Grigorian system. School encyclopedia. The history of the creation of Julian and Gregorian calendar

God created the world of time, the change of day and night, the seasons allows people to put their time in order. For this, humanity has invented a calendar, a system of calculating days a year. The main reason for the transition to another calendar was disagreements about the celebration of the most important day for Christians - Easter.

Julian calendar

Once, even during the reign of Julia Caesar, in 45 BC Appeared Julian calendar. The calendar itself was named after the ruler. It was Astronomers Julia Caesar created a system of chosings oriented at the time of the consistent passage of the equinox point of the Sun So the Julian calendar was a "sunny" calendar.

This system was most accurate for those times, every year, not counting leap, contained 365 days. In addition, the Julian calendar did not contradict the astronomical discoveries of those years. One and a half thousand years no one could offer this system with a worthy analogy.

Gregorian calendar

However, at the end of the XVI century, Pope Gregory XIII proposed another chore system. What was the difference between the Julian and Grigorian calendar, if the differences in the number of days were not observed? The leap year was now no longer considered every fourth year by default, as in Julian calendar. According to the Gregorian calendar, if the year ended at 00, but at the same time he was not shared on 4, he was not visible. So 2000 was a leap, and 2100 leaps will not be.

Pope Gregory XIII was based on the fact that Easter should be celebrated only on Sunday, and Easter's Julian calendar each time dropped on different days of the week. February 24, 1582 the world learned about the Gregorian calendar.

The reform also performed Pope Sikst IV, Clement VII. Work on the calendar, among others, was the Order of Jesuits.

Julian and Grigorian calendars - What is more popular?

Julian and Gregorian calendars continued to exist together, but in most countries of the world, it is the Gregorian calendar, and Julian remains to calculate Christian holidays.

Russia has taken the reform among the latter. In 1917, immediately after the October coup, the "obscure" calendar was replaced by "progressive". In 1923, the Russian Orthodox Church tried to translate to the "new style", but even at a pressure on the Holy Patriarch Tikhon, a categorical refusal was followed from the church. Orthodox Christians, guided by the instructions of the Apostles, count the holidays in the Julian calendar. Catholics and Protestants consider holidays in the Gregorian calendar.

The question of calendars is also a theological problem. Despite the fact that Pope Gregory XIII considered the main issue of astronomical, and not a religious aspect, there later appeared reasoning about the correctness of a calendar in relation to the Bible. In Orthodoxy, it is believed that the Gregorian calendar violates the sequence of events in the Bible and leads to canonical violations: the apostolic rules do not allow the celebration of the Holy Easter Earlier Easter Judaian. The transition to the new calendar would mean the destruction of Pachalia. Astronomer's scientist Professor E.A. Forerunner in his work "Church Time: Numbness and Critical Review existing rules Easter definitions "noted: "This collective work (approx. - Easvelops), in all likelihood of many unknown authors, is fulfilled so that still remains unsurpassed. The later Roman Easter, adopted by the Western Church, is, compared with Alexandrian, to such an extent heavily and awkwardly, which resembles a luffic picture next to the artistic image of the same subject. With all the fact that this terribly complex and clumsy machine does not achieve the most expensive goal. ". In addition, convergence Fellow fire The coffin of the Lord is committed in Great Saturday According to the Julian calendar.

Today, many citizens of our country are different about the events of the coup 1917 years. Entrances consider it positive experience for the state, others are negative. In one, they always agree that, with a coup, much has changed, has changed forever.
One such change was introduced on January 24, 1918 by the Council People's Commissarwhich at that time was the revolutionary government of Russia. Decree on the introduction of the Western calendar in Russia was issued.

This decree, in their opinion, should contribute to the establishment of closer ties with Western Europe. In the distant 1582 the Gregorian calendar came to replace the Gregorian calendar over all civilized Europe, and the famous astronomers of the time were indulged.
Since then, the Russian calendar has had a slight difference from Western in 13 days.

This undertaking went from the Pope of Roman. However, the Russian Orthodox hierarchs treated very cool to their Catholic partners, so everything remained for Russia.
So lived citizens different countries With various calendars throughout almost three hundred years.
For example, when a new year is celebrated in Western Europe, then in Russia only 19 december.
Live and count the days of the new Soviet Russia began with 1 February 1918 of the year.

Decree of SNK (abbreviation of the Council of People's Commissar), which was published 24 january 1918 year was prescribed day 1 February 1918 year count how 14 february.

It should be noted that the arrival of spring in the central part of Russia became completely not noticeable. All should be admitted, no wonder our ancestors did not want to change their calendar. 1 Martha, more reminds the middle of February. Many have paid attention to the fact that for the present spring smells only from mid-March months or its first numbers on the old style.

Is it worth saying that not everyone liked the new style

If you think that this in Russia was such wild that they did not want to take a civilized calendar, then you are very mistaken. The number of countries did not want to take a Catholic calendar.
For example, in Greece began to be considered a new calendar in 1924 year in Turkey 1926 , and in Egypt in 1928 year.
It should be noted a funny detail, despite the fact that the Egyptians, the Greeks and Turks adopted the Gregorian calendar much later than the Russians, but no one noticed for them that they celebrate the old and New Year.

Even in the overtance of Western democracy - England and then with great prejudices, a new calendar was adopted in 1752, Sweden followed this example in a year

What is the Julian calendar?

He is called by the name of his creator Julia Caesar. In the Roman Empire, the new year has passed into 46 year BC 365 days and started at exactly January 1. Although the year, which was divided into 4 was called a leap.
Another day was added in the leap year 29 february.

What is the difference between the Gregorian from the Julian calendar?

The whole difference between these calendars is that the calendar Julia Caesar, each 4-y. The year without exception is a leap, and the calendar of Pope Gregory is only those that can be divided into 4th, but not multiple hundred.
Although the difference is almost imperceptible, but after a hundred years An Orthodox xmas will not be celebrated 7 january, as usual, and 8th.

What day of September should be celebrated by the New Mountain, if we live in the XXI century? When in terms of our time, the Avvakum Protopop and Boyruyna Morozova were born, when he was pressed to the Lord St. Kiril Belozersky? How to recount the dates of Russian and Western European history if Russia lived until 1918 in the Julian calendar? The answers to these and other issues served this article.

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Julian calendarDeveloped by a group of Alexandrian astronomers led by the cooler was introduced Julia Caesar. From January 1, 45 years BC e. The year for the Julian calendar began on January 1, since it was on this day from 153 to n. e. The consuls elected by the People's Assembly took office.

Julian calendar developed by a group of Alexandrian astronomers led by a cooler

IN Kievan Rus Julian calendar appeared in times Vladimir Svyatoslavovich With the beginning of the introduction of Christianity. So, in the "Tale of Bygone Years" used the Julian calendar with the Roman names of the months and the Byzantine era. The chores conducted from the creation of the world, taking as a basis of 5508 BC. e. - Byzantine version of this date. The beginning of the new year decided to calculate from March 1, in accordance with the ancient Slavic calendar.

Julian calendar, replacing the old Roman calendar, in Kievan Rus was known as the "peacekeeping circle", "Church Circle", Indict and "Great Indiction".

"The World Circle"

The celebration of the Church New Weather, when the year begins on September 1, was established by the Holy Fathers of the First Ecumenical Cathedral, which determined the calculation of the church year from this day. In Russia, in times Ivan III In 1492, the prevalence of the September style, who osned Martovsky, became the beginning of the year, was postponed to September 1. The corresponders of some chronicles took into account transitions to new style styles and made amendments to the chronicles. This is explained by the fact that the chronology in different chronicles may differ for one or two years. In modern Russia, the Julian calendar is usually called old style.

Currently, the Julian calendar is used by some local Orthodox Churches: Jerusalem, Russian, Serbian, Georgian. In 2014, the Polish Orthodox Church returned to the Julian calendar. The Julian calendar adheres to some monasteries and parishes and in other European countries, as well as in the United States, monasteries and other institutions of Athos, Greek oldarkets and other old-stand trucks who have not adopted the transition to the Novojulian calendar in the Elalad Church and other churches in the 1920s.

In a number of countries, where, before the beginning of the 20th century, the Julian calendar was used, as, for example, in Greece - Dates historical eventsWhat happened before moving to a new style continues to nominally celebrate in the same numbers in which they occurred in the Julian calendar. So, all the Orthodox Churches who took the new calendar, except for the Finnish Church, still calculate the day of the Easter celebration and holidays, the dates of which depend on the date of Easter, according to the Julian calendar.

In the XVI century in the West, astronomical calculations were made, as a result of which it was stated that the Julian calendar was true, although there are some errors in it - so every 128 years accumulates an extra day.

At the time of the introduction of the Julian calendar, the Day of Spring Equinox was coming on March 21, both on the accepted calendar system and in fact. But by the XVI century, the difference between the solar and Julian calendar was already about ten days. As a result, the Day of Spring Equinox had no longer on the 21st, but on March 11.

Because of this, for example, Christmas, originally almost coincided with the winter solst flow, gradually shifts towards the spring. The most noticeable difference in the spring and autumn near the days of the equinox, when the rate of change in the duration of the day and the position of the Sun is maximum. Astronomers took into account these errors, and October 4, 1582 Pope Gregory XIII introduced a general cable calendar for the whole Western Europe. Preparation of reform at the direction of Gregory XIII carried out astronomers Christopher Keaps and Aloings Lilies. The results of their labor were recorded in Papal Bulle, signed by Pontiff at the Mondragon Villa and named at the first line of Inter Gravissimas ("among the most important"). So the Julian calendar was replaced by gregorian.

The next day after the fourth of October in 1582 was not the fifth, and the fifteenth of October. However, in the following, 1583, the Cathedral of the Oriental Patriarchs in Constantinople condemned not only the Gregorian Easter, but also the entire Gregory Monasses, anathematizing all followers of these Latin innovations. In Sygilion, the patriarch and synodal, approved by three Eastern patriarchs - Jeremiah Konstantinopolsky, Sylvester Alexandria and Sofronie Jerusalemsky, was noted:

Whoever does not follow the customs of the church and how they ordered the seven saints Ecumenical Councils About the Holy Easter and Personalone and Good Followed by us to follow, and wishes to follow the Gregorian Easter and Personalone, the one, as well-minded astronomers, counteracts all the definitions of the Saints Cathedrals and wants to change it or weaken, - yes there will be anaathema, - late from the Church of Christ and Assembly loyal.

This decision was further confirmed by Constantinople Cathedrals of 1587 and 1593. At the meetings of the Commission of the Russian Astronomical Society in 1899 on the issue of reform of the calendar, Professor V. V. Bolotov said:

The Grigorian reform does not have no justification for himself, but even apologies ... The Nicene Cathedral did not decide anything like that. The abolition of Julian style in Russia, I find it undesirable. I still remain a decisive admirer of the Yuliansky calendar. Its emergency simplicity is its scientific advantage over every other calendar corrected. I think that the cultural mission of Russia on this issue is to keep the Julian calendar in the life of the Julian calendar in life and to make it easier for Western peoples to return from not necessary to anyone gregorian reform to unspoiled old style.

Protestant countries refused to Julian calendar gradually, during the XVII-XVIII centuries, the latest were the UK and Sweden. Often the transition to the Gregorian calendar was accompanied by serious riots, rebellion and even murders. Now the Gregorian calendar is officially adopted in all countries, except Thailand and Ethiopia. In Russia, the Grigorian calendar was introduced by a decree of January 26, 1918, according to which he follows on February 14 in 1918 after January 31.

The difference between the dates of the Julian and Grigorian calendar is constantly increasing due to different rules Definitions of leap years: in Julian calendar are all the years, multiple 4, whereas in grigorian years, multiple 100 and not multiple 400, leaps are not.

Earlier dates are indicated in accordance with the proleptic calendar, which is used to designate earlier dates than the date of the calendar. In countries where the Julian calendar was adopted, dates up to 46 to n. e. They are indicated by the proleptic Julian calendar, and where it was not there, - according to the proleptic Grigorian.

In the XVIII century, the Julian calendar lagged behind Gregoryan for 11 days, in the nineteenth century - for 12 days, in the twentieth century - at 13. In the twentieth century, the difference in 13 days is preserved. In the XXII century, Julian and Grigorian calendars are already afraid of 14 days.

The Orthodox Church of Russia enjoys Julian calendar and celebrates Christmas and others church holidays According to the Julian calendar, following the decisions of the Universal Councils, and Catholics - in the Gregorian. However, the Grigorian calendar violates the sequence of many biblical events and leads to canonical violations: so, the apostolic rules do not allow the celebration of the Holy Easter Earlier Easter Judaian. Due to the fact that the Julian and Gregorian calendars increase the difference in dates, Orthodox churches that the Julian calendar use will celebrate Christmas from 2101, not January 7, as it happens now, and January 8, and from 9901, the celebration It will happen on March 8. In the liturgical calendar, the date will still correspond on December 25th.

We give a table to calculate the difference between the dates of the Julian and Gregorian calendar:

Difference, days	Period (by Julian calendar)	Period (in the Gregorian calendar)
10	October 5, 1582 - February 29, 1700	October 15, 1582 - March 11, 1700
11	March 1, 1700 - February 29, 1800	March 12, 1700 - March 12, 1800
12	March 1, 1800 - February 29, 1900	March 13, 1800 - March 13, 1900
13	March 1, 1900 - February 29 2100	March 14, 1900 - March 14, 2100
14	March 1, 2100 - February 29, 2200	March 15 2100 - March 15 2200
15	March 1, 2200 - February 29 2300	March 16, 2200 - 16 March 2300

In accordance with the generally accepted rule, the dates that came to the interval between 1582 and the moment of adopting the Gregorian calendar in the country are indicated both by the old and in a new style. In this case, the new style is indicated in brackets.

For example, Christmas is celebrated in Russia on December 25 (January 7), where December 25 is the date for the Julian calendar (according to the old style), and on January 7 - the date of the Gregorian calendar (according to a new style).

Consider detailed example. The priest and confessor Protopop Avvakum Petrov was executed on April 14, 1682. According to the table, we find a time segment that is suitable for this year is the very first line. Difference days between Julian and grigorian calendar In this time interval was 10 days. The date on April 14 here is indicated by the old style, and to calculate the date on a new style for the XVII century - add 10 days, it turns out, April 24 - on a new style for 1682. But to calculate the date of the new style for our, the XXI century, it is necessary to add no 10 style to the date for the old style, and 13 days - so it will be the date on April 27.

People have repeatedly thought about the need for the summer. It is worth remembering, the very calendar Maya, who several years ago made a lot of noise all over the world. But almost all global states now live according to the calendar, which is called Gregorian. However, in many films or books you can see or hear references to the Julian calendar. What is the difference between these two calendars?

This calendar has received its name thanks to the most famous Roman emperor. Gay Julia Caesar. The development of the calendar was engaged, of course, not the emperor himself, but this was done by his decree a whole group of astronomer scientists. Birthday of this method of summer is January 1, 45 BC. The word calendar was also born in Ancient Rome. Translated from Latin, it means a long book. The fact is that then interest on debts paid in calends (so called the first days of each month).

In addition to the name of the entire calendar, Julius Caesar also gave a name to one of the months - July, although in initially this month was called Quintilis. Other Roman emperors also gave their names for months. But besides July, only August is used in our days - a month, which was renamed in honor of Octavian Augustus.

The Julian calendar completely ceased to be state-owned in 1928, when Egypt moved to Gregorian. This country has become the last of the gigorian calendar. ITALY, SPAIN, AND SPEED TOLDED IN 1528 passed the first. Russia made a transition in 1918.

Nowadays, the Julian calendar is used only in some Orthodox churches. In such as: Jerusalem, Georgian, Serbian and Russian, Polish and Ukrainian. Also in the Julian calendar, Russian and Ukrainian Grequocatolic Churches and Ancient Church in Egypt and Ethiopia are celebrated.

This calendar was introduced by the Pope Roman Gregory XIII. In honor of him and received its name calendar. The need to replace the Julian calendar concluded, first of all, is confused about the celebration of Easter. According to Julian calendar, the celebration of this day fell out on different days of the week, but Christianity insisted that Easter should always be celebrated on Sunday. However, at least the Gregorian calendar and ordered the celebration of Easter, the remaining church holidays were shot down with his appearance. Therefore, some Orthodox churches still live in the Julian calendar. Visual example The fact that Catholics celebrate Christmas on December 25, and Orthodox on January 7th.

The transition to a new calendar not all people perceived calmly. In many countries, riots broke out. And in Russian Orthodox church The new calendar acted only 24 days. Sweden, for example, lived at all through its own calendar because of all these transitions.

General features in both calendars

1. Division. As in Julian, and in the Gregorian calendar, it is divided into 12 months and 365 days, and 7 days in the week.
2. Months. In the Gregorian calendar, all 12 months are called as in Julian. They have the same sequence and the same number of days. There is a simple way to remember in which month and how many days. It is necessary to compress own hands in fists. The knuckle on the mother's left hand will be considered January, and the subsequent treasury behind it - February. Thus, all the knuckles will symbolize months in which 31 days, and all the depressions are months in which 30 days. Of course, the exception is February, in which 28 or 29 days (it depends on whether the leap is now or not). Wpadina after a nameless finger right hand And the bone of the right little garbage is not taken into account, since the months of only 12. This method is suitable for determining the number of days and in Julian and in the Gregorian calendars.
3. Church holidays. All holidays that are celebrated on the Julian calendar are also celebrated in Gregorian. However, the celebration occurs on other days and numbers. For example, Christmas.
4. Situation of the invention. Like Julian, the Gregorian calendar was invented in Rome, but in 1582 Rome was part of Italy, and in 45 BC, the center of the Roman Empire.

Differences of the Gregorian calendar from Julian

1. Age. Since some churches live in the Julian calendar, you can confidently assert that it exists. So he is older than Gregory for about 1626 years.
2. Using. The Gregorian calendar is considered state in almost all countries of the world. Julian calendar can be called church calendar.
3. Leap year. In Julian calendar, every fourth year is a leap. In the city of Gregorian leap year The one whose number is Kathen 400 and 4, but that which is not Katten 100. That is, 2016 in the Gregorian Calendar leap, and 1900 - no.
4. Datage Date. Initially, the Gregorian calendar, one might say, was in a hurry for 10 days compared to Julian. That is, according to the Julian calendar on October 5, 1582 - it was believed on October 15, 1582 for the Gregorian calendar. However, now the difference between calendars is already 13 days. In connection with this difference in the countries of the former Russian Empire There was such an expression, as old style. For example, a holiday, referred to as the old new year, is just a Happy New Year, but according to the Julian calendar.

Since by this time the difference between old and new styles was 13 days, then the decree was prescribed after January 31, 1918. It was not considered on February 1, but on February 14. The same decree was prescribed until July 1, 1918. After each day of each day, in a new style in brackets, write a number on old style: 14 (1) February, 15 (2) of February, etc.

From the history of the summer in Russia.

Ancient Slavs, like many other peoples, the basis of their calendar initially laid a period of change lunar phases. But by the time of the adoption of Christianity, i.e. by the end of the city. n. e., Ancient Russia Enjoyed lunarly solar calendar.

Calendar of the ancient Slavs. Install, which was the calendar of the ancient Slavs, was finally failed. It is only known that the initial time account was conducted on the seasons. Probably, the 12-month was also applied moon calendar. In later times, Slavs switched to a lunar-sun calendar, in which the added, 13th month was inserted seven times every 19 years.

The oldest monuments of Russian writing show that the months had purely slavic nameswhose origin was closely connected with the phenomena of nature. At the same time, the same months, depending on the climate of the places in which various tribes lived, were obtained different names. So, January was called where the seven (the time of cutting down the forest), where the plane (after the winter clouds, a blue sky appeared), where the jelly (as students became cold), etc.; February - Schenchen, snowflage or lutchy (laid frost); March - Berezozol (there are a few interpretations: it starts to bloom birch; they took the juice from Berez; Zhugley Berezu on coal), dry (the poorest precipitation in the ancient Kiev Rus, in some places the land already dried, the Sockerel (reminder of the birch juice); April - pollen (blooming gardens), birch (Beginning of birch blossom), Duben, Kviten, etc.; May -Traven (green grass), pillar, bloom; June - Cherven (blush cherries), izoks »), Male; July - Lipes (Linden blossom), Cherven (in the north, where phenological phenomena are delayed), Sherry (from the word" sickle ", pointing at the time of harvest); August - Sherry, Znizena, Zarla (from the verb" "- the roar of deer, or from the word" glow "- cold zori, and possibly from" Paramina "- Polar Lights); September - Vessel (Vesk flowering); Hellen (from the Slavic root of a word meaning a tree giving yellow paint); October - leaf fall, "Pazdernik" or "Castrychnik" (Pazders - Konopley Firecans, name for the south of Russia); November - breast (from the word "pile" - a frozen track on the road), leaf fall (in southern Russia); December - jelly, breast, millet.

The year began on March 1, and about from this time proceeded to agricultural work.

Many ancient names of months later moved into a number of Slavic languages \u200b\u200band were largely kept in some modern languages, in particular in Ukrainian, Belarusian and Polish.

At the end of the city. Ancient Rus took Christianity. At the same time, the announcing applied by the Romans was transferred to us - Julian calendar (based on sunny year), with Roman naming months and seven-day weeks. The account of the years in it was conducted from the "Creation of the World", which allegedly occurred 5508 years before our chronicles. This date is one of the numerous ER options from the "Creation of the World" - was adopted in the VII century. in Greece and. for a long time Used by the Orthodox Church.

For centuries, the beginning of the year was considered to be March 1, but in 1492, in accordance with the church tradition, the beginning of the year was officially postponed on September 1 and was noted so more than two hundred years. However, a few months after September 1, 7208, Muscovites celebrated their next new year, they had to celebrate the celebration. This happened because December 19, 7208 was signed and published by the registered decree of Peter I on the reform of the calendar in Russia, according to which the new beginning of the year was introduced - dated January 1 and the new era - Christian christianity (from the "Nativity of Christ").

Petrovsky Decree was called: "On the Scripture in the future of Genwar from 1 day of 1700 in all papers of summer from the Nativity of Christ, and not from the creation of the world." Therefore, in the decree, the day after December 31, 7208 was prescribed from "Creation of the World" to count on January 1, 1700 g from the "Christmas of Christ". In order for the reform to be accepted without complications, the decree ended in a prudent reservation: "And who will want to write both of those summer, from the creation of the world and from the Nativity of Christ, Freshly."

Meeting of the first civilian new year in Moscow. The day after the announcement on Red Square in Moscow, Petra I on the reform of the calendar, i.e. on December 20, 7208, a new decree of the king was announced - "On the celebration of the New Year". Considering that on January 1, 1700 is not only the beginning of the new year, but also the beginning of the new century (a significant error is allowed in the decree: 1700 is recently XVII century, and not the first year of the XVIII century. New century From January 1, 1701, the error sometimes repeats in our day.), Decree prescribed to celebrate this event especially solemnly. In it, detailed prescriptions were given, how to organize a holiday in Moscow. On the eve of the new year, Peter I he himself lit on the Red Square the first rocket, giving it a signal to the opening of the holiday. The streets were illuminated by the illumination. Bell ringing and cannonal pallets began, the sounds of pipes and Litavr rang out. The king congratulated the population of the capital with the New Year, the guys continued all night. Multicolored rockets flew out of the courtyards in the dark winter sky, and "along the streets large, where there is space," the lights were burning - bonfires and bodies attached panels.

The houses of the inhabitants of the Wooden Capital were detained in the hives "from the trees and branches of pine, spruce and juniper." A whole week of houses were decorated with decorated, and with the onset of the night lights. Shooting "From small guns and from muskets or other small guns", as well as the launch of "rockets" were assigned to people, "who do not consider gold." And "people are scanty" suggested "to everyone although the antifreeze or branch on the gate or over the chramine to put it." From this time, in our country there was a custom annually on January 1 celebrating the Day of the New Year.

After 1918, calendar reforms were still in the USSR. In the period from 1929 but 1940, calendar reforms caused by production needs were held three times in our country. Thus, on August 26, 1929, the USSR SNK adopted a resolution "On the transition to continuous production in enterprises and institutions of the USSR", in which it was recognized as necessary since 1929-1930 of the economic year to begin a planned and consistent translation of enterprises and institutions for continuous production. In the fall of 1929, a gradual transition began to "continuous", which ended in the spring of 1930 after the publication of the Resolution of the Special Government Commission under the Board of Labor and Defense. This resolution was introduced a single production table calendar. In the calendar year, 360 days were envisaged, i.e., 72 of the five days. The remaining 5 days was decided to consider festive. Unlike the ancient Egyptian calendar, they were not located together at the end of the year, and were confined to Soviet memorable days and revolutionary holidays: January 22, May 1 and 2, as well as 7 and 8 November.

Employees of each enterprise and institutions were divided into 5 groups, and each group was installed a day of rest in each five days for the whole year. This meant that after four working days came the day of rest. After the introduction of "Continutors", there was a need for a seven-day week, since the weekends could have to come not only on various numbers month, but also on different days of the week.

However, this calendar existed for long. Already on November 21, 1931, the SNK of the USSR adopted a resolution "On the interrupted production week in institutions", which was allowed to add commits and other institutions to switch to a six-day discontinued production week. For them, permanent weekends were installed in the next numbers of the month: 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30. At the end of February, the day off was on the last day of the month or postponed on March 1. In those months, which contained but 31 days, the last day of the month was considered sophisticated month and paid for especially. The ruling on the transition to the terminal six-day week entered into force on December 1, 1931

Both five days and six days completely broke the traditional seven-day week with a common day off on Sunday. The six-day week was used about nine years. Only on June 26, 1940, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR issued a decree "On the transition on an eight-hour working day, for the seven-day working week and on the prohibition of unauthorized care of workers and employees from enterprises and institutions," in the development of this decree on June 27, 1940, the USSR SNK accepted A decree in which it established that "over Sunday days non-working days are also:

January 22, May 1 and 2, November 7 and 8, December 5th. The same resolution was abolished in rural areas six special days Recreation and non-working days on March 12 (day of autocracy) and March 18 (day of the Paris commune).

On March 7, 1967, the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the WCSPS adopted a resolution "On the transfer of workers and employees of enterprises, institutions and organizations for a five-day working pedil with two days off," but this reform did not concern the structure of the modern calendar. "

But the most interesting thing is that passions do not subside. Another round will happen in our new time. Sergey Baburin, Viktor Alksnis, Irina Savelyev and Alexander Fomenko introduced in 2007 in State Duma The bill is about the transition of Russia from January 1, 2008 for the Yulian calendar from the Yuliansky calendar. In an explanatory note, the deputies noted that the "global calendar does not exist" and proposed to establish the transition period from December 31, 2007, when, during 13 days, the summer will be carried out simultaneously on two calendars at once. Only four deputies accepted participation in the voting. Three - against, one - for. Abstaining was not. Other elects voting ignored.