I am the boss, and who are you? How many people in Russia with higher education

According to the 2010 census, only 27% of Russians aged 25 to 64 years old graduated from the university. In a group of 25 to 34 years old, such people are more than 34%, but before universal higher education, it is still far away. Indeed, in younger generations, higher education gets more and more people, but this international trend and Russia here is no exception. In the UK, France, Germany percentage of people with higher education above. Russia is at the same level with Latvia, Bulgaria and Poland.

The population census was held seven years ago, its data partly outdated and not always accurate. In 2012, HSE began an independent study of educational trajectories of graduates of Russian schools. In the framework of the project "Trajectory in Education and Profession", we selected a national representative sample, which included about 4,000 students of the 9th grade. In the future, together with the Foundation "Public Opinion" continued to poll selected children every year, watching their educational results and career aspirations. These data allow you to more accurate the proportion of students entering universities in the most young cohorts.

We see that after the 9th grade about 40% of students left school to a secondary vocational education system - technical schools and colleges that continue to play an important role in russian education. Of those who stayed at school and graduated from the 11th grade, about 80% entered the universities. It is the educational transition after the 9th, and not the 11th class turned out to be the most important in terms of the formation of social inequality. In general, only about half of the students from the initial sample turned out to be in the system of higher education.

Girls are much more likely to enter universities than boys. In this, Russia again does not differ from others european countries. If earlier among students was more menthan women, then in the 1980s. In most countries, the situation has changed, and since then, the gender break in education increases. Girls are better learn at school, less frequently go to technical schools after the 9th grade, on average, it is better to pass the exam and as a result more often come to universities.

The exam, which was conceived as a universal state exam, is actually not: he was given only about 65% of the participants in the study - mostly those who intended to enter universities.

However, the most impressive figures relating to class inequality. 84% of children from families in which both parents have higher education, also come to universities. Among the children of parents without higher education, only 32%. Graduates of the gymnasium and lyceums are 2 times more likely to be in universities than graduates of ordinary schools. In general, the smallest chances of entering the university in young men from families with low education and income from small cities and rural areas. Subsequently, they will be the least competitive in the labor market.

Where does the myth come from about universal higher education? In our opinion, he has several sources. First, with statistical estimates, 40% of school students often ignore, mostly boys who have gone into technical schools and schools after the 9th grade. For the most part, they do not pass the exam and disappear from the field of view of experts.

Secondly, this myth is associated with social experience and intuition of people who are publicly arguing about education. They are often focused on their social circle - people educated living in big citieswhose children learn in prestigious schools. In their environment, almost everything goes to universities, and this everyday fact is not questioned. An analysis of statistical data allows us to get rid of social myopia and see Russia outside of large cities - a country with an average level of education, typical of Eastern Europe.

Authors - teacher of the Faculty of Sociology of the University of Exeter (United Kingdom); Director of the Center for Cultural Sociology and Anthropology of Education Institute of Education HSE; Leading Expert Institute of Education HSE

Rosstat continues to publish the results of a large-scale survey of the living conditions of the population of Russia. About how and what we learn and where we spend the leisure, "RG" told the head of Rosstat Konstantin Likes.

What is the level of education in today's Russians? If you compare with the Soviet period, then who is more educated?

Konstantin Likes:The share of the population having a higher education is now twice as much as in Soviet times. Three rose number of universities students. According to the formal status, our population is now very educated.

Indeed, almost a quarter of the Russian population (15 years and older) have a higher education, as much as the average professional, primary professional - 18 percent, a secondary general education - 18 percent. There are no major general education of 3.4 percent of all respondents, and in the city this figure is 2 percent, and in the village - 6 percent. And in general, the level of education is significantly higher in the city. For example, higher education has more than 27 percent of the population, in the village - twice as smaller.

In a gender aspect, the situation is not so unequivocal: among men, higher education has 21 percent, and among women - 26. But among those who do not even have the initial formation of men less than women.

Among the leaders, two thirds have a higher education, each fifth - secondary professional and 6 percent - primary professional and secondary common. Among the specialists of the highest level of qualification, higher education have 85 percent ...

It turns out that experts are more educated than their leaders.

Konstantin Likes:Only some are the most qualified. And in this I do not see the problem - the task of the leader in creating a team in which these professionals should be. In addition, often (in small business, for example) practical and simple life experience The leader is more important than the availability of a diploma. Among other categories of specialists, the share of higher education has significantly lower - from 6 to 38 percent. Moreover, every fifth worker has no primary vocational education.

And what level of vocational education today prefers Russians?

Konstantin Likes:Three of the four graduates of ordinary schools and almost 90 percent of students gymnasium are going to enter universities.

That is, the dream of the majority is to get a diploma of higher education?

Konstantin Likes:Not just the majority, but the overwhelming majority. Apparently, the value of education for the current youth is obvious. This can not but rejoice. But there is also the reverse side of this medal - the specialty obtained and the actual work is not always coincided. For example, in the formal sector of the economy, the work corresponds to the specialty obtained only in 43 percent cases, and in the informal sector correspondence even less - 24 percent. And this is not only the lost time of study (as a rule, best years Life) and ineffectively spent money, including budget. Insufficient (for work performed) Qualification is low performance, and significant salary and worse than the conditions Labor, hence dissatisfaction with the work and standard of life.

But the main thing - people have a desire to learn.

Konstantin Likes:In young people - yes, but with age, the desire to learn quickly falls. Already among 20-24 year old, two thirds are not learn anywhere.

Will not be surprised if it turns out that girls are more like learning than boys.

Konstantin Likes:The survey results are confirmed. In universities girls are 13 percent more. They are much more likely to take part in schoolchildren's olympiads. 8 percent of them take part in international and all-Russian Olympiads! This is an order of magnitude more than young men. In the lyceums also girls learns significantly more than boys.

And how are our lyceums and special schools are common?

Konstantin Likes:Of course, the bulk of children is studying in ordinary schools. Only 12 percent learn in lyceums or specialcolts with in-depth study Anex (in the city - 14.5, in the village is only 5.6 percent). But what else is interesting: graduates of lyceum and special schools for surchase EGE And adventures in universities are much more frequently passable, and paid training: they are engaged in tutoring, they go to the preparatory departments of universities. It is also surprising that in rural areas to the exam, only 6 percent of high school students are not preparing, it is twice as fewer than in the city!

That is, in the city of "Shalopayev" twice as much as in the village. What are the children in school besides the main program?

Konstantin Likes:Every second young man is engaged in sports. Among the girls there are 22 percent, their priority is elective (50 percent) and classes with tutoring (22 percent). Guys after sports these classes are in second place (40 and 20 percent). Music schools attend only 4 percent of our children over 14 years old. Nothing is additionally engaged in 6 percent of children.

Not so bad. At sunset of socialism, when all the circles and sports sections were absolutely free, about two thirds of my classmates in your free time "chased dogs."

Konstantin Likes:Times change. Only 5 percent of schoolchildren said that they did not use computer technologies at school. I think that for our huge country, with large quantity Inaccessible settlements And small schools, it is not bad. At the same time, with the words of our respondents, 10 percent of schools do not even have a gym. This, you see, a lot.

There is a common opinion that almost all professional education Today is paid.

Konstantin Likes:The percentage of state employees varies greatly depending on the level of education. For example, 92 percent study in the initial proforage system. In the system of medium professional formation of such 71 percent. In universities - almost 41 percent.

These figures do not please. 60 percent of university students receive higher education for money!

Konstantin Likes:The scale of paid higher education in our country over the past twenty years has indeed increased by an order. Yes, and the quality of this formation causes serious complaints. But at the same time, it should be noted that the state for this period not only did not reduce the free reception in universities, but even increased it.

And who today pays training if it is paid?

Konstantin Likes:90 percent of respondents answered that study is paid at the expense of household funds, i.e., in fact, parents. At the same time, 9 percent said that they took a loan. Slightly more than 6 percent indicated that they learn from the sponsors. And only 0.6 percent learn from enterprises and organizations at the place of work.

Are we talking about basic vocational education?

Konstantin Likes:Yes. If we talk about additional professional formation, then the alignment is fundamentally different. 46 percent of students of respondents reported that employers pay their studies, 28 percent spend their own funds for him, parents pay for each fourth student. Unemployed first of all (41 percent) indicate funds public service Employment.

How popular is our additional education?

Konstantin Likes:At the time of the survey, such education was obtained 3 percent of respondents. In addition, 5 percent are looking for such an opportunity. And every tenth would like to receive additional education, but does not see such an opportunity for himself.

What forms additional education most common?

Konstantin Likes:The most common types are advanced training courses (44 percent) and professional courses and trainings (30 percent). Next are all sorts of amateur courses (including driving) - 20 percent, conferences, seminars and courses foreign languages - 10 percent.

What form of training prefer today's students? There is such an observation: for 3-4 courses, the guys from the daytime go to the evening or correspondence department to get the experience of working and be more in demand in the labor market.

Konstantin Likes:Maybe. Up to 19 years, more than 90 percent of young people prefer a full-time education, and in 20-24, only about 56 percent remain there. Three-quarters among those who work and study, prefer the absentee form of training, 12 percent - evening and almost 13 percent work and study at the daily department.

You have also been interested in what people do in their free time from work and study. And what?

Konstantin Likes:Young people are most active: almost 90 percent of high school students spend time in dealing with friends, 70 percent - in "communication" with a computer, 38 percent of the TV. 26 percent are engaged in sports.

We noticed that the students' young people are constantly busy in their free time (sports, tourism, hobby). Of these, only 1.6 percent could not say what the leisure was devoted to. At the same time, more than half of the "not student" youth could not explain what they are busy in their free time.

In general, for the population, the most popular type of leisure is a trip to restaurants, cafes, bars - almost 40 percent, almost a third visited religious institutions, 19 percent are sporting events.

What can you say about the statements about the fact that Russians have lost interest in culture?

Konstantin Likes:31 percent of respondents noted that in the last 12 months a cinema was visited, 24 percent - concerts, 15 - theaters and 12 are artistic exhibitions or museums. Every fifth visited any sporting event. Gender differences in the interests and are obvious here: if the cinemas of men and women attend the same way, then the women's concerts walk 1.5 times more often, and in theaters, art exhibitions, in museums - almost twice as much. Men are ahead of women in interest in sporting events and walk on them more often.

How many of us are engaged in active views?

Konstantin Likes:Half of Russians are committed to them. Every eighth visits the sports section, every tenth - fitness, was engaged in water sports 18 percent, tourism - 16, air games - 27 percent.

Well, what about excursions?

Konstantin Likes:Excursion or tourist trip for last year Made only 19 percent of Russians. You may be surprised, but more than half of the respondents never committed such trips. Of these, 45 percent noted that they could not afford to themselves because of the lack of funds, 5- on the state of health, 13- for family reasons. 14 percent do not have interest in such trips at all. 17 percent prefer to rest at the cottage, relatives and acquaintances.

And what happened about the level of civil activity of Russians?

Konstantin Likes:Judge for yourself: only 2.3 percent of respondents indicated about their membership in any public, voluntary or charitable organizations.

21.10.2013

According to the latest report of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, as of 2011, according to experts, 53.5% of the Russian adult population had high education diplomas equivalent to higher education diplomas in the United States. This is considered the highest percentage among developed OECD countries.

Website 24/7 Wall St. Collected information on 10 countries with the highest proportion of adults with higher education.

As a rule, the most educated population in countries where the costs at all levels of education system are one of the highest. The United States, for example, spent 7.3% of their gross domestic product (GDP) for education in 2010 - this is the sixth place among the considered OECD countries.

Russia and Japan are an exception to this trend. Annual consumption for the education of one student in Russia amounted to only 4.9% of GDP or a little over 5,000 dollars. Object numbers are one of the lowest among countries reviewed in the report. In the United States, expenses per student were more than three times more.

In most countries with a high level of higher education, private expenses occupied a much greater share of the total costs. Of the 10 countries with the highest level of education, nine had very high total education costs that were covered from private sources.

Many of the most educated countries tend to have more high level Advanced skills. Japan, Canada and Finland - countries with highly educated population - were among the most advanced countries based on the results of literacy and mathematics exams. The United States is a notable exception to this rule.

To determine the most educated countries in the world, site 24/7 Wall St. Assembly information on 10 countries with the highest level of higher education in residents of ages from 25 to 64 years in 2011. These data were included in the OECD Country Report "Education AT A GLANCE 2013".

1. the Russian Federation

The percentage of the population with higher education: 53.5%

Education costs as a percentage of GDP: 4.9%

Statistics say that in 2011 more than half of the population of Russia from 25 to 64 had higher education. In addition, almost 95% of the adult population had an average-seat education.

For comparison, in other OECD countries, this figure is on average 75%. In Russia, according to OECD, "historically large investment in education".

Nevertheless, the latest data somewhat spoiled the educational image of the country. Reports show widespread corruption in the education system, including fraud on standard tests, selling dissertations to politicians and rich people.

2. Canada

Percentage of the population with higher education: 51.3%

Average annual growth rate (2000-2011): 2.3%

Expenses for education as a percentage of GDP: 6.6%

Since 2011, approximately one of four adults canadians - the highest percentage in OECD countries - received an education-oriented education and skills based.

In 2010, Canada spent $ 16,300 on education above average, yielding only the United States, where they spent more than $ 20,000 per student.

3. Japan

Average annual growth rate (2000-2011): 3.0%

Education costs as a percentage of GDP: 5.1%

Japan has spent a smaller percentage of its GDP on education than the Middle OECD. But the population of the country ascending sun Still one of the most educated in the world.

In addition, almost 23% of adult Japanese had the highest literacy rate, which is twice as much as in the United States.

The percentage of graduates of higher educational institutions was also one of the highest in the world. According to the OECD, on average, annual expenses per student of the university in 2010 was significantly higher than on average in the OECD, and they should still increase.

4. Israel

Percentage of population with higher education: 46.4%

Average annual growth rate (2000-2011): no data

Education costs as a percentage of GDP: 7.5%

In Israel, men aged 18 and 21 years and women from 18 to 20 should pass the service in the armed forces. According to the OECD, this led to a much larger level of involvement in the educational process of this age group.

The average graduate of the highest educational institution in Israel is older than most graduates of OECD countries. Annual expenses for one student, starting with elementary school To the highest, significantly lower than in other countries.

5. United States

Percentage of the population with higher education: 42.5%

Average annual growth rate (2000-2011): 1.4%

Government spending on education increased in OECD countries by 5% on average between 2008 and 2010. In the United States, however, expenses decreased by 1% during this time.

Nevertheless, the United States spent more than $ 22,700 per student in 2010 at all levels of education, which is higher than in the rest of the OECD countries.

American teachers of secondary schools with ten years and more years have received one of the highest salaries for this profession among developed countries.

Nevertheless, American students are 16-24 years old show the weakest knowledge of mathematics among all OECD countries.

6. Korea

Percentage of the population with higher education: 40.4%

Average annual growth rate (2000-2011): 4.9%

Education costs as percentage of GDP: 7.6%

Koreans have quite good chances in obtaining work after the completion of education. Just 2.6% of the adult population of the country that had scientific degree Equivalent Bachelor, were unemployed.

Korean teachers get some of the best salary among OECD countries. In a percentage of GDP, the costs of higher education and research programs in 2010 were the highest among the aforementioned countries. Most of the funds were non-governmental - 72.74%.

7. United Kingdom

Percentage of the population with higher education: 39.4%

Average annual growth rate (2000-2011): 4.0%

Approximately three quarters of higher education in the United Kingdom in 2010 were financed from private sources, lifting only Chile only among the considered OECD countries.

The share of private expenses for higher education since 2000 has more than doubled. Common education expenses increased. In addition, since 2000, British universities in the number of foreign students are inferior only to universities of the United States.

8. New Zealand

Average annual growth rate (2000-2011): 2.9%

Education costs as a percentage of GDP: 7.3%

After graduating from high school, many New Zealanders receive a technical education that requires the acquisition of skills. About 15% of the adult population received the formation of this type in college. The cost of education in New Zealand in 2010 amounted to 7.28% of GDP.

It is estimated that 21.2% of all expenses of the Government of New Zealand went to education, almost twice as much as an average of OECD.

9. Finland

Percentage of the population with higher education: 39.3%

The average annual growth rate (2000-2011): 1.7%

Education expenses as a percentage of GDP: 6.5%

Washington, December 15. / Corr. TASS Ivan Lebedev. Literacy on the planet rises in the last two decades of low rates and is now only 84%.

This means that 781 million adults in different countries, Or about every tenth resident of the Earth, do not know how to read and write, reports the research center of the American network edition "Globalist".

The center has prepared a report based on United Nations education, science and culture issues (UNESCO).

The elimination of illiteracy was the rapid pace after the Second World War, but in the current century he was very slowed down, experts noted. From 1950 to 1990, literacy increased from 56 to 76%, and in the next ten years increased to 82%. However, since 2000, this indicator added only 2%.

According to the authors of the report, this is due to the generally low level of socio-economic development of Central African countries and Western Asia, where 597 million people live, who can not read and write. "They make up 76% of all illiterate people with the world," the document says. The only encouraging fact is that the level of literacy among young people in the states of South and Western Asia is noticeably higher than the older generation.

In general, literacy among young men and girls aged 15 to 24 worldwide, according to the UNESCO Statistical Institute, is now 90%. "This indicator seems high, but it still means that 126 million young people do not know how to read and write," experts of the Globalist research center say.

They also pay attention to that, in general, literacy among young men is 6% higher than among girls, and the largest gap in this field is observed, naturally, in the poorest Muslim countries. Of 781 million illiterate people on the planet, two-thirds make up women. More than 30% of them (187 million) live in India.

Statistics by country.

In India, in general there are many a large number of illiterate residents - 286 million people. Further, the list follows China (54 million), Pakistan (52 million), Bangladesh (44 million), Nigeria (41 million), Ethiopia (27 million), Egypt (15 million), Brazil (13 million), Indonesia (12 million ) and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (12 million). These ten countries account for more than two thirds of all illiterate inhabitants of the Earth.

American experts also emphasize that, despite the high absolute indicator, the relative level of illiteracy in China is only 5% of the population. The authors of the report are confident that "in the coming decades" illiteracy in the PRC will be completely eliminated. In their opinion, this is evidenced by the fact that the literacy rate among Chinese youth is now 99.6%.

Last week, Assistant Chairman of the Government of the Russian Federation Olga Golodets was on a working visit to Anapa, where children's institutions and social facilities visited. During the visit to the All-Russian child Center The "change" of the Deputy Prime Minister informed journalists that two thirds of Russians are not required. This statement of the official has caused many publications in the press, most of which expresses the obvious disapproval of such a look of the Deputy Prime Minister for the needs of higher education for Russians. How much does the Russian system of higher education meet the needs of the country's economy and how justified the views of the Deputy Prime Minister for this system?

What did Olga Holodets talk about journalists?

According to the Deputy Prime Minister, in Russia, from the point of view of the economy, 65% of the able-bodied population in higher education does not need. "We have a calculated balance, it is approximately 65% \u200b\u200bby 35%. At the same time, 65% are people who do not require higher education. Therefore, in the near future, the proportion in the economy will vary in the direction of increasing the share of people without higher education, "said the official to Journalists in Anapa. Based on what data was calculated by this "Balance", the official did not specify the official, but many central editions immediately published the information of the WTCIOM, according to which in 2010 only 23% of Russian citizens are owners of a higher education diploma. Olga Golodets statement caused a lot of criticism in the blogosphere, especially against the background of the fact that, as part of his family, the Deputy Prime Minister considers only 100% higher education acceptable. Other Deputy Prime Minister Dvorkovich was forced to even make explanations about the statement of his colleague on the Cabinet, saying that Olga Holodets words that the higher education was not necessary for the most part of the population of Russia, were incorrectly interpreted and we are talking Only about some professions. How the Vice-Premier Dvorkovich managed to interpret quite specific numbers And the words of colleagues were not reported. But attention is drawn to the fact that to decide what and how many citizens of Russia in the field of education (and not only) is taken by an official, public statements of which need special explanations and interpretations.

How many universities in Russia?

Today, the Russian higher education system includes more than 900 higher educational institutions. Of these, about two thirds are state and third are private. The number of students in all universities is approximately 5 million people, about 1 million people arrived at the first year, a little more than half of them on budget places. In the system of primary and secondary vocational education, less than 3 million Russians are studying. Experts suggest that the ratio should be reverse - people with higher education need approximately one and a half times less than specialists with secondary primary professional formation.

In the 60s of the last century in the USSR, such a proportion was, but over time, the number of university graduates began to grow, and trademarks and technical schools on the contrary - to decline. After the collapse of the USSR, this process took an avalanche-like character: private universities began to grow as mushrooms after rain, and the initial and secondary professional formation came in full decline.

At the beginning of the 2000th, the number of places in the country's universities was equal to the number of school graduates, although the demographic pit of the period was one of the reasons for this.

Is there a lot of higher education in Russia compared to other countries?

When the Deputy Prime Minister Golodets said that in Russia there should be no more than 35% of people with the highest education, she probably relied on data on a certain age category of citizens of the Russian Federation. Today, about half of the graduates of Russian schools enter higher educational institutions. According to the European Social Research of 2010, in the age range of 25-39 years, the share of Russians having a higher education is 39%. In this indicator, our country is located in close positions with such states as Poland, Israel, Finland, Sweden, the Netherlands, Spain. That is, neither the leader nor an outsider among developed countries in the coverage of the population by higher education, our state is not. We are behind Norway, whose higher education diplomas have more than half of the citizens, but three times superior to the Czech Republic and twice in Portugal.

Very lagged behind the prevalence of higher education from us China - in 1998 there were less than 900 thousand people in this country with, in 2013 they became more than 6 million people. Although the dynamics of growth is very impressive, but in relation to 1.4 billion of its population, it is only a percentage share.

Sometimes, criticizing the Russian higher education system, as an example lead Japan, arguing that there is a coverage of citizens in approaching 100%. Such data does not correspond to reality. In this country with a population of 127 million people, the number of universities is about 800, which per capita is comparable to Russia. The state of them is less than 200, to enroll in the university difficult, education is quite expensive and not affordable for most Japanese (six-year training at the medical faculty of the State Tokyo University costs 3.5 million, which today corresponds to about 2 million rubles. Training in a private university on order more expensive). As a result, as of 2010, 45% of the Japanese had a higher education diploma.

What is the quality of Russian higher education?

Degrading higher education Begin still during the time of the USSR, when the prestige began to fall, requiring in, for example, the profession of engineer. IN newest Story Russia was taken to the commercialization of education, the officials of the direct text declared that education should make a profit (although it was not specified to someone), many non-core faculties began to be opened in universities, which lacked the right number of teachers. Not to mention that about the demand for the country's economy of specialists of such a profile and in such quantity no one in the government thought: there was an idea that the demand and supply of the market themselves "will bring order" in the industry. It was accompanied by all this "development" of infinite reforms of education, mergers and consolidation of universities, the introduction of the Bologna system, from which many strong European universities refuse. In Russia, "Bolonization" was conducted under the auspices of integration into the Western educational system. Very surprisingly against the background of today's difficult relationship between Russia, the incessant efforts of our officials look at the further promotion of this "integration". In HSE, for example, spend great efforts and government money to teach profile items on english language with constant advanced training of teachers, with appropriate notes guidelines, With the purchase of the equipment you need to ensure. And all this is necessary that the specialist seized English at the level of the Language University, received the appropriate certificate and recognized in the West diploma. For what our state needed for considerable means to cultivate specialists who plan to leave to work abroad, not clear. By the way, the word "knowledge" is never mentioned in the document. There is no place for him, exclusively "competences". Development of competencies "By pressing right button"- the competence" by pressing the left "will prepare the neighboring department.

All this stormy activity of our officials on the Niva education affected the last most sad way. Not everywhere, of course. There were universities in the country, producing quite decent specialists (no wonder various TNCs like Intel or Microsoft hurried to open many of their branches in Russia), but such universities are relatively few. The rest is a race for "platforms", the coercion of students is recorded on all sorts of additional paid courses, absolutely not consistent with the needs of the labor market.

Weak consolation in what is happening can only serve in one - this situation is evolving not only in Russia. There are a number of elite and very expensive universities in Europe (mainly in the UK) and the United States, which give a decent education, but in the mass segment of higher education and in the states, and in Europe looks rather dumb. Among other things, the US higher education system is largely a financial bubble like a mortgage. The volume of educational loans issued in this country has exceeded the trillion dollars, and the number of defaults is growing rapidly.

Why did the government need to reduce the number of universities?

Not a number of specialists produced by our Higher Education system nor the nomenclature of these specialties for the most part of the market needs do not correspond. In addition, a significant part of commercial universities is, in fact, the "diplomas factory". The guidance of elementary order in this area is undoubtedly not superfluous. Improving the education system is also a completely natural process - neither science nor industry is in place. More precisely, do not stand. But this should be done by an evolutionary way, with the preservation of a certain foundation in education, ensuring the continuity of knowledge, taking into account the cultural and historical traditions of the country. Today, the reformist activities of the government in the field of education takes place under the auspices of raising the initial and secondary vocational education. It is believed that the need for this market is giant, and lazy Russians simply do not want to work and go to universities, only to "disappear" from the army. Regarding the army, such allegations are partly true. In the rest of the desire, graduates of schools are dictated not so much misunderstanding of their place in life as the requirements of the labor market. The employer today prefers primarily the finished specialist, at the worst of the young, but with higher education. Education may be non-core, that in the case of "office plankton" and not very fundamentally. Just the absence of a candidate in meaning only one thing is not just a "victim" of education reforms, it is most likely "Super Serrenva". With all the consequences.

In the same way as it concerns the oversupply of specialists with both lacks in the segment of primary and medium-sized trade units, "this situation has not developed such due to problems in the field of education. Against the background of destruction of production and science in the country, the need for workplaces is reduced. Hidden unemployment in Russia is dozens percent. Complaints of some manufacturers to the fact that during the day with fire, do not find a decent turner or another professional in production, are valid. The trouble is only that today the number of such existing industries is very small, and create a labor market, for the needs of which you can build a full-fledged system of education, these enterprises cannot. It is much easier to attract migrant workers, albeit not always worthy qualifications, but inexpensive.

In other words, building an education system begins with some efforts to create such an economy that will need educated specialists. Apparently, our government is not ready for such efforts either morally or from the point of view of "competencies". "Optimize" - habitual.