Who comes after the associate. Degree scholars

In a number of other European countries who have acceded to the Bologna process, harmonizing the nomenclature of academic degrees, involving the establishment of uniform requirements for three degrees in each industry of knowledge:

1. ph.D. (here under the philosophy means science in general, and not actually philosophy; in parallel there are similar degrees of the doctor of law, medicine, theology, etc.),

awarded accredited higher educational institution.

Instead of the highest single Western degree of the doctor (philosophy, etc.), the system of the German sample inherited from the Soviet Union is used in which two degrees exist:

At the same time, the degree of candidate of sciences is awarded to the dissertation council and is approved (a decision is made to issue a diploma of the candidate of science) by the highest attestation commission of the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia, and the degree of doctor of science is awarded to the VAC Presidium on the basis of the dissertation council.

Scientific titles

Scientific titles are currently divided by the title of associate professor or professor in the specialty and associate professor or professor at the Department. The first are assigned to Vacu, the second - the Ministry of Education and Science of Russia (see "Regulations on the procedure for assigning scientists"). The scientist of a senior scientist is currently not assigned to the Russian Federation, it is equal to the rank of associate professor in the specialty. Previously (as well as currently in Ukraine and in some other post-Soviet states), the rank of senior researcher was assigned to employees of research institutes, and qualification requirements for applicants for this title did not include teaching work in universities, in contrast to the duty officer.

Scientific titles of the correspondent member and academician are officially recognized only if their owners are members of one of 6 state academies:

• Russian Academy of Medical Sciences (RAMS),
• Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (RASK),
• Russian Academy of Architecture and Building Sciences (Rasn),

Scientists and titles that existed earlier

The position of the degrees of bachelor and master in Russia

Prior to the fulfillment of Bologna recommendations, the bachelor and master in Russia relate not to academic degrees, but to the qualifications of graduates of educational institutions of higher vocational education. According to its status, the holders of the bachelor's degrees belong to persons having a higher professional education of the second level, which, in turn, is considered to be lower than the highest education of the third level to which the master's degree and qualifications of a graduate specialist belong.

Thus, both with a legal and practical point of view, the status and position of the qualifications of the qualification of a graduate specialist and the academic degree of the master - in modern Russia are completely similar and equivalent, that is, they give the same rights to their owners to commit professional (including scientific and and scientific and teaching (including in higher educational institutions)) activities in accordance with education and qualifications, as well as equal rights of admission to postgraduate education (graduate school).

Nevertheless, despite the foregoing, there are still cases of receipt of graduate specialists in the magistracy (as a rule, on a fee basis, as it is possible to obtain a higher education of a certain level free of charge only once), which, however, should be considered not as a continuation Education at a higher stage, but, rather, as a hidden form of obtaining a second higher education (obtaining a master's degree in a specialty / direction, somewhat different from a specialist diploma), professional retraining or advanced training (similarly), as well as increasing education status (for example, Cases of admission to the magistracy of the leading university of the graduate specialist - a graduate of a less well-known university).

Nomenclature of scientists degrees

Depending on the specialty on which the dissertation is protected, one of the following tech degrees is awarded the applicant. Below is the nomenclature of doctors of science; The nomenclature of candidates of science is completely repeated.

Dr. architecture Doctor of Biological Sciences Doctor of Veterinary Sciences Dr. Military Sciences Doctor of Geographic Sciences Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences Doctor of Art History Doctor of Historical Sciences Dr. Culturology Doctor of Medical Sciences Doctor of Pedagogical Sciences Doctor of Political Sciences

Doctor of Psychological Sciences Doctor of Agricultural Sciences Doctor of Sociological Sciences Doctor of Technical Sciences Doctor of Pharmaceutical Sciences Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Doctor of Philological Sciences Doctor of philosophical science Doctor of Chemical Sciences Doctor of Economic Sciences Doctor of Legal Sciences

Honor

Honor Doctor or Honor Degree or Doctor Honoris Causa) is issued by universities, academies or the Ministry of Education without a course of study and without registration of mandatory requirements (on publications, protection, etc.), but who have achieved great success in business and Received known in any field of knowledge (artists, jurisprudence, religious figures, businessmen, writers and poets, artists, etc.). Such people are involved in teaching and lectures in the best universities of many countries of the world. Honorary diploma of Doctor of Science is not issued in medicine.

The honorary degree can be awarded and removed.

Non-state organizations

Religious organizations can award the degree of candidate (doctor) of theological sciences (or theology), assign the titles of professors and associate professors, etc. Other non-governmental organizations can also assign various degrees and titles, up to academician (see Non-state Academy). However, all these degrees and titles are legally not those in Russia and do not give them to the owners of the rights stipulated by the laws of the Russian Federation. Currently, there is a discussion regarding the possibility of transferring scientific and qualifying powers of Vaca to scientists of universities and research institutes (including non-state), as is done in many Western countries. Opponents of such a transfer expresses an opinion on the inevitable devaluation of the system of scientists of degrees and titles as a result of the loss of state control over the certification of scientific and scientific and pedagogical personnel.

Notes

Links on the topic

• The site of the highest attestation commission of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation

Qualifications in education and science
Graduates of universities	Bachelor Specialist Magister Licinity
Scientists	Candidate of Sciences Doctor of Science Doctor of Philosophy (PHD)
Scientific titles	Associate Professor
Academic titles	Corresponding Member Academician

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Watch what is a "scientist title" in other dictionaries:

Assigns to teachers of universities and scientists (as a rule, with degrees' scientists), depending on the scientific qualifications and complexity of solved research tasks. In the Russian Federation, scientists are accepted by the titles of professor, associate professor, ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Scientific title - The official title, assigned to teachers of educational institutions of higher professional education (universities) and scientists in accordance with the performed pedagogical and research work (professor, associate professor, ... ... Professional education. Vocabulary

Scientific title - - Qualification of scientific and pedagogical workers, the form of their certification. In Russia, scholars have established scholars: professors, associate professor, senior teacher, assistant, senior and junior researcher ... Modern educational process: Basic concepts and terms

rank - The title, I, CP title, the name, officially assigned to someone, which are determined by the degree of merit, professional qualifications, official position. Academic title of professor. I minister is much more than you, maybe, you think, but wise ... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

Scientist - The scientist title, the scientist, is assigned to teachers of universities and scientists (as a rule, with degrees' scientists) depending on the scientific qualifications and complexity of the solved creative tasks. According to the scholarship, the positions are also called ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

Assigns to teachers of universities and scientists (as a rule, with scientists by degrees), depending on the scientific qualifications and complexity of solved research tasks. * * * Scientific title Scientific title is assigned to teachers of universities and ... encyclopedic Dictionary

PROFESSOR - Scientific title, as well as the post of teacher of the institute (unlike other countries, where a professor is called any teacher). Professor's position Usually receive doctors of science, less often candidates of science. The scientist "Professor" can get ... ... Linguistant dictionary

If you decide to work as a teacher, then you need to navigate in posts at the Department of Universities: Assistant, Senior Lecturer, Associate Professor, Professor, know what is the difference between them, and what the requirements should be a candidate for every position to represent what You need to be ready.

If you already have the experience of scientific and pedagogical activities, they may have defended his thesis, but doubt the loyalty of the understanding that there is a position, a degree, academic title, explanations in this article you will also find.

If you just show idle interest, who is above: Professor or Doctor of Science? Also look for an answer in the article.

How to get a job as a teacher at the university?

+ Improve diploma

If you want to work later by a teacher, and before the end of the specialized university there is still enough time, then do not lose it in vain and work over your estimates. It sounds trite, but in practice it turns out to be true: the employers really look at the evaluation in the diploma, and the higher they, the more employment opportunities for you open, and the trielents are not needed to anyone.

If the diploma has already been received, and it is impossible to change anything, then, unfortunately, I don't know the facts that teachers with topics work in profile disciplines work in the university (you know such cases? Share them in the comments!).

+ Create a resume by providing his photo

A ready summary must be with a photo, so the employer will be easier to combine and remember as one: you, your resume and interview with you. Imagine, he / her in the table can lie a lot of pieces of paper, pulling out some kind of resume, it will be difficult for him to remember a person, an impression with him, and the impression on it, if there is a photo - the question is removed.

+ Personally contact the Zavka

If you are sure of your desire to find a job as a teacher and have a ready-made summary, the next step will be the search for contacts of the university coastard, where you would like to work, because it is she / he, and not some other official of the university, aware, is there any It / its free bets, or when they are released. Knowing the surname, name, patronymic, working phone Zadeardos, you need to contact her / name, and, in the event of a job, you will be invited to an interview.

At the same time, the conversation with the Zavorka Fed at the phone increases the chances of destination of the interview compared to sending resumes by mail.

Think, why do you need to shake a couple of weeks waiting for a possible response of the employer to your resume, and to make extra television in the form of a search for a meeting with you? You better immediately get the answer: "Yes, we have vacancies, come to the interview", or: "No, and not foresee," and move on, look for other solutions to the problem, how to get a teacher at the university. The employer, in his position, usually do not have to "run" for the personnel, in high school, as a rule, a little vacancies, and it is a candidate who wants to get to work, ABOUTi am initiative.

+ Choose a good time

Successfully get a job as a university teacher will help the well-selected job search time.

Typically, the load between teachers is distributed to the school year, and it starts on September 1. We begin to pre-distribute the load in the spring.

As you know, the school year is divided into 2 semesters, and teachers most often dismissed, read: the places are exempt, at the beginning of the semester.

It follows from the foregoing that approximately in May, June Zavorkapler will need to know if he needs / she will have new teachers for the next academic year. \u003d\u003e Better to contact the Zabedroy in May, June.

But in any case, it is particularly not as planned and here: some teacher found another job and decided to quit, he does it usually since the beginning of 1 semester, less often - from the beginning of 2 semesters. \u003d\u003e Monitor the vacancies in late August, early September, late December, January.

It happens that in the middle of the year, someone goes somewhere, then the Zabedroy has to attend someone to find someone, and in the midst of the school year it is very difficult, everyone is arranged and working in their places. Here he / she opens a daddy with the accumulated summary of candidates, and your photo in the resume can serve you a good service: he / she is alone remembering another barely barely, and you will remember and invite you to the interview!

How is the competition going on to replace the vacant post of teacher of the university?

I'll answer. At the first point: information about truly free places at the departments of universities is not served on the labor exchange, nor publish on the Internet; On the second item: Placement of ads on the competition for filling vacant posts at the university is the formality, fulfilling the requirements of the procedure of the competition, and for each post there is already a real person who now claims, and a little earlier it took this position, he simply expired for labor contract.

The fact is that this is happening in accordance with the universities of practice, in view of the following regulations on the procedure for replacing the posts of pedagogical workers belonging to the faculty, approved by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation (Extreme - in 2015):

" 1. This Regulation<…> Determines the procedure and conditions for replacing the posts of pedagogical workers related to faculty, in an organization engaged in educational activities on the implementation of educational programs of higher education and additional professional programs, and the conclusions of employment contracts for an indefinite period or for a certain time no more than five years.

3. Conclusion of the employment contract to replace the post of pedagogical worker in the organization, as well as transfer to such a position preceded election by competition For replacement, relevant posts (hereinafter - Competition). "

// Garant.ru.

Practice shows that the teacher is a labor contract for up to 5 years (it can be both 1 year and 3 years, or another figure to 5), cases of admonition of perpetual treaties are unknown to me, this happens, possibly with the famous professors (If you are known circumstances, examples, when perpetual contracts conclude with teachers, tell us in the comments).

So, in order to take a certain position at the department, you need to go through the competition, which means to confirm your compliance of this post. Competitions allow you to keep teachers in Tonus, make them develop, as the appropriate candidate is usually a teacher who meets the following requirements: the advanced training has published scientific articles that issued educational and methodological benefits with work experience and the other.

Among the stages of the competition, it is possible to allocate the following: filling out the applicant of the package of documents, the report of the candidate before the members of the department, on which he claims to continue to work, approval of the candidate at a meeting of the Competition Commission of the Institute / University, the approval of the candidacy by the Scientific Council of the Institute / University is brief.

Posts at the University ascending

The lowest post of the university teacher - assistant . He, just like other teachers, leads practical or seminar classes, butnot It may be allowed to read lectures. The salary of the assistant is the lowest, but also the requirements for a candidate for this post minimal - work experience of 1 year, and after graduating, there is no condition for the existence of the experience.

Next position at the University of Ascending - senior Lecturer . Lecturer in this post alsonot It is allowed to read lectures. But the requirements for the employee who claim to it are sufficiently high: and work experience at least 3 years and, in the case of a candidate of science, work experience is also necessary. In addition, a candidate for a position should submit the results of research and methodical work: the presence of published scientific articles, the release of educational and methodological benefits.

For the overwhelming majority of teachers who have not defended their dissertation, and therefore, not having a candidate of science, the position of senior teacher is a ceiling of development at the Department in the university.

Position associate The department at the university is given in the presence of a scientific degree of a candidate of science (that is, successful protectionphD Thesis) and experience of scientific and pedagogical work, that is, work in the university by the teacher, at least 3 years or the academic title of associate professor.

Senior teacher and associate professor, the difference as we see is as follows:

Senior Lecturer - the post below the associate professor.

The existence of a candidate of science is the main condition for the applicant for the post of associate professor.

The necessary scientific and pedagogical experience seems to be the basic requirement for the applicant for the post of senior teacher.

The posts of teachers at the university also include such as professor , it can only be served as a teacher who has a scientist degree of doctor of science (and therefore defendingdoctoral dissertation), or the scientist of the professor, as well as work experience from 5 years.

The difference between the associate professor and the professor is as follows:

Professor's post of professor.

The presence of a degree of candidate of science (or academic title of associate professor) is the main condition for claims to the post of associate professor.

The academic degree of doctor of science (or the scientist of the professor) seems to be a necessary requirement for the applicant for the post of professor.

Position and degree

Now you know what positions can occupy teachers at the department, but I also mentioned such a concept as a degree - it is worth staying on it.

Scientists of degrees in Russia are two: candidate of science and doctor of science.

To obtain degree of candidate of science It is necessary to enroll in graduate school, at the end of which to protect the PhD dissertation is a scientific study on a certain problem.

What gives graduate school in Russia and why go there? Graduate studies give a delay from the army? Included in labor experience? What gives employment? Training in graduate school and work, how to combine? What is the term of study in graduate school? What are the forms of study in graduate school? Is there a correspondence graduate school? What is the corresponding postgraduate study from full-time? What is the learning process in graduate school? What gives graduate school without protection?

Doctor of Science It is awarded after successful protection of a doctoral dissertation, written during training in doctoral studies. In doctoral studies, you can enter only already having a scientific degree of candidate of science.

Associate Professor is a position or a scientific degree? Associate Professor and Candidate of Sciences, what is the difference?

Thus, answering the question: Associate Professor is a post or a degree, it can be said that the Associate Professor is a position held by the teacher at the Department, which is usually a scientific degree of candidate of science.

Associate Professor and Candidate of Science, what is the difference? The difference of associate professor from the candidate of science is that, as you already know, the Associate Professor is the position of the teacher at the Department of the University, and the candidate of science is a scientific degree awarded to him as a result of the successful protection of the candidate thesis.

What is the difference between the doctor of science from Professor? Who is the above Professor or Doctor of Science?

Doctor of Science and Professor - the difference is that the doctor of science is a scientific degree, awarded to the researcher who defended his doctoral dissertation. And Professor is a teacher's position at the Department of the University, which may occupy, in the overwhelming majority, a teacher who has a doctorate degree.

Answer the question: who is above the professor or doctor of science, in my opinion, is impossible, because these concepts relate to different system of ranking research workers.

Professor - is a post, highest at the department: Assistant -\u003e Senior Lecturer -\u003e Associate Professor -\u003e Professor.

In the scientific sphere and higher educational institutions there is a qualifying system that allows you to establish a scientific hierarchy of scientific and pedagogical personnel - scientific degrees and titles. In our country, the award of academic degrees and the ranks of the associate professor and the professor is somewhat different from other countries. As a rule, the academic title "Associate Professor" is assigned a "professor" - doctors of science, although there are exceptions. In other countries, scientific degrees differ very significantly on the qualification, title, award and approval procedures.

In order to get scientific degrees, you must first write and protect your dissertation, and this is a rather voluminous scientific work that can contain from 150 to 500 pages of scientific text. Is it possible not to write dissertation on many sheets, but on quite legal grounds to successfully defend? You can, although it will not be quite simple. The dissertation for the degree of doctor of sciences can be made in the form of a scientific report, in which a summary of the research results should be submitted. Such a report should be supported by a large number of previously published scientific works, which are of serious importance for science. In addition, the applicant must be well known to the scientific community with its research and discoveries in its field of activity.

Indicates the receipt of the title of the title with this position during the period of labor relations. However, in the modern Russian Federation (Russia), the scientific title is lifelong, but is assigned only after working out the necessary experience in the same (or equivalent) position and perform a number of other formal conditions.

Scientific titles in Russia

Modern condition

Currently (2019) in Russia, two scientists are assigned: "Associate Professor" and "Professor". These terms are the generally accepted shortening of the full name of the titles pointing to the scope of activity: "Associate Professor on such a specialty", or "professor on such a specialty", or "Professor RAS / RAO according to such a department." Other titles and concepts related to the persons engaged in the scientific and educational sector (Doctor of Science, membership, a researcher, assistant and other), scientists are not.

Changes of recent years

By the end of 2013, scientists were assigned associate Professor on the Department and professor at the Department (mainly employees of higher educational institutions, including part-books), association by specialty and professor in specialty (mainly employees of the Research Institutes involved in training). Until 2002, the Employees of the Research Institute could also obtain a scientist title of a senior researcher (SNA), the requirements for applicants that did not include the presence of pedagogical experience; It now corresponds to the associate professor in the specialty.

Since December 2013, the title of professor and associate professor is assigned only "in the specialty", the existing titles are equal to them. At the same time, the procedure became complicated. Thus, one of the mandatory conditions for assigning the title of professor is now the presence of the associate professor for at least three years (previously the scientist of the professor could be assigned to persons who did not have before this title).

By the end of 2013, the consideration of certification cases of applicants for the titles was engaged in the highest attestation commission (VAC) under the ministry, referred to as the "Ministry of Education and Science", then the Ministry itself. At the same time, the term "Mintophruuki" changed the meaning in May-June 2018: if until the specified time was designated, then on May 15, this ministry was reorganized, and from June 18, the reducing the "Ministry of Education" officially began to refer to the newly created Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation.

In 2015 introduced honorary Sociality "Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS)", awarded - with a restriction by age - for merits in scientific activity. It is assigned not to the supervisory authorities of the Higher School, and the Presidium of the Academy. Achievements of this title as researchers are usually higher than that of the middle university professor, but teaching experience can be small. In 2016, a similar title appeared in RAO.

History of scientists in Russia

Scientific titles in the Russian Empire

The only scientist in the Russian Empire was introduced by Charter 1804, the title of Honored Professor, given after 25 years of service at the university, usually before retirement. The title of Honored Professor provided a lifelong pension.

In the scientific and educational system of the Russian Empire, arranged in the German model and arranged at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries, there were teaching positions of adjunct, extraordinary professor and the ordinary professor. Later, since 1863, instead of adjuncts, regular associations were introduced, in 1884 renamed privat-associate professors. The position of the ordinary professor corresponded to the head of the department, and the extraordinary - professor; For this posts, a doctoral degree was necessary. Adjunctions, or associate professors, were assistants and deputy professors; Initially, adjunctions became faces from among students, but since 1835 the requirements for them were increased to the extent of a master similar to the current candidate of science.

As "scientists of the title" of the name of the above positions in those years in Russia were not used, except for colloquial use. Instead, the role of "titles" of university teachers and researchers played certain ranks within the framework of a single system - a table of ranks. When classing a teaching position and upon receipt of the doctor, the corresponding rank was assigned:

Scientific titles in the SSR Union

Scientists and degrees in the USSR were re-introduced by the decision of the Sovnarkom in 1934. The certification system in terms of scientists was more extensive than today, and included 6 titles, three for universities and for Research Institute: the university rank of professors in the Research Institution valid Member Research institution, the rank of associate professor - a senior researcher, and the rank of assistant is a junior researcher. Thus, at this time, the country's scientific and educational institutions operated a fully parallel system of three graduation of scientists: in research institutes - younger, senior researcher, a valid member of the institution; In universities - assistant, associate professor, professor.

Subsequently, the titles of a valid member of the institution were stopped (not mentioned in the "Regulations on the procedure ... Assignment of academic titles", approved in 1975), then the younger Researcher and Assistant (no in the "position" of 1989, introduced from July 1, 1990 .) And - already in the post-Soviet period - a senior researcher (absent in the "position" of 2002).

The titles of the Junior Researcher and the assistant were close on qualifying requirements and did not assume the mandatory availability of a scientific degree. In the 1930s, these titles were assigned to persons who successfully completed graduate school and leading scientific or educational work, but later the demand for graduate studies was canceled. Unlike the titles of professor, associate professor and senior researcher, the approval in the title of an assistant or a junior researcher was issued by the order of the head of the university / Research Institute without the participation of the USSR WAK, and the certificates certifying the assignment of these scientists were not issued.

Scientific titles in religious educational institutions

Foreign scientists

General characteristics of the situation

The rules for assigning scientists in different countries are different and are often based on national traditions, although steps towards unification are being taken. Unlike Russia and the countries of the former USSR, in most states there is no pronounced delimitation of the same name and titles: for example, reception of an employee to the position of professor in an educational institution simultaneously means receiving the title of professor. General is a strict differentiation of degrees from the titles - the scientific degree documents the qualification of the employee, and the title reflects its compliance of a particular scientific and pedagogical position.

The names of the titles in many countries are repeated by the Associate Professor and Professor adopted in Russia - with various definitions: "Honored", "Full", "Ordinary", "Associated", etc. In some countries, academic titles are also considered an assistant, lecturer, Starting. At the same time, the "associated professor" (Associate Professor) approximately corresponds to the Russian associate professor, and the Assistant Professor (Assistant Professor) is simply a scientific employee without a title. Quite detailed lists of scholars are available in the English and Italian sections of Wikipedia.

Recognition of foreign titles in the Russian Federation

The informal establishment of compliance of the professional level of owners of titles from different countries is difficult, since each country has its own "strong" and "weak" institutions, and the qualifications are also individual. Much more informative in this sense of the Curriculum Vitae of a specific scientist.

In the legal plane, recognition in the Russian Federation received abroad, is carried out either in accordance with international treaties on mutual recognition of documents on scientific degrees and scholars, or in accordance with the order of the Government of the Russian Federation "On approval of the list of foreign educational organizations and scientific organizations that The documents of foreign states on the degrees and scholars recognized in the territory of the Russian Federation are issued. If foreign scientists do not fall under the conditions of the above-mentioned contracts and orders, the question of the recognition of foreign scientists is solved individually (before its reorganization in 2018, the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation).

see also

Notes

1. On the procedure for assigning scientists (Neopr.) . Website "Documents of the Government of Russia" (December 10, 2013). Checked October 1, 2017.
2. Federal Law N 273-FZ "On Education in the Russian Federation" (with change and extra.), Paragraph 11 of Art. 108. (Neopr.) (2012).
3. Order of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation N 1258 "On approval of the procedure for establishing incentive payments ..." (Neopr.) . Russian newspaper - Fed. Vol. № 5687 (14) (2012).
4. (Neopr.) (1992).
5. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of May 15, 2018 N 215 "On the structure of federal executive authorities" (Neopr.) . Russian newspaper (May 15, 2018). Checked on May 16, 2018.
6. On approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation
7. Regulatory documents on the rank of "Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences" and the Coordination Council of Professors of the Russian Academy of Sciences (rus.).
8. Order on the establishment of the honorary title "Professor RAO" (Neopr.) . Site RAO. Checked on February 20, 2018.

Continuing the topic raised in the article "Profession, specialty, specialization ... Let's figure it out!", I propose to touch scientists by degrees and titles, as well as related posts, to better understand these familiar, at first glance, the concepts.

Academic degree

The degree of the title, which is assigned to the applicant by the scientific community and certifies its competence in a specific scientific field. Most CIS countries inherited a system of degrees from the USSR (Ukraine - among them), so today the representative of national science can be:

• candidate of science
• dr. Science

The scientific degree of the applicant awards the authorized state authority. In the USSR, he was called VAK (Higher Attestation Commission). As a rule, in the CIS countries, the name of this body has not changed. The decision to award a scientific degree of a candidate or doctor of sciences VAC takes on the results of defense of the thesis (respectively, candidate or doctoral).

The defense of the thesis takes place in the scientist of the Specialized Council - the community of respected scientists who are engaged in science of a certain topic, and can give a competent evaluation of the writer's writings. As a rule, scientists specialized tips are opened in universities or research institutes so that the personnel work in them can defend "without leaving home." If it was not found in the native institution of the council of your specialty, you can go to the neighboring.

PhD

The postgraduate studio is a starting "incubator" to prepare young scientific frames. Aspirants of the daily form of training become, as a rule, immediately after the end of the university. By absentee graduate student (or just a applicant), it is possible to become without reference to the date of certification, but the presence of a higher education diploma is a practically a prerequisite for admission to graduate school.

With a successful coincidence, the main of which is the defense of the candidate thesis, the graduate student becomes a candidate of science. Although there are exceptions, and the degree is awarded without protecting the dissertation, but you can imagine how powerful in this case should be the contribution of scientist to science.

Candidate of Science is the most common scientific degree among the scientific and pedagogical composition of universities and workers of various research institutes. As a rule, the candidate degree gives the right to a small increase in the salary (in Ukraine - about 15%), and also opens up prospects for the preparatory post (see below) or similar.

Ph.D

Candidate of science, which decided to finally conquer the scientific pedestal, becomes a doctoral. To do this, you can enter the doctoral student, which, theoretically, will free yourself from some official duties (for example, reduce the teaching burden in the university). But you can be a doctoral and "absentia" - just write a doctoral dissertation without any changes in your work.

The doctor of science is believed that the degree of doctor of science is the highest criterion for the competence and consistency of the scientist, therefore, the requirements for preparing the doctoral dissertation (and its protection) is significantly higher than to the candidate. Although there is no significant differences in the formal plan between these processes.

Doctor of Science - a significantly less common degree, since not all candidates of science want (strive, can) become doctors. In terms of preferences, the doctoral extent allows a scientist to apply for the position of professor (including some other conditions), and also count on a higher salary allowance.

Posts for candidates and doctors of science

It is important to understand that the scientific degree is automatically associated with the position that the scientist occupies. Usually the "alignment" according to positions that scientists occupy in the university (and to which they claim), the next.

Without post

The graduate student may not have any position and engage in the department only scientific work. Position also does not need a branch or applicant.

Assistant

Assistant may be a graduate student or even a candidate of science.

Senior Lecturer

For the posts of the senior teacher, former graduate students (not found by candidates, but accumulated certain experiences), or candidates of sciences. This post is considered in some kind of "transitional" when a person without a degree should simply support morally and increase from the assistants.

Assistant professor

At the post of associate professor work, as a rule, candidates of science. Sometimes - doctors.

Professor

Professor's posts are as a rule, doctors of science. Candidates of sciences work professors very rarely (this position is for very respected scientists).

Real Pattern on the distribution of posts

It is worth saying that the candidate or doctor of science can claim any position, but not always this position is "available". In reality, the situation is often addressed in such a way that candidates work for a long time with assistants or senior teachers, and Dr. Science - associate professors, as the university does not allocate new regular units on the departments. This process is strongly bureaucratic, and the struggle for the "place under the sun" among scientific and pedagogical workers is the usual matter.

Practice is widespread when, after the defense of the candidate thesis, a young scientist automatically "opens" the post of associate professor. Usually it is the prerogative of the educational institution. But such a temporary position is not constant, and to strengthen in this position, the young candidate of sciences should take care of obtaining a scientist "Associate Professor".

Scientific title

Scientists of the title are consonant with some posts from the higher education system, so they are often confused or considered the same. The scholar title is assigned to a person with a certain scientist after a while after defending the dissertation, if he fulfilled a number of requirements (for example, published a series of scientific papers, the methodological benefits wrote, prepared textbooks, etc.).

Assistant professor

The scientist "Associate Professor" is not a doctrine. The academic title "Associate Professor" is awarded, as a rule, candidates of science. This title gives the right to a scientist for the sky. aboutwe have a salary increase (in Ukraine it is 15 ... 25%).

Professor

The scientist "Professor" is not a professor. As a rule, the scientist "Professor" is honored by Dr. Science. Accordingly, a scholarship of a scientist increases with obtaining the title "Professor".

I hope that this information at least a little shed light on how the system of state science and education is arranged. Of course, in this system there are still many "intermediate" concepts, posts, titles. As far as possible, Dystlab will try to explain them in new publications.