Nominal predicate example sentences. Rules compound nominal predicate

The lesson "Compound nominal predicate" is devoted to this type of predicate, which is widespread in the Russian language. Users will learn that the predicate in question consists of an auxiliary and a nominal part, the teacher will talk about the linking verb.

Topic: Two-part sentences. The main members of the proposal

Lesson: Compound nominal predicate

He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He came first.

Grammatical link expresses only grammatical meaning ( time, inclination, etc..), has no lexical meaning ( to be). In the present tense, a bunch to be usually stands in the zero form ("null link"): the absence of a link indicates the present tense indicative mood.

He was a doctor. He will be a doctor. He is a doctor.

Semi-significant the link not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces the predicate into the lexical meaning additional shades, however, it cannot be an independent predicate (in that sense):

a. the onset or development of a symptom: become, become, become, become;

b. preservation of the trait: to stay;

v. manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;

d. assessment of the feature from the point of view of reality: seem, seem, introduce, reckon, be famous;

e. name of the trait: be called, be called, honored.

He became sick. He remained sick. He seemed sick.

Significant bunch - a verb with a full lexical meaning(one can act as a predicate):

a) verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand;

b) verbs of movement: go, come, come back, wander;

c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.

She sat tired. He left angry. He was born happy. He died a hero.

If the verb has with it dependent forms full adjective, participle, ordinal (answers the question which?), then it is always a compound nominal predicate ( sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Ways of expressing the nominal part:

1. a noun in the case form, more often in I. p. / Etc. He is a student / will be a student;

2. an adjective in full and short form, in the form of any of the degrees of comparison.

Julia was charming;

3. full or short participle. Book opened on page fourteen;

4. pronoun. He is not like that;

5. numeral. She became the first;

6.adverb. The conversation will be frank;

7. phrase. The girl was tiny.

8. phraseological unit. He became the talk of the town.

Note!

1. Even if a predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;

2. short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;

3. nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the predicate nominal part;

4. the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by an integral phrase in the same cases as the subject.

Most typical mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate.

1. Short form adjectives and especially participles are mistaken for a verb, therefore the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -л appears in the verb, and a bridging will appear in the short adjective or participle was (was, was, were).

He's sick - He's sick. He's sick - He was sick. The city was taken - The city was taken.

2. Short adjective the neuter gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, please note:

If there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb: The sea is calm;

If the subject is an infinitive, a feminine noun, male, noun in plural, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb:

Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;

If the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of a short adjective will change; you can also replace a short adjective with a full one.

The sea is calm(short adjective)

3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed full adjective, participle, ordinal, is mistakenly disassembled as a minor member - definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is posed. which? To given name... If the question is posed from a subject or an object, then this is a definition. She had a red (what?) Dress.

If the question which? is put from the verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.

Her dress was (what?) Red.

If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order: the definition usually comes before the subject-noun. She has a red dress; the nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject-noun. Her dress is red.

4. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, a pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with a subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between subject and predicate if both terms are expressed in nominative forms.

To distinguish between subject and predicate, expressed by the forms of the nominative case, consider the following: subject usually precedes predicate:

Moscow- capital of Russia; Capital of Russia - Moscow.

However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.

Good man Ivan Ivanovich.

Pointing particle this is stands or can be placed before the predicate:

Moscowis the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

Note that in sentences like: It's good; This is my brother - this is is a subject, expressed demonstrative pronoun in the nominative case.

The subject can only be expressed by the nominative; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and the instrumental. If you put a bundle in the sentence to be in the past tense ( was, was, was, were) or a bunch appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same. Ivan Ivanovich was a good man.

The plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate

Specify the type of predicate.

Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb stands.

Sample parsing

Life- this is good.

Good- compound nominal predicate. The nominative part is well expressed by the adverb; grammatical link to be- v null form; a zeroth link indicates the present indicative mood.

I came first.

Came first- compound nominal predicate. Nominal part first expressed as an ordinal in the nominative case; significant bunch came expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.

1. Russian language: textbook for grade 8. general education. institutions / T.A. Ladyzhenskaya, M.T. Baranov, L.A. Trostentsova and others - M .: Education, JSC "Moscow textbooks", 2008. Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language: A short theoretical course for schoolchildren: Textbook. allowance. - M .: Publishing house of Moscow. University, 2006.

1. Federal Center for Information and Educational Resources ().

2. A single collection of digital educational resources ().

3. Vinogradov V.V. The main questions of syntax (based on the material of the Russian language) ().

Highlight the grammatical foundations of the sentences.

1. Are all people buyers and sellers for you? (M. Gorky). 2. What am I? (M. Gorky). 3. What a fun you are! (M. Gorky). 4. A clever little thing - a human mind (M. Gorky). 5. The need to simplify is our childhood illness (M. Gorky). 6. What happiness - to be able to do everything (M. Gorky). 7. Accuracy and certainty are one of the most important and essential qualities and conditions of true poetry (V. Belinsky). 8. The fawn was born as spotted as the mother (M. Prishvin). 9. Valeka's remarkable property was his incomprehensible indifference to everything in the world (I. Turgenev). 10. The book contained many colored pictures, covered with tissue paper (K. Paustovsky). 11. I woke up on a hard carriage bench all numb from the rigidity and morning cold (I. Bunin). 12. The next day, early in the morning, I ordered to lay my carriage (I. Turgenev). 13. I went to wander in a small, once fruit, now wild garden (I. Turgenev). 14. I began to stare with tension into the twilight of the moon, in pairs of covered light (I. Turgenev). 15. Annushka stood against the wall, pale (K. Paustovsky).

In this chapter:

§1. The main members of the sentence - subject and predicate

The subject

The subject is main member proposals independent of other members of the proposal. The subject answers the questions of the I.p .: who? what?

In a sentence, the subject is expressed in different ways.

How is the subject expressed?

The subject can be a word or a phrase.

Most often, the subject is expressed:

1) nouns: mother, laughter, love;
2) words that have the function of a noun: nouns derived from adjectives or participles: sick, manager, meeting, ice cream, canteen;
3) pronouns: we, nobody, anything;
4) numerals: three, five;
5) the indefinite form of the verb: Smoking is harmful to health;
6) a phrase, if it has a meaning:
a) compatibility: husband and wife, duck with ducklings, my friend and I;
b) uncertainty or generality: Something unfamiliar seemed in the distance. Some of the guests closed the window;
c) quantity: 2 million people live in the city;
d) selectivity: Any of them could be the first. Most of the students passed the test;
e) phraseological unit: White nights have come.

Predicate

Predicate- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting what is said about the subject, which is the subject. The predicate depends on the subject and is consistent with it. It answers different questions: what does the object do? what's going on with him? what is he? who is he? what it is? what is the subject? All these questions are varieties of the question: what is said about the subject? Choice specific question depends on the structure of the sentence.

The predicate contains the most important grammatical characteristic of the sentence: its grammatical meaning.

Grammatical meaning is the generalized meaning of a sentence, which characterizes its content in terms of two parameters:

• reality-unreality,
• time.

Reality-Irriality expressed by the mood of the verb.

• Verbs in the indicative mood are typical for statements reflecting a real situation: It is raining, it is getting light.
• Verbs in the imperative and in the conditional mood are characteristic of sentences that reflect not a real, but a desirable situation. Do not forget the umbrella !, I wish it would not rain today!

Time- an indicator of the correlation of the situation with the moment of speech. Tense is expressed by the verb forms of the present, past and future tense.

Simple and compound predicate

The predicate in two-part sentences can be simple and complex. Compound are divided into compound verb and compound nominal.

Simple predicate is a kind of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word. A simple predicate is always a verb. It is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods. In the indicative mood, verbs can stand in one of three tenses: present - past - future.

He knows poetry by heart.

indicative mood, present time

He knew the poetry by heart.

indicative mood, pros. time

He will memorize poetry.

indicative mood, bud. time

You will memorize these verses.

imperative mood

In a circle, you would have learned poetry by heart.

conditional mood

Compound predicate is a kind of predicate in which lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.
If in a simple verb predicate the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in one word, then in a compound one - in different words. For example:

Suddenly the baby stopped singing and started laughing.

He stopped singing, started laughing - compound predicates. The words sing, laugh call an action, while expressing lexical meaning. The grammatical meaning is expressed in the words: stopped, started

Compound predicates are verbal and nominal.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate is a predicate consisting of an auxiliary word and an indefinite form of the verb. Examples:

He finished working.

I want to help you.

Auxiliary words are divided into two groups:

1) verbs with the meaning of the beginning-continuation-end of the action, for example: start, end, continue, stop, stop;

2) verbs and short adjectives with the meaning of opportunity, desirability, necessity: to be able, to be able, to want, to want, to desire, to strive, to try; glad, ready, must, obliged, intend.

In a compound verb predicate, auxiliary words express the grammatical meaning, and the indefinite form of the verb - the lexical meaning of the predicate.

In the event that a short adjective serves as an auxiliary word, then it is used with a bunch. The verb to be serves as a link. Here are the relevant examples with a bunch in the past tense:

I was so glad to meet you!

In the present tense, the word is is not used, it is omitted: the bundle is zero, for example:

I am so glad to meet you!

In the future tense, the bundle is placed in the future tense. Example:

I would be glad to meet you.

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal is a predicate consisting of a linking verb and a nominal part. Linking verbs express the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and the nominal part - its lexical meaning.

1. The linking verb be expresses only grammatical meaning. She was beautiful yesterday. In the present tense, the bunch is zero: She is beautiful.

2. Verbs-bundles to become, to become, to be made, to appear, to be counted, to seem, to be named, to be presented: The house seemed to be a point from afar.

3. Linking verbs with the meaning of movement or location in space: come, come, sit, lie down, stand: Mother returned from work tired. Mother sat pensive, sad.

In all these cases, linking verbs can be replaced by the verb to be. The sentences will be synonymous, for example:

Mother sat pensive, sad. Synonymously: Mother was pensive, sad.

He was considered the most talented of us. Synonymously: He was the most talented of us.

With such a replacement, of course, all the nuances of the meaning are not transferred. Therefore, the language offers various linking verbs, emphasizing different shades of meaning.

Possible combinations of the linking verb with auxiliary words: She dreamed of becoming an actress.

Nominal part of a compound nominal predicate

The nominative part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed in Russian in different ways, and, paradoxically, not only by names. Although the most common and characteristic is the use of names in the role of the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate: nouns, adjectives, numerals. Naturally, names can be replaced with pronouns. And since the role of adjectives and participles is similar, participles can also appear along with adjectives. Also, adverbs and adverbial combinations are possible in the nominal part. Examples:

1) noun: Mother is a doctor., Anastasia will be an actress.,

2) adjective: He grew up strong and handsome ...

3) numeral name: Twice two four.,

4) pronoun: You will be mine. Who was nobody, he will become everything ("Internationale").,

5) participle: The composition was lost., The daughter was finally cured.,

6) adverb and adverbial combination: Shoes fit., Pants turned out to be just right.

The nominal part may contain not only single words, but also syntactically indivisible phrases. Examples:

She ran into the room with a cheerful face.
She sat with thoughtful eyes.

You can't say: She ran in with a face.

Test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Which members of the proposal are considered the main ones?

   • subject and object
   • definition, circumstance and addition
   • subject and predicate

2. Can the subject be expressed with words derived from adjectives or participles: manager, sick, in love?

3. Can the subject be expressed in phrases, for example: we are with friends?

4. What is the subject in the sentence: Any of you can prepare for the exam and pass it successfully.?

   • any
   • any of you

5. What characteristics are included in the grammatical meaning of a sentence?

   • reality is unreality and time
   • view and time

6. Is it true that a simple verbal predicate is a predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meaning is expressed by one verb?

7. Is it true that a composite predicate is a special type of predicate in which the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words?

8. I cannot help you.?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

9. What is the predicate in a sentence: He was always considered serious..?

   • simple verb
   • compound verb
   • compound nominal

10. What is the predicate in a sentence: Two by two is four.?

    • simple verb
    • compound verb
    • compound nominal

Compound verb predicateCompound predicates are predicates in which the lexical meaning and grammatical meaning (tense and mood) are expressed in different words. The lexical meaning is expressed in the main part, and the grammatical meaning (tense and mood) - in the auxiliary part.
Wed: He began to sing (PGS). - He started to sing (SGS); He was ill for two months (ASC). - He was ill for two months (ICU).

A compound verbal predicate (GHS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part (the verb in the conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part (the indefinite form of the verb - the infinitive) expresses the lexical meaning.

SGS = auxiliary verb + infinitive

For example: I started to sing; I want to sing; I'm afraid to sing.
However, not every combination of a conjugated verb with an infinitive is a compound verb predicate! In order for such a combination to be a compound verb predicate, two conditions must be met:
1. An auxiliary verb must be lexically incomplete, that is, it alone (without the infinitive) is not enough to understand what the sentence is about.
Wed: I started - what to do?; I want - what to do ?.
1. If in the combination "verb + infinitive" the verb is significant, then it alone is a simple verbal predicate, and the infinitive is a minor member of the sentence.
Wed: She sat down (for what purpose?) To rest.
2. The action of the infinitive must refer to the subject (this is the subjective infinitive). If the action of the infinitive refers to another member of the sentence (object infinitive), then the infinitive is not part of the predicate, but is a minor member.
Wed:
1. I want to sing. I want to sing - a compound verb predicate (I want it, I will sing).
2. I asked her to sing. He asked - a simple verb predicate, to sing - an addition (I asked, she will sing).

Auxiliary verb meanings

1. Phase (beginning, continuation, end of action) Start, become, start, continue, finish, stay, stop, quit, stop, etc. He began to prepare for his departure.
He continued to prepare for his departure.
He gave up smoking.
He again began to talk about the hardships of rural life.
2. Modal meaning (necessity, desirability, ability, predisposition, emotional assessment of action, etc.) To be able, to be able, to desire, to want, to dream, to intend, to refuse, to try, to try, to count, to be able, to contrive, to try, to assume, to get used to, to hurry, to be shy, to endure, to love, to hate, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be afraid, to be ashamed, to set a goal , burn with desire, have honor, have intention, make a promise, have a habit, etc.
I can sing.
I want to sing.
I'm afraid to sing.
I like singing.
I'm ashamed to sing.
I look forward to singing this aria.

Parsing plan for compound verb predicate
1. Indicate the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the main part is expressed (subjective infinitive); what is the meaning of the auxiliary part (phase, modal) and what form of the verb it is expressed.
Sample parsing
The old man began to chew again.
I started to chew - a compound verb predicate. The main part (to chew) is expressed by the subjective infinitive. The auxiliary part (started up) has a phase meaning and is expressed by a verb in the past tense of the indicative mood.
Auxiliary part of a compound verb predicate can be expressed with a linking verb to be (in present tense in zero form) + short adjectives glad, ready, obliged, must, intend, capable , as well as adverbs and nouns with modal meaning:

I AM was ready (not averse, able) to wait.

Compound nominal predicate
A compound nominal predicate (SIS) consists of two parts:
a) the auxiliary part - a bunch (a verb in a conjugated form) expresses the grammatical meaning (tense and mood);
b) the main part - the nominal part (name, adverb) expresses the lexical meaning.

SIS = bunch + nominal part

For example: He was a doctor; He became a doctor; He was sick; He was sick; He was injured; He came first.
Types of linking verbs

Link type by value

1. Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning. The verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the ligament to be usually stands in zero form ("zero ligament"): the absence of a ligament indicates the present indicative mood. He was a doctor.
He will be a doctor.
He is a doctor.
He was sick.
He will be sick.
He is sick.
He is sick.
Lyrics is the highest manifestation of art.
2. Semi-cognitive ligament - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that sense). a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become;
b) preservation of the feature: stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;
d) assessment of the feature from the point of view of reality: to seem, seem, imagine, be considered, reputed;
e) the name of the sign: to be called, named, honored.
He became sick.
He remained sick.
He was sick every fall.
He turned out to be sick.
He was considered sick.
He seemed sick.
He is sick.
He was known to be sick.
They were called sick.
3. Significant connective - a verb with full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand;
b) verbs of movement: go, come, return, wander;
c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.
She sat tired.
He left angry.
He returned upset.
He lived as a hermit.
He was born happy.
He died a hero.

Verb to be can act as an independent simple verb predicate in sentences with the meaning of being or possession:
He had three sons; He had a lot of money.
Verbs become, becomes, become etc. can also be independent simple verb predicates, but in a different meaning:
He found himself in the center of the city;
He stood against the wall.
The most difficult to analyze are compound nominal predicates with a significant linkage, because usually such verbs are independent predicates (cf.: He was sitting by the window). If the verb becomes a bunch, then its meaning turns out to be less important than the meaning of the name associated with the verb (He sat tired; more important is that he was tired, and not that he was sitting and not standing or lying).
For the combination "significant verb + name" to be a compound nominal predicate, the following conditions must be met:
1. a significant verb can be replaced by a grammatical link to be:
He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He was happy; He came first - He was first;
2.the bunch can be made zero:
He sat tired - He was tired; He was born happy - He is happy; He came first - He came first.
If a verb has dependent forms of a full adjective, participle, ordinal number (which answer?), Then it is always a compound nominal predicate (sat tired, left upset, came first). The parts of such a compound nominal predicate are not separated by commas!

Methods of expressing the nominal part

1. Noun
1.1. Noun in nominative or instrumental. He is my brother.
He was my brother.
1.2. Indirect noun with or without a preposition The navigator was in oblivion.
I'm penniless.
This house is Meshkova.
1.3. A whole phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case (with the meaning of a qualitative assessment)
The son-in-law was of a silent breed.
This girl is tall.
2. Adjective name
2.1. Short adjective
He's cheerful.
He became cheerful.
2.2. Full adjective in nominative or instrumental. He's funny.
He became cheerful.
2.3. Adjective in comparative or in superlatives Here the sounds of music were heard more.
You are the best.
3. Communion
3.1. Brief Communion He's hurt.
The windows were broken.
3.2. Full participles in the nominative or instrumental case Glass were broken.
The glass was broken.
4. Pronoun or whole phrase with the main word pronoun All fish is yours.
This is something new.
5. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case
Their hut is the third from the edge.
Their hut was third from the edge.
6. Adverb
I was on my guard.
His daughter is married to my brother.

Note!
1) Even if the predicate consists of one word - a name or an adverb (with a zero link), it is always a compound nominal predicate;
2) short adjectives and participles are always part of a compound nominal predicate;
3) nominative and instrumental cases - the main case forms of the predicate nominal part;
4) the nominal part of the predicate can be expressed by an integral phrase in the same cases as the subject.

The most common mistakes when parsing a compound nominal predicate:
1. The short form of the adjective and especially the participle is taken for a verb, therefore the predicate is mistakenly considered a simple verb. In order not to be mistaken, put the predicate in the past tense: the suffix -л appears in the verb, and the link was (was, was, was) in a short adjective or participle.
For example:
He is sick (PGS). - He was sick;
He is sick (ICU). - He was sick;
The city is taken (SIS). - The city was taken.
2. A short adjective of the neuter gender (the nominal part of the predicate) is confused with the adverb in -o. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the shape of the subject:
if there is no subject (one-part sentence), then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb.
Wed: It's calm at sea;

if the subject is an infinitive, a feminine, masculine, plural noun, then the nominal part of the predicate is an adverb: Living is good; Life is good; Children are good;
if the subject is a neuter noun, change the number of the subject or substitute another subject - a feminine or masculine noun: the form of the adverb will not change; the ending of a short adjective will change; you can also replace a short adjective with a full one.
Wed: The sea is calm (SIS; the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective). - The river is calm; The seas are calm; The sea is calm).
3. The nominal part of the predicate, expressed by the full adjective, participle, ordinal, is mistakenly disassembled as a secondary term - the definition. In order not to be mistaken, pay attention to the word from which the question is asked which? to the given name.
If the question is posed from a subject or an object, then this is a definition.
Wed: She had red

Wed: She had a red (what?) Dress; red - definition.
If the question is what? is put from the verb, then this is the nominal part of the predicate.
Wed: Her dress was

Wed: Her dress was (what?) Red; red is the nominal part of the predicate.
If there is no verb in the sentence, then pay attention to the word order:
the definition usually comes before the subject-noun.
Wed: She has a red dress;
the nominal part of the predicate usually comes after the subject-noun.
Wed: Her dress is red.
4. The nominative part of the predicate, expressed by a noun, pronoun in the nominative case, is often confused with the subject. It is especially difficult to distinguish between subject and predicate if both terms are expressed in nominative forms.
To distinguish between subject and predicate, expressed by the forms of the nominative case, consider the following:
the subject usually precedes the predicate:
Moscow is the capital of Russia; The capital of Russia is Moscow.
However, in Russian, the predicate can also precede the subject.
Wed: Good man Ivan Ivanovich;
pointing particle this is stands or can be placed before the predicate:
Moscow is the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.
Note that in sentences like: This is good; This is my brother - this is the subject, the nominative demonstrative;
the subject can only be expressed by the nominative; the predicate has two main case forms - the nominative and the instrumental. If you put in the sentence the link to be in the past tense (was, was, was, were) or the link to appear, then the form of the nominative case of the predicate will change to the form of the instrumental, and for the subject it will remain the same.
Wed: Moscow was the capital of Russia; Moscow is the capital of Russia; Ivan Ivanovich was a good man; Ivan Ivanovich is a good person.

The plan for parsing a compound nominal predicate
1. Indicate the type of predicate.
2. Indicate how the nominal part is expressed, in what form the linking verb stands.
Sample parsing
Life is good.
Good - a compound nominal predicate. The nominative part is well expressed by the adverb; grammatical link to be - in zero form; the zero link indicates the present indicative mood: I came first.
The first came - a compound nominal predicate. The nominative part of the first is expressed by the ordinal in the nominative case; the significant conjunction came expressed by the verb in the indicative past tense: This guy is of average height.
Medium height is a compound nominal predicate. The nominal part of average height is expressed by an integral phrase with the main word - a noun in the genitive case; grammatical link to be - in zero form; a zeroth link indicates the present indicative mood.

Which includes the subject and (or) predicate. Their correct selection is the key to successful parsing... In this case, most often difficulties arise with finding the predicate. It can have different structures and ways of expression. Depending on this, the following types of predicates are distinguished: simple and compound.

What is a predicate?

In a sentence, the subject usually names the object (or has the meaning of objectivity). The predicate denotes the action, state, quality of the object called the subject. You can ask him one of the questions: what is he doing? what it is? what is he like?

This member of the sentence can be expressed in words of different parts of speech and contains the lexical and grammatical (the relation of the utterance to reality) meaning. They can be combined in one component or require two or more components to express. Accordingly, the composition of the predicate can be different: one or several interrelated words. Knowledge of these subtleties helps to correctly find the grammatical basis in the sentence.

Types of predicates: table

Syntax deals with this topic. In the Russian language, the following types of predicates are distinguished:

Simple verb predicate

It is this type of main member that usually comes to mind when the question is asked about what kinds of predicate you know. It is believed that finding it is quite easy, but in reality it can be more difficult. Indeed, usually such a predicate is expressed in only one word - a verb in one of the mood forms: the indicative ( I'll sing you a song), subjunctive or conditional ( He would read a poem but his throat hurts), imperative ( Please tell me my favorite fairy tale). In this case, both the lexical and grammatical meanings are contained in one word.

However, when working with this kind of predicate, you need to remember a few important points... First of all, that a verb in the form of a future complex tense is a simple verb predicate ( A friend will meet at the train station), although it consists of two words. Ignorance of this fact is the most common reason erroneous definition of the grammatical basis and its type. By characterizing different types predicates in Russian, the following little-known (or often forgotten) ways of expressing it should be taken into account.

Difficulty defining a simple verbal predicate

Here are examples of sentences, in finding and characterizing the main members of which you can make a mistake.

1. Two verbs used in the same form denote, in fact, one action: I'll go eat something.
2. The predicate, along with the main one, includes the verb TAKE in the personal form: She took and refused.
3. The same verb is used twice - in an indefinite and personal form with a negative particle between them: She doesn't read it herself ...
4. The personal verb is repeated to strengthen what is said ( I keep going, going forward ...), sometimes with a particle of SO (Yes, I sang, I sang so).
5. The sentence contains a combination of a verb with the word WAS or KNOW (KNOW YOURSELF), which have the meaning of a particle: At first he was thinking ...
6. The predicate is a phraseological unit: Finally, he took up his mind.

Thus, when determining the type of predicate in a sentence, one must be guided by the grammatical features of the verb as a part of speech and the conditions indicated above.

Compound predicates

Very often, when determining the grammatical basis of a sentence, semantic constructions are distinguished, consisting of two or more words. These are subjects, expressed by an indivisible phrase, or compound predicates, in which there are two parts: the main (contains the lexical meaning) and the auxiliary (in addition to indicating grammatical features, can sometimes add additional semantic shades). The latter are divided into verbal and nominal. For the correct finding and characteristics, it is necessary to know their structure.

Compound verb predicate

The lexical meaning is always expressed by the infinitive, and the grammatical meaning by the auxiliary verb (want, desire, be able, start, finish, wish, love, etc.) in a personal form or a short adjective (glad, obliged, ready, must, capable, intent). These are the types of predicates with examples:

• Soon the sun began to set.
• The friend was obliged to warn about his departure.

When defining a compound verb predicate, it is necessary to distinguish the combination of the predicate and the addition, expressed by the infinitive: The guests asked the hostess - about what? - sing... In such a case, you can be guided by a hint: if the actions denoted by a verb in personal and indefinite form are performed by one person (subject), then this is a compound verb predicate, if different, it is a simple verb predicate and addition.

The infinitive can also have adverbial meaning and will be a minor member in such a sentence. Example: He sat down - why? - relax.

Thus, the presence of an infinitive in a sentence is not always an indicator that a compound verb predicate is used in it.

Compound nominal predicate

This is the most difficult type to define. In it, the nominal part contains the main lexical meaning, and the bunch - the grammatical one.

The nominative part can be expressed:

1. A noun in the nominative or instrumental case.
2. An adjective in one of the forms (full, short, degree of comparison).
3. Numeral in the nominative or instrumental case.
4. Communion.
5. Pronoun (used alone or as part of a combination).
6. Adverb (more precisely, the word category of state).
7. An integral phrase.

The nominative part can be represented by one word or a combination of them. Moreover, short adjectives and participles, as well as a simple comparative, can only be part of a nominal predicate in a sentence.

• Human life is a constant struggle.
• Everything around seemed magical.
• Six and five is eleven.
• The hat was pushed to the forehead.
• The book is now yours.
• By evening it became stuffy.
• His face seemed darker than a cloud.

As a link, the verb BE in personal form is often used, as well as the words APPEAR, BECOME, READ, DO, etc., which complement the lexical meaning ( She has been a nurse for the second year). Sometimes these types of predicates include, as a bundle, verbs denoting activity, state, movement and expressing an independent semantic meaning in other sentences: STAND, WORK, RUN, GO, etc. ( The girl has been standing like an idol for about ten minutes).

Using this knowledge will help you correctly parse any sentence, and the question of what kinds of predicates you know will no longer cause difficulties.

Predicate, consisting of a nominal part and a linking verb is called a compound nominal predicate.
The linking verb be is the most commonly used. A bundle in a sentence can be omitted.

Compound nominal predicate, which is abbreviated as SIS, consists of two parts:

a) auxiliary part - the link expresses the grammatical meaning;
b) the main part - the nominal part expresses the lexical meaning.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

Nominal part compound predicate expressed:
an adjective.
Here's an example: the road was bad;

noun.
Let's give an example: a dog is a faithful friend;

The comparative degree of the adjective.
Here's an example: her hair is longer than her shoulders;

Brief turnover passive participle.
Here's an example: food is eaten;

A short adjective.
Here's an example: the morning is fresh;

Adverb.
Let's give an example: the error was obvious;

By a numeral name.
Let's give an example: five five - twenty five;

Pronoun.
Here's an example: this book is yours;

Syntactically integral phrase.
Let's give an example: she fell on her face in the mud;

Link type by value:
Grammatical link - expresses only grammatical meaning (tense, mood), has no lexical meaning.

Typical verbs:
The verbs to be, to be. In the present tense, the ligament to be usually stands in zero form ("zero ligament"): the absence of a ligament indicates the present indicative mood.

Here are some examples:
She was a teacher.
She will be a teacher.
She is a teacher.
She was a waitress.
She will be a waitress.
She is a waitress.
She is a waitress.
Lyrics is the highest manifestation of art.

Link type by value:
Semi-cognitive ligament - not only expresses the grammatical meaning, but also introduces additional shades into the lexical meaning of the predicate, but cannot be an independent predicate (in that sense).

Typical verbs:
a) the emergence or development of a sign: become, become, become, become;
b) preservation of the feature: stay;
c) manifestation, detection of a sign: to be, to be;
d) assessment of the feature from the point of view of reality: to seem, seem, imagine, be considered, reputed;
e) the name of the sign: to be called, named, honored.

Here are some examples:
He became sick.
He remained sick.
He was sick every fall.
He turned out to be sick.
He was considered sick.
He seemed sick.
He is sick.
He was known to be sick.
They were called sick.

Link type by value:
A significant link is a verb with full lexical meaning (one can act as a predicate).

Typical verbs:
a) Verbs of position in space: sit, lie, stand;
b) verbs of movement: go, come, return, wander;
c) state verbs: live, work, be born, die.

Here are some examples:
She sat tired.
He left angry.
He returned upset.
He lived as a hermit.
He was born happy.
He died a hero.