How to insulate a roof or attic floor - insulation methods for pitched and flat roofs. How to make a hip roof at home How to make a roof on floor slabs

The roof is one of the main components of any structure. It serves not only to protect against atmospheric precipitation and thermal insulation, but also to give the building a complete shape. Currently, the technology of roofing depends on its type (flat, pitched), materials and equipment used.

The minimum angle of inclination of a metal roof should be 14 degrees.

flat roof

The traditional arrangement of layers in the structure flat roof.

This type of roof is widely used both in the arrangement of residential and industrial buildings. It is good because it has simple installation, affordable cost and additional usable area that can be used for arranging a cafe, sports ground, parking lot, growing green spaces, etc. The drain is usually inside the house, and the edge is outlined by a parapet. Roof slope up to 3% to ensure better drainage of rain and melt water.

There are two ways to build a flat roof base: concrete floor (monolith or concrete slabs) and beam (as in a pitched structure, but with minimum angle slope).

The concrete floor must be insulated with stone wool or foam sheets that are laid over the base of the roof. The next layer is a reinforcing screed. The construction is completed with a waterproofing coating.

This type of flat roof is very reliable and durable, it can be used as a terrace, but the disadvantage is a lot of weight, which implies a strong foundation and strong bearing walls building.

The beam method of erecting flat roofs has rafters (wooden beams or metal I-beams) at the base, and plywood or OSB flooring on top. Insulation is placed between the beams.

Compared to concrete roof, the beam ceiling is less reliable and over time can give a deflection leading to deformation of the roof.

Waterproofing coating for flat roofs

The structure of the waterproofing of a flat roof on a concrete floor.

Among the varieties of waterproofing coating of a flat roof, a membrane system can be distinguished. PVC membrane is made from plasticized polyvinyl chloride and a number of other components that reduce the flammability of the material, protect it from ultraviolet radiation and oxidation at high temperatures environment. It consists of two layers: the top contains dyes that give it light color reflecting Sun rays, as well as flame retardants, stabilizers, plasticizers and filler. The bottom layer is darker, free of flame retardants and stabilizers. To make the membrane stronger, it is reinforced with fiberglass or polyester mesh.

To cover the roof with a PVC membrane, the following tools and equipment are used:

1. Welding machine for joining the seams of panels.
2. Manual welding dryer (used when welding membrane joints in hard-to-reach places, at the junctions).
3. An electric drill, if you need to screw in screws or other fasteners to secure the membrane.
4. Perforator (for mechanical fastening of the membrane, if the base of the roof is a cement-sand screed).
5. A construction gun used to mount the membrane in conditions of work at height from ropes or scaffolding, since in this case it is not practical to work with a perforator.
6. Electrical extension cords for welding machine.
7. Consumables and auxiliary materials(construction knife, gloves, screwdriver, etc.).

The technology of fixing the PVC membrane can be carried out in several ways: heat-welded, adhesive, ballast and mechanical.

The heat-welded method of connecting the canvases is carried out using welding machine, which gives out a jet of air with heating of 400-600 degrees. The recommended width of a welding seam is from 20 to 100 mm.

Advantages: high-quality sealed roof surface, UV rays do not affect the welds.

Disadvantages: the complexity of the process, which should be trusted only to specialists.

Glue fixing of PVC membranes is used in cases where other methods are unacceptable for some reason.

Special adhesive mixtures are used, which are applied to the canvas. To save money, you can connect adhesive composition only in the most key places (the perimeter of the roof, the places where the membrane adjoins chimneys, intra-house storm drains and other protruding places).

The roofing membrane, used as a waterproofing, is reliably protected from exposure to ultraviolet radiation, high and low temperatures gravel ballast.

Advantages: adhesive technology installation of PVC membranes is good for roofs with a complex structure.

Disadvantages: the likelihood of a poorly glued seam, the high cost of the adhesive mixture.

The ballast type of installation of PVC membrane sheets is the easiest, it is acceptable with a roof slope of up to 15 degrees. The fastening technology consists of the following steps:

1. Uniform laying of membranes on the roof surface, fastening along the perimeter at the junction with vertical elements by welding or glue.
2. Laying ballast (crushed stone, gravel or pebbles of medium fraction) weighing from 50 kg / m 2.
3. Protection of the membrane material with mats or non-woven fabric from mechanical damage (the action is performed before the ballast embankment, if it has sharp edges).

Advantages: simple and economical installation.

Disadvantages: The roof must be strong to support the weight of the ballast.

The technology of mechanical installation of the membrane involves attaching the sheets to the base of the roof with fasteners - self-tapping screws with a plastic umbrella. They are screwed in in the areas where one membrane web overlaps another with a step of 200 mm. Along the perimeter of the roof, the membrane is attached to the protruding elements with edge rails.

pitched roof

The most popular roofing solution is gable roof, which has no attic space heating.

The name itself suggests that the roof has a slope (with a minimum angle of 10 o). The size of the angle depends on the architectural design of the building, roofing material and the amount of snowfall in the built-up area.

Classification:

1. Shed - one slope between parallel walls.
2. Double slope - two rectangular slope having a common connection.
3. Four-slope (hipped, hip) - four triangular slopes connected by vertices at one point or two trapezoidal and two triangular parallel to each other.
4. Broken (mansard), conical and other complex structures.

Pitched roofs can be made in two versions: with a warm or cold attic. The base of the device (bearing structure) consists of rafters (wood or metal) or reinforced concrete slabs.

The design of two pitched roof: rafter legs, puff, run, stand, lying down, mauerlat.

The main element of a pitched wooden or metal-wooden roof is the truss system. It is calculated from the weight of the roofing material, the load of precipitation and wind.

Rafter. Rafters can be layered or hanging. Mainly use wooden rafters from a bar conifers, because they are easier to process than reinforced concrete or metal.

Mauerlat. The beam on which the legs of the rafters rest is called Mauerlat. It serves as a support and is mounted along the entire length of the building. A waterproofing layer is laid between the Mauerlat and the inner surface of the walls.

In order for the roof of the building to have high resistance to wind load, the mauerlat and rafters must be well fastened to the walls with anchors and metal corners.

Runs. Mounted parallel to the Mauerlat. There are ridge (connect the ends of the rafter legs) and side (mounted in the middle of the rafters).

Racks. Wooden beams located perpendicular to the ridge of a pitched roof. They are support for the rafter legs and transfer the weight to the puff.

Puff. A bar installed perpendicular to the Mauerlat along the base of the truss system device. Serves to increase rigidity.

Sill. It is an additional stiffener and is installed if the rafters are installed simultaneously on two spans.

Struts. Another component of the rafter system to increase its rigidity. Can be transverse and longitudinal.

Crate. Boards or bars that are laid across the rafters are called crates. The roof covering is attached to the crate.

The device of a pitched roof made of reinforced concrete slabs consists of individual elements that are manufactured at the factory and assembled into a single whole at the construction site. Basically, this type of roof is used in the construction of industrial buildings.

Classification of roofs by type of roofing materials

Soft bitumen roof

Materials serving as protective and decorative coating called " soft roof”, have a high consumer demand due to a wide choice of colors, light weight, flexibility, resistance to precipitation, although the cost of such a coating is quite high. They include shingles, roll materials (polymer, bituminous), roofing material, membranes. Service life of at least 20 years.

Types of hard roofs

To rigid materials pitched roof refer different kind metals (steel, copper, aluminium), mineral materials(tiles, slate, slate tiles), wooden (tes, shavings, shingles).

Regardless of which roofing device you choose, it is necessary to competently and efficiently approach each stage of construction: from the drawing to the final. Each mounting technology has its own advantages and disadvantages, but as a result of its correct application will give good results for many years.

Overlappings are horizontal diaphragms that divide buildings into floors. The main purpose is the perception of loads from equipment, people, furniture. Also, overlappings are necessary to play the role of a stiffening diaphragm, which ensures the overall stability of the building.

What are floor slabs?

It is well known that the ceilings are the bearing horizontal structure of any structure and are designed to separate floors. There are attic and mezzanine types. During construction and during the further operation of the house, namely extremely heavy loads are placed on the ceilings, since, in addition to their weight, they must withstand the weight of the part of the building located above them.

Basic elements consisting of heavy prefabricated reinforced concrete slabs, are called parts of the floors. The upper part provides sound insulation and heat, while the lower part acts as a ceiling.

AT construction industry such slabs are usually made of concrete or reinforced concrete. hallmark ribbed reinforced concrete structures is the presence of a gap between the ribs, which is about 150 cm. They can also act as overlays. reinforced concrete beams , which are fairly close to each other. In such cases, in beam ceilings it is recommended to insert special inserts between the beams and concrete the gap formed between them.

Steel-stone floors can be added to the list of the most commonly used types of slabs. You can buy them without any problems in any store. building materials, but it is better to mount in industrial conditions.

AT residential buildings or cottages with brick, block or concrete walls, most often reinforced concrete structures are used as floors. They are located both along the building and across, depending on the features of the project. The material for the slabs, in this case, can be light or ordinary heavy concrete grade 200 or more. Very often, in order to reduce the weight of the slabs, as well as save concrete, they are made with longitudinal voids. round shape. The width of the plates can vary between 600-2400 mm, with a length of 2400-6600 mm. If necessary, for large spans without additional installation supports, ceilings with a structure length of up to 12000 mm can be produced.

Key features and specifications

A slab is a rectangular flat piece of metal, stone or other material and is integral part building. In construction, this element bears the full weight of other parts of the structure.

The main characteristics for overlapping are:

• strength, due to the need to withstand large design loads;
• hardness, because there should be no perceptible folds in the overlap even under heavy loads. The allowable value is 1/200 span for attic floors and 1/250 span for floors between floors;
• sound insulation should provide sufficient protection of the room from the transfer of sounds from other rooms located in the neighborhood;
• thermal protection;
• fire resistance;
• efficiency implies the smallest weight with a small thickness;
• the industrial character of all elements.

The total cost of structures is usually 15-20 percent of the total cost of the entire building. Therefore, a correct and rational approach to choosing a floor structure will help to significantly reduce the level of financial costs and at the same time maintain all the necessary aesthetic and operational qualities of the building.

With well-chosen and coordinated dimensions of the structural elements of the house, only standard parts can be used in construction.

Floor slab classification

What are floor slabs? Reinforced concrete structures are classified according to various parameters, such as the thickness of the slabs, the type of slab support on the supporting structure, the presence and placement of voids in the slab body.

However, as a rule, structures are divided as follows:

Types of reinforced concrete multi-hollow slabs

Structures of this type are used as floors of spans of buildings and structures. Their length, as a rule, is 12 m. The width of the overlap (PC) is 1 m, 1.2 m or 1.8 m, and the height is usually from 0.22 to 0.31 m. it has reinforced ribs and voids, with a relatively light weight. Hollow-core slabs are best suited for laying communications and electrical wiring.

These structures are also divided into types, depending on their purpose, support options, the number of voids and the thickness of the floor slabs:

• reinforced concrete structures with round voids, with a diameter of 1.59 m and a ceiling thickness of 2.2 cm. They are used as supports on two, three or four sides;
• reinforced concrete structures with round voids, 1.4 cm in diameter and 2.2 cm thick. They are used as a support on two, three or four sides;
• reinforced concrete structures with round voids, 1.27 cm in diameter and 2.2 cm thick. Designed for support on two, three, four sides;
• structures with round voids, 1.59 cm in diameter and 2.6 cm thick. Purpose - support on two sides;
• structures with round voids, 1.8 cm in diameter and 2.6 cm thick. Purpose - support on two end sides;
• structures with round voids, 2.03 cm in diameter and 3.0 cm thick. Purpose - support on two end sides;
• structures with round voids, 1.14 cm in diameter and 1.6 cm thick. Purpose - support on two end sides;
• reinforced concrete structures with pear-shaped voids and a thickness of 2.6 cm. Purpose - support on two sides;
• reinforced concrete structures with a diameter of 1.59 cm. Purpose - support on two sides.

The increase in the number of floor support planes is indicated by the third letter. For example:

• 2PKT - for support on three sides;
• 1PKK - for support on four sides.

The length in decimeters is indicated by the first two digits in the design marking. Actual slab size usually less than 20 mm. Thus, for example, the number 63 indicates that the actual length is 6280 mm.

The second two digits in the marking indicate the width of the structure in decimeters. The actual value of the width is less than 10 mm. For example, the number 12 means that the width of the plate is 1190 mm. All slabs are produced in a standard width of 1.0 to 1.8 m.

Finally, the last figure indicates the bearing capacity of the floor, which is measured in hundreds of kilograms per 1 m2.

The letter symbols given at the end of the marking indicate:

• AtV - Bottom part working surface reinforced concrete structure reinforced with previously stressed reinforcement;
• t - this slab is made of heavy concrete;
• a - means that the floor slab is equipped with sealing inserts at the ends of the holes.

Principles of brand designation of reinforced concrete multi-hollow PC

For symbol grades of multi-hollow reinforced concrete floor slabs, it is customary to use 3 groups, consisting of letters and numbers.

The first group serves to indicate the type of product, its overall dimensions and type of concrete, as well as the class of prestressing reinforcement.

The second group is intended to indicate the design load on the product, measured in kilopascals, as well as the standard number for bearing capacity. This also indicates the class of prestressing reinforcement for prestressed slabs.

The third group denotes complementary characteristics that are necessary to reflect special conditions of use. reinforced concrete floors and specific nuances of such structures.

According to the rules for marking on floors, all the necessary indicators are applied to side surface slabs. Marking inscriptions are usually divided into mounting, basic and informational. The main ones, in turn, consist of:

• grades of reinforced concrete structures;
• the name of the company that manufactured the product and the registered trademark of the manufacturer;
• a stamp confirming the passage of technical control.

Advantages of some types of floor slabs

Among specialists, the most widespread are hollow structures, which have some advantages compared to monolithic ones:

• due to the relatively large scale of production, the cost of such plates is very affordable even for an ordinary private developer;
• voids present in the body of the slab increase the level of sound insulation of the floor;
• through voids it is convenient to lay various communications, such as an alarm or electrical cable;
• voids significantly reduce the weight of the slab, thereby greatly easing the load on the foundation;
• By using prestressed reinforcement in the slab construction, it is possible to significantly improve both its strength and operational qualities.

Reinforced concrete slabs used as floors, are an economical choice and allow you to mount the main frame of the building in the shortest possible time.

Hip roof - quite complicated architectural design roofs, most often used on big houses with plan dimensions of at least 10 × 10 m. The roof has many rafter legs, which require intermediate supports. Only professional architects can plan their locations in advance, ordinary craftsmen make decisions on the spot intuitively. In connection with such features of the hip roof, special requirements are put forward for attic floors.

Overlap type	Short description
	The dimensions of the beams are at least 50 × 150 mm, the pitch is approximately 60 cm. The bearing parameters of the beams must withstand the maximum design loads on the roof, taking into account wind and snow forces. The advantages of wooden beams are versatility of use, such an overlap can be used both on brick and on wooden buildings. Disadvantages - the tree is afraid of fluctuations in humidity, constantly changes linear dimensions. Another drawback is that the stops of the hip roof truss system must be located strictly opposite the beams, and this complicates the construction process.
	They are used only on brick buildings, they can be factory or home-made. Factory slabs are hollow, which reduces the load on walls and foundations and improves heat saving performance. The disadvantage of factory plates is their high cost, installation is possible only with the help of special construction equipment, standard linear dimensions. In exclusive projects, concrete floors are poured during construction works at the construction site, due to this technology, it is possible to use unique architectural solutions.

In the article we will consider the process of building a hip roof on concrete floor slabs. To begin with, you should familiarize yourself with the general technical characteristics of these types of roofs.

Technical parameters of hip roofs

Like any building structure, a hip roof has its strengths and weaknesses. The decision to choose the type of roof should be taken only after a detailed analysis of the characteristics of the structure, the features of the project and your preferences. As already mentioned, from a technical point of view, a hip roof is much more complicated than a gable roof; only professional roofers can build such a structure and on the basis of the working drawings of the house project.

What are the advantages of such a roof? The truss system has several varieties, from the relatively simple classic four-slope to the very complex Danish hip.

Such diversity technical solutions significantly expands the scope of the design. In addition, hip roofs make it possible to increase the size of the overhang of the rafter legs and, due to this, make canopies, protect facade walls from negative impact atmospheric precipitation.

The hip roof can be completely symmetrical, making it easy to choose construction site buildings depending on the direction of the prevailing winds in the area.

Disadvantages - technical complexity, high estimated cost and small size attic space. Because of this, by the way, hip roofs rarely have attic living quarters.

Tips for building a hip roof on floor slabs

As mentioned above, hip roofs must withstand significant loads, while the length of the rafter legs implies the presence of additional intermediate vertical or corner supports. The lower point of these legs rests on the concrete floor, which significantly increases the requirements for the strength of the floor.

Conclusion - only high-quality and correctly made floor slabs can guarantee the strength, reliability, stability and durability of the hip roof. This should be taken care of even at the stage of building a box at home. If the overlap meets all existing requirements, then the construction of the truss system itself is much simplified.

In order to prevent problems during the assembly of the truss system, one should dwell in more detail on preparatory stage –pouring concrete floors in the attic.

Step 1. Construction of formwork for a monolithic slab.

The concrete slab has a large weight, all load-bearing elements must be calculated for the maximum load with a margin. It must always be remembered that in addition to its own weight, great forces from the hip roof will act on the slab, the structure must withstand loads without problems. And not only static, but also multidirectional dynamic.

The formwork must be strong, rigid and stable. If errors occurred during the concreting of the walls, then this is not critical. In the worst case, the surface of the wall is slightly deformed, in the future it is leveled and sealed without consequences. The same errors that occur during the pouring of floor slabs can cause their complete destruction. If the structure collapses during the dismantling of the formwork, then this is not the worst option. The worst thing is when the slabs lose bearing capacity after the construction of the hip roof or during the operation of the building.

The formwork is made of wooden beams, vertical supports 100×100 mm, horizontal from boards 50×100 mm.

The distance between the boards is approximately 60 cm, the specific step depends on the thickness of the timber formwork. All racks must be located strictly vertically in level, to prevent spreading in the lower part, they should be fixed among themselves with various pieces of boards. The distance between the uprights must be such that the total load on one element does not exceed 500 kg.

Lower part of the formwork, additional connections

Practical advice. To increase stability uprights it is recommended to make additional connections for them at about half the height. Due to this technique, it is possible to increase the stability of the structure by about 30%.

For formwork, you can use used boards with a thickness of 25 mm, a width of about 100 mm. It is not necessary to nail each board, fix only the extreme ones, fill in the middle, but do not nail. This does not affect the strength of the structure, but it greatly simplifies the process of dismantling the formwork after the floor slab has solidified.

It is not necessary to achieve the ideal density between the boards, small gaps will be closed with plastic wrap. So much easier, faster and better.

Along the perimeter of the house, make a flanging along the thickness of the slab, in our case, a slab 20 cm thick. The same flanging must be done for the stairs to the attic.

Step 2 Making a reinforcing belt. Lay pieces of plastic film on the formwork, you can buy the cheapest one, there is no difference. For reinforcement, you will need building reinforcement of a periodic profile Ø 8 mm. In order to raise the reinforcement above the surface of the slab, use any pads. If there are passages in the slab electrical cables or ventilation holes, it is recommended to immediately provide holes in these places. This is much easier than chiseling a solid concrete floor later.

Close attention should be paid to the interface node facade walls and plates. There should be metal bars in the walls, they are bent and tied to the reinforcing belt.

Step 3 After the reinforcement is laid in the first section, it can be poured with concrete. It is much easier to prepare floor slabs in parts, rather than the entire area at once. Why?

1. There is no need to constantly walk on the laid reinforcement. Only the section that is first planned for pouring is reinforced. Walking on a reinforcing belt is very uncomfortable and dangerous. In addition, there is a possibility of a change in its spatial position, which has a very negative effect on the strength of the concrete floor. The fact is that the reinforcement only works to the maximum when there are about five centimeters of concrete on all sides. If this layer is thinner, then the strength of the plate drops noticeably. We have already talked about how important it is to adhere to the technology of pouring a floor slab, what large loads it has and what sad consequences can arise due to the destruction of integrity.
2. Much easier to pour concrete. If the solution is made and fed manually, then to facilitate the work, you need to have a large free area.
3. Easier to schedule work. It is highly desirable to pour the entire slab at once, if this is not done, the strength of the structure is significantly reduced. During preparation, the size of the site can be selected taking into account labor productivity and weather conditions. The plate will turn out strong, perfectly compacted and even.

Concrete is leveled with a rule or trowel; special accuracy is not necessary. The difference in height at the corners of the house can reach two centimeters, this parameter is within tolerance. The proportions of concrete are 1:2:4, two parts of sand and four parts of gravel per part of cement, water as needed.

In order to increase the adhesion strength between two separately poured concrete floor slabs, it is recommended to leave a special recess in the side part. It is very simple to make it: in the middle of the dividing board, a beam about 50 × 50 mm in size is nailed. He will leave a groove in the first slab, the spike will be filled with fresh concrete of the second slab. According to the same algorithm, you need to fill the entire area of ​​\u200b\u200bthe attic floor.

Formwork design - an additional board is nailed from the inside

Important. The formwork can only be dismantled two weeks after the last section has been poured.

If the weather is very warm and windy, then the surface of the overlap should be moistened with plenty of water at least twice a day, water it in the morning and evening. In the afternoon it is desirable wet concrete cover with foil. Why is it necessary to do this? In order for concrete to gain strength, chemical reactions of cement are necessary, and they proceed only in the presence of moisture. If there is little water, then the cement remains cement and crumbles after drying, strength concrete slab will never match the calculated values.

Bar prices

hip roof construction

After the ceiling has gained strength and the formwork has been dismantled, you can begin to build a hip roof. We have already mentioned that this is a very complex structure, it can only be built according to the project. On the working drawings there is a detail of each node indicating the materials and hardware used, methods of fixing individual elements into a single structure. Separately, a plan for placing rafter legs, girders, vertical and corner stops is attached. All wooden structures it is recommended to impregnate with antiseptics and fire-fighting compounds. Currently, there are drugs of complex action in the implementation, one or two impregnations are enough. Particular attention should be paid to the ends, it is here that moisture is most absorbed.

Important. Between concrete floor and the rafter system must be waterproofed.

To simplify the assembly of the truss system, you can use galvanized metal corners and plates. These are excellent devices for fast and reliable fixing of boards and beams.

But there is one remark. Quite often you can see how even professional builders try to screw self-tapping screws into every available hole. They think that there are so many holes in order to increase the strength of the knot being connected, but this is not so. Designers are not so stupid as not to understand the direct relationship between the number of screws in the board and the strength of the fastening. They know that a large number of hardware causes cracking of the board and, accordingly, the strength of the joint decreases sharply.

The maximum number of screws in the board does not exceed three or four, the distance between them is at least two centimeters. And why so many holes in perforated metal elements? It's simple, boards can have knots, cracks, natural vices development and other problem areas in which it is not recommended to tighten the screws.

Prices for various types of fasteners for rafters

Fasteners for rafters

We'll consider a variant of assembling a hip roof according to the American system with a notch of all reference points. During the markup, we will use a very convenient carpenter's tool - Swenson's square. As you might guess, it was also invented by an American, they have been using a square there for many decades, in our country it is still an outlandish tool.

Step 1. Mark the main rafter, the angle of inclination in our case is 30 °.

All procurement work must be done on the ground, they rise to the ceiling finished items for final assembly.

No one in America measures each rafter leg separately, one template is made and all other elements are adjusted according to it. This labor technology increases the productivity of builders at least three times. True, in order to work on this technology, several conditions must be met.

1. The box and the overlap exactly meet the design dimensions, the actual deviations do not exceed the allowable standards.
2. Measurements are made accurately, while you need to use special devices.
3. Cuts are made immediately for all workpieces, they are preliminarily firmly fixed with clamps.
4. Roofers are responsible and competent specialists who can work not only with their hands, but also with their heads. Every action must have a logical explanation.

Take a Svenson square, attach it at a right angle to the edge of the board for the rafter leg, turn until the 30 ° mark is aligned on the hypotenuse.

On the second leg, draw a straight line on the board. From the top point along the length of the board, set aside the length of the rafter. The length is calculated by the formula, for this you need to divide half the length of the house by the cosine of thirty degrees.

From the top of the rafter leg, again draw a line at an angle of 30 °.

Important. All measurements must be taken to the nearest millimeter with a margin for the width of the cut.

Do not take away the Swenson square, mark the distance from the upper edge of the rafter to the thrust platform, in our case it is eight centimeters. Put a point.

Flip the square, set the angle to 90 °, draw a line. You will get a small triangle, you need to cut it out, in this place the heel of the rafter leg rests on the Mauerlat.

An angle of 90-30 \u003d 60 degrees is set on the square, a line is drawn perpendicular to the drawn

Now you should measure the length of the protrusion of the rafter leg, in our case it is about thirty centimeters. Using a square, draw the last line at the intended point at an angle of 30 °. On the line, measure the vertical mark to the height of the end board, flip the square, set it to 60° and draw a line. The two lines will be strictly perpendicular.

They note how high the side end on the cornice will be (5 cm). At the mark of 5 cm, draw a perpendicular line, after turning the square

Make cuts of the workpiece, check the accuracy of the rafters on the roof. Everything is fine - use the made element as a template for cutting out the rest of the rafter legs.

Step 2 Mark out the corner rafter. This is the most critical and complex element of the hip roof. During marking, we also strongly recommend using a Swenson square. Place it on the board and turn it until the 30° mark on the inner scale is aligned. On the outside at this time, the angle will be approximately 22 °. This is the actual slope, draw a line.

Swenson calculated all the data for the corner rafters and plotted the results on the internal scale. Now it's easy to learn inclinations, no need to run around with tables or calculators. The scale on the square covers all possible cases hip roof slopes.

Step 3. Measure the effective length of the corner rafter, at this point, attach a square and at an angle of 30 ° on the second scale, draw a line.

Flip the square over and draw a line perpendicular to the first one. This is done in the same way as described above during the marking of ordinary rafter legs.

Accurately maintain all dimensions, otherwise the corner rafters will not lie in the same plane with the main ones. Keep in mind that the actual cut at this point will be increased by half the thickness of the board, it is sawn at the corner.

The actual cut at this point will be increased by half the thickness of the board (25mm)

From the top point, set aside the full length of the rafter, taking into account the overhang on the eaves.

Important. After the rafter leg is cut out, it is necessary to make cuts at an angle of 45 ° along the ends from the side of the ridge and the eaves.

Step 4 Prepare the spawns. We will have eight of them in total. They are marked in exactly the same way as the main rafters. The difference is in the effective dyne and direction of the cut of the ends. The left one has a saw cut to the right side, and the right one to the left.

Practical advice. Remember that to cut boards at an angle of 45 ° you need to have a large saw blade. For example, for sawing a 50 mm thick board at such an angle, a saw outreach of at least 75 mm is required.

Prices for popular models of circular saws

Circular saws

After all the elements of the truss system are prepared, you can begin to assemble the frame.

Note. A hip truss system on a 12×12 m house in America is completely assembled by two carpenters in two days. Now you can estimate labor productivity and find out why the earnings of domestic builders are many times different from the earnings of Americans.

It is necessary to assemble the structure from the corner rafters and sprues. At first, the elements are baited, temporarily fixed by pieces of boards. After checking the position, the corner rafters and the rafters are really fastened, a rope is pulled between them and simple rafters are mounted.

The rope is not needed to correct errors, all individual elements of the truss system must exactly fall into place without various adjustments.

The rope is used to check the position of the planes of the truss system, due to this, the installation of the batten, filing of overhangs, etc. is accelerated. If you want to work, have tools and know advanced technologies, then even the most complex truss systems are made without much effort.

Video - Hip roof, part 1 (ceiling)

Video - Hip roof, part 2 (installation of rafters)

Video - Hip roof, part 3 (sheathing)

Video - Hip roof, part 4 (shingles)

Every student knows that warm air rises. Based on this, it can be assumed that a significant part of the heat that the house “loses” escapes through the roof.

Therefore, the reduction of heat loss must begin with a roof insulation device.

The type, quantity and method of installation of insulation depends on the type of roof and on how the attic space is used - residential or not.

The requirements for insulation of a residential attic are certainly higher than for non-residential ones, so in this article we will focus on the insulation of a residential attic. Uninhabited attic it is easier to insulate - from the side of the ceiling or along the floor. At the same time, we will focus on two types of roofs - pitched and flat.

It is easier to insulate a pitched roof from the inside of the roof, since access to the rafter part is open. Plus, the requirements for thermal insulation materials are lower.

First you need to choose the type of insulation that will combine the optimal properties - cost, efficiency and reliability.

Popular modern materials for roof insulation

1. Soft insulation - mineral or basalt wool

If such material is chosen for roof insulation, then mineral wool of the required thickness is selected.

Manufacturers provide the buyer with a wide choice various materials, which have different density and geometric dimensions. Choose for yourself the one that suits you specifically in terms of price and parameters. The only drawback of cotton wool is its hygroscopicity.

This means that cotton wool absorbs water, respectively, from this its qualities are greatly reduced. Therefore, cotton wool must be protected from water from above and from steam from below. This necessitates the use of two types of film - a vapor barrier and a hydro barrier. They can be replaced with a universal superdiffusion membrane.

Mineral wool roofing technology

• If on rafter system a hydrobarrier is laid, then sheets of mineral wool are laid between the rafters, which are closed from below with a vapor barrier.

• If there is no hydrobarrier, then to begin with, a hydrobarrier film is nailed to the rafter with a stapler. It is important to overlap it; for this, the roll is marked.

• Then it is stuffed onto the rafter leg wooden beam thickness equal to the thickness of the insulation.

• A heater is placed in the resulting cells. Mineral wool should be laid tightly, but not knocked down. After all, the insulation goes, including due to the air gap, which is obtained due to the structure of the wool. And if it is laid tightly, then there will be less air and the properties of cotton wool will deteriorate.

• It is convenient to attach cotton wool to a tree using a nylon cord or a thin wooden slat. Next, the cotton wool is covered with a vapor barrier film.

The roofing pie is schematically shown in the figure.

Tip: You can save time and money by installing hard insulation instead of a hydro barrier. And already mount cotton wool on it, with the obligatory use of a vapor barrier film. However, this approach is possible only in the case of a well-mounted roof. Otherwise, any leakage will negate all the savings.

2. Rigid insulation - foam or polystyrene foam

This material is used more often, not because its thermal insulation characteristics are higher, but because it is easier to work with. After all, it is light, cheap, easy to cut and does not absorb water at all. So, there are no costs for protective films.

When choosing polystyrene foam or polystyrene foam as a roofing insulation, it is worth remembering that these materials are fire hazardous and emit acrid smoke when burned.

The foam is mounted by laying the plates in the gaps between the rafter legs. In this case, the sheets are stacked tightly, and the slots are blown with mounting foam.

Tip: If you want to improve the quality of work, give preference to a thinner and denser foam. However, lay the sheets in two layers in a checkerboard pattern.

3. Liquid insulation - liquid penoizol

Liquid penoizol is relatively new thermal insulation material, which has already been appreciated by professionals. Penoizol insulation with a competent approach guarantees a high protective effect for many years.

Processing with foam takes little time, while the efficiency is incredibly high. liquid insulation penoizol using special installation sprayed (applied) on the inner surface of the roof.

The thickness of the applied layer can vary in the desired direction. Penoizol does not need additional protection. And most importantly, it is not combustible, does not get wet and has a small whole.

With the use of these materials, it is possible to perform insulation of the attic floor.

Helpful advice: When choosing a heater, do not put the price at the forefront. In this type of work, the characteristics of the material and the quality of installation are more important.

It is important to choose not only the type of insulation, but also to correctly calculate its thickness. which should be optimal. On the one hand, sufficient to ensure the preservation of heat. On the other hand, in order not to overpay.

To do this, carefully read the characteristics and properties of the material and take into account the characteristics of the structural elements of the building, the temperature in winter, the strength and direction of the wind, the amount of precipitation in the region.

Many houses are being built in the style traditional for Western European countries. Namely, with the arrangement of a flat roof. Which, most often, is reserved for leisure zones (for example, for a device or).

However, flat roofs also need insulation, just like pitched ones. But, its warming has some nuances. The most important of these is the creation of a slope.

On a completely flat roof, water will have nowhere to go but evaporate or seep down. But a slope of 1.5 - 4 about will not create any inconvenience to roof users.

The flat roof is flattened using expanded clay. The direction of the slope should lead to the flow of water to the funnels of the drainage system.

When laying, it is important to ensure that there are no gaps on the film.

Insulation is selected and installed. At the same time, it must not absorb water, withstand point loads, and not lose its qualities during temperature changes.

1. soft insulation. The most popular is rockwool (Rockwool) of increased density. It withstands high temperatures, significant point loads, while being easy to install and provides the possibility of fusing the roof.


2. rigid insulation. Even the density of expanded polystyrene is not enough to withstand serious loads. At the same time, rigid heaters are combustible.


3. liquid insulation. Maintains high temperatures, loadings, is steady against an ultraviolet and biocorrosion.

It is more convenient to insulate the roof of a flat roof from the outside. To do this, the heat-insulating material is laid on top of the floor slab or corrugated board (example in the photo).

After performing the insulation, in this way, lawns can be planted on the roof, landscape design elements can be arranged or cafes and recreation areas can be equipped.

Insulation of the roof and attic floors - errors and ways to eliminate them

Mistake	elimination
Wrong choice of insulation	Involvement of a specialist at the stage of material selection
Incorrect calculation of the thickness of the insulation	Accounting for all factors that affect heat loss in the house.
In fact, a smaller percentage of heat loss than the calculated	The presence of cold bridges. Concrete structural elements, window and door openings, metal parts of dowels - these are the causes of cold bridges, through which a significant part of the heat escapes.
The appearance of mold, fungus	Poor installation of the film of the hydro-barrier or vapor barrier. The absence of counters.

Conclusion

Quality and proper insulation overlapping the roof will reduce heat loss in the house, or even use the attic as an operated (warm and residential) space.