Tsar Fedor III Alekseevich. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich: unknown Russian tsar

The name of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov is not as widely known today as the names of his father Alexei Mikhailovich and younger brother Peter Alekseevich. And in vain.

Having received from his father a country strengthened and perked up after unrest and civil wars, Fedor Alekseevich became the forerunner of many reforms and transformations that we today associate with the name of Peter. Everyone knows that history does not tolerate the subjunctive mood. And, nevertheless, it can be assumed that if Fedor Alekseevich had not died so early, today we would be talking about the great reformer and reformer of Russia, Tsar Fedor III.

Short life and short reign

Fedor was the second son of Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife, Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. In a marriage with Miloslavskaya, Alexei Mikhailovich had 13 children, four of them were sons. Almost all the daughters of Maria Ilyinichna were strong and healthy, but the sons were born weak. The eldest son Alexei died at the age of 15, Simeon lived only to the age of three. Two sons of Mary reigned: Ivan Alekseevich, who was co-ruler of Peter I, and was not distinguished by either health or intelligence, and Fedor, who, although he was as in poor health as his brothers, had all the makings of a statesman.

He was born on May 30, 1661. His tutor was the monk Simeon of Polotsk - one of the most educated people of his time, spiritual writer, theologian, poet and translator. He instilled in Fedor an interest in Western culture in its Polish version. Under the guidance of Simeon of Polotsk, the prince learned Polish, Latin, and was able to get acquainted with the works of European scientists and philosophers.

Fedor's reign began in 1676, after Alexei Mikhailovich died. The first months of his reign, Fedor was seriously ill, he suffered from "scrobut" - scurvy. The state was actually ruled by a friend of the late Alexei Mikhailovich Artamon Matveev - Godfather the second wife of the late sovereign Natalya Naryshkina, a relative of the first wife Ivan Miloslavsky and Patriarch Joachim. However, having risen to his feet, Fedor firmly took power into his own hands and began by sending Matveev, who was too sympathetic to little Peter Alekseevich, into exile.

The short reign of Fedor lasted only 6 years, in 1682 he died. But during this time the young sovereign managed to do quite a lot.

The main transformations of Fedor Alekseevich

Among the main merits of the young king should be attributed the abolition of parochialism - the procedure for occupying positions, based not on the personal qualities of the applicant, but on what position his ancestors held. Localism was a real burden for the Russian state, which prevented the appointment of truly capable people, and drowned any undertaking in disputes over who should obey whom. Fedor ordered to burn all the category books, which indicated the positions held by representatives of noble families. Instead, he introduced genealogical books, where only genealogy was recorded.

Next important step there was concern for the enlightenment of Russia. A printing house was opened at the Printing Yard, where they began to publish books: liturgical literature, scientific works, secular works, translations from Latin. Fedor Alekseevich developed a project for an educational institution, which was opened after his death, and was called the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

Under Fyodor Alekseevich, units of the army received a new development, which were manned and armed according to the European model and were called "regiments of a foreign system."

The young tsar was also engaged in reforming the state apparatus: he abolished a number of orders, combining orders that were similar in function.

In 1678, a general census of the population was carried out, and a year later, household taxes were introduced. This increased the tax burden, but it caused an influx of funds into the state treasury.

Fedor achieved considerable success in foreign policy: another war against the Ottoman port and the Crimean Khanate ended with victory. Turkey and Poland were forced to recognize Left-Bank Ukraine and Kyiv for Russia. Fyodor Alekseevich also tried to return access to the Baltic Sea, but to no avail. This task was able to realize his younger brother Peter.

Fedor did a lot for the improvement of Moscow. Here they began to pave the streets, laid the first sewage system, and the shopping malls were removed from Red Square. In addition, the sovereign created a system of loans for Muscovites who lost their homes as a result of fires, which were very frequent in the wooden capital.

Finally, it was under Fyodor Alekseevich that Russian aristocrats began to wear European clothes. Young boyars began to shave their beards, cut their hair in the Polish manner, and dress in the Polish fashion. It was forbidden to appear at the court in single rows and okhabnys. Under Fyodor Alekseevich, the first periodical publication, Chimes, appeared in Russia. It was a handwritten "digest" of news from European newspapers, which was read to the tsar and the boyar duma by the clerks of the Ambassadorial order. At this time, foreign fashions also penetrated into painting, artists began to paint portraits in the European style, they were called "parsuns".

Fyodor Alekseevich abolished crippling executions, such as cutting off hands, ears, cutting off the tongue, and in general, he thought about humanizing punishments. This, however, did not prevent him from ordering the burning of the main ideologist of the Old Believers, Archpriest Avvakum Petrov. They say that the reason for this decision was the fact that Avvakum spoke insultingly about his father in letters to his supporters.

Fedor took care of the education of his younger brothers - Ivan and Peter, ordered books, globes, ship models and other manuals for them.

Much has been done, but more projects and remained projects, since in 1682 Fedor Alekseevich died.

Question of succession

Fedor Alekseevich was married twice. His first wife, a Pole from the Smolensk nobles, Agafya Grushetskaya, gave birth to his son in 1681, who was named Ilya. The boy died on the 10th day of his life, and Queen Agafya soon died. The second marriage with Marfa Apraksina lasted a little more than two months. The sovereign died at the age of 20.

He did not have time to give any orders regarding the heir, so a dynastic crisis arose, which caused an aggravation of the struggle between the supporters of Tsarevich Ivan and Tsarevich Peter. The unrest ended with a compromise decision: to make the brothers co-rulers, appointing Princess Sophia as regents under them.

340 years ago, on January 30, 1676, Fedor ascended the throne III Alekseevich. The son of the Russian Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and Tsarina Maria Ilyinichna, nee Miloslavskaya. He came to the throne at the age of 14 after the death of his father. In childhood and youth, Fedor received a good education, studied ancient Greek, Latin and Polish, had a rich personal library, knew painting, was well versed in music, and even composed several chants himself. However, he was a sickly young man, and the most important affairs of state were decided with the participation of his entourage: I. M. Miloslavsky, I. M. Yazykov, A. T. Likhachev and others. .

Fedor Alekseevich was the third son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. The first child in the royal family was Dmitry, but he did not survive infancy. The second son, Alexei Alekseevich, was considered the heir to the throne. He filed great expectations received a good education. But in January 1670 he died unexpectedly. Fedor was declared heir. Born on May 31, 1661. At the time of accession to the throne, he was not even 15 years old.

Some kind of fate or severe hereditary disease (there is a version that the heirs were deliberately poisoned) pursued the sons of Alexei Mikhailovich. Simeon, who was born in 1665, died in 1669. Ivan, who was born in 1666, was crowned king in 1682, but suffered from dementia and died in 1696.

Fedor Alekseevich also did not differ in health, was of a weak constitution, but was distinguished by the clarity of mind, which he developed by reading books. According to some reports, his tutor was the theologian Simeon of Polotsk. As a result, the tsar knew Latin and Polish. True, the problem is that it was not the most the best educator for the future king. A graduate of the Vilna Jesuit Academy, a member of the Greek Catholic Order of St. Basil the Great, Simeon of Polotsk did not know and did not like Russian history, Russian traditions. He did not have an independent mind, being an ordinary compiler and translator of European spiritual literature. Apparently, this very dexterous and resourceful person, who knew how to speak beautifully, and who became the teacher of the princes Alexei and Fyodor, was an agent of Western influence in Russia. Jesuit students have long been skilled spies.

However, Simeon was not able to fully form the consciousness of the future king. Among his entourage were other people. So, Fedor Alekseevich was keenly interested in Russian history. Having become king, he ordered the learned clerks to compile a book of the history of Russia. And such work was carried out, unfortunately, the book has not reached our days. Among the people who dealt with this problem was another mentor of the princes, Alexei Timofeevich Likhachev. At the beginning of Fedor's reign, he had the rank of "solicitor with a key", in 1680 he was elevated to the rank of okolnichi.

The fact that the tsar attached great educational importance to Russian history is also evidenced by his choice of the clerk of Petition Order Nikita Zotov for the role of teacher of the young half-brother of Peter Alekseevich. Apparently, the king was well aware of the danger of his illness and the fragility of life. Therefore, he tried to prepare a successor. Many signs indicate that he saw a successor in Petra.

Fedor Alekseevich was married twice. The first marriage of the tsar with the daughter of a Smolensk nobleman Agafya Grushetskaya was concluded on July 18, 1680. On July 11, 1681, the only son of the tsar, heir to the throne, Tsarevich Ilya Fedorovich, was born, who died on July 21, 1681 shortly after birth. Queen Agafya died on July 14, 1681. The second marriage was concluded on February 15, 1682, with Marfa Matveevna Apraksina, the sister of the future famous Admiral Fyodor Matveevich Apraksin. The king had no children from this marriage, which lasted a little more than two months.

Fyodor Alekseevich died on April 27, 1682 at the age of 20, without making an order regarding the succession to the throne. He reigned for only 6 years. However, his short reign was eventful.

The first significant act of Fyodor Alekseevich was an attempt made after the coronation, which took place on June 18 (28), 1676, to return the Baltic lands - Ingermanland and part of Livonia, which belonged to Russia before the Time of Troubles, under his authority. Since ancient times, these lands belonged to the Russian state, and the removal from the Baltic had a detrimental effect on the country's economy. Negotiations began with the Swedes. Russia was ready to be satisfied with the return of Narva and the Izhora land, but the Swedes rejected this just demand. Moscow was ready to start a war for the return of the seized territory, but the military threat from Turkey forced these plans to be postponed.

The war with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate for the Right-bank part of Little Russia had been waged since 1672. In the summer of 1677, the Turks and Crimean Tatars made an attempt to capture the capital of the hetman autonomy Chigirin. Moscow sent additional troops to Little Russia. Chigirin's small garrison withstood the siege of a huge enemy army (60,000 Turkish army, 40,000 Crimean cavalry and 20,000 auxiliary corps of Moldavians and Vlachs) until the arrival of 49,000. Russian army of Romodanovsky. In the battle on the banks of the Dnieper on August 27 and 28, the Russian regiments inflicted a heavy defeat on the Turkish-Crimean army. Throwing artillery and carts, the enemy fled.

Wishing to stop the war, Fyodor III Alekseevich sent at the end of 1677 an envoy, Afanasy Porosukov, to Constantinople. However, news was sent to Moscow about the preparations for a new campaign of the Turkish army in Little Russia. Russia began to prepare for war. To supply the army, the young tsar ordered to collect a ruble from each yard. For the same purpose, at the beginning of 1678, a census of people began. In the summer of 1678, Chigirin again became the center of the confrontation.

In fact, there was a confrontation between Turkey and Russia for control over Little Russia. Fedor Alekseevich was ready to make peace with the Turks, provided that Chigirin remained with Russia. But Turkey also needed this fortress, as it was of strategic importance (control over the Dnieper and Zadneprovye). Therefore, the Turkish Sultan Mehmed IV, having familiarized himself with the proposals of Moscow, which Afanasy Porosukov brought, ordered to write to Moscow that he agreed to a truce, provided that Russia ceded Chigirin to Turkey and the Dnieper possessions of Hetman Doroshenko. The Russian tsar was in a difficult position: on the one hand, peace was necessary for Russia, exhausted by the war; on the other hand, under no circumstances could Moscow concede the hetman's capital Chigirin. Therefore, the tsar ordered the commander of the Russian troops in Little Russia, governor Grigory Romodanovsky and his son Kiev governor Mikhail Romodanovsky, to make every effort to hold the fortress and destroy it if they cannot save it.

Eventually heroic defense Chigirin ended with his fall. Part of the garrison died when the Turks broke into the fortress, blowing up powder magazines, others fell through to Romodanovsky's army. The Russian governor defeated the advanced units of the enemy, but did not advance further in order to support the bleeding garrison. He carried out the order of Moscow to destroy the city, which was an obstacle to the conclusion of peace. The fighting continued until the end of the year. Then two years of peace negotiations began. On March 4, 1681, an agreement was concluded on a 20-year truce between Russia, on the one hand, and Turkey and the Crimean Khanate, on the other. The border between Turkey and Russia was established along the Dnieper, the Sultan and Khan pledged not to help the enemies of Russia. Russia annexed the left-bank lands of the Dnieper and Kyiv with the district. Zaporozhye formally became independent.

Reconciliation with Turkey and the Crimean Khanate was beneficial to Russia and became one of the most great achievements Fedor's reign. However, the war showed significant shortcomings in the organization of the Russian army. The main one was associated with localism, that is, with the old custom of appointing certain persons to command positions, depending on the tribal and official status of their family. Localism interfered with the development of the state, since the nobility often put their own interests above the common ones. The intricate nature of parochial relations created the ground for constant strife and became one of the prerequisites for the Time of Troubles. It is not surprising that the tsars, beginning with Ivan the Terrible, made attempts to limit localism. On January 12, 1682, a conciliar act was issued on the abolition of parochialism.

The historian Ivan Boltin wrote about this reform of Tsar Fyodor: “By the destruction of localism, the dishonorable and harmful right to appropriate honors and ranks without merit and merit was destroyed, and from this the strife and hatred between the nobles and even between the same palaces, harming the public good and disorder in state affairs , slowness, omission. Breed then took the place of virtues and abilities: the merits of a father or grandfather puffed up the pride of an unworthy son or grandson and took away his desire to study, work and take pride in delivering distinction to himself. By abolishing this laughter worthy of vanity, the service is encouraged, the dignity that belongs to it is returned, and honor is returned to merit; all abuses of the advantages attached to the breed are stopped.

Apparently, the rejection of parochialism was supposed to be the beginning of a radical reform of the civil service system. This is indicated by the draft charter on the seniority of the boyars, roundabout and duma people in 34 degrees, drawn up in late 1681 - early 1682. The project assumed that the ranks would correspond to specific positions and that it was the rank, and not the origin, that would determine the status of a person, consisting of public service.

IN Last year During the reign of Fedor, another important document for the development of the state was drawn up - a bill on the establishment of an academy in Moscow. As a result, in March 1681, Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich became one of the founders of the Typographic School at the Zaikonospassky Monastery - the forerunner of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.

In addition, the young tsar was preparing land, tax and diocesan reforms. A system of measures for the socialization of the poor and the poor was developed and began to be put into practice. In the autumn of 1681, a decree was issued "On the charity of the poor and the reduction of the poor." It was also planned to create special yards for teaching the children of the poor to various crafts - "whatever one wants." At the same time, it was proposed to send children to home schooling masters, and mendicant girls - to monasteries "for learning." Upon reaching adulthood and acquiring a profession, they were to be released into the wild. For families, it was allowed to purchase yards for housekeeping at the expense of the state.

The death of the young tsar was a great loss for Russian society. The reaction to the death of the merciful sovereign was sincere universal grief. In general, the reign of Fedor III Alekseevich in many respects anticipated many of the reforms of the era of Peter the Great. Two main directions of Russia's foreign policy - the Baltics and the Black Sea region - were identified, the need for structural reforms and modernization of the country was shown.

Alexey Mikhailovich "The Quietest" was prolific - he had 16 children from two marriages. TO interesting facts refers to the fact that none of the nine daughters did not marry, and the boys born in the first marriage with Miloslavskaya were very painful. The only one of them, Ivan V, being struck by all diseases (from scurvy to paralysis), reached the age of 27. He became the father of five girls, one of whom, Anna, ruled Russia for 10 years.

Who belongs to whom

Ivan's older brother, Fyodor Alekseevich, lived to be 20 years old, of which he was king for 6 years - from 1676 to 1682. In his first marriage, a son, Ilya, was born, who died with his mother immediately after childbirth. There were no heirs, so the throne was inherited younger brothers- Ivan and his paternal Peter, whose mother was Naryshkina. He became the great ruler of Russia.

Young but determined king

Fedor Alekseevich himself received the throne passing to his eldest son after his two older brothers died - Dmitry (in infancy) and Alexei (at the age of 16).

The tsar-father declared him the heir in 1675, and a year later he became tsar. Fedor Alekseevich had a very long title, because Russia was not yet a single state, and all the principalities and khanates under its jurisdiction were listed.

The king was young. Naturally, there was no end to those wishing to become mentors. True, many ended up with a “voluntary” and not very exile. Naryshkin's stepmother was exiled to Preobrazhenskoye along with Peter. Maybe luckily? After all, the Life Guards come from those events. By the middle of 1676, A. S. Matveev, his father’s brother-in-law, the first Russian “Westerner”, who had previously had almost unlimited power in the country, was also sent into exile.

Natural talent and excellent teacher

Fedor Alekseevich was creative person- composed poetry, owned musical instruments and quite decently sang, versed in painting. According to contemporaries, in his dying delirium he read from Ovid's memory. Not all monarchs, dying, remember the classics. The personality was clearly uncommon.

Fedor was lucky with the teacher. Simeon Polotsky, a Belarusian by origin, a writer and theologian, a major Rus, was engaged in his education. As a mentor to the royal children, he did not leave social and literary activities - he founded a printing house in Moscow, opened a school, wrote poems and plays, treatises and poems. Fedor Alekseevich, under his guidance, translated and rhymed some of the psalms from the Psalter. Fedor Alekseevich Romanov was well educated, knew Polish, Greek and Latin. Especially for him, secretaries under the leadership of Simeon Polotsky prepared a kind of review of international events.

historical injustice

Due to the fact that his reign was short (there was not enough month before the 6-year term) and pale between bright significant periods(the reign of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich "The Quietest", and the brother of Peter I the Great), Fedor Alekseevich Romanov himself remained a little-known sovereign. And representatives of the dynasty do not really brag about them. Although he possessed the mind, and the will, and talents. He could be a great reformer and reformer, the author of the first Russian perestroika. And he became a forgotten king.

At the beginning of his reign, all power was concentrated in the hands of the Miloslavskys and their entourage. Fedor III had the will, but he was a teenager, to push them into the shadows, and also to bring closer people who were not very noble, but smart, active, enterprising - I. M. Yazykov and V. V. Golitsyn.

Tsar Reformer

The reign of Fedor Alekseevich was marked by significant transformations.
Born in 1661, already in 1678 he ordered the start of a census and introduced household taxation, as a result of which the treasury began to replenish. The strengthening of the state through the tightening of serfdom was facilitated by the abolition of the father's decree on the non-extradition of fugitive peasants, provided that they enter the army. These were just the first steps. The reign of Fedor Alekseevich laid the foundation for some of the reforms adopted by Peter I. So, in 1681, a series of events were carried out that formed the basis and allowed Peter to carry out provincial reform, and in the last year of his life, Fedor III prepared a project, based on which Peter's "Tables of Ranks" were created.

The first man with that name in the Romanov family was Fedor Koshka, one of the direct ancestors of the dynasty. The second was (Fyodor Nikitich Romanov). The third was Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov - an unusual, strong and unfairly forgotten personality. In addition to severe hereditary diseases, he suffered from an injury - at the age of 13, during the winter holidays, he was run over by a sleigh on which his sisters rode. There were such times - mothers died during childbirth along with newborns, it was impossible to cure scurvy (it took the form of pestilence), there were no fastening belts in the royal sleigh. It turns out that the person was doomed to an early death and the inability to complete the transformations that had begun. As a result, he was forgotten, and the glory went to others.

All in the name of the country

The internal policy of Fyodor Alekseevich was aimed at the benefit of the state, and he sought to improve the existing situation without cruelty and despotism.
He transformed the Duma, increasing the number of its representatives to 99 people (instead of 66). The king gave them the main responsibility in making state decisions. And it was he, and not Peter I, who began to give way to people who were not noble, but educated and active, capable of serving the good of the country. He destroyed the system of granting public positions, directly dependent on the nobility of origin. The local system ceased to exist in 1682 right at the meeting of the Zemsky Sobor. So that this law would not remain only on paper, Fedor III ordered the destruction of all bit books in which it was legal to receive positions by tribal affiliation. It was the last year of his life, the king was only 20 years old.

Broad reorganization of the state

The policy of Fyodor Alekseevich was aimed at mitigating, if not eliminating, the cruelty of criminal prosecution and punishment. He abolished the cutting off of hands for theft.

Is it not surprising that a law against luxury should be passed? Before his death, he decides to establish the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. At the same time, a religious school was to be opened. What is most surprising, Fedor Alekseevich is the first to start inviting teachers from abroad. Even beards were shaved and hair was shortened under Tsar Fedor.

The tax system and the structure of the army were transformed. Taxes became reasonable, and the population began to pay them more or less regularly, replenishing the treasury. And, most surprisingly, he curtailed the rights of the church, significantly limited its interference in secular and state affairs, and began the process of liquidating the patriarchate. You read and wonder, because all this was attributed to Peter! Obviously, despite all the intrigues of the royal court, he loved his elder brother, was able to appreciate the reforms and transformations he had begun and completed them with dignity.

Building reform

The policy of Fedor Alekseevich Romanov covered all the national economic sectors. Active construction of temples and public institutions was carried out, new estates appeared, boundaries were strengthened, gardens were planted. Hands have reached sewer system Kremlin.

Special words deserve dwellings designed by his order, many of which still exist today. Fedor Alekseevich managed to almost completely rebuild wooden Moscow into stone. He provided Muscovites for the construction of standard chambers. Moscow was changing before our eyes. Thousands of houses were erected, thus solving the housing problem of the capital. For some, this irritated, the king was accused of squandering the treasury. Nevertheless, Russia under Fedor turned into a major power, and its heart, Red Square, became the face of the country. His environment was no less amazing - enterprising, well-educated people from humble families worked alongside him for the glory of Russia. And here Peter followed in his footsteps.

Successes in foreign policy

The internal reorganization of the state was supplemented by the foreign policy of Fedor Alekseevich. He was already trying to return access to the Baltic Sea to our country. Bakhchisaray peace treaty in 1681 annexed to Russia. In exchange for three cities, Kyiv became part of Russia in 1678. A new southern post appeared nearby in this way, most of the fertile lands were annexed to Russia - about 30 thousand square kilometers, and new estates were formed on it, provided to the nobles who served in the army. And it justified itself completely - Russia defeated the Turkish army, which was superior in number and equipment.

Under Fyodor Alekseevich, and not under Peter, the foundations of a regular active army formed according to a completely new principle. The Lefortovsky and Butyrsky regiments were created, which later did not betray Peter at the Battle of Narva.

A flagrant injustice

The silence about the merits of this tsar is inexplicable, because under him literacy in Russia increased three times. In the capital - at five. Documents testify that it was under Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov that poetry flourished, under him, and not under Lomonosov, the first odes began to be composed. It is impossible to count what this young king managed to do. Now many people talk about the triumph of historical justice. It would be good, when it is restored, to pay tribute to this king not at the level of abstracts, but to perpetuate his name on the pages of history books so that everyone knows from childhood what a wonderful ruler he was.

Fedor Alekseevich (1661-1682), Russian Tsar (since 1676) from the Romanov dynasty.

Born June 9, 1661 in Moscow. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. An enlightened reformer, a student of Simeon of Polotsk, was fond of the sciences, arts, horse breeding and archery. He suffered from hereditary beriberi, which for a couple of months a year chained him to the palace chambers.

Fedor Alekseevich married, of his own choice, Agafya Simeonovna Gruzhevskaya, the daughter of a Smolensk gentry (1680), and after her death from childbirth, the equally humble beauty Marfa Matveevna Apraksina (1682).

Based on the general census (1678), the tsar carried out a tax reform, replacing many taxes with a single household taxation (1679). Approved single system measures and a unified work schedule for all state institutions. He doubled the central state apparatus, unified the functions of departments-orders and created a permanent government - the Punishment Chamber (1680). On the ground, the voivode established autocracy, taking away financial functions from them. Eliminated "feeding" - a system by which the governor received a salary ("fed") at the expense of local residents.

In 1679, he began to create a regular army, leaving only the Cossacks outside it, and obliged all the nobles to serve in the regiments.

In the autumn of 1681 - in the winter of 1682 he abolished localism - the custom according to which ranks in the state were given in accordance with the degree of nobility.

He opened a secular Upper Printing House in Moscow, charity homes for the disabled, an orphanage with literacy and crafts. He signed the "Privilei of the Moscow Academy" - the principles of organizing an all-class educational institution for the formation of cadres of enlightened government officials.

He tried to introduce European clothes at the court, encouraged new trends in literature and painting.

Concluded after the war of 1673-1681. peace with Turkey, according to which the latter recognized the Left-Bank Ukraine as a possession of Russia. He died on May 7, 1682 in Moscow.

His death caused popular unrest in the capital - the rebels accused the courtiers of killing the king.

Mother Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya. Fedor was the third son of the “quietest” tsar and did not claim the throne, but the death of his older brother Alexei made him heir to the throne

“Weak and sick Fedor Alekseevich ... As a boy he was extremely frail and sickly,” S. F. Platonov reported about Fedor in his lectures on Russian history. This is not entirely accurate. An accident made the king sick: (during a walk) “... with my aunts and sisters in a sleigh. They brought a zealous horse: Theodore sat on it, although he was to be a driver with his aunts and sisters. There were so many of them on the sleigh that the horse could not move, but galloped on its hind legs, knocked off the rider, and knocked him under the sleigh. Then the sleigh, with all its weight, drove over the back of Theodore, who was lying on the ground, and crushed his chest, from which he still feels constant pain in his chest and back.
At the same time, Fedor Alekseevich, while in power, was not constantly ill: “He fell ill in the first months of his reign, was ill from December 1677 to February 1678, suffered from a serious illness at the beginning of 1678, suffered in the winter of 1678/79, and a new attack of ill health carried him to his grave at dawn in 1682. But in the intervals between the deterioration of health, the king, apparently, felt fine. He loved music, poetry, horseback riding and highly appreciated good horses. Went on long pilgrimages. Finally, he received foreign ambassadors, and when you read their reviews, you don’t get the impression at all that they communicated with some kind of pale infirmity ”(D. Volodikhin“ Tsar Fedor Alekseevich, or the Poor lad ”)

Brief biography of Fedor Alekseevich

1661, May 30 - birth
1661, June 30 - baptism of the prince in the name of St. Theodore Stratilates
1669, March 3 - death of Fedor Alekseevich's mother, Empress Maria
1670 - Attachment to Tsarevich Fedor Alekseevich of the ambassadorial clerk P.T. Belyaninov "as a teacher"

“From Belyaninov, the tsarevich learned Slavic literacy, ... acquired primary knowledge in geography, history, and also the foreign policy of Russia. Especially for Belyaninov’s classes with Fyodor Alekseevich, other employees of the Ambassadorial Order created in 1672 a luxurious tutorial much more serious content. It has survived to this day and is now well known under the name "Titularnik". The real name of the textbook is "The Big Sovereign Book, or the Root of Russian Sovereigns"

1670, January 17 - the death of the elder brother of Fyodor Alekseevich - Tsarevich Alexei
1672 - the beginning of training sessions for Tsarevich Fedor Alekseevich with Simeon of Polotsk

“Simeon Polotsky taught Fyodor Alekseevich Latin and Polish, the skills of rhetoric and “piitika”, perhaps he touched philosophy. Fedor read classical ancient authors under his guidance.

1673 (approximately) - Tsarevich Fyodor Alekseevich was seriously injured: he was run over by a sleigh, as a result of which, apparently, his spine was damaged
1675, September - official announcement of Tsarevich Fedor Alekseevich as heir to the Russian throne
1676, January 29 - death of his father, sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich

“... as his eldest son ... Feodor Alekseevich ... by the boyars who were with the king, he was escorted to a large hall and here, in royal regalia, he was seated on the royal throne. He kissed the cross and, after that, the nobles and boyars took the oath of allegiance to the new sovereign and tsar, kissing the cross, which was held in the hands of the patriarch or forefather. All night the oath of all the nobles, stewards and various palace servants continued. Messengers were sent to all parts of the state; all foreign officers and officials who were required to take the oath were called to the palace, where they took the oath before two Moscow preachers, one Reformed and the other Lutheran. It happened at 11 o'clock at night"

1676, June 18 - the wedding of Fedor Alekseevich to the kingdom
1676, November-December - Fyodor Alekseevich's big pilgrimage: the Trinity-Sergius monastery, the monasteries of Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, the Alexander settlement, and then a special weekly pilgrimage in the Savvino-Storozhevskaya monastery. From that moment on, the tsar annually, until 1681, set off in the fall for a large pilgrimage to the same places.
1678, September 5 - Sovereign Fedor Alekseevich's stay with family members in the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery
1678, December 5 - a new visit by Fyodor Alekseevich to the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery
1679, November 29 - the third trip of the sovereign Fyodor Alekseevich to the Resurrection New Jerusalem Monastery
1680, July 18 - the marriage of Fedor Alekseevich to Agafya Semyonovna Grushetskaya
1680, the end of the year - the weakening of the positions of the court aristocratic party of the Miloslavskys, relatives of Fyodor Alekseevich by mother. Reasons: conflict with the tsar over his marriage to Grushetskaya, as well as pressure from the court aristocratic "parties" of Khitrovo and the princes Dolgoruky.
1681, July 11 - the birth of the only son of Fedor Alekseevich - Tsarevich Ilya Fedorovich.
1681, July 14 - the death of Fedor Alekseevich's wife, Tsaritsa Agafya Semyonovna, from birth fever
1681, July 21 - death of Tsarevich Ilya Fedorovich
1681, September - Fedor Alekseevich's trip to Rostov, Yaroslavl, Suzdal and "other cities", obviously, with pious purposes.
1682, February 15 - the marriage of Fedor Alekseevich to Marfa Matveevna Apraksina.
1682, April 27 - death of the great sovereign, tsar and grand duke of Moscow and all Russia Fyodor Alekseevich

The reign of Tsar Fedor Alekseevich

“... Fedor's reign was divided into two approximately equal halves, different in their orientation (from 1676 to the middle of 1679 and from the middle of 1679 to the beginning of 1682) ... In the early years, the Miloslavsky party actually came to power (relatives of the first wife of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ), which was headed by the cousin of Fyodor Alekseevich I. M. Miloslavsky ... The second force in the government of the country was the figures of the previous period who joined Miloslavsky - Yu. A. Dolgoruky, B. I. Khitrovo and Ya. N. Odoevsky ... Figures of both groups captured in own hands managing most of the central institutions (orders), including the most profitable, that is, associated with collections of money. Miloslavsky, Khitrovo and Odoevsky led simultaneously 6-7 orders each. Under Dolgorukov’s control there were a slightly smaller number of institutions ... There was a tendency for Miloslavsky to “rub away” his other co-rulers from solving state issues, to the sole control of a sickly and weak nephew ”(Demidova, Morozova, Preobrazhensky“ The First Romanovs on the Russian Throne ”)
“(However, gradually) the Miloslavskys were replaced by the favorites of Tsar Fyodor, the bed-keeper Yazykov and the steward Likhachev, educated, capable and conscientious people. Their closeness to the king and influence on affairs were very great. The importance of Prince V.V. Golitsyn was a little less. In the most important internal affairs of the time of Fyodor Alekseevich, it is imperative to look for the initiative of these particular persons, as they were then in charge of everything in Moscow ”(S. F. Platonov)

The internal policy of the government under Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich

1676, February-March - liquidation of the Order of Secret Affairs. It was the personal office of the tsar ... The clerks of the order were sent with ambassadors to different states, went on military campaigns together with governors, had to monitor the actions of ambassadors and governors and report everything to the sovereign. In the Order of Secret Affairs, investigations were carried out on the most important state affairs, for example, on the issue of a counterfeit coin, the case of Patriarch Nikon, etc.
1676-1680 - construction of the Insar-Penza notch line

The Penza Zasechnaya line served to protect against Tatar raids and went along the following line: Lake. Long near the Sura River - Penza fortress - Ramzaevsky prison (now Ramsay) - Mokshansk (Mokshan) fortress - Mokshansky forest. Consisted of forest and field fortifications. In the forests, heaps were built from cut down and felled trees. Interforest areas were strengthened by ditches and earthen ramparts, on top of which a wooden wall, low-lying and swampy places - with palisades and gouges. Towers (deaf and passing), prisons, fortified cities were placed along the notch lines. Zasechnye forests were considered reserved. They were forbidden to cut trees and build roads.

1677 - liquidation of the Monastic order. Performed financial, administrative and police functions on church affairs; collected funds from church estates, Fedor Alekseevich transferred his affairs to the Order of the Grand Palace (purchased goods, food, was in charge of the income and expenses of the royal court), and financial affairs to the Order of the New Chet (managed income from mug yards, court cases for the secret sale of wine and tobacco. In 1678, the management of Kalmyk affairs was added to this)
1678 - general census of the population (household census). The scribes, having arrived in the camps and volosts, in the monastic estates and estates, had to “in those estates and estates ... read the sovereign’s decree (on the census) ... so that the nobles and boyar children and their clerks and elders and kissers brought fairy tales to them ... ". "Fairy tales" were called reports on the number of peasants in the serf estate or townspeople in the tax yard
1679 - Introduction of household taxation everywhere

The basis of the household taxation was the census books compiled during the household census of 1678-1679. They described the labor force that paid taxes: it was not the land that was taxed, but the laborers' hands with their inventory. For each taxable district, the average household salary of the tax was assigned and the total amount of tax payments was calculated according to the number of taxable households, and the payers themselves distributed the amount between individual households, depending on the level of wealth. Household taxation saved the treasury from the losses that it suffered from the transition of peasants from large plots to smaller ones, from arable plots to wastelands.

1679-1680 - assessment of the number, weapons and combat effectiveness of all the military forces of Muscovy
1679-1681 - construction of the Izyumskaya notch line against the Crimean Khanate and the Turks. Passed through the territory of modern Belgorod and Kharkov regions. The rivers Kolomak, Mzha, Seversky Donets and Oskol were chosen as a natural barrier, on the banks of which there were old settlements
1680, October 18 - Fyodor Alekseevich's decree on the establishment of a Duma Commission, also called the Punishment Chamber - a special department for conducting reprisal (i.e., judicial) cases. In the second half of the 17th century, long trips of tsars from Moscow “on campaigns” were common; according to the customs of that time, the kings were accompanied by all the boyars and duma people, which could not but respond in a harmful way to the judicial activities of the Boyar Duma and to the very order of the court, the correct course of which should have required a certain constant organization. This goal was pursued by the establishment of the Punishment Chamber
1680, October 22 - decree of Fyodor Alekseevich on a ban on wearing okhabny, chekmen and short-brimmed caftans, as well as on the introduction of long-brimmed caftans and feryazes instead of them for Moscow service people
1680, December 19 - Decree of Fyodor Alekseevich on which feryazy on holidays and solemn days to appear at the court at the sovereign's exits

Okhaben - narrow swing long clothes (up to the ankle), chekmen - top men's clothing in a transitional form between a robe and a caftan, feryaz - clothes (men's and women's) with long sleeves, without a collar and interception

1681, April-May - the opening of the Greek-Slavic Typographic School at the Printing House by Fyodor Alekseevich and Patriarch Joachim. Hieromonk Timothy headed the school. The students of this school will become the core of the Academy, subsequently opened by the brothers Ioannikius and Sofroniy Likhud in the Zaikonospassky Monastery (1687)

“... the monk Timothy came to Moscow from the East, who greatly touched the tsar with a story about the disasters of the Greek Church and about the sad state of science in it, so necessary to maintain Orthodoxy in the East. This gave rise to the establishment in Moscow of a theological school for 30 people, the head of which was Timothy himself, and the teachers were two Greeks. The purpose of this enterprise was thus the maintenance of Orthodoxy. But they are not satisfied with this small school, and here comes the project of an academy, the nature of which goes far beyond the limits of a simple school. It was supposed to teach grammar, piitika, rhetoric, dialectics and philosophy "reasonable", "natural" and "right". The teachers of the academy had to be all from the East and, moreover, with the guarantee of the patriarchs. But the task of the academy was not yet exhausted by this - the academy was supposed to monitor the purity of the faith, be an instrument of struggle against the Gentiles, apologists for Orthodoxy had to come out of it, it was assigned the right to judge the Orthodoxy of everyone, both a foreigner and a Russian .... The Academy was founded after the death of Fedor, and its first teachers were the learned brothers Likhuds (Ioaniky and Safroniy) called from the East.

1681, summer - Patriarch Nikon was allowed to move to live from the distant Kirillo-Belozersky monastery to the Resurrection New Jerusalem monastery near Moscow. Nikon died during the move, August 17, 1681. They buried him in New Jerusalem with great pomp. The royal family was present at the funeral, and Fyodor Alekseevich himself sang in the church choir
1681, October 23 - Fyodor Alekseevich's decree on the encouragement of stone construction in Moscow.
1681, November 24 - Fyodor Alekseevich's decree on the creation of the "Order of Military Affairs" under the control of Prince V.V. Golitsyn to prepare the reform of the Russian army and eliminate localism
1681, December 28 - decree of Fyodor Alekseevich, regulating the ride in carriages and sleighs in Moscow.
1682, winter - Beginning of the construction of the Penza-Syzran notch line. She captured the northern parts of the Kuznetsk and Khvalynsk districts. Reducing the weight of the Moscow silver kopeck from 0.45 to 0.4 grams. Silver pennies were constantly reduced in size to cover government spending.
1681, November-1682, April - a church council, at which it was decided to toughen the fight against the Old Believers: transfer the most stubborn of them from church jurisdiction to secular
1682, January 12 - Fyodor Alekseevich's speech before Patriarch Joachim, a meeting of the highest clergy and the Boyar Duma on the need to abolish localism - the system of distribution of posts depending on the nobility of the family ... The meeting unanimously approved: “May this God-hating, hostile, fraternal and love that drives away localism and henceforth - forever "
1682, January 15 - Fyodor Alekseevich's decree on the construction of two cells in the Zaikonospassky Monastery in Moscow to house the Slavic-Latin School, under the auspices of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, the first higher educational institution in Russia
1682, January 19 - signing by Fedor Alekseevich of the "cathedral act" on the abolition of localism
1682, April 14 - burning in Pustozersk by decree of Fedor Alekseevich of spiritual leaders church schism, including Archpriest Avvakum.
1682, April 23 - the beginning of the Streltsy uprising in Moscow.
1682, April 24 - the order of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich on the severe punishment of the archery colonel Semyon Griboyedov, whose criminal activities caused an outbreak of rebellious moods among the archery. This order could stop