Can be transient or intransient. How to identify transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian

, "Responsible" for the designation of actions. He has not only mutable signs, but also constant ones - those that do not disappear with inflection. Transitive and intransitive verbs in Russian differ in the presence or absence of one of these permanent signs - transitivity.

In contact with

The concept of verb transitivity

Transitivity is understood as a grammatical category indicating the ability of the verb form manage direct complement, that is, to attach nouns (objects) in the accusative and, less often, genitive case, which does not have a preposition.

This is the formal side of the definition. But what is a transition from the semantic side?

The meaning of transitive verb forms is that they denote "non-independent" actions that cannot be performed without a controlled object. Here are some examples:

To write (what?) A play, to serve (whom?) A client, didn’t earn (what?) Money - transitive verbs (it’s impossible to simply “write” or “serve”, and “making money” without a controlled object is a verb with a different meaning).
Sitting (on what?) On a chair, washing, suffering (from what?) From an illness are intransitive verbs (you can just “sit” or “suffer”).

The transition is what it is transfer of action from a subject (subject) to an object (called direct object).

What cases to put nouns in

Transitive verbs are able to manipulate the object in both the accusative and genitive forms, in both cases without a preposition. But how to understand which of the two cases to use in each specific case?

Accusative is the main one. The complement takes on the form of a genitive in the following cases:

If it means "a certain amount of something": "drank water" (genus) - that is, some part of the liquid poured; but "drank the water" (wine. p.) - that is, all the water in a given vessel or reservoir.
In negative sentences, if the meaning “at all” is meant: “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I just didn’t eat) - “I didn’t eat your carrots” (I didn’t eat at all, not a piece).
In negative sentences, if there is an amplifying particle "neither": "We have not the slightest idea."

The accusative case in negative sentences weakens the negation, while the genitive case, on the contrary, strengthens it.

Important! Some nouns with transitive verb forms acquire a genitive form that differs from the main one: "I'll take sugar", "not knowing the ford, don't stick your nose in the water" (instead of "sugar", "ford").

How to determine the transitivity of a specific verb

How to determine transitivity? Problems often arise with this. The presence or absence of transitivity can be found out using the following method.

First you need to find the verb form in the sentence. Then find nouns or, to which you can ask the question "who?" or "what?"

If there is such a word and there is no preposition with it, then this is a direct addition; before us transition.

If the proposal is incomplete, then the direct addition may not be available, but it is implied; in this case, you also need to ask the question of the accusative case from the verb: “Do you understand me? “I understand (who? What?)”. If such a question cannot be asked, then this intransitive: “Where have you been for a whole week? - I was sick ”(it is impossible to ask“ who? ”Or“ what? ”).

Important! All reflexive and verbal forms are not transitive in the passive voice, that is, those that have the suffix "-s" or "-sya": it seems, it is washed, is.

Observing this rule, you need to keep in mind the meaning of the noun - it should denote the object of the action. There are situations when a noun in the form of an accusative case without a preposition stands near the verb and has a relation to it, but it cannot be transitive: “Drive for an hour”, “live for a week”.

Transitivity of polysemantic verbs

Verb forms of a word can have multiple meanings. In this case, in the first meaning there is a transitional type, and in the second meaning the same word is an intransitive type. “He says (what?) Is not true” is transitional, but “the child is already speaking (talking)” is intransitive. “The orchestra is playing (what?) March” is transitional, but “the child is playing (busy playing)” is intransitive.

In humorous texts, a situation is possible when, in the norm, the intransitive acquires a transience: "To drink vodka and discipline to hooligan."

The comic effect is built on this; verbs at the same time, as it were, acquire the meanings of those instead of which they are put- "bully" instead of "violate", etc.

Obsolete meanings of intransitive verb forms may have transitivity.

"Trade" is an intransitive verb in modern Russian, but earlier, meaning "to ask the price", it was transitive: "Trade a horse." This usage remained in folklore.

Differences between transient and intransient

Now you need to find out how the transitional from intransitive... First of all, this is its meaning. Transient is usually denoted.

All verbs in Russian in this category are divided into two large groups - transient and intransient .

TO transitional include verbs that can control the accusative case without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is directly directed at an object.

In a sentence, transitive verbs have or may have with them direct addition .

For example:

1. I am writing a letter.

2. Yesterday I read all day

In the second example, there is no direct complement, but it is potentially possible ( interesting book).

It should be remembered that transitive verbs cannot be reflexive.

The task:

Compare:

1. On the way to university, I met a friend of mine.

2. My friend was not at home

In addition to the accusative case, transitive verbs in two cases can also control the genitive forms.

First case: when the genitive case has the meaning of a part of a whole.

For example:

I drank some milk.(Wed: drank milk)

Second case: when there is a negative particle in the transitive verb not.

For example:

I haven't received a letter from my brother for a long time

Such additions are also straight .

TO intransitive includes verbs that are not able to control the accusative case without a preposition. Such verbs denote an action that is not directed directly at the object. With intransitive verbs, there is and cannot be a direct object (after them the question cannot be asked whom? or what?)

For example:

sit, sleep, go, dream, talk

Intransitive verbs can control all indirect cases, except the accusative without a preposition. They can also rule the accusative case, but only with a preposition.

For example:

step on a stone, trip over a stone

It should be remembered that intransitive verbs in a sentence have with them indirect addition .

For example:

I'm on the phone with a friend

It should also be remembered that if a reflexive postfix is attached to a transitive verb -sya-, then it becomes intransitive.

The task:

Compare:

teach - learn, bathe - swim, build - build, dress - dress

Pledge Is a constant lexical-grammatical category of the verb, which expresses the relation of the action to the subject (i.e. the producer of the action). There are two pledges - valid and passive .

Verbs valid pledge denote an action not directed at the subject (i.e. the producer of the action).

For example:

1. Workers are building a house.

2. Snow covered the ground

In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by the subject (in the subject matter), and the object by the direct complement (in the subject matter without a preposition).

Verbs passive voice denote an action directed at a subject.

For example:

1. The house is being built by workers.

2. The ground is covered with snow

In such constructions, the subject of the action is expressed by an indirect object (in the T. without a preposition), and the object has become the subject (in the I. P.).

It should be remembered that passive verbs are always reflexive, i.e. have postfix -sya-, (-s-), and active verbs can be either irreversible or reflexive.

For example:

The child is sleeping.

Children are frolicking.

It's getting dark outside

In all of these examples, verbs are active.

View categories- this is also a constant grammatical category of the verb. The type of the verb expresses the relation of the action to its inner limit. Distinguish verbs imperfect and perfect kind.

Verbs imperfect denote an action that has not reached its inner limit, i.e. its end result. They answer the question what to do?(There is no prefix in the question -with-).

For example:

I solved this yesterday math problem

This verb form contains an indication that I have coped with this task.

1) correlative verbs;

2) single-species verbs;

3) two-species verbs.

Relative verbs- these are verbs that have correlative species pairs.

For example:

1) write - write, do - do, carry - bring, wake up - wake up and others (differ in the presence and absence of a prefix);

2) decide - decide, push - push, order - order, snack - bite and others (differ in suffixes);

3) pull out - pull out, shout - shout, forgive - forgive, etc.(differ in alternation at the root, as well as suffixes);

4) cut - cut, sprinkle - sprinkle and others (differ only in stress);

5) catch - catch, take - take(these are supplementary forms).

One-type verbs- these are the same verbs that do not have correlative species pairs. In turn, this group has two varieties:

1) single-species imperfective verbs only;

For example:

1. walk around, sit(denote actions that took place in the distant past);

2. peep, cough(with the value of discontinuity of action);

3. dance, sentence and others (with the meaning of an accompanying action).

2) only perfective single-species verbs.

For example:

1. sing (start singing), walk (start walking), run (start running)(with the value of the start of the action);

2. make noise, dissuade, spoil etc. (with the value of the completeness of the action);

3. gush out, burst out and others (with the value of the intensity of the action).

Two-species verbs - these are verbs that combine the meanings of the imperfect and the perfect form at the same time.

For example:

attack, wire, promise, command, wound, marry, etc.

The type of such verbs is specified only in a sentence or in a related text.

For example:

1... People get married; I look, I'm not married only I go.

(Pushkin. The Tale of Tsar Soltan)

2. And meanwhile he is marrying Maria Ivanovna.

(Pushkin. Captain's daughter)

Verbs perfect kind may have such shades of meanings :

1. They call an action that was single (happened once): I ran to the shore and threw myself into the water, quickly swam up to the boy, wrapped my arm around him and, rowing with the other, headed back to the shore.

2. They call effective action, i.e. such, the result of which is obvious: We put up a wall newspaper in the hallway.(This is what a member of the editorial board of this newspaper could say if he was asked: "Well, how is the newspaper? Ready?" Over the summer, Nikolai grew up, got tanned, got stronger and lost a little weight.(Having met him, you can be convinced of this). The words that are put in brackets here emphasize the meaning that the perfective verbs allow to imply in these statements.

3. They call a single action: I jumped onto the windowsill.

Verbs imperfect may have such shades of meanings :

1. They call an action that has been performed (is being performed, will be performed) repeatedly, usually or always: In the summer we ran to the river and swam in the still cold morning water. The cheetah overtakes even the leopard.

2. They call actions that are taking place, are not yet exhausted, last (in the past, present and future tense): In the morning I wrote a letter and thought about what Natasha would answer. It is raining outside, water drops and jets ringing against the glass of my room. These roses will bloom and smell for many more days.

3. They call an action consisting of a series of acts; at the same time, although each act is completed, exhausted, the series itself is not exhausted, it is depicted as lasting: We learned five new words every day. We have weeded both of these beds many times.

Similar information.

Verbs are independent parts of speech that indicate the action of an object. They, like any part of speech, have permanent signs, that is, those that are characteristic of them in any form, no matter how they change the word. One of these properties is transitivity.

What is the transitivity of a verb, how to determine the transitivity of the intransitivity of a verb, what ways to use for this?

What is a transitive verb?

Transitive verbs denote an action that is directed at an object, "moves" to it. Such verbs have or may have words in the accusative case without a preposition.

Words with transitive verbs can also appear in the genitive case in two cases:

When designating a part of a whole, for example: drink milk (it is easy to replace the accusative case - drink milk).
If the verb has a negation: do not complete the task (it is also easy to replace with the accusative case: do not complete the task).

Difficulties can arise in determining the transitivity of a verb. How to determine the transitivity of a verb? We offer an algorithm for how this can be done.

Algorithm for determining the transitivity of a verb

Find the verb. Let's see if there are words in the sentence to which you can ask questions of the accusative case (who? What?), Such words are called direct additions. If questions are asked and the words have no preposition, then these are transitive verbs. Remember that these additions are expressed by nouns or pronouns. Examples: "I read (what?) A book."; "I saw (who?) Him."
If there is no direct object in the verb, then we still ask questions of the accusative case and try to find a word that would answer these questions. It was said above that transitivity is constant feature... This means that it will be characteristic of the transitive verb without the addition. For example: He said (what?) - we can easily pick up the word (truth); "I noticed (who?) Them." BUT: "To hurry (who? What?)" - the word is not selected, the verb is intransitive. "To laugh (who? What?)" Is also intransitive.
If the addition to the verb is in the genitive case, has no preposition and denotes a part of the whole, or there is a negation in the verb, then the verb will also be transitive. For example: "Drink (what?) Water."; "Don't write (what?) A letter."

Remember: everything reflexive verbs, that is, those having the suffixes "-sya", "-s" are intransitive, since the action is not directed at something or someone, but "returns" to the subject of the action: it seems, it seems, it is decided

The Russian language is complex, but logical. Many things in it can be calculated based on classical reflections on the structure of the world. The transitivity of a verb is also easily determined based on both the name of its category (transitive means that it denotes an action that passes to an object), and a number of inherent only to it grammatical features... Let's try to figure out how to easily and quickly see its transitivity in a verb?

First of all, we must understand that the transitive verb is associated not only with the subject (I am sleeping), but also with the object (I am awakening the child) of the action. Accordingly, the category of transitivity can be seen already at the semantic level: if a verb requires completion, if without it it is incomplete in meaning, then most likely it will be transitive.

The object of action in transitive verbs is a noun or pronoun in the accusative case without a preposition: for example, I meet (who?) His brother (V. p.), I write (what?) A letter (V. p.) ...

Transitive verbs containing negation or indicating part of an object can be combined with nouns and pronouns in the genitive case without a preposition: for example, I did not buy (what?) Milk (R.p.), I cut off (what?) Bread (R. NS.).

Unlike transitive intransitive verbs, they are not able to form semantic grammatical pairs with the above nouns and pronouns: for example, speaking about a dream itself, you cannot say "I am sleeping" whom? what? as the subject is asleep on its own.

Most often, transitive verbs express the idea of the subject's direct physical influence on the object (I wash the dishes) or sensory interaction directed from the subject to the object (I love my mother). Intransitive verbs are usually associated with the semantics of movement or movement in space: for example, "I am going" (you can say where I am going or how I am going, but you cannot say that "I am going" and by this I have a influence) or "I'm sailing" (you can say where I'm sailing or what, etc.).

Transitional verbs are never passive (the house was built by builders) and reflexive (I need money) verbs.

In a number of cases, transitive verbs can be used without their "objective" complement or not at all in one context or another. In the first version, we are dealing with a reasonable omission of a word, which is easily reconstructed from the general meaning of the text and can be contained in previous or subsequent sentences (for example, in oral speech it is quite permissible to say "I eat" without mentioning what exactly "I eat", since everyone who is with the speaker at this moment can already see this); in the second, we are talking about the so-called labile verbs that acquire the category of transitivity or lose it in a certain context (for example, “I write” does not necessarily require an addition, since it is possible to mean not so much an action directed at a specific object as the timeless occupation of a person, constantly writing different things).

Labile verbs are not recognized by all philologists. By default, it is generally accepted that only transitive and intransitive verbs exist in Russian. Accordingly, meeting in the text or colloquial speech a verb similar to a transitive, but without a complement, a decision on the degree of its transitivity must be made based on its grammatical capabilities to combine with nouns and pronouns in the accusative or genitive case without a preposition.

Verbs in can be divided into 2 large semantic types:

1) designating an action that passes to an object and changes it;

2) denoting an action that is closed in itself and does not transfer to an object.

The first type includes the verbs of creation, destruction, many verbs of speech and thought, for example: build, grow, educate; break, smash, destroy; say, think, feel.

The second type combines verbs, expressing a certain state. Examples: lying, sitting, sleeping, feeling.

Similar semantics of verbs in the form area using the category of transitivity.

Verbs denoting an action that passes to an object, and combined with a case form without, are called transitive.

Verbs that are incapable of denoting an action that passes to an object, and do not combine with no preposition, are intransitive.

Examples: Tatiana wrote a letter to Onegin. The verb "wrote" is transitive.

He writes and translates nicely. The verbs “writes”, “translates”, denoting the ability to do something, are intransitive.

Transition is a lexico-grammatical category, therefore the category is determined strictly by formal characteristics, and not by context.

The central part of transitive verbs includes verbs with negation, combined with genitive, for example: not to love literature.

Indirect transitive verbs

Also, indirectly-transitive verbs are highlighted, which can be combined with the object not