How to make a cane at home. Forgotten crafts: cane. Materials for creating wooden toys, canes

How many can already be known, standard supporting canes consist of their three main parts: trunk, handles, tip or abdamnik. At the same time, the process of the production of canes itself is a special art, to master those for only the real professionals of their case.

Before proceeding to the process of making canes, it is necessary to pay special attention to the choice of a suitable tree species that you will use for this. As a rule, for the manufacture of canes from a tree standard view Used the "viscous" rocks of the tree, to which include: Grab, Birch, Elm and ash. If there is a question about the production of light pleasure canes, then various exotic tree species like American cherries have been particularly popular here. In the event that the barrel is planned to be made from the branch, and not engage in the processing of a solid piece on turning machineSpecial attention should be paid to its straightness. At the same time, it is not necessary to select a perfectly smooth branch, although the upper and lower segments should be exclusively straight.

For some time it will be necessary to pay grinding process. The billet itself will need to be treated with emery paper No. 120 and re-No. 250. It is best to use empty paper for this paper based on paper.

The production of the handle or knobs is carried out separately. Here are not alien experiments, since the handle can have the most diverse and exclusive form. At the next stage, the knob is fixed. The easiest way to do it is to drill a hole in the pen itself and on the trunk. They must have a depth of about 5 centimeters and cannot be less than 10 mm. in diameter. Connect the handle with the barrel by means of brazen and plant on the glue, pressing until complete drying. After the length is defined, the rubber tip is fixed to the canes, which prevents wear prevents and eliminates the slip during the use of canes. It is important to notice that it is also possible to make a tip by gluing pieces of rubber, and then fasten it to the base of the barrel.

The cane itself can be covered with varnish or use linseed oil. Oil should be pre-applied on a h / b fabric and rub into wood. After that, the tree needs to be drying about two weeks. Also, for these purposes, it is possible to use a polishing paste produced in a wax basis, which will show the texture of the tree and give it a beautiful matte color.

Decorative cane design may consist of finishing with bone, turquoise or amber. And the unique thread will give cane uniqueness and special style.

Manufactory is located on the territory of the Sochi Woodworking Plant.
From here every day by plane crashes to Moscow, Peter and throughout Russia.
Curious. At the factory, we only work with a tree. The rest buy and sell.

You send us a scan of the palm loop. You can simply cover the hand with a marker on the A4 sheet and take a picture.

And so looks like a drawing of the future handle of canes. No hand is repeated. All by science.

This looks like a chalk of orders for canes. For each order, the consultant makes out the outfit. Coordinates the details with you. And the outfit turns out on this board.

Depending on the weight and reference load, the future diameter of the saffa is calculated. The saft is cut on a turning and milling machine from bone tree, oak or ash.

Elena Vostrotin makes cut and engraving on the canes.

After coating the cane polished and protect the caustic coating

Ilya Eastoto pulls various tips from bronze. Image, automatic.

Ready canes are waiting for packaging and sending by courier.

I decided to make a walking cane for myself, which is very nauseated when walking in nature, especially on the hills and in the mountains.

You can use for walks and a simple pole, but I decided to decorate her so that it was more interesting to use it and it was just nice to see it, because I love creative things.

To make a cane from a tree with your own hands, you will need a wooden helper (I used oak), a little isol, pen or marker, chisel and, optionally, engraving.

I recorded a few videos about how to make a cane. In them, I use power tools, but if you do not have them at hand - you can just do the bit.

Step 1: Materials

Show more images

I used:

Tasmansky oak with a diameter of 25 mm and a long 1.8 meter
Insulating tape
Pencil or felt-tip pen
Chisel - I used a set of flat tools
Engraver (grinding machine)
Protective glasses
Nazcachka

Final processing of canes remains yours. I used wax, you can use wood for wood, varnish, polyurethane. I also used Steel Class 0000 Watts and an old T-shirt as a rag for applying wax.

To give the cane, you can use various dyes, but I experimented with natural chemical reactions. Oak contains tannins that can be activated by different substances. At first I used sodium bicarbonate and water, which gave a shade tree, but it was barely noticeable. Then I lowered the 4 tea bags in boiling water, gave them to strengthen about an hour, then the resulting infusion on the tree. It gave the wood a significantly more dark tint, I had a few layers, but was still not pleased. The last experiment in the manufacture of canes was to place steel cotton wool in vinegar and give it to breed 4 days, periodically stirring the infusion. This component painted the tree much better, and I was pleased.

Step 2: Pattern Application in the form of Celtic Ribbons

The video will help you better understand how the pattern is applied. I took the polenta and wrapped her pole. The angle under which the tape turns around the pole, should be 45 degrees. Make sure that the distance of honey is the same, the video is the same, video will help you understand how to achieve it.

Step 3: Line Marking on Tree

In this video, I used the chisel to mark the lines on the tree. Making lines, make sure that parts of your body are not in the course of the movement of chisels. Also make sure that the helper rests on a solid surface - a bench or floor.

In this step we cut through the fiber of wood, receiving removing on canes. These excavations are called stop cuts. They are needed in order to when you cut the desired element, your chisel does not go further the desired area, and you did not remove part of the wood that you did not want to touch.

Step 4: Using a grave for marking pattern on wood

This step is identical to the previous one, the difference is that I use engraving instead of chisel.

Dress the protective glasses - if the grove is broken on the graveyard, it can bounce at high speed and damage your eyes.

For this project, I used the cutting bit. The use of engrave is very fasting the process.

Step 5: Cutting the pattern with the help of engraving

Using a specific type of Titon (Look at the video), I cut the pattern at the markup place. Do not forget to wear safety glasses.

Step 6: Cut the engraver in the form of diamonds

The process is similar to the previous step. I am again using engraving, but with a tank of another form, in order to cut between the grooves, resembling diamond form.

The contraction I used is round, and it leaves rounded deposits in the tree, I will work with them in the next step.

Step 7: Use the chisel to poison the thread angles

In this video, I use chisel in order to sharpen the edges of the thread. At the end of the video general form The canes are still rude, but after filming, I sharpened chisels and sections became very clean.

The final state of the sections is not shown, since after sharpening the bit I did not shoot the video.

After that, I stitched a tree with a sandpaper by 320 and painted with a solution that I described above. I had a dye in two layers, giving wood to dry after each application.

The last step of processing carved canes was a fascination. I took a steel wool and with her handled a cane wax, making moves along the wood fibers. Then I did the same with the help of an old T-shirt, creating a strong pressure so that the wax tightly entered the pores of the tree.

I have a record of how I handled the wax bench. Looking at this video, you can get acquainted with wood fascinating technique.

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Introduction

1. Historical essay of ancient craft

2. Cane manufacturing technology

3. Elements of canes

4. Materials for creating wooden toys, canes

5. Wood processing tools

5.1 Tree cutting devices

5.2 sawing tool

5.3 Chalk and wood sneaking

5.4 Planing instrument

5.5 Types and purpose of the chisels

5.6 Using special cutters

Conclusion

List of used literature

Introduction

The relevance of research. To date, we are in demand for a tree model. This is true, since these cubes, pyramids, dolls, cars and other funny baubles have a number of advantages. They are mastered from environmentally friendly materials, but more important things that wooden toys return adults in their distant childhood. Wooden children's toys have acquired the greatest popularity among buyers. On the above reasons for the demand for wooden products, you can still add durability, strength, amazing design.

Speaking about the canes in more detail, it should be remembered that over the years she has performed both a reliable support and a good defense agent. In addition, she came with an element of status, emphasizing the lifestyle of its owner, as well as his special social status. Long years A cane also was the most real symbol of solidity, independence and self-sufficiency.

Object research Is a wooden cane.

Subject of research is the technology of making wooden canes.

The purpose of this work It is learning the basics of design, as well as consideration of material, technology, tools and equipment applicable to the manufacture of wooden canes.

Research tasks:

1. Study of the history of canes.

2. Invoice of cane manufacturing technology;

3. Review of the main elements of canes;

4. Review of the material used to create wooden toys, canes.

5. The test of the main tools for wood processing.

1. Historical essay of ancient craft

The distant ancestor of elegant cane is staff. At the beginning of its history, he was an ordinary duct stick, an invaluable assistant in a difficult path of each traveler, the main purpose of which is support for walking. This attribute that came to us from antiquity can rightly be considered the very first subject that man used, and was called the adaptation not a cane, but a staff.

Already then the travelers tried to transform the root branch of the tree, shocking it to the desired length and decorating. Particularly talented people with a knife cut various shapes, patterns at the upper end of the supro. The most successful their experiments were sold in the near city, through which his path ran.

Cane changed, acquiring different characteristics: In ancient Rome, a strong cane, upholstered with copper, was a height of about a meter by martial weapons. In ancient China and Japan, staff, and the cane have undergone a lot of changes, turning into martial weapons from Nunchakov to two meter combat staffs of which were more than 10 species. With the advent of the counted tip, a spear appeared.

But the most common type of proud is a shepherd staff or "Valashka". The sheplicity was associated with a certain risk: wolves, robbers and other charm, so the shepherds owned a staff as their body. Similar persecutions we can see from the Ukrainian and Polish rules, he is called "Chupair".

Time went, the battle staff was modernized, turning into a modern riot police. And the staff of the wanderer, used precisely as "a stick on which a person relies during walking" over time turned into a cane.

To determine that in front of us is a stick or a common cane, it is necessary to look at this subject. The difference between stick and cane is that the stick is usually a curved handle or an embodious book, which can be relying when walking. But the cane is a round or cylindrical knob, designed just for beauty.

In the XVII century, this simple adaptation has undergone serious changes and has become a spectacular addition to the suit, emphasizing the social status of its owner.

In Russia, interest in this accessory appeared during the reign of Peter I. Thanks to the Great Russian reformer, elegant canes permanently become an element of a Russian secular costume. It is not wise. It is known that the king with great curiosity perceived all the innovations, emerging in Europe, and was well acquainted with European culture. Peter I personally assembled a large collection of canes, among which there are: a sword cane, a lines cane, a cane with a pylon pipe. According to the sketches of the king, the cane was made, which King Peter complained to his associate A. D. Menshikov in connection with the victory at Kalishe (1706), her handle was covered with diamonds and crowned with large emerald. Courtnic knew the weakness of Peter the Great and gave him a cane for all sorts of holidays. The part of the collection was the canes of those who were inherited from the father of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, for example, one extraordinarily luxurious with an embodied sister from a huge carnelian with finft and expensive stones. And the other cane is decorated with a golden double-headed eagle with rubies, emeralds and diamonds.

Precious canes were a favorite gift among nobles and crowned persons. It was not indifferent to the protectors was Catherine II. On the occasion of victory in the Russian-Turkish war, the Danes presented her as a gift a unique cane with an elected watchmaker, he led 21 elegant miniature with battle scenes. The Prussian King of Friedrich Veliky presents the Empress cane with the Amber Nadfather in the Gold Frame, waspiled by diamonds.

The trim of canes reported about taste and financial position. Often after the cabinetrer, the cane sent to the jeweler, and then the cost of canes could be equal to the family state. Such canes were not only a detail of a secular costume, but also the subject of many collections. They were brought from long journeys, ordered best mastersMany products were truly unique and very expensive works of art. They were eagerly demonstrated to guests, left for children and grandchildren.

For the manufacture of cesses used deciduous species of trees and shrubs with solid wood: Klyon, Oak, Elm, honeysuckle, rosehip, Oheshnik, sometimes apple tree. But if the master saw a diverse in the configuration of the influx on the roots, branches, then it was sure to cut such a branch or digging the root of interest. Such influx was used to decorate the handle. The master inventory consists of a knife, bit, bent, rashpil, tubes with a lamp for burning, skins, vanishing brushes.

Work on the cane began with cutting from the trunk, after which they filmed a bark and put the blanks in the warm stove for softening and straightening. Then he smoothed the surface with a knife, rashpyl and skin.

After processing on the canes, various patterns were burned out, which were applied with a sulk candle, it was replaced with a laminate with the phytilly lowered in it, which burns a thin-year-old flame. The flame through the fence is blowing with the appropriate force, directing it to the place to be burned, and get a drawing, gradually turning the cane. Later, the patterns were applied with a metal solder tube (rear) and paraffin lamp. After burning, the cane need to rinse with water, dry and coat with varnish or wipe with beef fat.

Patterns were the most diverse, combining geometric and floral ornament. Special attention was paid to the manufacture of the handle. Thin canes were made with a carved handle in the form of birds, snake. More massive handles of canes, especially with influx, cut out with more interesting compositions, depending on the size and shape of the influx. It could be an animal head, a bird figurine, an old head and so on. We used the greatest popularity with a handle in the form of a bird figurine. She painted in yellow, brown colors, Red used for beak and scallop, black for eyes. In the bright, naturalistic coloring, covered with varnish, it seemed, they spoiled from the Mari forests and sat down to relax on the cane.

In case of decoration, the masters avoided colored backgrounds, while maintaining, the light surface of the wood, emphasizing its natural beauty with a small amount of bright mural. In the paint used gouache paints, which bred three - five percent solutions of joinery glue. This colorful mass is well recruited on the brush, easily falls on a pre-polished surface. You can write such a consistency in the gouache on unfolded wood: it does not spread. For painting use soft squirrels brushes. Products lacquer after drying for two to three hours at room temperature. Under the lacquer film paint acquires a temptation and juiciness, and the product is a finished look. The masters were real wizards, in the hands of which an uncomplicated bitterness turned into a real miracle.

2. Cane manufacturing technology

Before proceeding to the process of making canes, it is necessary to pay special attention to the choice of a suitable tree species that you will use for this. As a rule, the "viscous" species of wood uses the "viscous" species from the tree of the standard species, to which include: hornbeam, birch, elm and ash. If there is a question about the production of light pleasure canes, then various exotic tree species like American cherries have been particularly popular here. In the event that the trunk is scheduled to be made from the branch, and not engage in processing a solid piece on the lathe, special attention should be paid to its straightness. At the same time, it is not necessary to select a perfectly smooth branch, although the upper and lower segments should be exclusively straight.

Connect the handle with the barrel by means of brazen and plant on the glue, pressing until complete drying. After the length is defined, the rubber tip is fixed to the canes, which prevents wear prevents and eliminates the slip during the use of canes. It is important to notice that it is also possible to make a tip by gluing pieces of rubber, and then fasten it to the base of the barrel.

Decorative cane design may consist of finishing with bone, turquoise or amber. And the unique thread will give cane uniqueness and special style.

3. Elements of canes

The basis of the canes is three key elements: shaft, handle and tip.

Shaft, he is a trunk, represents wooden basewhich is usually produced from the following wood varieties: oak, ash, beech, macassr, ramine. Very popular in lately Different varieties of bamboo and cane. Much less often are decisions from bones and rhizomes. The trunk itself in the final decision, as a rule, is covered with a layer of varnish, paint, and also decorated with metal linings and other decorative decorations.

Moreover, it is believed that every variety of wood says something about its owner. So, oak is a symbol of power, beech - greatness, cedar - longevity, and Samshin is a symbol of hardness and masculinity.

The bottom of the barrel is equipped with a tip, the main task which is enclosed in protection against damage and shy. Regardless of the selected model and material of the cane, the tip is an essential element of its device and is necessarily present on each cane, even on solely decorative.

The basis of the comfort performs the handle - the part of the device of the cane, which rushes into the eyes first. It is performed can be both in an ergonomic version, repeating the bending and the shape of human palm and in purely stylish. Dear and wealthy people who entered the canes ordered handles with gold trim and inlaid by gems. True, now the tastes of the owners of the canes changed. First of all, consumers make an accent still on comfort, trying to make the handle not so voluminous, but comfortable to use and pleasant to the touch.

4. Materials for creating wooden toys, canes

In the market of children's toys, wooden toys occupy a separate niche and recently conquer increasingly popularity. Distinguished these toys original simplicity and quite high price.

Wooden toys make a high-quality tree breed and treated with natural compositions, it is worth it all that is not suiced, but the attachments of parents are fully paid off with strength, durability and developing effect from these toys.

The basis of wooden toys is usually a natural tree - beech, alder, linden, maple, pine, as well as plywood.

Beech is the most popular tree among other common varnish wood in the ability to flow well, to be processed on the lathe, bent in the steering condition (in this it is inferior only to nuts).

Resistant for split, but unstable to cracking. In everyday life goes to the manufacture of cribs and playpen, elements of children's railways. It is afraid of moisture and is subject to strong stroke, which makes it necessary for high-quality wood processing with protective oils and waxes.

Alder. She has a light, soft and viscous. It is very well processed, it is easily grinding, it does not cite, non-typical, not cracks when drying. The ends of the wood is processed well, can be used for the front side of the toy. Olhu is especially good to apply in small miniature crafts, for example, in the intars regions where the inserts of yellow and brown tones are required. Viscous and supplied for processing in all directions, it is used in such responsible products as musical instruments: in some types of harmony all wooden details Performed from alder. The surface of their alder toys performed is velvet to the touch.

Linden. Its wood is light, soft and viscous. It is very well cut, when processing does not rsive, non-typical, does not crack when dried. The tree has very soft wood, it is easy to cut a sharp knife (a stupid knife mint some loose places). On the scale of hardness from 50 European and exotic wood, Lipa wood is in the first place (the most soft). Therefore, it is widely used to make various crafts and children's toys. In the presence of experience and acute tool, work on the lipa does not require great effort.

Maple. Wood cuts with effort, but the result is obtained with a clean smooth surface, it is well processed and toned. In this sense, the maple wood serves as a successful substitution of linden wood as a softer and crumpled material or birch wood as material more thangroes and unstable to atmospheric influences.

It is these varieties that are well suited for production, because Have a homogeneous dense structure, we are well polished, durable on the break, are not prone to cracking and the formation of dangerous and hard burrs who can permit tender children's skin.

Some mansion stands pine.

For the manufacturer of toys coniferous breeds Convenient available. Thanks to the widespread use of pine in construction, it is easy to find the necessary workpiece for in the manufacture of toys. However, pine and spruce have substantial disadvantages that limit the scope of the application: the knife of wood and its striped texture. Pine wood pleasantly smells of resin. The resin, in turn, creates a lot of problems to the master when processing, blunting and scoring the cutting tools, getting up in the sun, spoils the paint layer and is easily subject to dents and chips.

We note that there is a completely separate category of toys, also called wooden, which are made of plywood and are widely represented on store shelves.

Plywood. In the production of toys from it is usually used special equipment - milling machines and machines for laser cuttingUsually with software control. Toys from plywood are the mass and standardization of drawings, huge lots of production with a fairly low value of the original raw material, which makes these toys particularly popular as benefits in kindergartens and parents. Plywood is easily slit, the variety of FC (not moisture-proof) is sufficiently safe for human health and child. However, this material is far from the properties of the real tree, at least a complete absence of internal energy, despite the fact that the plywood is made from a peeled veneer and all this is sampled by various adhesives. This is a wonderful material for construction and finishing, manufacturing inexpensive household and furniture items.

Traditionally, canes are made from rattan, a tree canthah from Southeast Asia. His stem with joints resembles bamboo, but he is not hollow. Rattan - strong and strong materialIt turns out the most strong canes. Like bamboo, rattan is of a variety of diameters. Traditionally, the thickness of the cane is about 8 mm, they are thicker, they are thinner.

Most often, trees with a solid structure are most often the main material for the production of canes: autumn, walnut, beech, ram and some others. At the same time, the material must also be as easy as possible. On the base of the stick, a special rubber cover is fixed, which improves the adhesion with the support surface, as well as resistant to wear when walking. And if it is worn out, it is subsequently easy and easy to replace.

As for the nabberies, they can also be produced from various, but more valuable woods: Yatobe, Liswood, Sapele and some others. The shapes of the handle can also be the most diverse: round, arc, wavy. The arcs are notable for ensuring a more convenient support for hand, and can also be easily fixed on the hanger. The ball handle is comfortable in the palm of palm. At the same time, metal grinding handles are usually made as a plant or an animal.

5. Wood processing tools

Usually all types of devices intended for work on wooden surfaces are called incisors. This may include all cutting blades, saws, axes, chisels, special plans and much more. Each of the tools is intended for a certain type of wood preparation.

Each individually selects the tool suitable for its requests and tastes. But if a person has no experience in tree processing and is just beginning to engage in this type of activity, it is advisable to adhere to the recommendations of knowledgeable masters.

5.1 Tree cutting devices

The manufacture of any items from wood begins with cutting blanks. Cutters for tree cutting are sharp blades that usually form chips or sawdust during operation. When processing wooden surfaces, a manual method uses saws, founds, one-handed plates, and the like. These are tools that allow you to work in the way "from ourselves". That is, the movement of the master's hand goes to the opposite side of the side.

In many foreign countries, wood processing is produced by the way "on itself" when the direction of movement is carried out to the body of the master. As a rule, for this, the tools are specially used for this method - hacksaws, saws, etc. These are bilateral cutters, double-handed stops and spoonful cutters.

Fig. 1. Cutters for manual wood sharpening: a - semicircular; Basic oblique; in - cutting; r - cutting with figure sharpening; d - corner; e - shaped; Well - a spoon-hook cutter; s - a spoon cutter-ring; and - bevelled corner; K, L, M - special.

At the same time, it is necessary to remember that many devices, such as chisels or knives, cut "on themselves" is extremely undesirable: it can lead to serious injury.

Another rule is also known: if you need to handle a large area wooden surface, The method "from ourselves" is used, during which the work is facilitated by the energy of a moving ax, saws or a ruble. This is not suitable for such a cutter as the Toll, which only work by the method of "on themselves" using the movements of the brush hand.

5.2 sawing tool

In order to sprinkle a tree, multi-cutting devices are usually used, called saws. They, in turn, can be longitudinal, transverse or universal sawing. So, the saws intended for transverse drinks have a sharp triangular teeth, each of which consists of two faces for threads to the right or left. Saws for longitudinal drinking are equipped with teeth in the form of a bit. This form allows the teeth to accumulate sawdust among themselves and make them out of the body of wood. Universal saw saws have teeth in shape direct cornerwhich are capable of cutting the fibers as across and along and at an angle.

Each type of saws is divided into the following varieties:

· Simple;

· Haves;

· One-handed.

Mechanical saws are ribbon, two-way, petrol and circular.

Figure 2. Drainage tool: A - transverse hacksaw (wide); b - narrow hacksaw; in - hacksaw with a church; G is a bitter saw.

Usually, the cutting of the workpiece occurs with the help of transverse saws, the distortion is one-handed or two-handed, and processing - with hackskeeping, circular or in-like. For rough work on a tree, saws with large cutters are used, for accurate processing - small-scale. Wood cane saw

5.3 Chalk and wood sneaking

For the manufacture of blanks from bars, ridge or trunks, the following types of wood cutters are used: axes and colons. Colong is a heavy ax, which is used if you need to cut the ridge. Together with the kisen, metal or wooden wedges are used, which are driven into the body of wood and make it easier for her splitting. Already made blanks are clothed with household (carpent) light axes, which are comfortable to wear in special covers.

To cut the surface of the wooden billet, the Tesl is used - the type of ax, in which the blade is perpendicular to the topopor. This is a necessary cutter for the manufacture of concave or curly products. If necessary, Tesl can be made with their own hands from the thick steel plate with a sharp and curved edge.

Figure 3. Tops: A - carpenter; b - joiner; in - Rubyatsky; g - colun; d - Tesla for sampling of recesses; E - Tesla for sculptural thread.

5.4 Planing instrument

Planing is called cutting from the surface of the wood of thin layers of chips. This process requires the use of manual or turning cutters of the following type: knives, two-handed colors with straight or semicircular blades, Rubankov, Blyheads. Finishing planing is usually made by branches having a single or double blade fixed in a metal or wood housing. The thickness of the chips depends entirely on how far the blade or housing is extended. Than less distance, the thinner the wooden chips.

For the manufacture of curves or rounded parts, such as rivets for barrels can be, special plans are used, having a form of a convex knife. For billets, concave across the plane, Gorbachi Rovenki applies. There are also plans for the manufacture of edges and narrow grooves for fillets or boards.

Figure 4. Planer Tool: A - Wooden Planning; B - metal plans; V- Fuganok; g - the elevator; d - falseGlebel; E - Zenzubel; Well - Shpunteubel; s - Groundbel; and - staff; K - Kaleevka; l - cartel; M - Gorbach in a concave and convex bottom.

5.5 Types and purpose of the chisels

The chisels are the most popular type of cutters for wood processing. Usually for cutting of a tree, devices are used, which are rods of steel, having a flat surface, a sharp cutting blade and a shank. The shank is fixed on a wooden handle with a ring.

Each variety of chisels has its purpose. So, straight and wide devices are used for stripping or cutting convex or smooth blanks. Narrow tools are designed for wood processing in narrow places of details. To work with wood solid rocks or horny bitch, straight chisels with round blades are used. If you need to clean the tree with a hollow or deep cavity, a chisel is used, having a thick steel rod. Moreover, necessary tool In this case, a kiyanka will serve, which the chisel will be clogged by the wood.

The rocks very well clean the tree from unnecessary fractions, but the main purpose of these tools is cutting complex products. To create a variety of grooves in the body of various chutes, priests are needed - chisels with curved or gaunt-shaped blades. It is they who allow you to create a deepening of the desired radius and depth. Initially, the hole is cut into the widest clurracos, then the length of smaller can be used, then - even smaller, etc.

In addition, the work of the chamber is unthinkable without using the corners. With this tool, triangular recesses and grooves are cut, most often used with flat-strain threads.

5.6 Using special cutters

In addition to all the described devices of the wood carving masters use another equipment. For example, a surround cutting used in the manufacture of artworks requires the use of spoonful cutters. Such tools are designed for centuries ago. The design of the cutters makes it possible to use them by the method "on itself" both along and across the fibers of wood.

As often as a spoonful device, a two-way cutter is used in the form of the letter "T".

Conclusion

So all the canes had carved handlesA lot of canes and sticks have simple bent handles. Such canes are richly decorated with an ornament, whose beauty is underlined with bright colors.

You can infinitely describe the beauty of canes and sticks, crawler skills. It becomes a little sorry that their products are not in demand and went into the past. Future generations will be able to touch the art of masters, only visiting the museums.

In our time, canes and sticks can be found only among the elderly and sick people who have problems with legs. And sticks and canes serve for them support, but they are not manual, but industrial method. There are no individuality in them, heat of human hands, good energy masters.

During the work, it was found that most often the main material for the production of canes are trees with a solid structure: autumn, walnut, beech, ram and some others. At the same time, the material must also be as easy as possible. On the base of the stick, a special rubber cover is fixed, which improves the adhesion with the support surface, as well as resistant to wear when walking. And if it is worn out, it is subsequently easy and easy to replace.

List of used literature

1. Kryukova TA Material culture of Mariers of the XXI century / Ed. Prof. Vorobyeva N.I. - Yoshkar Ola: Mary Book Publishing House, 1956.-160c.

2. Wood carving, Master lessons, Ilyaev MD, 2015

3. Wood carving, machinery, tools, products, Afanasyev A.F., 2014.

4. Smirnova D.A. Handicrafts (End XIX and early XX centuries). - Kozmodemyansk.; Kozmodemyanskaya Publisher, 2009.- 64С.

5. Thematic planning and abstract lessons in a carpentry case, manual for teacher, grade 9, Skurichin D.A., 2010

6. Technology and equipment of protective processing of wood, Rask A.I., Kosarin A.A., 2010

7. Forgotten crafts: cane. Access mode: http://www.kmkmuzey.ru/index.php/2014-05-21-06-40-56/articles/1080-trost. Date of handling: 25.11.2016.

8. What are the types of cutters on a tree?. Access mode: http://1poderevu.ru/instrumenty/vidy-rezcov.html#oglavlenie0. Date of handling: 25.11.2016.

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"Pripasi staff on the path, and the word for the answer" says the old saying. A response word, suitable and not very, almost always everyone will have, but the staff, in our time you can see extremely rarely.

The cane has changed, acquiring different characteristic features: in ancient Rome, a strong cane, upholstered with copper, a height of about a meter was a martial weapon. In ancient China and Japan, staff, and the cane have undergone a lot of changes, turning into martial weapons from Nunchakov to two meter combat staffs of which were more than 10 species. With the advent of the counted tip, a spear appeared.

In the XVII century, this simple adaptation has undergone serious changes and has become a spectacular addition to the suit, emphasizing the social status of its owner.

The trim of canes reported about taste and financial position. Often after the cabinetrer, the cane sent to the jeweler, and then the cost of canes could be equal to the family state. Such canes were not only a detail of a secular costume, but also the subject of many collections. They were brought from long-distance trips, ordered from the best masters, many products were truly unique and very expensive works of art. They were eagerly demonstrated to guests, left for children and grandchildren.

Interest in the canes showed kings, veelmes, diplomats, writers, etc. For example, at the same A. S. Pushkin, the canes was a lot: "Working", "sports", "as needed" and "just so."

The canes were male, female, childish, they were no longer a symbol of power, but became a sign of consistency, they were different layers of the population. Depending on the fashion, the cane can be inserted into the cane: laorn, umbrellas, lanterns, clocks, and so on. In the cane, the doctor could be found the entire first aid kit, a smokers - a set for smoking, artists wore in her brushes, and musicians music sheets. In one of the stories

Oh Henry is described a cane, which could be unscrewed by a cane knob and inside was a secret flask. The cane was given to the young man as a symbol of adult life. In addition, the cane should have conformed to the mood of its owner and fashion trends. It was believed that every respect The secular man should have with a dozen of all kinds of canes. It is wearing the cane distinguished a noble person from Prosper. In a word, a cane was very popular. Shatapin and Yesenin and Yesenin, Mayakovsky and even famous Mari poet and film actor Jõwan Kyrlya flashed with her.

This popularity could not bypass the glorious merchant city of Kozmodemiansk. Each, respecting himself a merchant had several canes: everyday, business, pleasure, front-end "on the exit" and so on. The average estor of the city, trying to look "fashionable" also flashed with canes, but the frontal can not afford to buy expensive specimens. Therefore, it is not at all surprising that it was here that the national fishery not characteristic of this locality appeared - the manufacture of canes.

The first mastery of the bush was a resident of Kalamodemyansk Kalashnikov Fyodor Dmitrievich. Handicraft manufacture of canes he began since 1863. He made their first canes from Birch, Apple, Clean and Karelian Birch. The mastery mastery grew from year to year and in 1896 its products were exhibited at the All-Russian industrial exhibition in Nizhny Novgorod. What was the impetus for the development of this fishery in the Okomariy district. Unfortunately, until now, the canes that Fedor Dmitrievich has made, and very little information has been preserved about the master itself. But his case continued and expanded the inhabitants of the villages of the lower and upper shelabolok.

The successor of the case of Kalashnikova F.D. And the founder of handicraft production in the village of Lower Shelabolok, even before the revolution became Timofey Kuzmich Baryshkin. He introduced innovations to the manufacture of canes. Being in the military service in Dagestan, he took over the experience and secrets of the manufacture of painted and lacquered patterned canes from the Masters of Unzucul. By connecting the knowledge gained with the experience of Kalashnikov F.D., adding the Mari national flavor, Timofey Baryshkin began to make unique, colorful canes. From silver notches, which is an important element of the Decor of Unzucul canes, local craftsman for non -ion necessary materials, traditions, conditions for the development of this expensive, jewelry art had to refuse. But it was well mastered by a decorative cane roasting system with a candle, coloring and surface coating with varnish, why cane took out an elegant look. The shape of the canes was gradually modified and along with thick sticks with a bent with a handle similar to Unzucul, the Mari cutter began to extract thin canes. To the production of canes Master Pilot Father Kuzma Petrovich Baryshkina, and later and the son of Peter.

At the first time, the production technique was kept by wood in the secret, the workpiece was carried out secretly from others. But over time, other residents of the village joined the manufacture of canes: Nikodim Sergeevich Danilov, Ivan Osipovich Romashkin, Stepan Lviv and others. As a result, by the 30s of the 20th century, only in one village, the lower shelabolok manufacturing canes was employed by 35 handy of 20 yards. On the day they produced 15-17 products. Their earnings amounted to 80 - 100 rubles. The artistic manufacture of canes in the mountain marries acquired the nature of the fishery. They began to produce in the villages - Schyndyryaly, the nurses, shelabolocks, Crymano. Canes were widespread among the local population, as well as in the Volga region, and later throughout Russia. At first sales finished products It was made by buyers from the city of Kozmodemianska, they purchased canes for 3-5 kopecks for 3-5 kopecks and sent them along the Volga from Nizhny Novgorod to Saratov, reselling canes on the Volga marins. The burders were not allowed to sell their products themselves, creating interference until the police attract. And only the last pre-war shutters have access to free sale. Their products quickly applied by the Volga region, canes began to sell throughout Russia, even in Moscow and St. Petersburg. In the postwar years, fashion for canes has passed, and the demand for products of the masters fell. In recent years, the XXI century, only three masters were engaged in the manufacture of canes: Obokin Nikolai Konstantinovich, Trofimov Ivan Nikitich and Yudarov Ivan Fedorovich. At the Fair of People's Art Fields, which was held in Kozmodemyansk on June 22, 1985, participated only by N.K. Obokin.

Especially it is necessary to tell about the talented strip, the master for the manufacture of canes - Obokine Nikolae Konstantinovich. (Born in 1909). Creative masters has six decades. Young Nicholas Obodkin began working from 17 years of age, from 1926, at this time almost the entire village, about 40 yards, was occupied by this fishery that brought income and glory to masters. Making canes for him is a passion for life. In his free time, it was staying late for his products, each of which is characterized by an original pattern. Canes manufactured by N.K. Oven, highlighted by carved handles in the form of a bird's beak, the head of the honorable elder, hedgehog with needles or elegant beautiful handles, decorated into green and red tones. In the hands of the wizard, a bitch stick or a wooden chock turned into a real miracle. Here is a description of the scorched pattern on one of the canes: in the upper part of it, five different plots separated by strips from two lines, between which points go. The image of the sun with rays, and then almost to the bottom of the nise, run away along the screw line of the chain with dots, and in the middle of a complex ornament, copied with the frieze of a wooden house. The ornaments that the master decorate the canes was the most diverse: up to 20 - 25 options. Even in old age, Nikolai Konstantinovich worked productively, inspired, with fiction and fantasy, with confident, raging over the years. In addition to the canes and sticks, the master made pointers that used no less demand. His works purchased the All-Russian Museum of Decorative - Applied and Folk Art, Cost N.K. Obogin is available in collections of many ethnographic and artistic museums, for example, St. Petersburg, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Yoshkar-Ola, Kozmodemyansk. His works were repeatedly exposed in foreign exhibitions in Finland, Hungary, Canada. This is how I described my meeting with Nikolai Konstantinovich Photographer, a journalist and traveler Levenshtein Henry - Ralph Rudolfovich (Johnston): "In one of the villages, I drew attention to the old man who sat on the hut over the porch and kept two canes in his hands. He apparently heard that the Museum staff came to acquire exhibits, and wanted to offer their products. I became interested in canes. Strong, well-made, with a crocheted handle, their smooth surface was decorated with spiral and wave lines, different combinations of geometric and plant ornaments. The canes had a rubber tip and were, all over the elderly, having problems with their feet. I have not yet treated this at that time, but now I regret that then I did not buy one of these beautiful and comfortable canes.

It is difficult now, - he complained to sell canes, not what was before. I remember when the steamers with tourists were moored to the shore, my canes walked.

Only years later I learned that I was talking to the last of the "Mogican", which was engaged in the manufacture of cesses - Nikolai Konstantinovich Okodkin, a resident of the village of Lower Shelabolok. Now it has not become already, and with him the production of canes has ceased. "

Sticks and tries of three species were made: thick, knocked with curved crochet - handle and thin canes with a carved handle, depicting animals, birds, snakes, etc. Each Master Preparing the material made secretly from others, observing a number of rules and rituals. The tree from which the material takes should be healthy, without rot and bubble. It should impress strength and reliability, if it is a bush, then cause a sense of joy, well-being. Two branches or bitch from one tree do not take. In some cases, the tree in which lightning has gotten. Suited to the tree, the bustle from the east, the left hand on the heart, the right hand is put on a tree to immediately be in contact with him. Next, is pronounced apology coming from the soul. Using forgiveness for the damage caused. Then the master asks the tree of help for successful canes, stick or rod. If this is not done, in your memory, will postpone on the subconscious level, the fact that you caused damage to the tree, depriving his branches, cutting it off. And in the future negative energy will affect the work in the manufacture of the product. Many when they cut living tree, do not understand what hurts him. And it generates a negative, and there should be no outgoing negative on the product. If a small village is cut or harvested, the whole tree is completely for canes, apologies bring a grove, forest, trees around. After cut off - gratitude is pronounced, the words must be found in the shower. The cut blank is immediately put into the bag so that its nobody has seased to the pore until time. Cut up - to a bag string. On the edge of the forest or the glade in gratitude, they leave the demand - bread, three conspiracy punitives put a triangle, vertex to the tree, the latter is not necessarily enough to put bread.

The tree is close to the vibration background of a person, it is easy to find a contact with it. The older the tree, the more stronger, because I accumulated energy for a lot, for many years. Already at home, it is believed on the workpiece little plot The bark and the sign is applied to this place, the blanks are put on to dry for a year, the entire bark is not removed, otherwise the wood will give cracks from the rapid drying. In the bag where the billets lie, put herbs in a separate bag: chamomile, Valerian, St. John's wort, the root of Aira, the root of the fern. A year later, work continues. You can harvest the material from the spring, the beginning of the melting of snow and to the most frosts.

Patterns were the most diverse, combining geometric and floral ornament. Special attention was paid to the manufacture of the handle. Thin canes were made with a carved handle in the form of birds, snake. More massive handles of canes, especially with influx, cut out with more interesting compositions, depending on the size and shape of the influx. It could be an animal head, a bird figurine, an old head and so on. Obogin N.K. Cut off man sitting on a chair. We used the greatest popularity with a handle in the form of a bird figurine. It was painted in yellow, brown, red used for beak and scallop, black for eyes. In the bright, naturalistic coloring, covered with varnish, it seemed, they spoiled from the Mari forests and sat down to relax on the cane.

In case of decoration, the masters avoided colored backgrounds, while maintaining, the light surface of the wood, emphasizing its natural beauty with a small amount of bright mural. In the paint used gouache paints, which bred three - five percent solutions of joinery glue. This colorful mass is well recruited on the brush, easily falls on a pre-polished surface. You can write such a consistency in the gouache on unfolded wood: it does not spread. For painting use soft squirrels brushes. The products are lacquered after drying for two to three hours at room temperature. Under the lacquer film paint acquires a temptation and juiciness, and the product is a finished look. The masters were real wizards, in the hands of which an uncomplicated bitterness turned into a real miracle.

Over time, the cane has fallen its attractiveness and began to go back into the past. In the new modern life of the place of elegant cane no longer found, they can be seen only in museums. In the ethnographic museum under the open sky them. Romanova Collected small collection Sticks and canes. Each exhibit is characterized by wood, from which it is made, decor, ornament and carved handle. The collection has several canes whose knobs are made with the same image - the head of the old man in the headdress, but each cane is made in his manner.

The sticking cane is made of an apple tree trunk, the structure of the cortex is pronounced, the cropness, grooves, irregularities are impred artificially. The knob is solid, carved in the form of the head of the old man in the papakh. The headdress is high, with a small lapel, decorated with a geometric pattern in the form of rhombuses in the wood burning technique. Hair and beard are highlighted with black paint, as well as paint and eyebrows, which gives the person expressiveness. The beard in the lower part is splitting, carved so carefully that you can distinguish the hairs.

On another cane, the head is cut out not with such care, as on the previous cane. Dad smaller, without patterns, painted in a dark color, the beard is depicted conditionally. The cane is covered with a point pattern in the wood burning technique.

Among them there is a cane with a removable knob in the form of a head of an old man with a dad on the head. The dad is not high, carved with a wide lap, the features of the face are thoroughly cut out, the mustache and a short seamless beard are highlighted on the face, the hair is long. In the manufacture of this cane, the master did not apply paint so that the structure of the wood was visible. Despite the fact that carving is a large, a little rude overall impression of canes is quite easy, elegant. The shelter itself is richly decorated with a vegetable-geometric spiral pattern, which gives cane solidity.

A separate group makes canes with handles in the form of birds and animals. Of particular interest is the cane with the knob in the form of a dog's head. It is carved very carefully, naturally, thin. IN decorative finish Cost Master refused to apply paint, showing beauty natural tree. Spiral patterns are applied in the wood burning technique, weakly expressed. Thanks to this, the product looks like light elegant, despite some massiveness. The curved handle is a single integer with a cane.

A favorite image on the canes from the masters are birds. The museum collection has several such canes. One of them was made in 1960 N.K. Oven from the trunk of young honeysuckle. His cane is richly decorated with a spiral geometric ornament. Handle straight, in the form of a flying bird, the plumage is bright, feathers are painted green, red.

But not all canes had carved pens, quite a lot of canes and sticks have simple bent handles. Such canes are richly decorated with an ornament, whose beauty is underlined with bright colors.

You can infinitely describe the beauty of canes and sticks, the skill of local shutters - cutters. It becomes a little sorry that their products are not in demand and went into the past. Future generations will be able to touch the art of Kozmodemian and Shelaboloki masters, only visiting the museums.

In our time, canes and sticks can be found only among the elderly and sick people who have problems with legs. And sticks and canes serve for them support, but they are not manual, and in an industrial way. There are no individuality in them, heat of human hands, good energy masters.

Lobanova Sofya Yurevna

Senior Researcher
Department of Accounting and Storage

Used Books:

Kryukova T.A. Material culture of Mariers of the XXI century / Ed. Prof. Vorobyeva N.I.- Yoshkar Ola: Mary Book Publishing House, 1956.-160c.
Folk Art Fields of the Mari ASSR / Materials of the Scientific and Practical Conference "Actual Problems of Development of People's Art Crafts and Decorative - Applied Arts of the Mari ASSR" .- Yoshkar Ola: Mariy Book Publishing House, 1988.- 120С.
Smirnova D.A. Handicrafts (End XIX and early XX centuries). - Kozmodemyansk.; Kozmodemyanskaya Publisher, 2009.- 64С.