products.

The naked eye (without a microscope) will not be able to check if there is mycorrhiza in the garden soil. Mycorrhizal fungi very often die during the construction of a house. Deep pits, ground left on the surface, rubble and lime residues are the main reasons for the absence of mycorrhiza in the garden.

A noticeable effect of the action of mycorrhiza

The most popular and most visible result of mycorrhiza is Forest mushrooms ... These are the fruiting bodies of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Even a beginner in mushroom picking, after the first mushroom picking, will notice that specific mushrooms grow only in the immediate vicinity of specific trees.

Chanterelles grow under deciduous and under conifers, mushrooms under pines, spruces and firs. Porcini mushrooms can be found in not too dense forests, mainly under oaks, beeches, as well as pines and spruces. It is better to look for flywheels under spruce and pine trees, as well as in deciduous forests, under oak and beech trees. In the birch groves and under the spruce trees grow stumps, and boletus grows under birches, hornbeams and oaks.

Mycorrhizal preparations - vaccines

Mycorrhizal vaccines contain live fungal hyphae or fungal spores... For different plants specific, adapted mixtures of mycorrhiza are intended (they also include edible varieties, however, on personal plots, they rarely form fruit bodies).

You can buy mycorrhizal preparations for indoor plants (the most popular is mycorrhiza) and balcony plants. Much larger selection of vaccines for garden plants- for, and deciduous plants, vegetables, for heather, roses, and even for.

The roots of old trees go very deep, and by the tree itself there are only skeletal roots that are not suitable for mycorrhization. It should be remembered that in plants, both young and adult, the youngest roots are relatively shallow underground, within 10-40 cm. In the case of planting trees dug directly from the ground, with an open root system, the vaccine should be added to a few of the youngest, living roots before planting.

5 rules for the use of mycorrhiza vaccine

1. Preparations in the form of a powder are added to the substrate in flower pot and then watered. Vaccines in the form of a suspension are injected into pots or into the soil (directly to the roots) using a syringe or a special applicator.
2. It is enough to plant the roots of plants once in order to bind with it and be useful throughout life.
3. There is no universal mycorrhiza suitable for all plant species! Each plant (or group of plants - for example, heathers) remains in the mycorrhiza only with certain types of fungi.
4. Mycelium containing hyphae are much better. Vaccines containing fungal spores are unreliable because spores often do not have suitable conditions for germination. Mycorrhiza of live mycelium, in contrast to dry preparations, after watering, is ready for an immediate reaction with the plant. In the form of a gel suspension, it is stable even for several years, at a temperature of about 0⁰C, and loses its vitality upon drying.
5. After the introduction of live mycelium, the plants should not be fertilized for 2 months. Also, do not use any fungicides.

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