Make non-permanent signs. Permanent features of the verb and non-permanent morphological features of the verb

Often in school homework in the Russian language, students are faced with the need to perform one or another analysis of a word, phrase or sentence. Along with syntactic, lexical and morphemic analysis, the school program includes morphological analysis. Let's consider how to perform morphological analysis for a verb, and find out what morphological features characterize this part of speech.

The verb and its forms

Determining the initial form, the part of speech to which the word belongs, and its role in the sentence is usually not difficult. However, students often have questions regarding the morphological features of the word. For each part of speech, their permanent and non-permanent features are distinguished: it can be gender and case for a noun, aspect and tense for a verb.

A verb is an independent part of speech denoting an action that answers the question “what to do?” or “what to do?” Here are some examples: clean, walk, wish, love, walk.

There are 4 verb forms. These include:

• infinitive, or initial form of the verb: run, sit, be;
• conjugated forms: read, sing, steal;
• participle: fallen, dormant, embedded;
• gerund: dreaming, answering, completing.

In a sentence, conjugated forms most often play the role of a predicate, and the remaining forms can be any other members of the sentence.

There are fixed and non-permanent signs of the verb. The infinitive has only constant features, since it is an invariable part of speech. For conjugated forms, it is also possible to define non-permanent signs, since these verbs can change, for example, in numbers or persons.

Permanent morphological features

Permanent signs include the following:

• conjugation;
• returnability;
• transitivity.

View is a category that defines how a given action proceeds over time and indicates whether it has been or will be completed at a particular point in time. View can be specified for all verb forms.

The perfect form includes verbs that are used when you need to show the completeness of the action. An imperfect view, on the contrary, denotes a certain prolongation in time, incompleteness. It is easy to distinguish them: the shape is not perfect look answers the question “what to do?”, for the perfect form, the question “what to do?” is used.

Consider several sentences and determine the form for the verbs that were used in them.

He woke up as the sun was already setting.

Let's find out what question the first highlighted verb answers.

He (what did he do?) woke up.

This question is a sign of a perfect look. The value also indicates the completion of the action: he woke up, i.e. has already performed the action.

Let's look at the second verb. Let's ask him a question:

The sun was already (what was doing?) setting.

We define the form of the second word as imperfect. Really, the sun was setting, but it's not clear if the action was completed or not.

It should be remembered that there are two-spectrum verbs for which it is possible to determine the aspect only when the word is given in the context. As an example, consider the word use:

• It is convenient for students to study (what to do?) to use a laptop.
• To pass the most difficult level in the game, I had to (what to do?) use the last hint.

By asking appropriate questions to the word, we can easily determine the form of the verb: in the first phrase - the imperfect, and in the second - the perfect form.

Type conjugations There are 3 types of verbs: I conjugation, II conjugation and conjugated verbs. To determine the conjugation, you need to put the desired word in the infinitive form and see what it ends with. If before the suffix -th is the letter and ( drink, saw, repair, glue), the word belongs to the II conjugation. In the event that another letter stands before the infinitive suffix ( take, walk, prick, command, bend), we refer the verb to the I conjugation.

However, keep in mind that there are exceptions to this rule, as shown in the table below.

Also a constant feature is recurrence. The reflexive form differs from the non-reflexive form by the presence of a suffix -sya or -ss at the end of a word. Returns include the following: laugh, learn, have fun; are irrevocable walk, be able to, wash.

Transitivity characterized by the possibility of connecting a verb with a noun or pronoun in the genitive or accusative case without a preposition. Thus, turn on (light), open (window), see (forest) - examples of transitive infinitives, and believe (in oneself), laugh (at a joke) are examples of intransitives.

Inconstant signs of the verb

There are five non-permanent signs:

• mood;
• time;
• number;
• face;

It should be remembered that the presence of a particular category depends on the form in which the word is used.

Mood used to indicate how an action relates to reality. In the indicative mood, verb forms denote an action that actually took place, can take place in this moment or else will happen in the future. Examples

• As children, we often walked in the park near the house.
• In a few days they will buy a new bicycle.

The conditional mood describes actions that are possible only when certain conditions are met. They are formed from the infinitive or the past tense with the particle would (b). For example: She would have to pay a large sum for this.

The imperative mood is used in requests and orders to indicate the required action. Examples:

• Please bring my book to school tomorrow.
• Put this cabinet a little closer to the window.

The category of time is defined only for the indicative mood. There are 3 forms: past tense for actions that have already happened before; present for actions taking place at the current moment; future tense - for what will happen after a certain time period. Here are some examples:

• came home, looked for a notebook, listened to music - past tense forms;
• I learn by heart, you look around, they make noise in the yard- present tense forms;
• we will know mathematics, find a wallet, watch a movie - forms of the future tense.

Number can be defined for any inflected verb forms. As with other changeable parts of speech, they distinguish the singular (when one actor is related to the performance of the action) and the plural (if there are several persons).

• come, would do, leave, learn, looking for- singular;
• bring, would like, reacted, fall, ride- plural.

Category faces allocate only for forms imperative mood, as well as for the present and future tenses of the indicative mood. 1 person means that the speaker refers this action to himself or the group of people in which he is ( I say, we think). If the described action refers to the interlocutor or interlocutors, then the verb is used in the form of 2 persons ( answer, repeat). 3 person means that the action is performed by people who are not related to the speaker or interlocutor ( silent, wipe).

Genus is a feature that is defined for the singular in the conditional mood or in the indicative mood in the past tense.

• bought, would come - masculine;
• wear, dream - feminine;
• broken, burnt- neuter gender.

An example of morphological parsing

Consider how you can determine what morphological features a verb has. To do this, we analyze the word mastered used in the sentence:

Fifth grade students easily mastered new topic.

1. Mastered denotes an action, therefore, we define a part of speech - a verb.
2. Initial form (infinitive) - master.
3. We define permanent signs:
   1. Students (what did they do?) mastered , the question refers to the perfect form.
   2. Pay attention to the form of the infinitive, pay attention to the fact that before -th located and(while the verb is not on the list of exceptions), this indicates the II conjugation.
   3. No suffix -sya or -ss says that the verb is irrevocable.
   4. The verb agrees with the noun in the accusative case ( mastered the topic), therefore, it belongs to the transitional ones.
4. We analyze what non-permanent signs can be determined for this form:
   1. The action is performed in reality, therefore its mood is indicative.
   2. The time of action is the past (you can add adverbs of time to the sentence yesterday, last year, the form of the verb will not change). Remember that the person is not defined in the past tense.
   3. Insofar as pupils - this set actors, mastered is in the form plural. For the plural, it is impossible to determine the gender.
5. In this offer mastered is predicate.

The meaning of the verb, its morphological features and syntactic function

Verb - This independent part speech that denotes an action, state, or attitude and answers questions what to do? what to do?: work, clean, get sick, be afraid, desire, consist. All forms verb have morphological features of the species (there are perfect or imperfect form) and transitivity (they are transitive or intransitive). Among the verb forms there are conjugated(change in moods, tenses, persons or genders, as well as numbers) and non-conjugated(initial form verb, participles and participles).

In a sentence, conjugated verb forms play the role of a predicate (they have special forms of predicate - forms of mood and time), non-conjugated verb forms can be other members of the sentence. For example: Mermaid floated along the blue river, illuminated full moon... (M. Lermontov); So thought young rake, flying in the dust on the mail... (A. Pushkin).

Infinitive

The initial (dictionary) form of the verb is infinitive, or infinitive(from lat. infiniti - vus - "indefinite"). The infinitive denotes an action regardless of mood, time, person, number, that is, without its connection with the agent (subject).

The infinitive is an invariable form of the verb, which has only constant morphological features of the verb: aspect, transitivity / intransitivity, reflexivity / irreversibility, type of conjugation. (If in conjugated verb forms the ending is unstressed, then the type of conjugation is determined by the infinitive.)

The formal indicators of the infinitive are suffixes -ty, -ty(at school they are usually treated as graduations). Suffix -th comes after vowels (follow, think, sing) a -ti- after consonants (carry, carry, weave). Some verbs end in the infinitive with -ch: oven, cherish, flow, be able and etc.; historically in -whose merged infinitive -ti and final root sound [G] or [to]: type forms "pekti", "protect" as a result of phonetic changes, they were transformed into "bake", "save" etc.

In a sentence, the infinitive can be any part of the sentence. For example: 1) Be in love others - heavy cross... (B. Pasternak); 2) He [Startsev] decided to go to the Turkins(for what purpose?) see what kind of people they are (A. Chekhov); 3) I acted carelessly, indulging in the sweet habit of seeing and hearing you every day (A. Pushkin); 4) The cleanest shirts orders put on the captain!_ (B. Okudzhava).

Note. Example (2) - with verbs of motion (leave, go etc.) or cessation of movement (stop, stay, sit down etc.) the infinitive is a circumstance of the goal (names the goal of movement or cessation of movement): Sometimes in the sands he stopped(for what purpose?) relax (K. Paustovsky).

Example (4) - the infinitive is not included in the predicate and is an addition in the sentence if it denotes the action of another person (object), not the one called the subject.

Verb stems

The verb has two basics: stem of the infinitive and basis of the present/simple future tense.(Sometimes it also stands out basis of past tense but for most verbs it coincides with the stem of the infinitive.) Part of the verb forms is formed from basics infinitive, and the other part - from basics present/simple future tense. These two basics many verbs are different.

To highlight the stem of the infinitive, you need to separate the formative suffix of the infinitive: carried- you, piss- t, speak- th, read- uh, rice- th.

To highlight the basis of the present / simple future tense, it is necessary to separate the personal ending from the form of the present / simple future tense (usually the form of the 3rd person plural is taken): carried- ut, write- uh, talk- yat, chita j - ut, pucyj - ut.

To highlight basis past tense, you need to discard the formative suffix -l- and the ending from the past tense form (you can use any form except the masculine singular form, since it can contain a zero suffix, which makes it difficult to select basics): carried- l-a, piss- l-a, speak- l-a, read- l-a, rice a- l-a.

There are verbs that have the same basics the infinitive and the present/simple future tense, and the basis of the past tense differs from them: id- ti, id- ut, sh- l-a. basics different: get wet- th, wet- ut, wet- l-a; tere- t, tr- ut, ter- l-a. There are verbs that have all three basics match: carried- you, carried- ut, carried- la.

Verb forms that are formed from the stem of the infinitive	Verb forms that are formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense
1. Forms of the past tense of the indicative mood: carried-l-a, wrote-l-a, spoke, read, drew-a.	1. Forms of the present and the simple future tense of the indicative mood: I carry, write, I say, 4 umaj- y (spelling - read) pucyj- y(drawing).
2. Forms of the conditional mood: would carry, would write, would speak, would read, would draw.	2. Forms of the imperative mood: carry, write, speak, read) (read), drawing) (draw).
3. Valid participles past tense: carried, wrote, spoke, read, drew.	3. Real participles of the present tense: carrier, write-ouch-th, speaking, chita j-ug-th (reading),pucyj-ug-th (drawing).
4. Passive past participles: carried away, written, drawn-nn-yp.	4. Passive participles of the present tense: carried-ohm-th, talk-i.ch-th, chitauem-th (readable), pucyj-um-th (drawable).
5. Perfect participles: writing, speaking, reading, drawing.	5. Imperfect participles: nes-i, saying, read" ja (reading)pucyj- a(drawing).

Verb type

Verbs in Russian belong to one of two types: to imperfect or to perfect.

Verbs perfect look answer the question what to do? and denote an action limited in its duration, having an internal limit, completeness. Perfect verbs can denote an action that has ended (or will end) by achieving a result (learn, draw) an action that has begun (or will begin), and this very beginning of the action is understood as its border, limit (play, sing) single action (push, shout, jump- verbs with suffix -well).

Verbs imperfect form answer the question what to do? and indicate an action without specifying

to its limit, without limiting its course in time, the action is long or repeated (learn, draw, play, shout).

Imperfect and perfect verbs form species pairs. The species pair is imperfective verb and a perfective verb that have the same lexical meaning and differ only in meaning kind: read- read, write - write, build- build.

Imperfect verbs formed from perfective verbs with suffixes:

1) -iva-, -iva-: consider- consider, ask- ask, subscribe- sign;

2) -wa: open- open, give- give, put on- put on shoes;

3) -a-(-z): save- save, rise- grow up.

Perfective verbs are formed from imperfective verbs in various ways:

1) using view attachments on-, off-, pro-, you-, on- and etc,: treat- cure, oven- bake, make- do, write - write, read- read, build- build, teach- learn etc. (But more often, with the help of a prefix, perfective verbs are formed, which differ from imperfective verbs not only in the meaning of the aspect, but also in a change in lexical meaning; such verbs do not form a specific pair: read- reread, reread, reread etc.);

2) using a suffix -uh-: get used to- get used to, nod- nod, jump- jump.

Some verbs that make up the aspect pair may differ only in the place of stress: scatter- sprinkle, cut- slice.

Separate aspectual pairs make up verbs with different roots: speak- say, search- find, put- put, take- take.

Some verbs are single-species. They do not form a species pair and are either only perfect look (find yourself, rush, sleep, scream etc.), or only imperfect form (predominate, be present, sit, be).

There are also two-species verbs that combine in one form the meaning with perfect and imperfect. Their appearance is set from the context: marry, execute, injure, command, as well as verbs with suffixes -ova (t), -irova (t): influence, use, automate, pave, telegraph etc. For example: The guns from the pier are firing, the ship is ordered to land (what are they doing?) (A. Pushkin); Would you like me to order (what will I do?) to bring a rug? (N. Gogol).

Verb type influences the formation of its forms (first of all, the forms of time): imperfective verbs in the indicative mood there are forms of all three tenses (moreover, in the future tense they have complex shape) and a full set of temporary forms of participles; at perfective verbs there are no forms of the present tense in the indicative mood (the form of the future tense is simple) and participles of the present tense.

Verbs transitive and intransitive

Differ transitive and intransitive verbs.

transitional Verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object. They may carry a direct object in the accusative case without a preposition, answering the question whom?"/What?", write an article, knit a sweater, sing a song.

Instead of the accusative case, the object with a transitive verb can also be in the genitive case without a preposition:

1) if there is a negative particle not before a transitive verb: understood the task- did not understand the task; read a novel- did not read the novel; Waste time- do not waste time;

2) if the action does not transfer to the whole object, but only to its part: drank water(all the water in question) - drank some water(part), fetch firewood- bring firewood.

When determining transitivity / intransitivity of verbs it is necessary to take into account the meaning of the noun in the form of the accusative case - it must name the object of the action. Wed: stand for an hour (in line) or live for a week (at sea), where the verbs are not transitive, although after them there are nouns in the accusative case without a preposition: All night long(vp with time value, not object) thundered(verb intransitive) a neighboring ravine, a stream, bubbling, ran to the stream (A. Fet).

Verbs that cannot carry a direct object are intransitive: engage(how?) sports, understanding(in what?) in music, refuse(from what?) from help.

Note. Transitivity / intransitivity closely related to lexical meaning verb: in one sense the verb can be transitive, and in the other intransitive. Wed: I'm telling the truth (I'm telling the truth“I say” is a transitive verb). The child is already talking- "talks" - intransitive verb); Tomorrow I will go alone, I will teach(intransitive verb) at school and I will give my whole life to those who may need it (A. Chekhov); learn lessons(transitive verb).

Reflexive verbs

To reflexive verbs include verbs with a postfix -sya, -ss. All reflexive verbs are intransitive. They are formed as from transitive verbs (distinguish - differ, please- rejoice, dress- dress), and from intransitive (knock- knock, blacken- blacken). From ordinary derivational suffixes -sya differs in that it is attached to verb forms after the endings (knocking, knocking). Suffix -sya added after consonants -ss- after vowels (studied- studied); in participle forms and after vowels is added -sya, and not -s: different - different.

Joining transitive verbs, suffix -sya turns them into intransitives: wears whom? / what?- gets dressed. Joining intransitive verbs -sya reinforces the meaning of intransitivity: turns white- turns white.

Suffix -sya also serves to form impersonal forms from personal verbs: I am not sleeping- I can't sleep, I want- I would like to.

Among verbs with the suffix -sya there are also those that do not have parallel forms without this suffix: laugh, hope, bow, fight and etc.

Verb conjugations

Conjugation - this is a change of the verb in persons and numbers. (Term conjugated forms verb is used in a broader sense than the term conjugation . The conjugated forms of the verb include all forms, except for the infinitive, participles and participles, i.e. forms of all moods.)

Depending on personal endings in Russian, it is customary to distinguish two conjugations - I and II, which differ from each other in vowels in the endings: carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent, carry, sing, speak, be silent

I conjugation		II conjugation

If the ending is percussive, conjugation determined at the end: you call, you lead I conjugation, burn, sleep-II conjugation.

But most of the verbs conjugation has no accent on personal endings. In such cases conjugation determined by the infinitive (by the vowel that comes before the infinitive suffix).

Co II conjugation include those verbs with an unstressed personal ending, in which 1) the infinitive ends in -i-t (carry, cut, spend etc.), except for verbs shave, lay, rare verbs be based(“to build, to build”) and be ruffled("to vacillate, to sway, to swell"). (Verbs be based and be ruffled are used only in the form of 3 person units. and plural. numbers, other forms are not used.); 2) exception verbs whose infinitive ends in -e-t (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and on -a-be (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to I conjugation.

It should be remembered that prefixed verbs formed from non-prefixed ones are of the same type conjugations, which is unprefixed (drive- catch up- overtake- expel etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-sya) belong to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (s) (drive- chase-II conjugation).

There are also heterogeneous verbs in the Russian language, in which one form is formed according to I conjugation, and others - according to II. These include: 1) to want- in the singular changes according to I conjugation (want- want- wants), and in the plural - according to II (want- want to- want); 2) run, which has all forms, as in verbs of II conjugation (running- running- running- run- run), except 3rd person plural. numbers - run(according to I conjugation); 3) honor- changes according to II conjugation (revere- honors- honor- honor), except 3rd person plural. numbers (revere) although there is a form honor, which is now used less frequently than honor; 4) glimpse(“to dawn, to glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (snaps-II conjugation) and plural (squeamish-I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.

Uncharacteristic for verbs I and II conjugations verbs have an ending system (archaic) eat, get bored, give, create(and their prefix derivatives: overeat, overeat, surrender, give away, betray, recreate and etc.).

	eat eat	ladies give give give
	eat eat eat	give dad-they will give

Verb be also idiosyncratic. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular have survived from it in modern Russian. and plural. present tense numbers there is and essence: A straight line is the shortest distance between two points; The most common abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture (L. Tolstoy), and the future tense is formed from another root: I will- you will- will- we will- you will- will.

It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (in imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb is conjugated be, and the main verb is taken in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person).

verb mood

Verbs change according to moods. The form inclinations shows how the action relates to reality: whether the action is real (taking place in reality), or unreal (desired, required, possible under certain conditions).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change over time: doing(present tense) was engaged(past tense), I will study(Future tense).

Verbs in conditional mood do not denote real actions, but desired, possible ones. Conditional mood forms are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) with the help of the suffix -l-(followed by an ending with the meaning of number and, in the singular, gender) and particles would (b)(which can be before the verb, after it, or can be torn off from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Y. Moritz).

AT conditional verbs change according to numbers and gender (in this mood there is no time and person): would pass, would pass, would pass, would pass.

Verbs in imperative mood denote an impulse to action (a request, an order), that is, they denote not a real action, but a required one. In the imperative mood verbs change in numbers and persons (there is also no time in this mood).

The most common forms are 2 person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 persons unit. number is formed from the basis of the present / simple future tense using the suffix -and- or without a suffix (in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood is the same as the stem of the present/simple future tense): talk, look, write, hold, work(the basis of the present tense is pa6 omaj- ym), rest (rest) -ut), remember (rememberj-ut), cut (cut), get up (get up).

Form 2 persons pl. numbers are formed from the form of the 2nd person unit. numbers with ending -te: speak- \those\, hold- \those\, for-remember- \those\ and etc.

Forms 3 persons unit. and many others. the numbers express the motivation for action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed by particles let, let, yes + 3rd person forms or many indicative numbers: let it go, let it go, long live, long liveetc.: Yes they know the descendants of the Orthodox native land past fate (A. Pushkin).

Form 1 person pl. numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, of which the speaker himself is a participant. It is made up of particles. come on let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (let's, let's + sing, dance, play) or 4- form of the 1st person pl. indicative mood numbers of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's talk complimenting each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden- amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); comrade life, let's faster stomp, stomp the rest of the five-year period ... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their direct meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative mood form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and indicative (2): 1) Do not be for that, God's will, they would not give up Moscow (M. Lermontov);2) Since he told him tell:“I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

Verb in the indicative mood can be used as an imperative: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! went, went Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, let's stand today for the mother empress and we will prove to the whole world that we are brave people and jurymen ”(A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have the meaning of the imperative: papa, you would talk to Alexandra, she behaves desperately (M. Gorky).

verb tense

In the indicative mood, verbs change in tense. Forms of time express the relation of action to the moment of speech. In Russian, there are forms of three tenses: present, past and future. The number of tense forms and the way they are formed depends on the type of the verb. Imperfective verbs have three forms of tense, and their future form is complex. Perfective verbs have only two tense forms (they have no present tense), the future form is simple.

The form present time shows that the action coincides with the moment of speech or is carried out constantly, regularly repeated: On full steam rushing train, wheels twirls locomotive ... (B. Pasternak); Oh how deadly we are love, as in violent blindness of passions, we are most likely destroy, what is dear to our hearts! (F. Tyutchev).

Only imperfective verbs have present tense forms. They are formed with the help of endings that are attached to the basis of the present tense and indicate at the same time not only time, but also person and number. The set of endings depends on the conjugation.

The form past tense shows that the action precedes the moment of speech: We all learned little by little something and somehow ... (A. Pushkin).

Forms of the past tense are formed from the stem of the infinitive with the help of a suffix -l-, followed by an ending with the value of the number and in units. number - kind: sang, sang, sang, sang.

Some verbs have a suffix -l- absent in the masculine form: carried, rubbed, grew, shore, froze and etc.

Past verb tense go is formed from another stem, different from the stem of the indefinite form: go- walked, walked, walked, walked.

The form future tense indicates that the action will take place after the moment of speech: The cold will come, the sheets will crumble- and will be ice- water (G. Ivanov).

Imperfective verbs and perfective verbs also have forms of the future tense, but they are formed in different ways.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs perfect form are formed from the basis of the simple future tense with the help of the same endings as the forms of the present tenses of verbs imperfect form (such a form is called a form simple future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bring.

Shapes of the future tenses of verbs imperfect form are formed by joining forms will be, will be, will be, will be, will be, will be to the infinitive of the imperfective verb (this form is called the form complex future tense): I will write, I will tell, I will bear.

The forms of time can be used not only in their basic meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, characteristic of the forms of other times.

Present tense forms can denote an action preceding the moment of speech (the use of present tense forms in a story about the past is called real historical): Just, you know, going out from the world, look- my horses stand quietly around Ivan Mikhailovich (I. Bunin).

Present tense forms can also denote an action following the moment of speech (the value of the future tense): I have everything ready, I'm in the afternoon send things. Baron and I tomorrow getting married tomorrow we are leaving to the brick factory, and the day after tomorrow I'm already at school, starts new life (A. Chekhov).

Forms of the past tense can be used in the meaning of the future tense: Run, run! Otherwise I dead (K. Fedin).

Forms of the future tense can have the meaning of the past tense: Gerasim looked, looked, but suddenly laughed (I. Turgenev).

Person, number and gender of the verb

Forms faces of the verb express the relation of the action indicated by the verb to the speaking person.

There are three faces of verbs: first, second and third.

The form first faces the only numbers denotes the action of the speaker: sing, I'll go.

The form first faces plural numbers denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the speaker: let's go, let's go.

The form second faces singular indicates the action of the interlocutor: sing, go.

The form second faces plural denotes the action of a group of persons, which includes the interlocutor: sing, come in.

Forms third faces singular and plural designate the actions of one or those who do not participate in the dialogue, i.e. is not a speaker or interlocutor: sing, come in, sing, come in.

Category faces and numbers Verbs have only in the present and future tense of the indicative mood and in the imperative mood. Verbs in the past tense and in the conditional mood do not have a category faces, but change according to numbers and childbirth:(I, you, he) led \ \ - male genus, (I, you, she) led- female genus, (I, you, it) led-\o\- average genus, (we you they) led-\and\- plural number.

Not all Russian verbs have a complete set of personal forms.

In Russian there are so-called insufficient and redundant Verbs.

Insufficient verbs do not have a complete set of forms for one reason or another. Some verbs do not have the 1st form faces units numbers, as they are difficult to pronunciation:win, convince, convince, dissuade, find oneself, feel, eclipse, dare etc. In cases where it is still necessary to use the form of the 1st faces of these verbs resort to a descriptive method; I must win, I want to convince, I can find myself.

A number of verbs do not use the forms of the 1st and 2nd faces singular and plural numbers for semantic reasons (these verbs refer to processes occurring in nature or in the animal world): to calve, to whelp, to rust, to glimmer, to turn white, to brighten, to be distributed(about sound) flare up etc.

In modern Russian, the opposite phenomenon also takes place, when for some verbs the formation of forms faces present (or simple future) time goes by two different ways: splash- splatter / splatter, drip- drip / drip, splash- splash / splash, poke- poke / poke, wave- waving / waving and etc.

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs - these are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the actor: shiver, vomit, be unwell, get light, dawn, get colder, evening, dusk etc. They denote the state of man or nature.

These verbs do not change by person and do not combine with personal pronouns. They are used as predicates of impersonal sentences, and the subject with them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the infinitive form (shine, shiver) 3rd person singular form (light, chill) and the neuter singular form (light, shivering).

Group impersonal verbs replenished with personal verbs by adding a postfix to them -sya: can't read, can't sleep, can't believe, easily breathe, live etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Wed: Lilac smells(personal verb) good o and smells(personal verb in impersonal meaning) hay over meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; Something dark in the distance and It gets dark early in winter.

Morphological analysis verb includes four permanent signs (kind, recurrence, transitivity, conjugation) and five non-permanent ones (inclination, tense, person, number, gender). The number of permanent features of the verb can be increased by including features such as the class of the verb, as well as the type of the stem.

Scheme of morphological parsing of the verb. I. Part of speech. 1. Initial form (indefinite form). 2. Permanent signs: 2) recurrence; 3) transitivity-intransitivity; 4) conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) inclination; 2) time (if any); 3) person (if any); 5) gender (if any). III. syntax function. Listen carefully, standing in a forest or among an awakened flowering field ... (I. Sokolov-Mikitov)

An example of the morphological analysis of the verb. I. Heed- verb, denotes an action: (what do you do?) listen. II. Morphological features. 1. The initial form is to listen. 2. Permanent signs: 1) perfect appearance; 2) returnable; 3) intransitive; 4) I conjugation. 3. Non-permanent signs: 1) imperative mood; 3) 2nd person; 4) plural; III. In a sentence, it is a simple verbal predicate.

Noun Parsing Plan

I	Part of speech, general grammatical meaning and question.
II	Initial form. Morphological features:
	A	Permanent morphological features:
		1	own or common noun;
		2	animate or inanimate;
		3	genus;
		4	declination;
		5	number (if the word has only one form - singular or plural).
	B	Variable morphological features:
		1	number (if the word changes by numbers);
		2	case.
III	Role in the proposal(which member of the sentence is the noun in this sentence).

You can download separately the memo "Plan of morphological analysis of nouns" in our VK group in the album "Russian language in tables and diagrams": https://vk.com/izdat_licey

Noun parsing patterns

On the mail train from St. Petersburg to Moscow, a young lieutenant Klimov rode in the smoking section(Chekhov).

(AT) train

1. in what?
2. N. f. - a train.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   

(walking) (of) Petersburg

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question Of what?
2. N. f. - Petersburg.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, masculine, 2nd declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the genitive case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(walking) (in) Moscow

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question into what?
2. N. f. - Moscow.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, inanimate, feminine, 1st declension, does not change in numbers - it has only the singular form.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the accusative case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(driving) to department

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question in what?
2. N. f. - department.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, inanimate, neuter gender, noun in -i: 2nd declension, but in the prepositional case the ending is -i, as in nouns of the 3rd declension.
   B) Non-permanent features: used in the singular, prepositional case.
3. In the sentence, it plays the role of an adverb of place.

(in department) (for) smokers

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question for whom?
2. N. f. - smoking.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, animated, given noun - substantiated participle, therefore it changes by gender ( smoking, smoking) and is declined as a full participle.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the form of the plural, genitive; there is no gender, as in full participles in the plural.
3. In the proposal, it plays the role of an inconsistent definition.

(driving) lieutenant

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - lieutenant.
   A) Permanent signs: common noun, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   
3. In the proposal, it acts as an application.

(driving) Klimov

1. Noun; denotes an object; answers the question who?
2. N. f. - Klimov.
   A) Permanent signs: proper, animate, masculine, 2nd declension.
   B) Non-permanent signs: used in the singular, nominative case.
3. It plays the role of the subject in the sentence.

Exercise for the topic “3.2.3. Morphological analysis of nouns "

• 3.2.1. The concept of a noun. Morphological features of nouns. Noun ranks
• 3.2.3. Morphological analysis of nouns

Service and significant parts of speech contains the Russian language. The verb belongs to independent parts of speech. "verb" in Old Russian means "to speak". Thus, even the ancestors proved that literate speech is impossible without the dynamics of narration, which is achieved by using verbs.

What is a verb: morphological and syntactic features

The verb talks about the action of the subject. Determine the verb on the questions "what to do?", "what to do?". Characterizing the verb, pay attention to its grammatical meaning, morphological features and function in the sentence. The grammatical features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent.

The points of view of scientists about the allocation of verb forms diverge. Until now, there are disputes whether to single out the participle and the participle as significant parts of speech, or whether they are just forms of the verb. We will consider them as independent.

The grammatical meaning of the verb

Grammatically, the verb talks about the action of the subject. There are several groups of actions that are expressed by verbs:

1. Work, labor of the subject of speech: “to sharpen”, “to drive”, “to build”, “to dig”.
2. Speech or mental activity: “speak”, “assume”, “think”, “find out”.
3. The movement of an object in space, its position: “ride”, “stay”, “sit”, “situate”.
4. The emotional state of the subject of speech: "sad", "hate", "cherish", "love".
5. State environment: “evening”, “freezes”, “drizzles”.

In addition to the general grammatical meaning of the verb, it is worth mentioning its syntactic function. In a sentence, he is one of the main members, a predicate. The verb-predicate agrees with the subject and forms with it the predicative basis of the sentence. From the verb, questions are posed to the secondary members of the predicate group. As a rule, these are additions and circumstances, expressed by nouns, adverbs or adverbs.

How the verb changes: permanent and non-permanent signs

Morphological features of the verb are divided into permanent and non-permanent. This gradation occurs in terms of changing the word itself or only its form. For example, "read" and "read" are two different words. The difference is that “read” is an imperfective verb, while “read” is a perfective one. They will change in different ways: the perfective verb “read” is not supposed to have the present tense. And “I read” - we read only indicate the number of the verb to read.

Permanent signs of the verb:

• view (imperfect, perfect);
• conjugation (I, II, heterogeneous);
• recurrence (non-returnable, returnable).

• gender (female, neuter, male);
• mood (subjunctive, indicative, imperative);
• number (plural, singular)
• time (present, past, future);

These signs are formative. Therefore, when parsing a verb, they say that it stands in the form of a certain tense, mood, gender and number.

Verb moods

The grammatical features of the verb contain mood. One verb can be used in the form of indicative, subjunctive (conditional) and imperative moods. Thus, this category is included in the non-permanent features of the verb.

• Indicative. It is characterized by the fact that the verb in this form can be used in the present, future and past tenses: “the child is playing” (present tense); "the child played" (past tense); "the child will play" (future tense). The indicative mood allows you to change the verb for persons and numbers.
• Conditional (subjunctive) mood. Represents an action that can only happen when certain condition. It is formed by adding to the main verb of the particle would (b): "With your help, I could cope with the difficulties." It is possible to change the verbs of the conditional mood by numbers and gender, in these forms they are consistent in the sentence with the subject: “She would have solved this problem herself”; “They would solve this problem themselves”; “He would solve this problem himself”; “Most would have solved this problem on their own.” It is important to note that the conditional mood does not imply a change in tenses of the verb.
• Imperative mood. Denotes the motivation of the interlocutor to action. Depending on the emotional coloring, the motivation is expressed both in the form of a wish: “Please answer the question”, and in the form of an order: “Stop screaming!”. To get the verb of the imperative mood in the singular, it is necessary to add the suffix -i to the stem in the present tense: “sleep - sleep”, it is possible to form it in a non-suffixal way: “eat - eat”. The plural is formed with the suffix -te: "draw - draw!". Imperative verbs change by numbers: "eat soup - eat soup." If it is necessary to convey a sharp order, the infinitive is used: "I said, everyone stand up!".

verb tense

Morphological features of the verb contain the category of tense. Indeed, any action can be allocated a time at which it occurs. Since the verb changes with tenses, this category will be inconsistent.

Verb conjugations

The grammatical features of the verb cannot be fully characterized without the category of conjugation - their changes in persons and numbers.

For clarity, here is a table:

Other signs of the verb: aspect, transitivity, reflexivity

In addition to conjugation, constants grammatical features verbs contain the categories of aspect, transitivity and reflexivity.

• Type of verb. Distinguish between perfect and imperfect. The perfect view involves the questions “what to do?”, “what will he do?”. Indicates an action that has achieved a result ("learn"), begun ("sing") or completed ("sing"). The imperfect is characterized by the questions “what to do?”, “what does it do?”. Assumes an action that continues and is repeated many times ("jump").
• Recurrence of the verb. It is characterized by the presence of the suffix -sya (-s).
• Transitivity of the verb. It is determined by the ability to control a noun in the accusative case without a preposition (“imagine the future”), if the verb has the meaning of negation - with transitivity, the noun will be in the genitive case: “I do not observe it.”

So, the signs of the verb as a part of speech are diverse. To determine its permanent features, it is necessary to put the part of speech in initial form. To determine non-permanent signs, it is necessary to work with the verb taken in the context of the narrative.

A verb is an independent part of speech that combines words denoting an action and answering the question what to do? what to do? This meaning is expressed in terms of aspect, voice, tense, person, gender, and mood. In a sentence, verbs act mainly as a predicate.

Predicate and its types

Predicate - main member sentences related to the subject and answering the questions: what does the object (or person) do?, what happens to it?, what is it?, what is it?, who is it? etc. The predicate denotes the action or state of objects and persons that are expressed by the subject. The predicate is most often expressed by a verb that agrees with the subject, but often the predicate is also expressed by other parts of speech.

1. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is a predicate expressed by one verb in any mood:

The wind shakes the grass!

The sun disappeared behind a cloud.

I will go to the forest.

He would go to the city.

Write me a letter right now!

2. Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate consists of a connective part and an indefinite form of the verb. Answers questions what does it do? what to do? what have you been doing? The linking part can be:

• phase verb (start, continue, become, quit);
• modal word (wants, ready, forced, maybe not able).

He wants to go to college.

It took me a long time to meet them.

You must study.

He was a fun lover.

I was unable to think about it.

3. Compound nominal predicate

Composite nominal predicate a predicate is called, which consists of a nominal part and a linking verb.

The most common is the linking verb to be, less common, but other linking verbs are possible.

A link in a sentence can be omitted.

When parsing, the predicate is indicated by two horizontal lines.

Nominal part compound predicate expressed in different ways:

• - adjective: the weather was good;
• - noun: a book is a true friend;
• - comparative degree adjective: his character is harder than steel;
• - short turn passive communion: grass mowed;
• - short adjective: the evening is quiet;
• - adverb: the error was obvious;
• - numeral: twice two - four;
• - pronoun: this notebook is mine;
• - syntactically complete phrase: he sat in a puddle.

Permanent and non-permanent signs of the verb

Irregular signs:

Mood.

Genus (except present time).

In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of the verb is considered to be the infinitive, otherwise called the indefinite form (according to the old terminology, the indefinite mood) of the verb. It is formed by means of the ending -т (after roots for consonants often -ti (for example, "to go"); merges with roots on r and k, giving -ch).

Permanent signs:

The imperfect aspect denotes the action in its course, without indicating the boundary of the action (answers the question what to do?) (draw, sing).

The perfect form denotes an action limited by a limit (answers the question what to do?) (draw, sing).

There are verbs that do not have paired forms of another kind:

belong, roam (only an imperfect form);

burst, walk, find yourself (only a perfect view).

There are verbs that combine the meaning of the imperfect and the perfect form - two-part verbs (command, promise, hurt).

Conjugation of verbs

1. Conjugation is a change of verbs in the present and future simple tenses in persons and numbers (similar to declension for nouns). Conjugations (conjugation as a category) are also called groups of verbs, the endings of which, with changes in the present and future simple tenses, change in the same way for persons and numbers.

There are two conjugations (two categories of verbs): I and II respectively. and

The conjugation is determined as follows - if the verb in the form of the 3rd person plural has the stress ending -ut, -yut, then this is the verb of the I conjugation. If the stressed ending is -at, -yat, then this is a verb of the II conjugation.

Note

Only if the endings of the 3rd person plural are unstressed, the following technique is used. It should be borne in mind that it is not effective for verbs with the mentioned stress endings: from the test described below, the method of the verb to sew follows that it is the II conjugation, and from the test described above - the I conjugation.

2. The second conjugation includes those verbs with an unstressed personal ending in which:

The infinitive ends in -it (carry, saw, spend, etc.), except for the verbs to shave, lay, rarely encountered verbs to build (“found, build”) and sway (“to vacillate, swing, swell”). (The verbs to be based and to sway are used only in the form of the 3rd person singular and plural, the other forms are not used.).

3. Exception verbs, in which the infinitive ends in -et (look, see, hate, offend, depend, endure, twirl) and -at (drive, hold, hear, breathe).

All other verbs with unstressed personal endings belong to the I conjugation.

4. It should be remembered that prefixed verbs derived from non-prefixed ones belong to the same type of conjugation as non-prefixed ones (drive - catch up - overtake - drive out, etc. - II conjugation). Verbs with -sya (-s) refer to the same type of conjugation as without -sya (-s) (drive - chase - II conjugation).

5. In the Russian language there are also verbs with different conjugations, in which some forms are formed according to the I conjugation, and others - according to the II. These include:

want - in the singular it changes according to the I conjugation (I want - want - wants), and in the plural - according to II (want - want - want);

run, which has all the forms, as in the verbs of the II conjugation (run - run - run - run - run), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers - run (according to I conjugation);

honor - changes according to the II conjugation (honor - honor - honor - honor), except for the 3rd person plural. numbers (honor), although there is also a form of honor, which is now used less often than it is honored;

glimmer (“dawn, glow a little”) - is used only in the form of the 3rd person singular (sparkles - II conjugation) and plural (sparkles - I conjugation): Dawn breaks a little; The stars twinkle faintly in the sky.

6. The system of endings (archaic) that is uncharacteristic for verbs of I and II conjugations has the verbs eat, get bored, give, create (and their prefix derivatives: overeat, eat, hand over, give away, betray, recreate, etc.).

7. The verb to be is also peculiar. Rarely used forms of the 3rd person singular and plural of the present tense have been preserved from it in modern Russian - there is an essence. Here is an example of the use of these forms: "A straight line is the shortest distance between two points"; “The most common abstractions accepted by almost all historians are: freedom, equality, enlightenment, progress, civilization, culture” (Leo Tolstoy). The future tense is formed from another root: I will - will be - will be - will be - will be - will be.

8. It should be remembered that verbs are conjugated (change in persons and numbers) only in the present and simple future tense. If the form of the future is complex (for imperfective verbs), then only the auxiliary verb to be is conjugated, and the main verb is in the infinitive. Verbs in the past tense do not conjugate (do not change by person), but they change by gender in the third person singular: he took, she took, it took.

Conjugated and non-conjugated forms of the verb, infinitive

Verbs, depending on the ability or inability to change in persons, numbers, moods and tenses, have non-conjugated forms (the infinitive is the indefinite form of the verb) participles and participles, all other forms belong to conjugated forms.

1. The infinitive is the original form of the verb, with which all other forms of the verb are lexically and word-formatively connected. Verbs in the infinitive name the process itself, without attributing it to any person or tense. The indefinite form of the verb is characterized by the suffixes -t, -ti (revenge, buy), some verbs in the infinitive end in -chi (lie down).

The concept of classes of verbs

The bases of the indefinite form and the present tense, as a rule, differ in affixes or sound composition: read-th - chitaj-ut (read), call-t - call-ut. The ratio of the stem of the indefinite form and the stem of the present tense determines the division of verbs into classes.

Classes of verbs characterized by the ratio of these stems, which is also characteristic of newly formed verbs, are called productive, for example, verbs like sit down - sit down (cf. land, snuggle). The same verbs, on the model of which new verbs are not created, belong to non-productive classes, for example, verbs like prick - prick, pour - weed, etc.

There are five productive verb classes:

Grade 1 combines verbs with the stem of the indefinite form on -а(т) and with the stem of the present tense on -aj: read - readj-ut (read).

2nd class - verbs with the stem of the indefinite form on -e (t) and with the stem of the present tense on -ej: sorry-t - sorryj-ut (sorry).

3rd class - verbs with the stem of the indefinite form on -ova (-eva) (t) and with the stem of the present tense on -yj: advise - advicej-ut (advise), grief-t - griefj-ut (mourn).

Grade 4 - verbs with the stem of the indefinite form in -nu (t) and with the stem of the present (future simple) tense in -n-: jump - jump-ut.

Grade 5 - verbs with an indefinite stem in -i (t) and with the ending of the third person plural. h. present tense -at, -yat: mo-li-t - they say.

Non-productive classes usually combine a small number of verbs.

Their classification is hampered by the presence of small features in small groups of verbs, and sometimes in individual verbs (for example, eat, go). The number of non-productive classes is gradually decreasing, as they are exposed to productive classes (for example, the forms meow instead of meow, purr instead of purr, rinse instead of rinse, wave instead of wave by analogy with verbs of the 1st productive class). In print, one can find parallel use of both forms, although many of the new forms are still outside the codified literary language.

Sometimes the forms differ in shades of meaning: the train is moving (comes into motion) and the train is moving (is in motion).

Impersonal verbs

Impersonal verbs are verbs that name actions or states that occur as if by themselves, without the participation of the agent. For example: to shiver, to feel sick, to be unwell, to get light, to dawn, to get colder, to evening, to dusk, etc. Such verbs denote the states of a person or nature.

They do not change according to persons and are not combined with personal pronouns, but are used as predicates in impersonal sentences, and the subject of them is impossible.

Impersonal verbs have only the form of the infinitive (become light, shiver), the form that coincides with the form of the 3rd person singular (it is dawning, shivering), and the neuter singular form (it was getting light, shivering).

The group of impersonal verbs is replenished at the expense of personal verbs by attaching the postfix -sya to them: not readable, not sleeping, not believing, breathing easily, living, etc.

Quite often, personal verbs are used in the meaning of impersonal ones. Compare: Lilac smells (personal verb) good and smells (personal verb in an impersonal meaning) of hay over the meadows (A. Maikov); The wind bends the trees to the ground and makes me sleepy; In the distance, something is getting dark, and in winter it gets dark early.