4 indicators for waste,

Use of transport.

A minimum list of baseline indicators is proposed to countries for testing and preparing national programs.

An example of the structure of the system of indicators "topic - subtopic - indicator" for Russia is given in section 2.1.5., In table 3.

2.1.2. The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Environmental Indicators System.

The OECD system of environmental indicators is widely recognized in the world. The members of this organization are 30 economically developed countries of Europe, North America, Asia-Pacific region (Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Greece, Denmark, Spain, Italy, Australia, Canada, USA, Mexico, Poland, etc.).

OECD countries have been developing an environmental indicator program since 1990 based on the following requirements:

Harmonization of terminology and conceptual frameworks common to OECD countries;

Identification and definition of indicators according to the following criteria.

The criteria for the selection of indicators are:

1) relevance for the implemented policy,

2) measuring these indicators in most countries,

3) their regular use in analytical reviews and research on the environment.

Indicators are used for three main purposes: tracking progress in environmental indicators; better integration of environmental interests into sectoral policies; better integration of environmental interests into economic policy.

The types of OECD indicators and their areas of application are shown in Fig. one.

Fig. 1. Types and areas of application of indicators of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

It is expected that the OECD system of indicators will provide an opportunity to clarify the links between the state of the economy and environmental protection, which will increase public awareness and will contribute to the implementation of integrated policies.

The OECD indicators are based on the DEM (pressure-state-response) model. The DSM model (Figure 2) identifies causal relationships between economic activity and environmental and social conditions and helps decision-makers and the public to see the interconnectedness of these areas and develop policies to address emerging problems. Therefore, it is a mechanism for selecting and organizing indicators in a convenient form. However, this does not mean ignoring more complex relationships in ecosystems, as well as economic-ecological and socio-ecological relationships.

Treatment of natural and runoff waters "href =" / text / category / ochistka_estestvennih_i_stokovih_vod / "rel =" bookmark "> wastewater treatment, changes in agricultural productivity of arable land. Impact indicators also include time parameters and indices of influence on aspects of human well-being. examples are gross national product (GNP), human development index (HDI), which is an indicator of the quality of life.

Response rates reflect the public's response to environmental problems. They are associated with collective and individual actions and reactions aimed at mitigating, adapting or preventing negative impacts on the environment caused by human activities, or for the conservation of nature and natural resources. Examples of public response indicators are: environmental costs, environmental taxes and subsidies, pricing structure, market share of green goods and services, rate of pollution reduction, and recycling rates.

The OECD DGD model has underpinned many other indicator systems, in particular the European impact indicators of Eurostat. OECD environmental indicators are regularly used in environmental reviews and other analytical work; with their help, it is possible to track the process of integrating economic and environmental decision-making, analyze environmental policy and evaluate the results of environmental activities. In addition, they are applied in the broader OECD program for the development of sustainable development indicators.

2.1.3 Indicator system for improving environmental management in Central America.

The system of indicators developed to improve environmental management is structured as in the OECD scheme (that is, using the same four types of indicators: pressure, state, impact, response) built in Central America ("Developing indicators. Experience from Central America" . The World Bank, UNEP, CIAT 2000). The research was carried out by the World Bank in cooperation with the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) and the International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT). A distinctive feature of the project is the presentation of indicators in the form of geographic information systems, which makes the material more visual and facilitates planning and decision-making. Indicators reflect all spheres of society functioning: economic, ecological, social, ecological-economic, socio-economic, socio-ecological, and their interaction. To comply with the institutional structure, the indicators are organized according to the main development issues - land use, deforestation, fresh water consumption, infrastructure, natural disasters.

The analysis is carried out in three stages: using indices, then basic indicators, and finally additional indicators. In total, 11 indices, 68 basic indicators and 114 additional indicators were identified, which should facilitate analysis for decision-making. The indices capture the problem and the need for further analysis.

Land - an index of land use.

Forests is a risk index for forests.

Water is an index of the vulnerability of water resources.

Biodiversity - the degree of land development.

Marine and Coastal Resources - Coastal Risk Index.

Atmosphere is an index of greenhouse gas emissions.

Energy is the use of electricity per capita.

Social Development - Human Development Index (HDI).

Economic development - GDP per capita.

Infrastructure is an index of reachability.

Natural Disasters - Climate Risk Index.

The proposed indices are used in various studies, in particular, in the annual report of the World Resources Institute. The indices are built on the generalization of information on each of the identified problems and objects, such as the HDI, which reflects life expectancy, educational level and income.

The selection of indicators was also tested for the forest sector in Central America.

2.1.4 World Bank World Development Indicators

The World Bank can be called the world leader in indicators of sustainable development. The World Bank's annual report "The World Development Indicators" provides an assessment of progress towards the goals set by the United Nations - economic growth and poverty reduction. The indicators are grouped into 6 sections:

· population,

· Environment,

Economy,

The state,

The key characteristics of the general section used to determine the specific indicators in all other sections are population, territory and GDP. All indicators are presented in dynamics since 1980, which makes it possible to analyze long-term global economic trends.

To study and compare the development of the countries of the world, information is analyzed on more than 550 indicators. From the data of the last report, it can be concluded that the global financial crisis of 1997 has begun to be overcome and that there has been no progress in reducing poverty in most regions of the world.

Based on the World Development Indicators, the World Bank has been publishing the Little Green Data Book since 2000. Indicators from the “green” reference book of the World Bank for the Russian Federation for 2000 are given in section 2.1.5.

2.1.5 Systems of indicators of sustainable development for Russia.

The system of indicators "topic - subtopic - indicator" for Russia is shown in Table 2. A total of 42 indicators are identified, the vast majority of which are calculated on the basis of official statistics and a small part is based on departmental information (Roshydromet) and one-off surveys and assessments.

Table2

Basic indicators of sustainable development

Subject	Subtopic	Indicator
Atmosphere	Changing of the climate	1. CO2 emission from fossil fuel consumption (Roshydromet data)
2. Emissions of greenhouse gases
Air quality	3. Concentrations of priority air pollutants in urban areas (data from Roshydromet)
4. Emission of harmful substances, total and by hazard classes
	Agriculture	5. Agricultural land
	6. Use of mineral fertilizers
	7. Use of pesticides
		8. Forested area, in% of the total land area
	10. Intensity of deforestation (AAC)
	Desertification of land	11. Land affected by desertification (regional estimates, one-time estimates)
	Urbanization	12. Lands of settlements
	13. Lands of industry, transport and other non-agricultural purposes
	Fishing	14. Annual catch of the most important species in the main basins
Fresh water	Amount of water	15. Annual withdrawal of ground and surface water, in% of the total available water reserves
16. The volume of recycled and consistently used water as a percentage of water intake from water sources
Water quality	17. Discharge of contaminated wastewater into surface water bodies
18. Discharge of pollutants into surface water bodies
Biodiversity	Ecosystems	19. Lands of specially protected natural areas (reserves and national parks)
20. Protected areas, in% of the total area
	21. The presence of the main selected species (one-time assessments)
Economic structure	Economic indicators/ results	22. GDP per capita
23. Share of investment in GDP
24. Ratio of renewal of fixed capital
25. Labor productivity
26. "True savings" (estimate)
Trade	27. Trade balance in goods and services
Financial position	28. Share of debt in GNP
29. Inflation rate
Consumption and production patterns	Consumption of materials	30. Intensity of use of materials (material consumption)
	Energy use	31. Annual energy consumption per capita
	32. Share of renewable energy sources
	33. Intensity of energy use (energy intensity)
	Education and waste management	34. Formation of toxic waste (by class)
	35. Use and disposal of toxic waste
	Transport	36. The number of passenger cars per 1000 population
	Well-being of the population	Employment
	Distribution of income
	39. The size of the population with monetary incomes below the subsistence level
		40. Provision of the population with housing
	41. The proportion of the number of families registered for housing
	Recreation	42. Children's health institutions

A source:

The World Bank indicators from the Green Brief for the Russian Federation are presented in Table 3.

Table 3

Indicators for the Russian Federation from the World Bank's Green Concise Guide, 2006

the Russian Federation
Indicator name	Value
Population, mln.
Urban population (% of total)
GDP, USD billion
GDP per capita, Atlas-method (USD)
Agriculture
Land area (1000 km2)
Agricultural land (in% of the total area)
Irrigated land (in% of land under crops)
The use of fertilizers (100 g per 1 ha of arable land)
Population density, rural (people per km2 of arable land)
Forests and biodiversity
Forest area (% of the total land area)
Annual deforestation (change in%,)
National protected areas,% of land area
Mammals, all species
Mammals, endangered species
Birds, all species
Birds, endangered species
GEF biodiversity economic impact index (0-100)
Energy
GDP per unit of energy used (2000 PPP per unit of equivalent)
Commercial energy supply per capita (in kg of oil equivalent)
Energy from renewable fuels and waste (% of total)
Net energy imports (% of commercial use)
Electricity use per capita (kW)
Emissions and pollution
CO2 emissions per unit of GDP (kg per GDP at PPP (2000) in USD)
CO2 emissions per capita (megatons)
Suspended particles in large cities (mg / m3)
Passenger cars (per 1,000 population)
Freshwater reserves per capita (m3)
Fresh water consumption
Total (% of fresh water reserves)
Access to treated water sources (% of total population)
in cities (in% of the urban population)
in rural areas (in% of the rural population)
in cities (in% of urban population)
Environment and health
The incidence of acute respiratory infections (% of children under 5 years of age)
Diarrhea incidence (% of children under 5)
Mortality of children under 5 years of age (per 1000 births)
Macroeconomic indicators
Gross Domestic Savings (% of GDP)
Consumption of fixed capital (% of GDP)
Education spending (% of GDP)
Depletion of energy resources (% of GDP)
Depletion of mineral resources (% of GDP)
Net depletion of forest resources (% of GDP)
Damage from CO2 emissions (in% of GDP)
True (domestic) savings (% of GDP)

) the influential world organization is the World Bank. What is it, who is it governed, which countries does it provide financial assistance and on what terms - and what is the World Bank doing in Russia?

The history of the creation of the World Bank

The organization with the name International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), just like the IMF, was created by the decision of the Bretton Woods conference to discuss the economic structure of the new world after World War II and held in July 1944 in the United States. We can say that today the World Bank is a global financial and political instrument.

Formally established on December 27, 1945, the IBRD provided its first loan of $ 250 million only under a second president named John McCloy, who served from March 17, 1947 to July 1, 1949. The borrower turned out to be France, and a prerequisite for lending was the non-participation of the communists in the coalition government of the country.

Subsequently, the International Bank actively lent to Japan and the countries of Western Europe, which were rebuilding their economies after the war under the Marshall Plan. Over time, the World Bank Group was formed from several organizations, solving different problems. The headquarters of all organizations are located in Washington DC.

Further milestones in history:

• 1960 - establishment of the International Development Association;
• 1968-1980 - an increase in the volume and expansion of the structure of loans to developing countries;
• 1980-1989 - lending to third world economies aimed at their development, with a reduction in loans for social spending by governments;
• since 1989 - further expansion of the range of loans for a wide variety of purposes

In 2007, the bank provided loans and borrowings to developing countries of $ 23.6 billion.

World Bank structure

World Bank Group

The World Bank Group currently consists of 5 structures:

International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) - provides financing in the form of loans to middle-income countries and creditworthy member states;

1. International Development Association (IDA) - gives grants and interest-free loans to the governments of the poorest countries;
2. International Finance Corporation (IFC) - lends exclusively to private companies;
3. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) - attracts foreign direct investment in developing countries by providing guarantees to investors and creditors that serve as insurance against political risks;

International Center for the Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) - resolves disputes related to foreign investment

At the same time, the concept of "World Bank", in contrast to the group, refers only to its constituent IBRD and IDA.

IBRD management

The supreme governing body is the Board of Governors, which meets once a year as part of the Annual Meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The Governing Council consists of one representative each from 189 member countries. The number of votes of each of them depends on the share in the bank's capital. The next hierarchical structure is the Steering Committee:

The day-to-day activities are governed by a Board of Directors located at the headquarters, 20 of which represent groups of member countries, 5 of which are the largest shareholders:

1. USA (16.4% of shares);

2. Japan (7.9% of shares);

3. Germany (4.5% of shares);

4. Great Britain (4.3% of shares);

5. France (4.3% shares)

The president of the bank, who is elected for a 5-year term by the Board of Governors, chairs the meetings of the Board of Directors and heads the general management of the bank. Since 2012, the presidency has been held by the re-elected in 2017 Jim Yong Kim - like all his predecessors, a US citizen. The total number of employees of the International Bank is almost 12,000 people, about 60% work in the USA.

Membership in the organization

The condition for membership in the IBRD is the entry of the member country into the IMF. In turn, to become a member of any other organization of the World Bank Group, a country must first join the IBRD.

The members of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development today are 189 states, the International Development Association - 173.

Objectives and functions of the IBRD

The main directions of the World Bank:

• financing of state programs for development and reconstruction;
• helping the poorest countries, fighting hunger and poverty;
• promoting and supporting global partnerships;
• mat. stimulating sustainable development of the environment;
• improving maternal and child health care, combating HIV / AIDS and mass infectious diseases

IBRD and IDA finance projects in a wide variety of areas in the form of:

• loans at low interest rates;
• long-term interest-free loans;
• grants

The bank's funds consist of capital accumulated over many years and replenished by contributions from member countries, as well as proceeds from the sale of bank bonds.

In the past, 2017, according to the bank's annual reporting, the IBRD provided $ 17,861 million, and the IDA - $ 12,668 million. In relation to the regions, the funds were distributed quite evenly: 23% of the funds were directed to Africa (although $ 6,623 million were allocated from the IDA). , and from the IBRD only 427), to South Asia - 18%, to East Asia and the Pacific region - 17%.

In fiscal 2017, IBRD raised the equivalent of $ 56 billion by issuing bonds in 24 currencies. According to Standard & Poor's, the bonds have the highest reliability rating. Consequently, such bonds are suitable not only for corporations, but also for traditionally cautious insurance companies and pension funds.

However, IDA is funded largely by contributions from developed and middle-income partner countries. In addition, some of the money comes from the income of the IBRD. Since 2016, IDA has the highest credit rating.

In addition to financing public and private sector projects, the organization provides consulting and analytical services to developing countries. The official website of the bank, worldbank.org, publishes data from the World Bank on the state of the economy, education, health care and other aspects of the development of the participating countries.

World Bank in Russia

Russia joined four of the five structures of the World Bank Group in 1992. The share of the Russian Federation in the capital of MBRD today is 2.98%. The country is represented on the Board of Governors of the World Bank by the head of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade Maxim Oreshkin.

In July 2014, due to the sanctions imposed on Russia, the country's receipt of new funding was suspended. However, the Program of State External Borrowings of the Russian Federation in the World Bank currently consists of 16 projects for a total of $ 2 billion.

In addition, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, the World Bank in Russia has a portfolio of 6 projects with a total loan amount of $ 435 million.

Criticism of the World Bank

The International Bank is often accused of the same thing as the International Monetary Fund - lending to developing countries, imposing certain restrictions on them and demanding reforms that drive states into credit bondage.

One of the VIP-critics of the World Bank, Nobel laureate-economist Joseph Stiglitz, who at one time worked in the organization as a chief economist and knows it from the inside, proves that the IBRD programs do not ensure sustainable development of the third world countries. The expert notes that while Russia followed the recommendations of the World Bank, real incomes of citizens fell in the country, and China, ignoring the opinion of the United States, in the meantime, achieved economic growth.

Growth has been fueled by easier access to loans, quick access to power grids, facilitation of international trade, and property registration procedures. Over the past four years, Russia has climbed 65 positions in the ranking.

“If last year we had a somewhat negative trend, this year we managed to reverse the trend, and the rating for Russia has grown significantly,” - Maxim Oreshkin.

In 2016, the compilers of the rating updated the calculation methodology, causing confusion. In 2015, Russia was ranked 51st in the Doing Business rating or 36th according to the new methodology, in 2016 - 40th, dropping four positions. This time, there can be no misunderstandings - a net increase of five positions.

The World Bank's Doing Business consolidated rating includes country indicators for a number of parameters, the aggregate of which demonstrates the ease of starting and doing business in each country. The ranking includes 190 countries, the location of which depends on the indicators of more than a dozen sub-indices: starting a business, obtaining a building permit, connecting to power grids, access to loans, registering property, etc. The rating helps countries focus on areas in which they have identified deficiencies. and for investors to determine in which country it will be more profitable to invest their money.

Where rushed

The key growth indicator is the facilitation of the availability of loans for entrepreneurs. In this direction, the Ministry of Economic Development (MED) has implemented several programs during the year. For example, "Six and a Half" is a program developed by the Ministry of Economic Development in cooperation with and implemented by the federal corporation for the development of small and medium-sized businesses. The success of "Six and a Half" is largely the personal merit of the Minister of Economic Development Maxim Oreshkin.

"Russia entered the top 10 countries in the world in terms of connection to networks and in the top 30 in terms of property registration, contract execution, business registration and lending," the minister said at a meeting between Russian President Vladimir Putin and government members.

Thanks to the Six and a Half Program, entrepreneurs can take out soft loans at a rate of 10.6 percent per annum (for small businesses) and 9.6 percent for medium-sized businesses. Banks participating in the Six and a Half Program get the opportunity to refinance at the Bank of Russia at a rate of 6.5 percent per annum - hence the name of this program. 45 banks, including the largest banks in the country, participate in Six and a Half.

World Bank experts note an improvement in the situation with international trade. This growth is largely due to the launch of a new port in the Gulf of Finland, which has increased competition in the market and reduced the cost of customs clearance in the Big Port of St. Petersburg.

Photo: Dmitry Azarov / Kommersant

The third important factor is a significant simplification of the property registration process. According to this sub-index, Russia took 12th place out of 190, and the total waiting time for registering property decreased from 52 days in 2004 (it was then that the World Bank included this sub-index in the rating) to 13 days. (a subordinate body of the Ministry of Economic Development), which formalizes the rights to property, posted on its website the list of documents necessary for registering property, opened a hotline. This made it possible to significantly reduce the registration time: for example, in Moscow and St. Petersburg - up to 7 days.

In addition, the Ministry of Economic Development is implementing the project “Increasing the efficiency of Rosreestr's activities”: the department is introducing a bonus system to reduce corruption risks. Also, the Ministry of Economic Development plans to remove legislative obstacles that hinder the work of the department.

Stably high positions of Russia in the sub-index "access to power grids" - 10th out of 190 countries. World Bank experts note the reliability of power grids, the transparency of the established tariff and its low cost. “To connect electricity in Russia, you will have to go through only three procedures against five on average in the world,” the report says. It takes 80 days to connect an enterprise to the network, which is the average among countries (OECD).

Russia also has a high result in terms of “securing contracts”. These are the procedures, time and costs involved in debt litigation. Russia here took 18th place in the world. WB experts note the speed of making decisions, determined in many respects by the progressive electronic judicial system. According to the WB estimates, the average commercial proceedings in Russia last about 337 days, versus 578 days in OECD countries. The cost of litigation in Russia is significantly lower than in OECD countries. The average size of an arbitration claim in Russia is 1.075 million rubles, and the cost of litigation costs does not exceed 15 percent of the average claim size, that is, about 162 thousand rubles, which is one and a half times less than the same indicator among OECD countries.

Photo: Evgeny Pavlenko / Kommersant

Finally, according to the World Bank, it is now possible to start a business in Russia in just 10 days using four procedures. According to this indicator, Russia is ranked 28th in the Doing Business rating. For comparison, 15 years ago it took nine procedures and 43 days to launch a business in Russia. The cost of all these procedures has decreased 12 times.

Where did they go

Difficulties, according to WB analysts, in Russia are still observed with a building permit. As an example, the World Bank cites the need to obtain approval from the authorities for the construction of a warehouse - it will take 50 percent more time than the world average, but this is a big step forward. In six years, the term was cut in half. To obtain a building permit in Russia, you will need to go through 15 procedures and spend an average of 231 days on it, compared to 12.5 procedures in 155 days in OECD countries.

“At the same time, there are areas where we still look very bad. For example, obtaining a building permit, here we are in 115th place, and international trade, where we occupy the 100th position, "Oreshkin admits.

Photo: Mikhail Voskresensky / RIA Novosti

Indeed, despite a number of successful measures, including the modernization of the customs infrastructure, the introduction of electronic document management, the cost of processing customs documents is still high. The average time for exporting goods is 72 hours versus 12.7 hours in OECD countries. Export and import costs in Russia are also several times higher than those of the OECD. For example, the customs duty on imports in Russia is $ 400, and in OECD countries - $ 111.6.

Negative dynamics is observed in the taxation sub-index. According to this indicator, Russia dropped by seven positions and took 51st place among 190 economies. Over the course of a year, an entrepreneur will pay seven types of taxes (versus 11 in OECD countries), but will spend an average of 168 hours on this versus 161 hours in the OECD. The share of taxes from the level of income in Russia is also higher - 47.6 percent versus 40.1 percent in the OECD.

Neighbors and leaders of the rating

France, Holland, Switzerland and Japan have become new competitors and at the same time Russia's neighbors in the Doing Business rating. Among the major European economies, Russia has overtaken Belgium and Italy. Russia also surpassed all its partners in unification: Brazil was in 125th place, India took 100th position, China - 78th, South Africa - 82nd.

Somalia, Eritrea, Venezuela, South Sudan and Yemen are predictably at the bottom of the rating. The most optimal country for doing business is the experts of the World Bank New Zealand. In second place is Singapore, in third place is Denmark. The fourth position is occupied by South Korea, which managed to bypass Hong Kong. The top ten also includes the United States, Great Britain, Norway, Georgia and Sweden.

New frontiers

During a meeting with the President of Russia, Maxim Oreshkin emphasized that the rating is not an end in itself, it helps countries to understand where problems have been identified and help with their solution. The main task of the Ministry of Economic Development is to create favorable conditions for investment and doing business in Russia, and the department already has a recipe for how to do this.

“The draft law, which was prepared by our ministry, passed zero reading in parliament, and is being prepared for approval by the government. The main task under this bill is to move from the principle of punishment to the principle of prevention and creation of smart risk assessment systems, ”the minister said. The change of paradigm in the control and supervisory authorities, according to Oreshkin, is the second main goal for the near future.

The Ministry of Economic Development is responsible for the growth of the Russian economy. Maxim Oreshkin became head of the department on November 30, 2016. Prior to that, he served as Deputy Minister of Finance. According to the latest forecasts, in 2017 Russia's GDP will grow by 2.1 percent.

To improve the business climate in Russia, it is necessary to extrapolate successful cases and practices from federal centers and large cities throughout Russia. In this direction, the MED, together with (ASI), continues to work actively, despite the progress already achieved. As an example, we can cite the program to increase labor productivity, which the Ministry of Economic Development implements together with During the meeting, the head of the department said that within the framework of this program, 500 million rubles will be allocated from the budget. The program will be implemented during 2018-2020, six regions are participating in the pilot project.

Finally, according to Oreshkin, it is time for Russia to abandon the tilt towards technical procedures and shift the emphasis to the development of human capital - the main factor in the competitiveness of the economy in the 21st century.

Russia bypassed South Korea and rose from 12th to 11th place in the ranking of economies in terms of GDP for 2017, follows from the updated data of the World Bank. Over the year, Russian GDP in dollar terms at current prices increased by almost $ 300 billion, from $ 1.28 trillion to $ 1.58 trillion. South Korea's GDP grew from $ 1.41 trillion to $ 1.53 trillion.

Russia in this list is by a wide margin ahead of its three BRICS partners - China (2nd place), India (6th) and Brazil (8th), the closest of all is Brazil with a margin of $ 478 billion. only two changes: India overtook France, moving up to sixth place, and Brazil - Italy, taking eighth place (see infographic).

The World Bank relies on official data from Rosstat, which includes Crimea and Sevastopol. “Based on this data, the World Bank does not intend to make any judgments regarding the legal or other status of the affected territories,” the institute said. In 2016 (the latest available data), the total GRP of Crimea and Sevastopol amounted to approximately 380 billion rubles, or $ 6 billion at the current exchange rate.

Struggle for a place in the top five

More suitable for international comparisons is GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP, equalizes the purchasing power of currencies of different countries). It is on this indicator that Russia should enter the top five countries by 2024, Vladimir Putin set the task. Until September 1, the Ministry of Economic Development and the Ministry of Finance were instructed to develop a plan to fulfill this task.

At the end of 2017, Russia increased its GDP at PPP in current prices from $ 3.64 trillion to $ 3.75 trillion, follows from the data of the World Bank, but remained, like a year ago, on the sixth line. Fifth - Germany, from which Russia lagged behind by $ 445 billion. Lagging behind Germany - 4-5%, the task is that over the next six years the growth of the Russian economy is 4% higher than the growth of Germany, explained in May the Minister of Economic Development Maxim Oreshkin. “The German economy is not an economy that is growing at an ultra-fast pace. Therefore, we must, of course, show higher rates of economic development and bypass it in this rating, "the minister said. According to Rosstat, in 2017 Russia's GDP grew by 1.5%. This estimate can be improved by 0.3 pp. due to the recent revision by Rosstat of the dynamics of industrial production over the past year, the Ministry of Economic Development reported on July 12. In 2018, GDP growth will be 1.9%, in 2019 - 1.4%, follows from the latest macro forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development. The department updated it, taking into account the April expansion of the US anti-Russian sanctions, the tasks set by the May decree, as well as an increase in the VAT rate from 2019, which will lead to additional price increases.

Russia has come close to the top 10 economies in the world in terms of GDP, according to new data from the World Bank. In terms of GDP, taking into account purchasing power parity (benchmark of the May decree), Russia remains outside the top five

Photo: Vitaly Ankov / RIA Novosti

Russia bypassed South Korea and rose from 12th to 11th place in the ranking of economies in terms of GDP for 2017, follows from the updated data of the World Bank. Over the year, Russian GDP in dollar terms at current prices increased by almost $ 300 billion, from $ 1.28 trillion to $ 1.58 trillion. South Korea's GDP grew from $ 1.41 trillion to $ 1.53 trillion.

Russia in this list is by a wide margin ahead of its three BRICS partners - China (2nd place), India (6th) and Brazil (8th), the closest of all is Brazil with a margin of $ 478 billion.

There were only two changes in the top ten economies: India surpassed France, moving up to sixth place, and Brazil - Italy, taking eighth place ( see infographic).

The World Bank relies on official data from Rosstat, which includes Crimea and Sevastopol. “Based on this data, the World Bank does not intend to make any judgments regarding the legal or other status of the affected territories,” the institute said. In 2016 (the latest available data), the total GRP of Crimea and Sevastopol amounted to approximately 380 billion rubles, or $ 6 billion at the current exchange rate.

Struggle for a place in the top five

More suitable for international comparisons is GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP, equalizes the purchasing power of currencies of different countries). It is for this indicator that Russia should enter the top five leading countries by 2024, Vladimir Putin. Until September 1, the Ministry of Economic Development and the Ministry of Finance were instructed to develop a plan to fulfill this task.

At the end of 2017, Russia increased its GDP at PPP in current prices from $ 3.64 trillion to $ 3.75 trillion, follows from the data of the World Bank, but remained, like a year ago, on the sixth line. Fifth - Germany, from which Russia lagged behind by $ 445 billion.

Lagging behind Germany is 4-5%, the task is to ensure that over the next six years the growth of the Russian economy is 4% higher than the growth of Germany, in May the Minister of Economic Development Maxim Oreshkin. “The German economy is not an economy that is growing at an ultra-fast pace. Therefore, we must, of course, show higher rates of economic development and bypass it in this rating, ”the minister said.

According to Rosstat, Russia's GDP grew by 1.5% in 2017. This estimate can be improved by 0.3 pp. due to the recent revision by Rosstat of the dynamics of industrial production over the past year, the Ministry of Economic Development reported on July 12. In 2018, GDP growth will be 1.9%, in 2019 - 1.4%, and according to the latest macro forecast of the Ministry of Economic Development. The department updated it, taking into account the April expansion of the US anti-Russian sanctions, the tasks set by the May decree, as well as an increase in the VAT rate from 2019, which will lead to additional price increases.