Harmful emissions from stationary sources. Unorganized source of emissions

Detectoscopic UV lamps in black flasks. | Spectral distribution (A UV radiation of a flaw detection UV lamp (b in a black flask with a power of 125 watts.

Stationary sources, as a rule, are performed by focused, but with a reflex system that ensures good uniformity of illumination of the controlled area of \u200b\u200bthe object. Constructive execution of stationary sources, as a rule, allows you to combine them in the ruler to organize control lines-or to control long objects.

Detectoscopic UV lamps in black flasks. | Spectral distribution (in UV radiation of a flaw detection UV lamp (b in a black flask with a power of 125 watts.

Stationary sources are usually carried out by focused, but with a reflex system that ensures good uniformity of illumination of the controlled area of \u200b\u200bthe object. Constructive execution of stationary sources, as a rule, allows you to combine them in the ruler to organize the control lines or to control long objects.

Stationary sources of pollution ambient Oil and tanks 1 Shrinki, as well as underwater pipelines transitions, is considered to Mni. Of the facilities belonging to the MNP, there are ecologically dangerous are the chamondacopy teli, emergency barns, ponds-sumps, boiler rooms.

The definition of a stationary source is based on the definition of a stationary random process. Any source, generating a stationary process, by definition is stationary. It should be borne in mind that with such an entry, the pressure index indicates the moment of time to which this variable belongs.

In addition to stationary emission sources, a significant impact is provided by mobile, primarily vehicles. The exhaust (exhaust) gases of cars contain more than 200 harmful components, among which there are carcinogenic and mutagenic.

In addition to stationary emission sources, a significant impact is provided by mobile, primarily vehicles.

Placing stationary emission sources (boiler room, DNS, flare block, etc.), taking into account the wind roses to provide sanitary norms of the working and residential zones.

To stationary sources welding current These include generators direct current, installed motionless on special foundations or supporting frames, as well as heavy welding transformers, the movement of which is difficult without special transport devices.

Definition 1.6. A discrete stationary source without memory is called a discrete constant source.

PDV for a specific stationary source of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into atmospheric air and a legal entity as a whole or its individual production areas, taking into account all sources of emissions of harmful (polluting) substances into the atmospheric air of this legal entity or its individual industrial areas, background pollution atmospheric air and technical standards emissions are established by the territorial bodies of the MPR Russian Federation In the presence of sanitary and epidemiological conclusion on the compliance of these maximum permissible emissions by the sanitary rules.

Let's start with a continuously active stationary source of acceptance and use the fact that the impurity flow through any plane x const should be permanent. In the case of a turbulent trace, the impurity transfer rate in the direction of Oh away from the streamlined body is almost equal to the speed of the streamlined stream.

Theorem 8.5.2. Let the discrete stationary source with the alphabet of the volume M have the entropy H U) and produces one letter every TS seconds. Let the sequence of the source of an arbitrary length L linked to the destination by means of a continuous channel time used by T LTS seconds. Let st - multiplied by the top line of the middle mutual information between the input and the channel output at this interval, taken on all probability distributions at the input.

All sources of emissions are divided into 2 types: organized and unorganized. The organized sources of emissions include:

- smoke I. ventilation pipes (pipe from the boiler, pipe from the metalworking workshop, pipe from the welding post, pipe from DES);

- ventilation mines (air duct in coal mining mines);

- Aerial lantern is an air duct system designed to exhaust contaminated air. It is a group of exhaust umbrellas, which on the roof of the building forming the dome. Aeration lights apply to large enterprises;

- Deflectors are a device that is installed on the pipe to increase the hood speed.

Unorganized emission sources include:

- looseness technological equipment (Shut-off-regulating fittings, joints pumping equipment);

- torch installations (discharge candle, sour torch);

— open storage fuel, materials (oil furniture, warehouse GSM);

- imploding works;

- overload of dusting materials (Kamaz rubble unloading, excavation);

— technological processesperformed by open air (coloring works, welding work, vehicle work, road vehicles, waterproofing work).

"Go back to the list of all questions

Life safety in a technosphere / Habitat environmental pollution sources / 6. Investigation of the sources of pollution of the atmosphere

Sources of air pollution are classified as follows:

- stationary (industrial enterprises and utility boiler rooms);

- Non-stationary or mobile (transport).

in the study of stationary sources of pollution, the atmosphere distinguishes two groups of sources: sources of selection and sources of emissions of harmful substances.

Source - This is a technological unit (installation, device, apparatus, stream line, etc.) or another object (burning rock dump), emitting harmful substances during operation (Fig. 6.1).

Source of emissions - this is technical system or device (pipe, different ventilation devices), wherein the emission of harmful substances is organized into the space environment (Fig. 6.1). The emission organized in this way is called gas-air mixture - DHW.

Using such devices by changing their parameters (height, diameter, speed of DHS) or setting together with them claiming facilities, It is possible to influence the amount of emissions, and therefore the degree of pollution.

From the point of view of the organization of emissions, all sources of emissions of harmful substances are taken to:

- organized - pipe, deflector or any other output device ventilation system;

- unorganized - dusty territory; Any installation located on the street.

Organized sources of emissions of harmful substances have special systems for removing emission emissions. Unorganized - such systems do not eject harmful substances directly into atmospheric air.

There are the main characteristics of organized emission sources:

1. The height of the source H, m;

2. The diameter of the hole d, m;

3. Consumption of GVS W, M3 / C;

4. DHW T, OS.

method of calculations on special procedures, emission parameters are determined:

1. Power emission M, g / s;

2. Gross emission m, t / g.

The main characteristics of unorganized emission sources:

1. linear dimensions - coordinates along the x, y and z, m axis (Fig. 6.2);

2. Surface area S, m2.

Also calculated by special methods of emissions and gross output.

Analysis of air pollution sources by settlement methods is carried out in two stages.

I. The first stage is called inventory sources of pollution. Objects of research are legal entities - enterprises, organizations. The output characteristics of this stage of research for organizational sources are:

1) Emission Parameters: Emission power G (g / s) and gross emission M (T / g). Calculations of the power and gross emission power are based on the use of MIJ specific emission values \u200b\u200bper unit of run (g / km), per unit of time this process (g / min), per unit of consumed raw materials (g / kg). Such a method for determining gross emission and emission power is called balance calculations.

Emission parameters can be determined and metrological method (methods of instrumental measurements). The measured values \u200b\u200bare:

- concentration of the i-th substance at the mouth of the emission source C (mg / m3);

- Volume flow rate of DHW (volume) V (m3 / s).

2) output characteristics for unorganized sources are: gross emission, emission power, the size of the platform from which the coordinates are made.

The combination of the output characteristics of the object of the study obtained during the inventory is called settlement model.

The process of transition from a real object of study to its description by means of a set of parameters is called modeling.

The main purpose of the inventory of emissions of pollutants Is obtaining source data to solve the following tasks:

estimates of the degree of influence of pollutant emissions on the environment (atmospheric air);

2. Development of projects of standards for maximum permissible emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere as generally from enterprises and for individual sources of air pollution;

3. Organization of control over compliance with the established norms of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere;

4. Estimates of the environmental characteristics of the technologies used in the enterprise;

5. Planning of air conditioning at the enterprise.

During the inventory of emissions of pollutants, inventory forms are filled. Appendix 2 shows the inventory forms for one of the divisions. railway - Distance of civilian buildings of the Russian Federation. As an example, two sites are considered: the station is new Urgal and Urgan-1. Sources of environmental pollution are: boiler room, coal warehouse, welding, slag, garage, woodworking shop, Warehouse FGM. The tables show what harmful substances and their gross emissions are allocated to the atmosphere.

II. Second level - development of draft standards for extremely permissible emissions (PDV). Here, the output characteristics are fields of concentrations C (mg / m3 or in MPC shares) in the zone of active contamination (ZAZ) on the territory around the source under study. The value of C concentration is determined on the basis of the mathematical model of Professor Berlindt, implemented in the form regulatory documents (OND-86 and OND-90) and packages of applied programs "Ecologist", "Prism" and other programs permitted.

The main objective of this study phase:

1. Establishing standards for maximum permissible and temporarily agreed emissions;

2. Determination of special modes of operation with adverse meteors (NMU);

3. Determination of the size and boundaries of the sanitary protection zone (SZZ);

4. Consideration of the prospects for the development of the enterprise;

5. Analysis of all possible emergency and emergency situations to the existing situation and development perspective.

The calculation of gross and maximum difference emissions of pollutants is carried out using specific indicators, i.e. The number of selected pollutants given to the time and equipment unit, the mass of consumable materials.

The specific indicators of the separation of pollutants from technological sources are given on the basis of the results of studies and observations given by various research and design institutions.

Work on the calculation of emissions of pollutants enterprise conducts either own forcesOr attracts a specialized organization licensed for such work. If the calculations of emissions of pollutants conducts specialized organization, It should require from the enterprise the initial data on the actual number and type of equipment, the number and marks of the consumed materials, the number of work days in each unit of equipment and its clean time of work per day. The responsibility for the completeness and accuracy of the inventory data is carried by the enterprise.



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The axis and plane of the human body - the human body consists of certain topographic parts and plots, in which organs, muscles, vessels, nerves, etc. are located.

The walls of the walls and the country of the jambs - when the house does not reach the windows and doors, a beautiful high porch is only in the imagination, you have to rise from the street to the house along the ladder.

Differential equations of the second order (market model with predicted prices) - simple models The market demand and proposal are usually referred to only on the current price of goods.

Classification of emission sources of pollutants.

Air pollution - change in the composition of the atmosphere as a result of impurities into it.

Sources of emissions The atmosphere is divided into natural,conditioned by natural processes , and anthropogenic (technogenic),resulting .

The natural sources of air pollution include dust storms, arrays of green plantings during flowering period, steppe and forest fires, volcanic eruptions. Impurities highlighted by natural sources:

1. Dust of vegetable, volcanic, cosmic origin, soil erosion products, sea salt particles; fogs, smoke and gases from forest and steppe fires; gases of volcanic origin; Products of vegetable, animal, bacterial origin.

2. Natural sources are usually square (distributed) and operate relatively briefly. The level of contamination of the atmosphere natural sources is background and changes little over time.

Anthropogenic (technogenic) sources of air pollution, presented mainly by emissions industrial enterprises and vehicles are distinguished by numerous and variety of species (Fig. 4.3).

Fig. 4.3. Sources of pollution of the atmosphere:

1 - high chimney; 2 - low chimney; 3 - aeration workshop lamp; 4 - evaporation from the surface of the pool; 5 - leakage through equipment looser; 6 - Dusting when unloading bulk materials; 7 - car exhaust pipe; 8 - direction of movement of air flows.

Sources of emissions of industrial enterprises are stationary (sources 1-6), when the coordinate of the emission source does not change in time, and mobile (nonstationary)(Source 7 - vehicles).

Sources of emissions into the atmosphere are divided into: point, linear and square.

Each of them can be shaded and uncountable*

Spot sources (In fig. 4.3 - 1, 2, 5, 7) are pollution focused in one place. These include chimneys, ventilation mines, roof fans.

Linear sources (3) have a significant extent. These are aerial lights, rows of open windows, closely arranged roof fans. These may also include highways.

Spring sources (4, 6). Here, removed pollution is dispersed on the plane of the industrial site of the enterprise. Spring sources include places of warehousing of industrial and household waste, parking, warehouses of fuel and lubricants.

Eased (1), or high, sources are located in the undefined wind stream. These are flue pipes and other sources, throwing pollution to height, exceeding 2.5 heights located nearby buildings and other obstacles.

Shaded sources (2-7) located in the zone of the backpage or the aerodynamic shadow of the building or another obstacle.

Sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are divided into organized and inorganized.

From an organized source (1, 2, 7) Pollutants enter the atmosphere through specially built gas ducts, air ducts and pipes.

Unorganized source The discharge of pollutants (5, 6) is formed as a result of the disruption of the tightness of the equipment, the absence or unsatisfactory operation of the equipment for dust and gases, in the fields of loading, unloading or storing the product. Inorganized sources include parking, warehouses of fuel and lubricating or bulk materials and other square sources.

Article 13. Classification of emission sources

Sources of emissions are classified on stationary, mobile and nonstationary.

TO organizedstationary sources Emissions include emission sources equipped with devices by means of which the flow of pollutants into atmospheric air from the sources of pollutant is produced.

TO unorganizedstationary sources Emissions include emission sources that are not equipped with devices through which the flow of pollutants into atmospheric air from the sources of pollutants is produced.

5. Mobile sources Emissions are divided into:

5.1. Mechanical vehicles (with the exception of electric motors driven);

5.2. railway vehicles (with the exception of electric motors driven);

5.3. aircraft;

5.4. sea \u200b\u200bships, in-house ships, ships of mixed (river - sea) swimming, small vessels;

5.5. Self-propelled machines.

To non-stationary emissions These are sources of emissions that are not stationary or mobile sources of emissions and the included in the affirmed Ministry natural resources and environmental protection of the Republic of Belarus List of non-stationary emission sources.

Chapter 5.
Requirements for the protection of atmospheric air

Article 21. Responsibilities of legal entities, citizens, including individual entrepreneurs carrying out economic and other activities associated with emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air

1. Legal entities, individual entrepreneurs carrying out economic and other activities associated with emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air are required:

1.1. fulfill the requirements established by this Law and other acts of legislation on the protection of atmospheric air, on environmental protection, including mandatory compliance with technical regulatory legal acts;

1.2. Develop and perform activities aimed at preventing air pollution, including when accidents;

1.3. Premiss the established standards for the protection of atmospheric air, and in case of exceeding such standards, take measures to eliminate the causes and consequences of excessive emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air and immediately inform the territorial bodies of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus on such facts from of their detection, and in the event of a threat of emergency situations - the bodies and divisions of the Ministry emergency situations The Republic of Belarus;

1.4. suspend before eliminating the identified violations or completely discontinue exploitation of emission sources with the impossibility of compliance with the regulations in the field of protection of atmospheric air;

1.5. develop measures to reduce pollutant emissions into atmospheric air for the period of adverse meteorological conditions and ensure their implementation;

1.6. provide in accordance with environmental protection legislation environmental information;

1.7. carry out production control in the field of precursor air;

1.8. Provide training (training), instruction, knowledge check, improving the qualifications of workers engaged in atmospheric air protection.

2. Legal entities, individual entrepreneurs who carry out economic and other activities related to emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air from stationary emission sources, in addition to the duties specified in Hyperlink paragraph "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?rn \u003d H10800002 "1 of this article are required:

2.1. Develop projects of standards for permissible emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air;

2.2. Receive permission for emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air and comply with its conditions;

2.3. equip organized stationary emissions of emissions with gasics in cases provided paragraph 1 Article 27 of this Law;

2.4. exploit gas-friendly installations in a technically good condition in accordance with the rules of exploitation of gas target attitudes approved by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus;

keep records in the field of atmospheric air;

2.6. carry out an inventory of emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air;

2.7. carry out analytical (laboratory) control of the quantitative and qualitative composition of pollutant emissions into atmospheric air and the quality of atmospheric air in the influence zone in cases provided by the Environmental Protection Legislation, including compliant with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts;

2.8. equip organized stationary emission sources automated systems controlling emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air in cases provided for by compliance with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts;

2.9. To conduct independently or with the involvement of accredited laboratories with a relevant area of \u200b\u200baccreditation, local environmental monitoring, which is the object of observation of which are emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air, in cases provided by the Environmental Protection Legislation, including compliant with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts.

3. Legal entities and individual entrepreneurs carrying out engines that are equipped with mobile emission sources, as well as mobile sources of emissions, are required to establish technological standards for emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air according to compliance with technical regulatory legal acts, obligations under international treaties of the Republic of Belarus .

4. Legal entities, individual entrepreneurs who operate mobile sources of emissions, in addition to the duties specified in Hyperlink paragraph "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?rn\u003dh10800002"1 of this article, are required:

4.1. comply with the rules of exploitation of contaminants of pollutants contained in the exhaust gases of mobile emissions established by the manufacturer of these systems;

4.2. To ensure compliance with the regulations of the content of pollutants in the exhaust gases of mobile emissions established in accordance with the Hyperlink clause "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?rn\u003dh10800002"6 of Article 18 of this Law.

5. Citizens operating mechanical vehicles are obliged to ensure compliance with the regulations of the content of pollutants in the exhaust gases of mobile emissions established in accordance with Hyperlink clause "http://pravo.by/webnpa/text.asp?rn\u003dh10800002"6 Article 18 of this Law.

Article 33. Permission for emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air

1. Operation of stationary emission sources legal entities, individual entrepreneursexercising economic and other activities related to emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air is allowed only if there are permits for emissions of pollutants into atmospheric air issued by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus or its territorial bodies.

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Any manufacturing activity is accompanied by environmental pollution, including one of its main components - atmospheric air. Emissions of industrial enterprises, energy installations and transport to the atmosphere reached such a level that pollution levels significantly exceed the permissible sanitary standards.

According to GOST 17.2.1.04-77, all sources of pollution of the atmosphere (IZ) are divided into natural and anthropogenic origin. In turn, sources of anthropogenic pollution are stationary and mobile. Mobile sources of pollution include all types of transport (with the exception of pipeline). Currently, in connection with the change in the legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of improving the rationing in the field of environmental protection and the introduction of measures for economic stimulation of economic entities for implementation best technologies It is assumed to replace the concept of "stationary source" and "mobile source".

Stationary sources of pollution can be point, linear and square.

Pollution source - This is a source emanating polluting the atmosphere of a substance from the installed hole (flue pipes, ventilation mines).

Linear source of pollution - This is a source emanating polluting the atmosphere of the substance on the installed line (window openings, rows of deflectors, fuel taps).

Source source of pollution - this is a source emanating polluting the atmosphere of substance with surface installed (reservoir parks, open surfaces of evaporation, storage sites and sinking bulk materials, etc. ) .

By the nature of the ejection organization may be organized and unorganized.

Organized source Pollution is characterized by the presence special Tools removal of pollutants into the environment (mines, chimneys, etc.). In addition to organized removal, there are unorganized emissionspenetrating into atmospheric air through the looseness of technological equipment, openings, as a result of the fake of raw materials and materials.

For the purpose of the IZA divide on technological and ventilation.

Depending on the height of the mouth on the surface of the Earth, 4 types of iz are isolated: high (height more than 50 m), middle (10 - 50 m), low (2 - 10 m) and ground (less than 2 m).

According to the action mode, all IZA is divided into continuous action and volley.

Depending on the difference in emission temperatures and surrounding atmospheric air allocate heated (hot) sources and cold.

End of work -

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Ecology as science. History of development of environmental teachings

History of the development of environmental teachings The formation of ecology as science is associated with the names of Ang Liy scientists of the biologist John Reya and Cy Mika Robert Boyle d Rei in ..

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All the themes of this section:

Ecology as science
As noted, the term "ecology" appeared in the second half of the XIX century. In 1866, a young German biologist Professor of the University of Ernest Geckel in his fundamental work "Universal Ma

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Ecosystem: Composition, Structure, Diversity
In the course of the life of the population belonging to various types and populating common places Habitat, inevitably come into relationships. This is due to nutrition, sharing

Biotic communications of organisms in biocenoses
It should be noted that not only affects the vital activity of organisms abiotic factors. Various living organisms are in constant interaction among themselves. A set of influences OD

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Dynamics of ecosystems
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Dynamics of populations
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Environmental factors
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The main properties of the aquatic environment
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Terrestrial habitat
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Soil as habitat
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Organism as a habitat
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Adaptation of organisms to environmental conditions
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Adaptation to humidity and water regime
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Sanitary and protective zones (SZZ)
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Air purification from gas emissions
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Electrofilters
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Absorption and adsorption cleaning
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Catalytic Cleaning Methods
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The problem of population
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Environmental quality standards. Environmental standards
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Environmental economics
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Environmental law
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Environmental assessment
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The air medium is subjected to massive contamination with harmful substances. Objects from which pollutants come to the atmosphere are called sources of pollution (youth). They can be natural or anthropogenic. The stainless sources of pollution are volcanic eruses, dust storms, forest fires, etc. The level of contamination of the atmosphere by these sources is background and changed little over time. Anthropogenic pollution is distinguished by the variety of species and numerous sources.

All anthropogenic sources of pollution are divided into those check-in, linear and square. Spot sources can be a hundred-tier or mobile.

TO stationary point sources the smokers of power plants, boiler houses, technological installations, furnaces, ventilation pipes of enterprises, etc.

Mobile sources of emissionsare mechanical ore railway vehicles (with the exception of the given

in motion by electric motors), air and sea vessels, in-house ships and other mobile means.

Linear sourcespollution of the air basin pre-put roads and streets by which transportation systematically moves, as well as openly arranged technological lines of enterprises, etc.

TO area sources the ventilating lights, windows, doors, looser of equipment, buildings, through which impurities can enter the atmosphere, the storage platforms of bulk materials, dumps of rocks, waste storage facilities, and the like.

Sources of emissions of pollutants are divided into organiso-baths and unorganized.

TO organized stationary emissions relation

sources of emissions equipped with devices, by means of which the localization of pollutant intake

in atmospheric air from sources of separation of polluting substances. For example, pipes, ventilation windows, etc.

Unorganized stationary emission sources-

nicknames of emissions that are not equipped with devices through which the localization of the intake of pollutants into atmospheric air from the sources of pollutant is produced.

Unorganized stationary sources of emissions

linear, if pollutants come to atmospheric air from gas pipelines;

area, if pollutants come into atmospheric air from dispersed sources of pollution substances, including water treatment plants, bulk materials storage sites, dumps of mountain rods, waste disposal facilities, waste storage facilities, objects Mobile emission sources.

The most common atmospheric pollutants

Especially acute the problem of pollution of the atmosphere has become in the second half of the twentieth century due to the extremely high growth rates of pro-consuming production, generation and consumption of electricity, production and use in a large number of vehicles.

With the advent of internal combustion engines, large heat-powered power plants, the further development of industry in the Washer Pool comes annually more than 20 billion tons of carbon dioxide, 250 million tons of dust, 200 million tons of carbon oxide, 150 million tons of sulfur gas, 50 million tons of nitrogen oxides, 50 million tons of various hydrocarbons.

Thus, the most common substances that are dirty air are:

carbon oxide;

sulfur dioxide;

nitrogen oxides NO x; hydrocarbons with N h m;

solid particles (dust) of organic and inorganic pro-

frost.

The approximate relative composition of pollutants in the Atmo-sphere of industrial cities: CO - 45%, SO 2 - 18%, with N h M - 15%,

dust - 12%, NO x - 10%.

Carbon Oxide (CO)-Cellic gas that does not smell and VKU-Ca. Acting on the nervous and cardiovascular system, it causes a suffocation. Primary symptoms of poisoning (headache) occur at concentrations of 200 - 220 mg / m 3 and the duration of exposure for 2 to 3 hours. With increasing concentration, a feeling of the pulse in the temples, dizziness appears.

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2)-Cellic gas with a sharp odor. At a time, it creates an unpleasant taste in the mouth at concentrations of 3-6 mg / m 3. At concentrations of 20 - 30 mg / m 3, it acts annoyingly on the mucous membrane of the eye and the respiratory tract. At concentrations of at-measure, 50 mg / m 3 forms compounds with moisture H 2 SO 3 and H 2 SO 4. In the approach, the most sensitive to SO 2 conifers and deciduous forests, since

this substance accumulates in leaves and needles. At large concentrations of SO 2, a drying of pine occurs.

Nitrogen oxides NO X (NO, N 2 O, NO 2, N 2 O 3, N 2 O 5)there are no colors of izapach, poisonous, irritate respiratory organs. The most dangerous sue No. and NO 2. Inhalation of poisonous vapor nitrogen dioxide can lead to serious poisoning. In contact with water, NO X form acids HNO 3 and HNO 2, which in the lungs create swelling. Especially dangerous oxides of nitrogen in the cities, where they, interacting with hydrocarbons of the exhaust gases of cars, form a photochemical fog - "smoke."

Solid particles(dust, suspended substances) - It is a smallest

solid particles weighted in the air. The presence of dust in the air leads to a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere and the increase in the scattering of the sun's rays. In addition, dust particles are poured by the cores of the condensation of water vapor, and also have an adsorptional ability to toxic substances. The degree of harmful effect of dust on the human body depends on the amount of inhaled dust, its chemical composition, the degree of dispersion of dust, their forms, hardness, electrotability, solubility in water and biologic media.

Particles with a diameter of more than 10 microns do not fall into respiratory poles and do not affect health. Therefore, as a threshold, the aerodynamic diameter of dust particles is usually considered 10 microns and less. It is these particles that go into bronons or lungs and, thus, affect health and mortality. The most dangerous is the solid particles of a small fraction of less than 2.5 μm.

Many hydrocarbons with N h m are toxic substances, and such as benzene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (benz (a) of pyrene), dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls and other can-cigarnesses.

In addition to the above, other harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere. There are currently about 7 million khamic compounds currently known. Of these, about 3 million - are used in Prak-tick, 40 thousand - have harmful properties and 12 thousand - toxic.

Depending on the degree of harm, the substances are divided into 4 classes of hazards:

1) extremely dangerous (heavy metals (mercury, lead, cad-mi, vanadium, nickel, chrome) and their compounds, etc.);

2) high-hazardous (nitrogen dioxide, sulfur and saline aerosols, formaldehyde, hydrogen fluoride, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, etc.);

3) moderately dangerous (sulfur arhydride, caprolactam, phenol, xylene, acetic acid, etc.);

4) low hazard (carbon monoxide, acetone, ethyl acetate, turpentine, ethyl alcohol, etc.).

AIR POLLUTION

IN Republic of Belarus

Pollution of atmospheric air is an urgent problem for cities of Belarus. The main sources of emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere are motor vehicles, energy facilities and industrial enterprises. Gross emissions from stationary and lateral sources in 2008 on the territory of Belarus amounted to 15,96.6 thousand tons (75.2% - from mobile sources, 24.8% - from the Statso-Naria) (Table 8.1).

Table 8.1 - gross emissions of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources in Belarus in

2008, thousand tons

Region	Sliddrotiviewy	Oxidugaroda	Sulphur dioxide	Oxidiazota	Carbohydrate-childbirth	Others	Total
Brest	11,7	128,4	2,2	23,6	41,1	0,7	208,2
Vitebskaya	13,2	112,3	25,4	31,8	66,9	3,6	253,2
Gomelian	11,8	126,6	22,5	28,4	57,0	5,5	251,9
Grodno	11,9	115,3	1,2	23,2	38,3	5,5	195,4
Minsk		173,2	7,2	29,5	52,8	4,1	283,8
Minsk	9,3	158,9	5,0	24,2	49,2	0,8	247,4
Mogilevskaya	10,8	88,9	2,0	17,1	35,5	2,4	156,7
Republic	85,7	903,6	65,2	177,8	341,1	22,8	1596,6
Belarus

The total volume of emissions from stationary sources amounted to 396.1 thousand tons, including from technological, industrial and other processes - 278.2 thousand tons. Gross emissions from mobile sources amounted to 1200.6 thousand tons.

About 70% of the total emissions into the atmosphere of pollutants from stationary sources is an industry. The greatest amount of emissions is characteristic of the fuel industry (32%) and electric power industry (21%).

As part of gross emissions of pollutants, carbon monoxide prevails (56.6%). The fraction of hydrocarbons accounts for 21.4%, nitrogen oxides - 11.1%, solids - 5.4%, sulfur dioxide - 4.1%. Most of the carbon oxide thrown into the atmosphere (90.2%), hydrocarbons (67.2%), as well as nitrogen oxides (65.5%) due to the Ra Bota of mobile sources. From stationary sources of emissions to the atmosphere, 97.6% of sulfur dioxide and 55.4% of solid substances were received.

Distribution of emissions on the territory of Belarus unevenly. According to the number of emissions of pollutants, Novopolotsk (79.8 thousand tons) and Minsk (34.6 thousand tons) are allocated to the atmosphere from station-drug sources.

To compare emissions at the regional level and between different countries, various indicators of the existing load on the environment and humans are currently used. Data on the annual volumes of throws into atmospheric air as in general and the main contamination of the air, expressed per unit of square and the soul of the population, are considered to be equal.

In general, for Belarus, the magnitude of the emission indicator, calculated per unit area, amounted to 7.69 t / km 2, changing within the country from 5.4 t / km 2 (Mogilev region) to 13.2 m / km 2 (Minsk region) .

Indicators of emissions of major pollutants, calculated for the country as a whole, are presented in Table 8.2.

Table 8.2 - Indicators of pollutant emissions into the atmosphere from stationary and mobile sources on the territory of Belarus in 2008

The maximum indicators both per unit area and per capita are characteristic of carbon oxide.

In terms of per capita, emissions indicator amounted to 0.16 tons / person. At the area level, the highest value of this show-body is set for the Vitebsk region (0.2 t / person), the lowest is for the Mogilev region (0.14 t / person).

Evaporation of gasoline in the atmosphere occurs not only in mobile sources, but also in stationary, to which the gas stations (gas station) should be attributed primarily. They get stored and sell gasoline and other petroleum products in large quantities. This is a serious environmental pollution channel both as a result of fuel evaporations and as a result of spills.

When filling out the gasoline gasoline tanks into the atmosphere, the gasoline pair is displaced into the atmosphere - this is the so-called great breathing of the tank. With daily temperature fluctuations (night - day), the vapor of gasoline, but in smaller quantities, and this is called the low breathing of the tank.

Approximate calculations of gasoline losses showed that with a large breath of a tank of 20 m 3 to the atmosphere evaporates in the winter of 11 liters, and in the summer - 23 liters of gasoline. With daily one-time filling of the tank for a month, 330 liters of gasoline will fall into the atmosphere, and in the summer - 690 liters. Thus, the average annual losses of gasoline from one tank are 6 tons. Considering the amount of gas stations in a particular region, it is possible to determine the degree of air pollution with volatile hydrocarbon compounds of gasoline.

Pollution of the atmosphere of "fault" of road transport occurs, in addition, as a result of the functioning of asphalt and cement concrete plants, baseline bases and other transport infrastructure facilities. In the composition of emissions of asphalt plants, carcinogenic substances are contained due to the lack of or imperfection of cleaning equipment.

Organizations of technical auto service In carrying out production activities, negative impact on the ecosystems are rendered. It occurs in the process of performing many types of work. Thus, when replacing the oil in the engine and the transmission units, it is drained or in the sewage network, or to the ground, if the removal of waste oils is not established into the appropriate oil regeneration items. When car washing, a large number of yals and dirt are formed, which need to be disinfected before their disposal in the burial site. However, often capacity for complete treatment of waste arising during washing is not enough, so the export of such waste is carried out without disinfection and there are a large number of harmful elements, including petroleum products and heavy metals that enter the environment. Water drains from the territories of repair industries also pose a danger to nature. The substances dissolved in waste water containing synthetic components penetrate the soil, hitting vegetation, fall into groundwater, with them - in the reservoirs where the animal world lies.

Garages and parking Also are sources of environmental pollution. Pollution of the territory of garage complexes of household and industrial waste occurs due to emissions by drivers and workers of the garage household household garbage, unnecessary parts of metal, rubber and plastic products, spare parts of cars, items used in repair. The resulting waste can be both non-hazardous, fully decompanyable, but violating the appearance of the garage territory (for example, paper) and dangerous, weakly decomposed in natural conditions, and toxic. Some types of waste are not dangerous under normal conditions, but are becoming extremely harmful in sudden emergency fire. The extinguishing of fires within garages and parking lots is significantly complicated due to the fact that their territory is often soaked with gasoline, oils and other combustible liquids.

Highways of RussiaAccording to Rosavtodor, there are a total length of 1.1 million km. The state of highways significantly affects emissions of pollutants. By road density per 1000 km 2, Russia is significantly inferior to foreign countries. New highways build slowly. Currently, the network of highways is overloaded, a further increase in the intensity of the movement will lead to the accelerated destruction of roads and bridges, and as a result, a sharp increase in environmental impact. At high length, the road sections have unsatisfactory smoothness, evenness and strength and need to be repaired and reconstructed. Construction and repair of roads cause soil erosion and soils, landslides, changing hydrological conditions (flooding, drainage, change in the level of groundwater, etc.). They entail damage to flora and fauna. The negative effect is caused by the dissemination of the natural environment by the roadway, which disrupts the conditions of the existence of vegetation and animals.

Another problem in the road industry arises from the garbage generated in the roadside strip. With an increase in the intensity of motion, its volume increased significantly and amounted to over 140 thousand tons per year on federal roads and 160 thousand tons per year on regional. In the overwhelming majority along the roads there are no garbage containers.

When driving vehicles, road surfaces and automotive tires are abrasing, whose wear products are mixed with solid exhaust gases. This is added dirt listed on the roadway from the soil layer adjacent to the road. As a result, dust is formed, in dry weather climbing over the road into the air. It is transferred to the wind at distances from several to hundreds of kilometers.

The chemical composition and the amount of dust depend on the pavement materials. The greatest amount of dust is formed on ground and gravel roads. On the roads with a coating of grainy materials (gravel), dust is formed, consisting mainly of silicon dioxide. On ground roads, the dust consists of 90% of quartz particles, the remaining share is the oxides of aluminum, iron, calcium, etc. Gross emission of dust on roads without capital coating (ground shared, gravel, rubbed) is over 56 thousand tons per year. . On the roads with asphalt concrete coating, the dust is additionally included in the wear of binding bitumen-containing materials, paint particles or plastics from the line marking lines of the pa strip.

The environmental consequences of dust reflect on people near the road, drivers and passengers of vehicles, which, together with air, inhale a huge amount of dust particles, harm the body. Dust also settles on vegetation and the inhabitants of the roadside strip. Forests and forest stood along the roads are depressing. Agricultural crops planted near the roads accumulate harmful substances contained in dust emissions and exhaust gases. These contaminants also fall into the adjacent reservoirs, acting negatively on vegetation, fish and other inhabitants, accumulating in bottom sediments. There is also a superficial stock with a road containing special solid and liquid antifungal reagents. According to statistics, in the Russian Federation, the average consumption of reagents for the processing of federal roads is about 280 thousand tons, and regional - 680 thousand tons per year. Automobile transport organizations are also discharged into surface water reservoirs of wastewater containing mainly suspended substances and petroleum products.

Under the roads are alienated by significant land areas. So, for the construction of 1 km of the modern motorway, up to 10-12 hectares of Square is required. In addition, additional areas are discharged for technological purposes (Devices of storage warehouses of building materials, places of parking transport equipment, placement of the soil removed from the road, construction of temporary structures and entrances, etc.). Especially large areas are occupied by transport interchanges - from 15 hectares with the intersection of two-road roads up to 35 hectares when crossing highways with six movement strips. Annually, the area of \u200b\u200bland assigned to roads is increasing due to road construction.

• See: State Report "On the State and Environmental Protection of the Russian Federation in 2011" [Electronic resource]. URL: http: //www.mnr.gov.ru/regulatory/dctail.php? ID \u003d 130175, free.