Religious associations in the Russian Federation. Religious associations and organizations in the Russian Federation

The Constitution of the Russian Federation states that the Russian Federation is a secular state in which the church is separated from the state. But the relationship between organizations believers and the state is governed by the right and are based on legal principles.

Religious associations

In 1997, the Law "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations" was adopted, in which the right of citizens to confess any religion, including - and not confess any, the right to change and distribute religious beliefs.

Also, this law prohibits the involvement of children into religious associations in spite of their will or without the consent of the parents. Over half of religious communities in the Russian Federation refer to the Russian Orthodox Church - this is about 75% of believers. Russians. 18% of believing Russians relate to muslim communities, and in total in Russia there are 43 spiritual management of Muslims. Also in our country there are 113 buddhist Communities whose central administration has been operating since 1946. Other religious organizations in the Russian Federation include: Old Believers, Roman Catholic Church, Baptist Christian, Christian Evangelskaya Faith.

Determination of the religious association

In the Russian Federation under the religious association understand the voluntary association of citizens and other persons who legal grounds They live in the territory of the Russian Federation, which was formed with the aim of joint confession of faith, as well as its distribution. Signs of religious association are considered:

Religion;

Training of religion, religious education;

Carrying, rites, ceremonies.

Forms of religious associations are religious groups and organizations. But the creation of such associations is prohibited within the framework of state authorities and in government agencies.

To create a religious group or organization requires state registration, which is carried out as legal entity. Such registration is carried out by the authorities of justice.

For this, certain documents are needed, depending on the type of the registered organization, the list of documents is changing. You can register a local and centralized organization.

Local and central organizations

Local Religious registration includes at least ten participants who have reached the age of majority. And in the charter such an organization should be indicated in obligatory: Name, view of a religious organization, location, religion, goals and basic forms of organization activities, the procedure for creating and termination, organization management bodies and its structure.

Centralized A religious organization should include at least three local organizations.

The danger of totalitarian sects

Many unconventional religious organizations that have emerged quite recently represent a rigid hierarchical system with an authoritarian leader.

For such communities, there is a cult of leader, which is to create with psychological methods of impact and skillful manipulation.

There are cases when such communities led people to inadequate behavior and to destroy their own life and public law enforcement. Many people who fall under the influence of such organizations, throw their studies, work, family and completely devote themselves to worship of the community leader.

Topic 16. Public and Individual Consciousness

Individual consciousness is a person's consciousness, the formation of which occurs due to its socialization. Public consciousness is the highest form of reflection of reality, which does not exist without public interaction.

Public and Individual Consciousness

Public and individual consciousness have their own similarities and differences. So the following factors belong to similarities:

Reflection of public being;

Social and historical practice as a basis;

General form existence in images, concepts and norms;

A common goal in the form of meeting the needs of a person;

Expressed by language.

At the same time, individual and public consciousness have a number of differences. So public knowledge is more volo, rather than individual. It includes continational knowledge and norms.

Public and individual consciousness may contain contradictions and create a conflict with each other. The enrichment of social consciousness often occurs due to the individual consciousness of some individuals, for example: N. Tesla, Ch. Darwin.

Individual consciousness has greater mobility than public. At the same time, the individual consciousness disappears at the time of the death of his carrier, unlike public consciousness, which has a feature of the transition from generation to generation.

Socialization of individualization

The process of assimilation and development of a separate individual of social experience and cultural norms is called socialization. Socialization is necessary in order for a person to feel comfortably in society.

The process of socialization begins three months old, and lasts life. During this time, a person can "try on" a large number of social roles.

Socialization occurs in three stages. First stage - Socialization of the child preschool age, the second is a period of learning a child at school, the third is the socialization of an adult individual (student, parent, worker, grandfather).

Often socialization is divided into three main categories:

1. Socialization in the field of communication. Includes the development of communication skills in society, creating a circle of friends and acquaintances, selection of the environment.

2. Socialization in the field of activity. It implies the expansion of the activities of the individual, the acquisition of new skills, the allocation of the main one for themselves.

3. Socialization in the sphere of consciousness. The process, as a result of which the understanding of his own "I", as well as the choice of the most acceptable social role.

Topic 17. Political consciousness and political ideology

One of the forms of public consciousness is political consciousness. Political consciousness is directly related to the thoughts and experience of the participant in the political process.

Political consciousness

Subjective internal attitude of people to objective political conditions, functions and roles in political life It is customary to call political consciousness. The reflection of political phenomena in the mental process of people, experiences and feelings is a political consciousness.

At the heart of this type of consciousness is a negative or positive value of political relations. Moreover, the political consciousness of each person is completely in different ways and in a certain way reflects objective political processes.

The reflection occurs on two levels: the ordinary practical or ideola-theoretical.

Political ideology

The interests of different social groups are reflected in political ideology. Such ideology contains the views of a specific group on the actions of the authorities, at the very power, for political life and the use of power in their own interests.

With the help of political ideology, it is possible to determine which state power should be, and what policy should be carried out. In other words, political ideology is a system of ideas and concepts reflecting a look at the political life of a certain subject.

Political ideology functions in the consciousness of citizens and it is the ultimately determines the political behavior of citizens. And the strength of ideology can be determined by the degree of its development by citizens and the measure of its incarnation.

Political psychology

One of the main elements of political consciousness is psychological psychology. Under this concept, the political feelings, moods and emotions, other psychological components of the political life of society are understood.

Political psychology is formed in everyday lifeIt is formed in the process of interaction between citizens with various institutions of power. This happens at the level of everyday consciousness.

About political psychology can be said as a practical type of consciousness. This type of consciousness is undiscable and sometimes controversial set of views and subconscious elements.

Regarding the sustainable part of political psychology include morals, common sense, mentality. To more changeable, it is customary to attribute emotions, moods, expectations and experiences.

All listed components of political psychology have a direct impact on human political behavior.

Eliminate such types of political psychology: Personality Psychology (for example, the personality of the leader), the psychology of the Small Group and the psychology of the big social Group and communities. Also allocate political psychology of masses and mass moods.

The religious organization, as well as the religious group, is the voluntary association of citizens and other persons permanently living on the legitimate basis. However, it requires state registration as a legal entity. Registered religious organizations entered in single register legal entities.

The state registration of religious organizations is carried out by the authorities of the Justice on the basis of the documents submitted, which are somewhat different depending on which organization is registered: local or centralized.

A local religious organization may include at least ten participants who have reached the age of 18 and permanently residing in one area or in one city or rural settlement. The founders of such an organization may be at least ten citizens of the Russian Federation, 20 4 combined in religious groupwho have a confirmation of the existence of this group on this territory at least 15 years issued by the local government authority or confirmation of the entry into the structure of the central religious organization of the same religion.

In the charter of a religious organization, not only the name, location, type of religious organization, religion and in the case of belonging to the existing centralized organization its name, but also goals, objectives and basic forms of activity are obligated; the procedure for creating and terminating activities; the structure of the organization, its management bodies, the procedure for formation and competence; The source of education and other property of the Organization and other information relating to the peculiarities of the activities of this religious organization.

The centralized religious organization should have to have at least three local organizations. Those centralized religious organizations whose structures operated on the territory of Russia on legal grounds for at least 50 years by the time of handling state registration, have the right to use in their name the words "Russia", "Russian" and derivatives from them. In addition, the name of any religious organization must contain information about its religion.

The state reserves the right to refuse to register a religious organization, listed in the law the grounds for such a refusal. Article 12 of the Federal Law "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations" indicates the basis for refusing to register the conflicting the objectives and objectives of the religious organization of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and Russian legislation (indicating specific articles of the laws that they contradict); non-recognition of this organization as a religious; discrepancy between the statute and other documents submitted to the requirements of the legislation of the Russian Federation or the inaccuracy of the information contained in the documents; the presence in the State Register of Legal Entities of the previously registered organization with the same name; The non-lawnity of the founder (founders). The refusal to register a religious organization may be appealed in court.

In addition, providing guarantees of the rights and freedoms of their citizens, the state has the authority to suspend the activities of religious associations or eliminate religious organizations in the event of violations of legislation. For repeated or gross violations of the norms of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, Russian legislation, for violation of public security and public order, for actions aimed at implementing extremist activities, as well as for a number of other unlawful manifestations by a court decision, religious organizations can be eliminated.

So, until 1996 in Moscow and a number of other regions of Russia, the branches of Aum Sinico. Upon charges of antisocial activities in respect of those operating in Russia, the leaders of this corporation were initiated by a criminal case. And in 2004, in Japan, the leader of the International Religious Corporation AUM SINICONE TIDZUO Matsumoto (ritual name Syuko Asahar) was made a death sentence. The basis for such a decision of the court was the facts of manufacturing deadly gas Zarin and its use for the implementation of terrorist attacks in the Tokyo metro by order of Ashara.

Rights of religious organizations

They can be divided into two groups. The first includes rights typical of other organizations.

Religious organizations, like secular, can be owners. Their property may contain buildings, land plots, objects of production, social, charitable, cultural and educational purposes, religious objects, as well as cash and other property necessary to ensure their activities, including related to historical and cultural monuments. The property, whose owner is a religious organization, is created by acquiring or creating at the expense of own funds, donations of citizens, organizations or transfer from the state. Religious organizations may have property on the right of ownership abroad. In addition, the law recognizes the right to establish contacts and international relations, including for the purpose of pilgrimage.

Religious organizations are allowed to exercise business activities and create your own enterprises. At the same time, such enterprises apply to the norms of civil and labor law. And on employees of religious organizations, as well as clergy, the procedure for social security, social insurance and pension provision in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation is distributed.

For example, the plant "Sofrino" near Moscow is located 20 6, the production of church utensils, candles, tailoring. This enterprise provides employment 3 thousand people. Under the Moscow Church of the Gospel Christian, the Serebryanskoe partnership (former state farm) is valid, the company "Vifania" was created on the repair of cars, the production of window lattices, the provision of intermediary services. A third of the income from these enterprises enters the church. The spiritual center of Seventh-day Adventist in the Zaoksky district of the Tula region has significant areas of land where environmentally friendly products are grown. There are a lot of examples of economic activities of religious organizations of other denominations.

The second group is made specific rights associated with the nature of the activities of religious organizations.

First, religious organizations have the right to act in accordance with their internal establishments.

Secondly, they can also base and contain cult buildings, structures and other places specifically designed for worship, prayerful and religious meetings, religious venerations (pilgrimage). The law resolves religious rites in specially allocated by the administration of the premises of therapeutic and preventive institutions and hospitals, orphanages and home boarding houses for the elderly and disabled. They are allowed in institutions where convicts convicted penalties are serving. At the same time, religious rites are allowed to carry out the special requirements of criminal procedure legislation. The law provides for the unhindered participation of servicemen in the service, the implementation of religious rites and ceremonies, taking into account military charters. In other not specifically cases of worship, religious ceremonies and rites are carried out in the manner prescribed for rallies, processions and demonstrations.

Thirdly, religious organizations have the exclusive right to invite foreign citizens in order to occupy a professional, including preaching, religious activities.

Religious organizations also have the right to produce, acquire, distribute religious literature and other materials and objects of religious purposes. They enjoy the exclusive right to establish an organization for the publication of liturgical literature and religious items.

In addition, religious organizations have an exclusive right to create institutions of professional religious education to prepare clergy and religious personnel. Students such educational institutions Subject to the existence of these institutions, a state license enjoys all rights and benefits provided for by the legislation of Russia.

Separately provides for the law charitable and cultural and educational activities of religious organizations. It can be carried out both directly by religious organizations and organizations and media created for these purposes.

Religious organizations make a significant contribution to the formation of spiritual and moral foundation russian society, the atmosphere of freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, favorably affect the development of the religious life of the Russian Federation, stimulate the revival of thrust to selfless service with religious ideals and values. The diverse forms of religious ministry are expanding, the number of religions and religious flows operating in Russia are growing.

The problem of maintaining the interreligious world

The state and society actively support various forms of social ministry of religious associations. From the state budget there may be funds for the restoration, the content and protection of temples and other objects, which are monuments of history and culture. Everyone who visits a memorable place for Russians - a monument on Poklonnaya Mountain In Moscow, it is striking that here near each other are located the cult facilities of Orthodox, Jews and Muslims. This is the place of worship of those who died for their homeland, which did not disassemble belonging to various religions.

The system of state bodies, divisions, there is a staff of employees who communicate with religious associations. Religious leaders are invited to various advisory advice at the federal and regional authorities.

In the new Russia, the influence of religious organizations on public life And political processes increase. This growth is manifested in numerous shares of charity and mercy different denominations, in the unite 20 8 efforts when conducting human rights, peacekeeping, environmental shares.

For the sustainable and stable development of multi-terminious Russian Russia, it is necessary to maintain an interreligious world. Otherwise, our country will be on the verge of disaster. What are the "risk factors" threatening an interreligious world and harmony?

First, religious intolerance, especially if it develops into antagonism. When taking into account the aspirations, needs, interests of more numerous and influential religious organizations, no one should pour legitimate rights or insult religious feelings of the minority. The role of the competent consultant can play the Council on cooperation with religious associations under the President of the Russian Federation, which included leaders of the 11 most authoritative religious organizations. The cooperation of religious organizations of various confessions is possible in a wide variety of issues: from charity and mercy to joint environmental and peacekeeping programs.

Secondly, the expansion of non-traditional denominations and religions and the emergence of no less broad opposition to them, the desire to deprive unconventional denominations and religions to access the media, education, the ability to deal with charitable activities.

The so-called new religious movements (in the world to 140 million believers are their adherents, and in Russia their number in different estimates comes to 300- 400 thousand) extremely heterogeneous. Some are engaged in mercy and charity, spending most of the funds and effort to help the neighbor, others are concentrated on their internally, religious practices, ignoring society and his care. And some more similar to religious-philosophical teachings or medical and wellness systems, minimizing the usual forms of religious life.

Religious scientists noted that many unconventional cults are a special type of religious organizations. In them, as a rule, there are no strictly designed creeds, and the structure of them is often rigidly hierarchical with an authoritarian leader. For them, opposition to officially recognized values \u200b\u200band church ideals is typical. The cult in such communities is combined using mental impact and manipulation methods. Such activities are harmful, and sometimes the destructive impact on individual and public consciousness leads to a violation of the socialization of the individual. Followers of such cults are challenging, studying, leave families. An example of such a cult is used White brotherhood Yusmolos, preaching the end of the world in October 1993, faith in the new embodiment of Christ in Maria Davi Christ (such a name was made by one of the creators of the organization Marina Zvigun).

Some religious groups and communities clearly fall under the definition of extremist.

Politicians, of course, have to take into account the specifics of various religious organizations, building their relations with them.

Practical findings

1 Implementation of the Principle of Freedom of Conscience provides each opportunity to choose an accessory to a particular religious organization or a refusal to such an affiliation. You yourself decide, participate or not in a religious association, organization. This is a purely personal and voluntary.

2 A number of non-traditional religious cults make their bet on young people, which, on the one hand, is looking for spiritual guidelines, and on the other, it is inclined to a social protest, including in matters of faith. The lack of knowledge about the creature of creeding can easily lead to the organization, far from true religious goals.

3 solving for themselves, consisting or not to consist in combining believers, it is worth remembering how much the so-called totalitarian sects represent. They are characterized by strict control of members in combination with militant-aggressive teachings. He often use methods psychological impact per person, by no means safe for moral and psychological health.

DOCUMENT

From the Federal Law "On Countering Extremist Activities" (dated July 25, 2002).

Article 1. Basic concepts

For the purposes of this Federal Law, the following basic concepts are applied: extremist activities (extremism):

1) the activities of public and religious associations, or other organizations, or funds Mass21 of 0 of the Information, or individuals on planning, organization, preparation and action aimed at:

violent change in the foundations of the constitutional system and violation of the integrity of the Russian Federation;
undermining the security of the Russian Federation;
capture or assigning authority;
the creation of illegal armed formations;
carrying out terrorist activities;
the excitation of racial, national or religious retail, as well as a social distribution associated with violence or calls to violence;
humiliation of national dignity;
the implementation of mass riots, hooligan actions and acts of vandalism based on ideological, political, racial, national or religious hatred or hostility, as well as based on hatred or hostility in relation to any social group;
propaganda of exclusivity, superiority or inferiority of citizens on the basis of their relationship to religion, social, racial, national, religious or language affiliation ...

Article 9. Responsibility of public and religious associations, other organizations for exercising extremist activities

The creation and activities of public and religious associations, other organizations, goals or actions are aimed at the implementation of extremist activities are prohibited in the Russian Federation.

Questions and tasks for the document

1. What features make it possible to characterize individual religious organizations as extremist?
2. Indicate the features that are most dangerous for interfaith relations.
3. Why does the state apply strict sanctions to extremist organizations to the prohibition of their activities?

Questions for self-test

1. What religious association can I act in the Russian Federation?
2 Indicate the required signs that religious associations must have.
3 What do you know about the legislative norms regarding the creation of religious associations in the authorities?
4. What are the main problems facing the state in matters of relationships with religious organizations agencies?

TASKS

1. Analyze the preamble to the federal law "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations" (text 1), as well as the attitude to the law presented in the "Fundamentals of the Social Concept of the Russian Orthodox Church" (Tex T 2), and make the necessary conclusions.

1) "The Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation, confirming the right of everyone to freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, as well as equality before the law, regardless of the attitude towards religion and belief, based on the fact that the Russian Federation is a secular state, recognizing the special role of Orthodoxy in the history of Russia In the formation of her spirituality and culture, respecting Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and other religions, which constitute an integral part of the historical heritage of the peoples of Russia, considering it important to promote mutual understanding, tolerance and respect for freedom of conscience and freedom of religion, adopts this Federal Law. "

2) "The right contains some minimum moral norms obligatory for all members of society. The task of a secular law is not that the world underwent in evil has become the kingdom of God, but that he does not turn into hell. "

Religious association is one of the directions of public-confessional regulation of freedom of religion. In our country, citizens have the right to create such organizations.

Legislation

The Federal Law on Religious Associations contains the definition of religious associations, as well as the rights and obligations of citizens constituting them. People can jointly hold religious ceremonies, transmit the experience of the younger generations.

Classification

Religious associations in the Russian Federation are divided into organizations and groups. Let us analyze their main distinguishing features.

The law on religious associations allows the existence of groups without special state registration, a legal entity. Religious groups have the right to commit worship, other implementation of the education of followers.

Religious association is a legal entity. In our country, the creation of fraternity (sisterhood), monasteries, spiritual educational institutions, missionary societies is allowed.

Parishes, communities

Such a religious association is an organization consisting of more than 10 adult persons who adhere to the overall religion for joint religious holidays and rituals. Such an association can be considered initial in the structure of religious organizations. Mostly communities, parishes are among any centralized associations. At the same time, their independent existence is performed.

Regional representative offices

Such associations have their own charter, there are no less than three religious local organizations.

Brotherhood is a community that is created for a cultural and educational, missionary, charitable goal. Some monastic Catholic orders also refer to fraternity.

Missions and seminary

The missionary religious association is an organization that is established for preaching and spreading a certain creed with the help of educational, religious, charitable activities.

Institutions (seminaria, academies, colleges) are institutions that are engaged in targeted training of church ministers, priests. Graduates of such educational institutions lead targeted religious and educational activities in churches and monasteries.

Federal Law On Religious Associations regulates their activities.

It is in it that all the basic rights and obligations of various religious associations are indicated. Violation of legislation entails administrative and criminal liability.

Religious associations of the Russian Federation are voluntary associations of Russian citizens, other persons who live on legal grounds in our country. They are created for joint confession, as well as to spread exercise.

The procedure for creating religious groups

The law on conscience and religious associations regulates the procedure for the formation of such an organization. Religious groups do not imply state registration, there is no need to draw up and confirm the legal entity legal entity. For the functioning of such a religious organization, the property is used, which is in the personal use of the participants.

Representatives of the Group have the right to commit worships, other religious rites, ceremonies, training the basics of the faith of their followers.

To create it, it is necessary to use a specific algorithm:

• write a statement on the installed pattern;
• under the statement must be delivered at least 10 signatures with decoding;
• the local government is chosen.

Features of religious organizations

It is recognized only if the fact of conformity was established during the state examination. After obtaining the status of a religious organization, the association can expect to receive benefits from the state, including tax relief, as well as lead charitable activities.

The main difference of it from the religious group will be the presence of a legal entity. In the Civil Code of the Russian Federation YUR. The person is considered to be such an organization that has property leads economic activities, responsible for isolated property, can act as a defendant and plaintiff at the court hearing.

Classification of religious associations

Such organizations are divided into centralized and local. The first consist of 3 or more local organizations. To create a second group, there are enough 10 participants who have achieved majority living in one settlement (city, village).

The date of creation is the day of the official state registration of the religious association. Mandatory is the presence of its own charter, which is approved by the centralized religious organization, meets all the requirements of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

In the Russian Federation, all issues relating to the administrative and legal regulation of religious associations are related to the implementation of the constitutional rights of the individual to freedom of religion and conscience. At this stage of the socio-economic development of Russia, it is this question that has a significant scientific and social importance.

Those norms that determine the administrative and legal status of religious associations in the Russian Federation, imperfect, need to be seriously refined.

Practice indicates that in addition to the external activities of such associations, internal relations arising between the main participants of the organization are of particular importance. Such regulation is needed, since with such relationships, the interests and rights of the individual, the interest of the state and society, which cannot be left without administrative and legal impact are often affected.

The concept of religious association as a subject of administrative law of the Russian Federation

The Constitution of the Russian Federation guarantees the activities and existence of various religious associations that have certain functions, goals solve specific tasks. This term is considered in two different aspects. On the one hand, this is a religious concept, which reflects the essence and features of relations that develop in the process of organizing a certain religion.

On the other hand, it can be considered in the form of a legal concept designed to reflect the religion. The legal status of the organization is summed from formal and external factors.

In Russia to Peter 1, the Orthodox Church existed independently of the Tsarskoy Institute. In a position that was formulated by the Cathedral in the 17th century, information about the advantage of the king in the conduct of civil cases. The task of the Patriarch included the implementation of church events.

Peter I conducted a radical reform of the relationship between the church and the state, it was then that a sacred synod was created.

Because of the domination of the Orthodox Church, Russia was a polycondiological state where non-Christian and non-eracted communities existed. To consolidate the legal status of this category of believers, special state acts were adopted.

Currently, all religious organizations are obliged to comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation, they are separated from the state, have equal rights to the law.

Conclusion

In modern Russia, the activities of any religious associations are carried out in accordance with the Charter, it is possible only after the registration procedure is completed. It is possible to refuse such a procedure only if the organization is not recognized as a religious, or its charter contradicts the Constitution of the Russian Federation.

The elimination of such associations is carried out by the court decision or official founders.

The reason for the decision of the court, in addition to violations of public security, actions that are aimed at a violent change in the constitutional rights of citizens, can become coercion of citizens to the destruction of the family, an encroachment on the rights, freedoms, the identity of Russians, the application of moral and physical health, coercion for suicide, the abandonment of medical care .

Foreign religious associations must first obtain a state certificate, which is issued at the request of the Russian religious organization preaching similar religion.

In order for foreign figures to have a desire to violate norms russian lawTo involve our compatriots in their activities, a special provision was adopted on the registration procedure, discoveries, as well as the closure of representative offices of religious foreign organizations in the Russian Federation.

To strengthen the economic and social base of the state, it is important to pay close attention religious groups and organizations, specifics of their activities. Of course, it does not imply limit the freedoms of citizens in religion, restrictions on their constitutional rights and freedoms.

Religious association

voluntary association of Russian citizens, other persons. Constantly and on legal grounds living in the territory of the Russian Federation, formed in order to joint confession and the dissemination of faith and with the corresponding basis for this purpose: religion; Making services, other religious rites and ceremonies: Training of religion and upbringing their followers (FZ of the Russian Federation of September 26, 1997 No. 125-FZ "On Freedom of Conscience and Religious Associations"). It is prohibited to create and activity P.O .. The goals and actions of which are contrary to the law.

The newest History of the Russian Federation knows examples as a rigidly repressive state policy in relation to P.O. and almost complete uncontrolcity of their activities, which in both cases led to violation of citizens' rights. Decree of January 20, 1918 deprived the Orthodox Church and other religious communities of movable and real estate (they could only "use" with the permission of the authorities): detected their legal entity rights (only "twenty" laity): forbade the teaching of religious exercises. In 1929 Any forms of religious "propaganda" and public activities of the Church, except for the "Departure of Cult" in church walls, were prohibited. By 1941, only a little more than 200 Orthodox parishes from 48 thousand in 1914 were left on the former territory of the USSR (without Western Ukraine and Western Belarus). After the Great Patriotic War Control over P.O. I carried out the Council for Religious Affairs at the Soviet of the USSR, the entire inner life of the church took place under the supervision of the KGB. In 1961, the parish priests were deprived of administrative authority; They could have only secular faces. In 1959-1966 The number of parishes was again reduced from 22 thousand to 7.5 thousand, seminary and monasteries were closed, the control of the authorized advice on religion affairs is tightened. Without the sanction of the Council, it was impossible to handraffize priests or translate them to another place. Particularly persecuted by the state of the community - Baptist, religious and human rights. Only in 1990, the Supreme Council of the USSR abolished anti-church laws 1918 and 1929. And adopted new legislation that gives religious organizations the possibility of recovery.

Liberalization of legislation on P.O. In the conditions of the 90s. He led to the mass distribution in the country of so-called "totalitarian sects", which, hiding behind the constitutional law to freedom of conscience and religion, provided a devastating impact on the mental and physical health of their members, including minors. The law on the freedom of conscience and religious associations established a ban on the activities of foreign religious organizations in the territory of the Russian Federation, they can only be granted the right to open their representative offices. At the same time, they cannot engage in religious and other religious activities, and they do not apply to status P.O. Another important innovation was the distinction between all P.O. For two non-equivance categories: religious groups and religious organizations.

The religious group is a recognized-timber association of citizens, educated in order to joint confession and dissemination of faith, carrying out activities without state registration and acquisition of the rights of a legal entity. The premises and the property necessary for the activities of the religious group property are provided on the use of the group by its participants. Citizens who formed a religious group with the intention to further transform it into a religious organization, notify the establishment and starts of the local government. Religious groups have the right to commit worship, others

religious rites and ceremonies, as well as training religion and religious education of their followers.

The religious organization recognizes the voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation, other persons, constantly and on legal grounds living in the territory of the Russian Federation, formed in order to joint confession and distribution of faith and registered as a legal entity. From the point of view of civil law (Art. 117 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation), religious organizations are non-commercial organizations.

Religious organizations can be divided into local and centralized. The founders of the local religious organization can be at least 10 citizens of the Russian Federation, united in a religious group, which can confirm their existence for at least 15 years (confirmation is issued by local governments) or entry into the structure of a centralized religious organization of the same religion (issued by the specified organization) . The centralized religious organization recognizes the structure consisting in accordance with its charter at least 3 local religious organizations.

The name of the religious organization must contain an indication of its religion. Religious organizations that operated for at least 50 years at the time of treatment with a statement about state registration, have the right to indicate in its name the word "Russia", "Russian" and derivatives from them.

A religious organization can be denied state registration only in cases indicated in the law: the contradiction of its activities of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the current legislation, the unusual of the founder, the non-recognition of the organization of religious and

previously held registration of a religious organization under the same name. Failure can be appealed to court.

Activity P.O. It may be prohibited, and the organization itself is eliminated by the decision of the founders or the authority authorized by the Charter of P.O., or by the court decision, if the activities of the Association contradicts its statute or current legislation.

According to the legislation of P.O. has the right to: base and contain religious buildings and structures, other places and objects specifically designed for worship, prayerful and religious meetings, religious venerations (pilgrimage); Organize and hold in the manner prescribed for rallies, processions and demonstrations, public services, religious rites and ceremonies. P.O. Enjoy the exclusive right to establish organizations publishing the liturgical literature and producing objects of cult importance, creating institutions of professional religious education. They have the right to carry out charitable activities, establish and maintain international relations and contacts, have the right to ownership, enter into labor contracts (contracts) with employees, use property that is the property of the state, citizens and their associations. P.O. It is entitled to carry out entrepreneurial activities and create its own enterprises ...

Supervision and control over the execution of legislation on freedom of conscience and about P.O. The authorities of the Prosecutor's Office of the Russian Federation are carried out, and in terms of compliance P.O. Charters, goals and order of their activities - the authorities of the Justice.

Dodonov V.N., Kolodkin L.M.

Encyclopedia lawyer. 2005 .

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Religious association: content 1 in the Russian Federation 2 in the USSR 3 cm also ... Wikipedia

Legal vocabulary

Religious association - According to the legislation of the Russian Federation, voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation, other persons, constantly and on legal grounds living in the territory of the Russian Federation, formed in order to joint confession and distribution of faith and having the relevant goals ... ... Accounting Encyclopedia

Religious association - (English Religious Association) In the Russian Federation, the type of public association, voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation, other persons, constantly and on legal grounds living in the territory of the Russian Federation, formed in order to joint confession and distribution of faith ... ... Encyclopedia Rights - Religinė Bendrija Statusas Aprbuotas Sritis Religinės Bendruomenės Ir Bendrijos Apibrėžtis Religinių Bendruomenių Susivienijimas, Siekiantis Vienos Religijos Tikslų. Religinę bendriją Sudaro Ne Mažiau Kaip Dvi Religinės Bendruomenės, Turinčios ... Lithuanian Dictionary (Lietuvių žodynas)

religious association - voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation, other persons, constantly and on legal grounds living in the territory of the Russian Federation, formed in order to joint confession and distribution of faith and with the corresponding basis for this purpose: a) ... ... Big Law Dictionary

Religious association - voluntary association of citizens, educated in order to joint confession and dissemination of faith and possessing such corresponding features: religion; Carrying services, other religious rites and ceremonies; ... ... Administrative law. Dictionary dictionary

Religious association - voluntary association of adult citizens of the Russian Federation and other persons, constantly on legal grounds living in the territory of the Russian Federation, and educated with the aim of joint confession and spread of faith. The law prohibits the creation of R.O. In the organs ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary "Constitutional law of Russia"

The concept and role of religious associations in the civil society system of the Russian Federation

The essence of the concept of "Religious Association" reveals the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On the freedom of conscience and religious associations" Article 6 of this Regulatory Act reads: "Religious association The Russian Federation recognizes the voluntary association of citizens of the Russian Federation, other persons, constantly and on legal grounds living in the Russian Federation, formed in order to joint confession and dissemination of faith and with the corresponding basis for this purpose:

religion;

committing worships, other religious rites and ceremonies;

training of religion and religious education of its followers. "

The role of religious associations in the context of the development of our state includes many aspects, such as the organization of spiritual development of the individual, the support of its moral landmarks, as well as the upbringing of love for the fatherland, violence and tolerance in relations among peoples, education and formation of the worldview of young people.

To date, there are many religious associations in Russia. Along with other confessions, Orthodoxy and Islam are traditionally considered the largest followers, which in other words does not interfere with the rapid development of other religious associations (in accordance with the selective survey conducted in 2001, believers of 55% of respondents, unbelievers - 33%, among believers. Most Christians, Muslims - 5%, supporters of some other religions 2%; the rest of the respondents find it difficult to answer). A similar diversity of religious preferences in society is guaranteed by the Constitution of the RF, which says:

"Religious associations are separated from the state and are equal to the law.

Each is guaranteed freedom of conscience, freedom of religion, including the right to confess individually or together with others any religion or not to confess any, freely choose, to have and distribute religious and other beliefs and act in accordance with them. "

Concept "Religious Association" Includes three features:

- Religion

- committing worship services, other religious rites and ceremonies

- Training of religion and religious education of its followers,

provided that:

- This does not contradict the laws of the Russian Federation

- members of the union live in the territory of the Russian Federation on legal grounds.

The role of religious associations, at the moment, very large. The activities of religious associations in the field of politics, culture, morality, etc., can bring both benefits if a rational approach from state bodies and a reasonable dialogue from representatives of religious associations and harm in the case of ignoring the problems of religious relationships by the authorities organizations with state and society, and radicals in the views of followers of religious associations.

Destructive religious associations

Currently, one of the most relevant is the question of the criteria for the delimitation of religious organizations into two directly opposite species: socially acceptable for Russian society and the state confessional education, whose activities do not violate the laws of the Russian Federation; And the confessional education is not socially acceptable for Russian society and the state, the activities of which grossly violates the laws of the Russian Federation. This second type of religious organizations is also called totalitarian religious sects.

Destructive religious association (destructive cult, totalitarian sect) is an authoritarian hierarchical organization of any orientation, destructive to the natural harmonic spiritual, mental and physical state Personality (internal destructiveness), as well as to the creative traditions and standards established by social structures, culture, order and society as a whole (external destructiveness), practicing hidden psychological violence, expressed in targeted establishment by a separate person (leader) or a group of persons (leadership) In their narrow-human goals of illegal control over the consciousness, behavior and life of other personalities without their voluntary and informed consent for the formation and maintenance of the state of unnatural and illegal dependence and humbleness, the doctrine and leaders seeking through the uninformed use of the Adepts devotees and dependent on them to illegal Enrichment and illegal power.

One of the main objectives of the leaders of such religious organizations is the selection among the mass of its supporters of those who, by order, the leader will go to any actions, right up to a crime or donation of their own lives. In order to make a person fanatically loyal leader, techniques of psychological impact are used, leading to control over consciousness. To this end, group pressure is sent to the sect involved in the section to enhance the "accessory need." The information provided by the recruitment is given through meditating, monotonous singing and repeated actions, i.e., through a specially created high sustainability. The sect involved in the sect must under the pretext of creating proximity to practice their fears and secrets, which are then used for emotional pressure through explicit and veiled threats. The normal physical condition of the person is violated, the failure of sleep is encouraged, allegedly for spiritual exercises and the necessary training. Inadequate nutrition disguised as a special diet to improve health or under rituals. As a result, a sensory (sensual) overload is formed, which imposes a complex of goals and definitions of the new doctrine to replace the former values \u200b\u200bby mastering the mass of information in a short time, with a very limited possibility of critical inspection.

Heads and members of totalitarian religious (as well as pseudoreligious) sects use the latest achievements of general and social psychology to attract new members to the sect and to hold them in this sect. The consistent use of sect leaders of the "potent" psychological techniques for newcomers of the sect for a long time (several months or years) leads to a significant change in the psyche of the members of the sect and the change in their behavior. The sect member no longer thinks of its existence without communicating with other sectarians and leaders of the sect, which they are often simply deified. Members of the sects sell their apartments and transmit all their accumulations to managers and almost all property. Members of the sect for free work, earning money for sect managers. The sectarians live in a poor and half-starve state, very little sleep and work a lot. Often, sect leaders choose for members of the sect of their marriage partners. At the same time, the leaders of the sect, as a rule, require members of the sect of a full break of relationships with those people who were for sectors relatives and close to their accession to the sect (that is, they demand a complete break with parents, relatives, spouses, friends, comrades). Native and close to the sectant can only be other sect members.

The heads of sects themselves, as a rule, live with absolutely different life than the rank sectors: leaders of most totalitarian sects are millionaires or even multimillioners and behave like rich or super-rich people.

Cult control over the consciousness, practicing in destructive religious organizations, does not so much erase the former personal identification, how much creates a new one, in order to suppress the old one. This leads to mental disorders in some sectarians, and ultimately, to the high probability of aggressive shares on their part in the state of mental insaneness. A person is formed a clear line between those who have the right to exist (supporters of the sect), and those who have no such right ("external world"). This leads to the systematic distribution of hatred for the internal voltage society. And potentially determines the readiness of the adept sects to sacrifice the sake of achieving the goals of its cult any number of non-ideals. In other words, a priori sin is removed for any crime in the name of the organization's goals. Such destruction of the complex of guilt for the committed crime and the excuse of any of its (or other sect members) is capable of leading a person to the conflict of suicide. In some sects, psychotropic and narcotic substances are used for a targeted violation of the identity of the personality and rupture of the ADEPT and the discrepancies of the ADEPT.

The emergence of sect is always connected with chaos in the souls of people and the collapse of stability in the country. And barely time to subscribe one scandal associated with some sect, as a new one comes to shift.

The purpose of some sect is also a change in the consciousness of Russian people, the destruction of the Orthodox self-consciousness of Russian citizens. In total, there is a destruction of the entire Russian, Orthodox, Slavic. More precisely, the dismemberment of our state is going on and the law of mass is disturbed, when people cannot be monolithic and highly organized. Sects destroy the soul, the culture of the people, the Orthodox Church and the unity of the Heavenly Church, Orthodox, homely (family) church.

Today in Russia there are from 300 to 500 different sects. The number of people involved in destructive and occult religious organizations reaches 1 million people, and 70% of them are young people aged 18 to 27 years.

According to the calculations of the president of the Center for Religious Research and the author of the term "totalitarian sect" Alexander Dvorkin, only the "regular" sectors numbered at least 600-800 thousand.

To date, it is impossible to distinguish socially acceptable and socially unacceptable religious organizations, since it is not yet developed unequivocal and accurate criteria for such a distinction. But you can hope for the fact that in the future you will be able to find correct solution This problem of science and practice. In the modern world, where the development of science is so rapidly, the religion occupies the last place. Along with the long-recognized, traditional religions, such as Christianity, Catholicism, Buddhism, Judaism, Islam, there are relatively new religious organizations, most often negatively affecting personality and society.

The sectarian pushes people to various crimes, including murder; People who have fallen into the sect lose their opinion, they disappear for the purpose and meaning of life; Many finish the life of suicide, etc.

Thus, the activities of the sect in Russia undermines the regulatory social foundations, exposes society and the personality of the increased danger associated with uncontrolled actions of the sectarians, with their unquestioning subordination to their "leaders" and the fulfillment of any of their orders, usually directed against the will and consciousness of society and the personality.