Tsar Fedor III Alekseevich Romanov. Fedor Alekseevich Romanov. The rule of the king
Fedor Alekseevich (1661-1682), Russian King (since 1676) from the Romanov dynasty.
Born on June 9, 1661 in Moscow. The son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich and his first spouse Mary Ilinichny Miloslavskaya. An enlightened reformer, a student of Simeon Polotsk, was fond of sciences, arts, horses breeding and archery. He suffered from hereditary avitaminosis, for a couple of months a year she caught him with palace rest.
Fedor Alekseevich married his own choice on Agafier Simeonovna Geyshevskaya - Daughter of Smolensk Shyakhtich (1680), and after her death from childbirth - at such a dormant beauty Marfe Matveyevna Apraksina (1682).
Based on the general census of the population (1678), the king conducted a tax reform, replacing the set of submissions with a single household cover (1679). Approved a unified system of measures and a single schedule of work of all government agencies. Twice expanded the central state apparatus, unified the functions of the orders and created the Permanent Government - a collaborated Chamber (1680). On the ground I installed the uniformity of the governor, using their financial functions. Eliminated the "feeding" - the system in which the wiliver received a salary ("fed") at the expense of local residents.
In 1679, he began to create a regular army, leaving only Cossacks beyond its borders, and ordered all the nobles to carry the service in the shelves.
In the autumn of 1681 - in the winter of 1682, he abolished selling - a custom, according to which the ranks in the state were given in accordance with the degree of knowledge.
Opened a secular upper printing house in Moscow, charity houses for disabled, shelter for orphans with literacy learning and crafts. He signed the "Villas of the Moscow Academy" - the principles of the device of a discovered educational institution for the formation of personnel of the enlightened government officials.
I tried to introduce European clothes at the court, encouraged new directions in literature and painting.
Concluded after the war of 1673-1681. The world with Turkey, according to which the latter recognized the left-bank ownership of Russia. Died on May 7, 1682 in Moscow.
His death caused folk unrest in the capital - the rebels accused of the courtesy of the king.
King Feodor III Alekseevich: Born in 1661, was anointed to the kingdom in 1676, died in 1682. Alas, this person lived for a short time - only twenty years, but managed to make a surprisingly much. Regarding the personality of the Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, a historical stereotype has developed, which greatly distort the image of a real person.
Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanoin, thanks to his learning-famous spiritual writer, it was a very well-read man for his time, he knew Latin and Greek languages \u200b\u200band questions, let's say, the public education was very serious.
However, Polotsky instilled in his pupil and much of the lifestyle of Poles. So, for example, Theodore was the first of the Russians to wear a European dress and long hair, canceling the custom shave her head.
The sovereign was extremely weak, the fact is that in childhood he received a serious injury, hitting under Sani, as a result of which, apparently, the spine was seriously damaged.
Related spaces
Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, an avid hunter, often took the "master" (hunt) son. Tsarevich almost always drove with his father in one carriage, and along the way, they certainly have been visited to make the relics and icons in a monastery or church.
On the night of January 29-15, 1676, Alexey Mikhailovich died, but three hours before the death managed to declare the farodore, who was not yet fifteen, the heir to the throne.
Relatives wishing to capture power and rule the country on behalf of the young king, there was a lot. The very closests were aunt-sisters of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, six native sisters of the farodore, one of which were Tsarevna Sophia, the stepmother Natalia Kirillovna Naryshkin - the last wife of the sovereign - with Tsarevich Peter and Tsarevna Natalia and Theodore. But there were also numerous relatives of the first spouse of the king - the genus Miloslavsky, who did not want to give up the place by Naryshkin. In such a very difficult situation, it was necessary to begin to reign a 15-year-old sovereign, which was also not distinguished by strong health.
Reform
Historians argue that much of the fact that Peter I was later introduced, she prepared and began his elder brother (consolidated) Feodor Alekseevich.
Very devout, he nevertheless built not only palace churches, but also secular buildings. If you look at the royal decrees and orders that have come out and have been given in the last two years of his life, we will see that they concerned the construction of more fifty new objects.
Moreover, the sovereign responded to the intentions of the Patriarch Joachim to intervene in secular affairs, and at the same time raised the norms of fees from church estates. This process will later bring to the Absolute Peter I, which generally eliminates the patriarch.
Theodore loved nature and ordered the gardens and flower beds on the Moscow wastelands, the first sewage in the Kremlin was built with it.
In 1681, the sovereign established voivodship and local order management, which was the forerunner of the provincial reform of Peter I.
And the main internal political reform in the root changed the existing practice of receiving the ranks in accordance with the place, which occupied the ancestors in the state apparatus, is the so-called locality. Instead of discharge books with lists of positions, which were ordered to just destroy, pedigree books were instituted, which fited the names of all noble people, but without specifying their place in the Duma.
Not Peter I, namely the king feodor first understood the need to disseminate knowledge and began to invite Europeans to Moscow, who taught different sciences. Already after the death of the sovereign, in 1687, the Slavic Greco-Latin Academy was established in the capital, and the project of its creation was developed at Feodor Alekseyevich.
The reforms of the king, meanwhile, were unhappy with the city grounds, including Sagittarov, who later became the main participants in the Moscow uprising.
Victory
Tsar Feodor III Alekseevich tried to solve the "Baltic Question", that is, return Russia free access to the Baltic Sea. But a major victory was waiting for him in the south - the Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681 ended with the victory of the Russians and the Bakhchisarai peace treaty, which secured the reunification of the left bank of Ukraine with Russia in addition to Kiev, which was joined in 1678.
At Feodore, Alekseyevich was created by the famous Raisk Dami, stretching at 400 miles and defending the so-called Slobodskaya Ukraine from the attacks of the Turks.
Personal life
For 20 years of his life, Feodorus Alekseevich managed to marry twice. In 19 years, as one of the legends says, the sovereign during the godfather surgested the girl and asked someone from the nearest associates to find out who it was. It turned out that this is Agafya Grushetsky, the niece of the twin Deca Zaborovsky. To comply with the custom, the king ordered the convening of possible contenders in the queen, including the Grushtsky.
Soon they played a wedding. There is a version that the young spouse was Polish origin. She lived for a long time, died on July 11, 1681, that is, three days after childbirth. This tragedy Feodor was experiencing hard, could not even be present on the burial, and then during the whole of the fortieth did not appear on the paneirh. Those more, that immediately after the funeral of the mother died and the infant - Tsarevich Ilya.
Halfing half a year, the king married the second time on the young seventeen-year-old Marope Apraksina, although it was already completely sick and the doctors strongly discussed him from marriage. But the wedding took place on February 15, 1682.
Concent
April 16, 1682, at Easter Feodor Alekseevich made a solemn way to the utmost to the Assumption Cathedral, after which he immediately run. April 27 in the late afternoon it was not.
During the funeral behind the coffin they should have, according to custom, to go the widow of the deceased and the heir. Since there was no direct heir, then a ten-year-old Brother of Theodore Petr Alekseevich was walked with his mother - Queen Natalia Kirillovna.
We carried the widow to the red porch in the hands first of the plates, and then nobles. Everyone surprised that Tsarevna Sofya, Alexei Mikhailovich's daughter, from marriage with Miloslavskaya, was surprised that together with the chosen king Peter and his mother.
Theodore did not have time to make orders regarding the heir to the throne, so this question caused excitement. To reassure all, it was decided to make the wedding at the kingdom at the same time two kings - the juvenile brothers Theodore Alekseevich - Ivan V (native) and Peter I (Unioliginal) with the regent of their older sister.
Theodore was buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Fedor Alekseevich's policy
Fedor Alekseevich, he gladed in 1679 from a monk who returned from a trip to the Holy Earth, about how the Greek science fell, caught fire to arrange a school in Moscow for "planting and multiplication" of these Greek sciences on Russian Earth - a year later he signed manifesto about the establishment of the Academy and its Charter; And soon, the Typographical School began to act in the Zaikonospasy Monastery, on the basis of which the Slavic Greco-Latin Academy was created.
In the distribution committed by Miloslavsky and Naryshkina, the sovereign Fedor Alekseevich firmly took the position of "above the fight" and gave a sharp disgrace with any attempts at least somehow suffer from the rights of his consolidated brother Peter, whom he gently loved. The young sovereign did not give up a special influence, and the Boyar Duma expanded, so nothing too personal played a big role in the state administration. At the same time, he actively fought with locality, transformed the army in Western Type, strengthened the southern borders of Russia by creating new defensive traits and fortresses, which in the conditions of the Heavy War I received inheritance and the Crimean Khanate was more than relevant.
Tsar Fedor Alekseevich performed a wise politician - barely rising to the throne, he tried to negotiate with the Swedish king on the return of Russia invoking the northern lands with access to the Baltic Sea. Later, the sovereign was able to decently, without much losses, complete the war with Turkey.
Surprisingly: if we begin to objectively compare the great cases of Peter I and "Nurse", as it is believed to be the case of his older brother, it turns out that almost all fundamental transformations of the first Russian emperor have their own sources in the thoughts and endeavors of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich, who were not continued and completed by one and only reason - the early death of their author.
And if with long-life Fedor Alekseevich was not lucky, then let's at least not detract from what he managed to commit his interrupted life.
Fyodor Alekseevich died in 1682 at the 21st year of life, giving way to his younger brothers (native Ivan and consuming Peter). This period in the history of Russia is named. Ivan Alekseevich, who had lived after this for another fourteen years, did not accept the state of participation in the state of participation, and it turned out that it was unusually energetic Peter Alekseevich in the end remained the sole ruler - yes, that over the years of his reign has unrecognized Russia, turning it into Mighty empire.
"Quiet" and Mary Ilinichna, the daughter of Boyarin I.D. Miloslavsky, one of the most educated rulers of Russia.
Born on May 30, 1661 in Moscow. Since childhood, it was weak and painful, but already at 12 years old was officially announced the heir to the throne. His first teacher was a subsidence of the Embassy of Pamphil Belyaninov, then Simeon Polotsky was changed, most of him spiritual mentoro. I trained it to Polish, ancient Greek and Latin, depraved respect and interest in Western life. The king disassembled in painting and church music, had "Great Arts in Sauzia and Faceproof Virbs", trained in resentment, made a poetic translation of Psalms for Psaltiri. The appearance of the king allows you to present Persuna (portrait) made by Bogdan Saltanov in 1685.
After the death of the Father, 15-year-old, was Vieden to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on June 18, 1676. At first, the country was trying to lead the stepmother, N.K.Naryshkin, who was able to eliminate the deeds to Fedor's relatives, sending it together with the son of Peter (future Peter I) in the "voluntary link" in the suburban village of Preobrazhenskoye. Friends and relatives of the young king, Boyarin I.F. Miloslavsky, KN. Yu.A. Dolgrukov and Ya.N. Odoevskaya, whom in 1679 changed the bedding of I.M.Yangovikov, a plotty M.T.Likhachev and KN. V.V.Golitsyn , "People educated, capable and conscientious", close to the king and the impact on him, energetically began to create a capable government. Their influence can be explained by the transfer with Fedor the center of gravity in the adoption of state decisions in the Boyar Duma, the number of members of which has increased from 66 to 99. The king was also inclined to personally take part in the management, but without despotism and cruelty, which were characterized by his successor and Brother Peter I.
In 1678-1679, the Government of Fyodor was held a census of the population, the decree of Alexei Mikhailovich was canceled about the uncomfortable incident, discovered in the root service, a residential imposition was introduced (this immediately replenished the treasury, but strengthened the fortress oppression). In 1679-1680, an attempt was made to mitigate criminal punishment on Western manner, in particular, the cut off of the hands for theft was abolished. Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in the south of Russia (wild field), there was the possibility of wide doors of the nobles, striving for an increase in land ownership, estates and patrimony. In 1681, Voevodskoye and local order was introduced - an important preparatory measure for the provincial reform of Peter I.
The main of the internal political reforms was the destruction on the "Emergencies" of the Zemsky Cathedral on January 121682 - the rules for which everyone received the ranks in harmony with the place which occupied the ancestors assigned in the state apparatus. At the same time, discharge books with lists of positions as the "main perpetrators" of local disputes and claims were burned. In return, the discharge was ordered to start a pedigree book. They entered all born and noble people in it, but without specifying their place in the Duma.
In Fedor, a project was preparing for the introduction of the ranks in Russia - the prototype of Petrovsk Tabel about ranks,which was supposed to divide civil and military authorities. To centralize management, some orders were combined and transferred under the management of IF Miloslavsky. Dissatisfaction with the abuse of officials, the oppression of the Streltsov led to the uprising of the urban bases, supported by the Archers, in 1682.
The foundation of secular education, Fedor was an opponent of the intervening of the Church and Patriarch of Joachim in secular affairs, established increased norms of fees with church estates, which began the process ending with Peter I by the liquidation of the patriarchate. During the reign of Fyodor, the construction of not only palace churches, but also of secular buildings (orders, chambers), were broken down by new gardens, the first general system of sewing the Kremlin was created.
Understood the need to disseminate knowledge, Fyodor invited ingenians for teaching in Moscow, was one of the initiators of the creation of the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy, although the Academy itself was established later, in 1687.
In foreign policy, he tried to return Russia to the Baltic Sea lost during the Livonian war. Much more attention than Alexey Mikhailovich, she paid the shelves of the "new building", equipped and trained in the western manner. However, the decision of the "Baltic task" was prevented by raids of Crimean and Tatars and Turks from the south. Therefore, a successful Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681, which ended in the Bakhchisarai peace treaty, who ended with the Union of Left-Bank Ukraine with Russia was the major foreign policy promotion of Fyodor. Kiev Russia received even earlier under the contract with Poland 1678 in exchange for Nevel, Sebezh and Velij. During the war, 1676-1681 in the south of the country was created a raisin damn (400 miles), later connected to Belgorod.
The private life of the king was unhappy. The first marriage with Agafei Gruckhetsky (1680) ended in a year, the queen died in childbirth together with the newborn Son Fyodor. According to rumors, the queen had a strong influence on her husband, according to her "suggestion" in Moscow, men began to cut hair, shaving beard, wearing Polish sabers and kuntushi. The new marriage of the king arranged his friend by I.Muzykov. February 14, 1682 Fedor was married to Martha Apraksina, but two months after the wedding, on April 27, the king died suddenly in Moscow at the 21st year of life, not leaving the heir. The kings were proclaimed two of his brother - Ivan and Peter Alekseevichi. Fedora buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin
The most important source on the history of the Board of Fyodor Alekseevich is Contemplation of years 7190, 7191 and 7192compiled by the well-known contemporary king by the writer Sylvester Medvedev.
Lev Pushkarev, Natalia Pushkareva
The name "Fedor" is not the most successful in the history of the Russian monarchy. King Fedor IoannovichMiddle Son. Ivan Grozny, died, not leaving the offspring, completing, thereby kind Rurikovich On the Russian throne.
Fedor Godunovwho inherited the throne at the father Boris Godunovawithout receiving real power, was killed during the rebellion.
The life of the third carrier of this name, Fedor Alekseevich RomanovaAlso was not long and happy. Nevertheless, in Russian history, he managed to leave a noticeable trace.
Born on June 9, 1661 Fedor Romanov was the third son of the king Alexey Mikhailovich and his first wife Mary Miloslavskaya. First Son Alexei Mikhailovich, Dmitriy, died in infancy. The heir to the throne was announced the second son, the namesake of the father, Alexey Alekseevich.
But in January 1670, without surviving up to the 16th anniversary, the "Great Sovereign, Tsarevich and the Grand Duke Alexey Alekseevich" died. The new heir was proclaimed 9-year-old Fedor.
Like all the boys born in marriage Alexei Mikhailovich and Maria Miloslavskaya, Fyodor did not differ strong health, and throughout his life often sick. In the "Legacy" from the Father he was transferred to the qing, and the first months of the reign of the new monarch was forced to devote to treatment.
Tsar Fedor Alekseevich in 1676. Figure of an unknown Dutch artist. Source: Public Domain
Horse breeding as passion
He joined the throne in 1676, after the death of his father, Alexei Mikhailovich, 15 years old.
His arrival in power was marked by the struggle between the parties of relatives of the first wife Alexei Mikhailovich Mary Miloslavskaya and the second wife Natalia Naryshkina.
The party of Naryshkina celled the dream to build a junior son who had improper monarch Peter, but he was only 4 years by that time.
Fedor Alekseevich, despite the disease, was a young man active and well educated. One of his teachers was the Belarusian monk Simeon Polotsky. The young king owned Polish, Latin, ancient Greek. Among his hobbies there were music, archery and horse breeding.
The horses were his genuine passion: the stallions producers were brought from Europe from Europe, and people who sweat horses could count on rapid career growth at the courtyard.
True, the passion for horses was the cause of a serious injury, also not addicted to Fedor Alekseevich. At 13, the horse dropped him under the end of the heavructural sleigh, which drove through the prince of all severity. Pain in the chest and back after this case constantly tormented him.
Having recovered after the illness of the first months of the Board, Fyodor Alekseevich took the reign of the country to his own hands. Later authors sometimes argued that the rule of the elder brother Peter the Great passed unnoticed, but this is not the case.
Figure V.P. Meresmangin from the album "The history of the Russian state in images of its rulers with a brief explanatory text." Source: Public Domain
Operation "Kiev ours"
Fyodor Alekseevich began a large-scale restructuring of the Moscow Kremlin and Moscow as a whole. At the same time, special emphasis was made on the construction of secular buildings. By order of the king, new gardens were broken.
Fedor, emphasis in the formation of which was not made on church, but to secular disciplines, seriously limited the influence of the patriarch on the policy of the state. He established increased rates of fees with church estates, having started the process that Peter I will complete.
Fyodor Alekseevich showed serious interest in European politics and built Russia's exit plans to the Baltic coast. Like Peter later, Tsar Fedor faced the fact that the implementation of plans in the north-west interferes with activity in the south of nomads, the Crimean Khanate and the Ottoman Empire.
To combat nomads, a large-scale structure of defensive structures in the wild field was launched. In 1676, the war of Russia began against the Ottoman Empire and the Crimean Khanate, which lasted almost the entire period of Fedor Alekseevich. The result of the war was the conclusion of the Bakhchisarai world, according to which the Osmans recognized the right of ownership of Left-Bank by Ukraine and Kiev.
Having large warns, Fedor Alekseevich paid a lot of time to reform the army, including the so-called "regiments of a new building". It can be said that the army reforms of Peter the Great began with his elder brother.
Tsar Fedor Alekseevich. Source: Public Domain
Hands do not cut down, foreigners call for the service!
Significant changes in Fedor Alekseevich occurred in the inner life of Russia. The population was conducted, the decree of Alexei Mikhailovich's uncommitted, the residential imposition was introduced into the careless, which was introduced (the development of which was the first to submit Peter I).
Tsar Fedor reformed criminal legislation, eliminating the punishment associated with membership in it - in particular, cut off the hands with shut down in the steal.
In 1681, Verovodskoy and local order was introduced - an important preparatory measure for the provincial reform of Peter I.
The main reform of Fedor Alekseevich was the abolition of locality, the decision on which was in January 1682.
The order that existed until that time assumed that everyone received the ranks in harmony with the place that his ancestors were held in the state office. The locality led to constant conflicts within the nobility, and did not allow to ensure effective government management.
After the cancellation of locality, the discharge books contained records of whether the representative of which occupied one or another post was burned. In exchange, there were pedigree books, where all noble people entered, but without specifying their place in the Boyar Duma.
Burning discharge books. Source: Public Domain
With Fedor, Alekseevich has more actively went the process of inviting foreigners to Russian service. Many foreign associates of Peter arrived in Russia just during the reign of his brother.
Taking care of the development of education in Russia, the king became one of the creators of the Typographic School at the Saconoscope Monastery - the Forerunner of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
If the clans of Miloslavsky and Naryshkina led among themselves an irreconcilable struggle, then Fedor Alex Alekseevich attitude towards a stepmother and brother was softer. The king sincerely loved the younger Peter, and all the attempts of the alerts from the Miloslavsky camp to harm him for the root.
Royal happiness and grief
At 18, Fedor saw a nice girl in the crowd during the cross move, and instructed the royal bed Ivan Language Help your help. The beauty was 16-year-old Agafya Grushetsky, daughter Voevoda Grushetsky seeds, Pole by origin.
The king stated that she intends to marry her. It caused Ropot among the boyars - the girl belonged not to a noble race, and her appearance next to the king was not included in the plans of the Tsedantores. On Agafia began to slander, accusing in promotion, but Fyodor showed stubbornness and achieved his own. On July 28, 1680 they were mistaken in the Assumption Cathedral.
The effect of Agafia manifested itself very quickly - she introduced a new fashion to the Polish hats, leaving the hair open, as well as on the "Polish style" in clothes in general.
Changes were not limited to women only. Strike a beard, wearing a European dress and even smoking tobacco at the Russian court have become after the marriage of the king Fyodor on Agafier Gruckhet.
Young, apparently, were truly happy, but the fate of them was released just a year. July 21, 1681 Tsaritsa gave birth to the firstborn, which was called Ilya. Fyodor Alekseevich took congratulations, but the state of Agafia began to deteriorate. On July 24, she died from postpartum hot.
The death of his beloved wife soaked Fedor. He could not even attend burial, staying in extremely serious physical and moral condition.
Following the first strike, he followed the second - on July 31, having lived only 10 days, the heir to the heir to the throne Ilya Fedorovich died.
Several lines in the textbook
Having lost his wife and son, Fyodor Alekseevich began to fade and himself. He continued to engage in state affairs, but the attacks of the disease visited him more and more.
Cruid sought to correct the situation, finding a new bride for the king. February 25, 1682 Tsar Fedor married 17-year-old Marope Apraksina.
Marfa Apraksina. Preconik: Public Domain
The wife in the full sense of Marope was not possible - the patient Fedor could not fulfill marital debt. When the widowing Queen died in 1716, the curious and cynical Peter the Great took part in the opening of the corpse, wishing to personally make sure that the deceased was a virgin. Examination, as they say, the facts confirmed.
After 71 days after the second wedding, Fyodor Alekseevich Romans died, not to survive the month before his 21st anniversary.
Like his namesakes on the throne, he did not leave heirs after himself. The state undertakings, conceived by him, largely sells the younger brother Peter Alekseevich.
And the History itself, Fedor Romanov, the story will only take several lines in school textbooks.
In the history of Russia, it is difficult to find a self-container, about which not only a wide reader, but also historian specialists would know as little as the son of Alexei Mikhailovich and her older brother Peter I - Tsar Fyodor. The point is not that there are no documents. The state archives of the Russian state over the years have been surprisingly preserved. "The reign of Fyodor and contemporaries - chronicles, the authors of memories and court writers, foreign travelers and diplomats, omnipresent (already!) Newsipers.
V. Vereshchagin. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich
And officials who documented by the state activities of Fyodor Alekseevich, and witnesses to his king were what to write about. When, as a result of a fierce court struggle, the boyars were erected to the throne of the legal heir to Alexei 15-year-old Fedor, they were convinced that he could not rule from behind the backs of the tsar-puppets. The imaginary, vigorous, energetic and god-fearing king for several years so succeeded in reform activity and so scared the opposition that herself herself to the palace re-gate and the evil default after the death.
A. Vasnetsov. Moscow late XVII century
Tsar Fedor Alekseevich Romanov
Fyodor Alekseevich Romanov (1661-1682) - Russian Tsar (from 1676), the eldest son of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich "Quiet" and Mary Ilyinichna, daughter Boyarin I.D. Miloslavsky, one of the most educated rulers of Russia. Born on May 30, 1661 in Moscow. Since childhood, it was weak and painful (suffered by paralysis and quantity), but already at 12 years old was officially declared the heir to the throne. His first teacher was the attachment of the Embassy Order of Pamphil Belyanin, then Simeon Polotsky, who became his spiritual mentor, was changed.
Simeon Polotsky
Thanks to him, the young king knew the ancient Greek, Polish Languages, Latin, Himself made Vizhi (for Fedor, there are two very professionally made transcription of Psalms Tsar David, which were published in the printing house of Simeon Polotsk); Like his father, he was fond of music, singing art, especially, and even composed some chants (on a record with a record of the Old Russian music Choir Chapels Yurlov 60s. The twentieth century. There is a choir essay, the composer of which Tsar Fedor Alekseevich is called the composer). Also Simeon Polotsky departed respect and the interest of the king to the Western life. The books and Hunter to Science, Fedor Alekseevich supported the thought of Polotsky on the formation of the Supreme School in Moscow, and became one of the initiators of the project to create the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy. However, this dream was embodied by his sister Sofia.
Alexander Apsit. Simeon Polotsk reads poems to children
Alexander Finnish. Monument to Simeon Polotsky, Polotsk
A. Solders. Boyarskaya clothing XVII century
After the death of the Father, 15-year-old, was Vieden to the kingdom in the Assumption Cathedral of the Kremlin on June 18, 1676. At first, the country was trying to lead the stepmother, N.K.Naryshkin, who was able to eliminate the deeds to Fedor's relatives, sending it together with the son of Peter (future Peter I) in the "voluntary link" in the suburban village of Preobrazhenskoye. Friends and relatives of the young king, Boyarin I.F. Miloslavsky, KN. Yu.A. Dolgrukov and Ya.N. Odoevskaya, whom in 1679 changed the bedding of I.M.Yangovikov, a plotty M.T.Likhachev and KN. Vladimir Golitsyn, "People formed, capable and conscientious", close to the king and have an impact on him, energetically began to create a capable government. Their influence can be explained by the transfer with Fedor the center of gravity in the adoption of state decisions in the Boyar Duma, the number of members of which has increased from 66 to 99. The king was also inclined to personally take part in the management, but without despotism and cruelty, which were characterized by his successor and Brother Peter I.
Prince Vasily Golitsin
The rule of Tsar Fedora
In 1678-1679. The government of Fyodor was conducted by the population of the population and canceled by Alexei Mikhailovich's decree about the uncomplicated runaway, which were recorded in the root service, the residential imposition was introduced (this immediately replenished the treasury, but strengthened the fortress oppression).
A. Solders. Handling Cross Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
A. Vasnetsov. Old Moscow
In 1679-1680. An attempt was made to soften criminal penalties, in particular, for theft was canceled by cutting hands. Thanks to the construction of defensive structures in the south of Russia (wild field), there was an opportunity to endow the nobility of the estates and patrimony. In 1681, Verovodskoye and local order was introduced - one of the most important preparatory measures for the provincial reform of Peter I.
A. Solders. Golden Cadyl, made by order of Fyodor Alekseevich
The most important event of the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich was the destruction during a meeting of the Zemstvo Cathedral in 1682 of the settlement, which gave the opportunity to promote the service not very noble, but educated and intelligent people. At the same time, all discharge books with lists of positions as the "main perpetrators" of local disputes and claims were burned. Instead of the discharge books, it was ordered to start a pedigree book, in which they entered all the born and noble people, but without specifying their place in the Duma.
S. Ivanov. In the order of Moscow times
Also in 1682, new dioceses were established at the church cathedral and measures were taken to combat the split. In addition, the Commission on the development of a new system of filder and "care business" were created. Tsar Fedor Alekseevich issued a decree against luxury, in which it was determined for each class not only covering clothes, but also the number of horses. In the last days of the Board, Fedor was drawn up a project on the opening of the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy and the Spiritual School of Thirty people in Moscow.
N. Nevyv. Household scene XVII century
Under Fedor Alekseevich, a project was preparing for the introduction of the ranks in Russia - the prototype of the Petrovskaya table of ranks, which was supposed to divide civil and military authorities. Dissatisfaction with the abuse of officials, the oppression of Streltsov led to the uprising of the urban bases, supported by the Archers, in 1682.
A. Vasnetsov. Moscow XVII century
Received the foundations of secular education, Fyodor Alekseevich was an opponent of the intervention of the church and the patriarch of Joachim in secular affairs. He established increased rates of fees with church estates, starting the process ended in Patrian I by the liquidation of the patriarchate. During the reign of Fyodor Alekseevich, the construction of not only churches, but also of secular buildings (orders, chambers), were broken down by new gardens, the 1st overall sewer system of the Kremlin was created. Also, for the spread of Knowledge, Fyodor invited ingenians for teaching in Moscow.
A. Solders. Tsarsky internate Cross and Golden, complained by Prince V.V. Golitsin for the Crimean Hike
I. Yu. Pestryakov. Kangalassian princial Mazara Bozeks at the reception at the King Fyodor Alekseevich. 1677
In foreign policy, Tsar Fedor tried to return Russia to entering the Baltic Sea, which was lost during the years of the Livonian war. However, the decision of this issue was prevented by raids of the Crimean and Tatars and the Turks from the south. Therefore, a successful Russian-Turkish war of 1676-1681, who ended with the Bakhchisarai peace treaty, who ended with the Association of the Left Bank of Ukraine with Russia, was the major foreign policy promotion of Fyodor Alekseevich. Kiev Russia received even earlier under the contract with Poland 1678 G.V. Exchange for Nevel, Sebezh and Veligia. During the war of 1676-1681, the south of the country was created a raisin damage, later connected to Belgorod.
I. Goryushkin-Sorokopudov. Scene from the XVII century
A. Solders. Stayder and fourth of Tsar Fyodor Alekseevich
By decree of Tsar Fyodor, a Cyconoscope School was opened. The repression against the Old Believers continued, in particular, was burned with their nearest associates of the Avvakum Protopop, according to legend, allegedly predicted the closest death of the king.
A. Vasnetsov. All-day stone bridge
Privacy of Tsar Fedor
In the summer of 1680, Tsar Fedor Alekseevich saw the maiden on the transmission during the transmission, which he liked. He instructed the lingules to find out: who she, and languages \u200b\u200btold him that she was the daughter of Seeds Fedorovich Grushetsky, named Agafya. The king, without breaking the grandfathers, ordered the convening of the crowd of the maiden and chose Agafia from them. Boyar Miloslavsky tried to upset this marriage, ink the tsarist bride, but did not reach the goal and lost his influence at the court. On July 18, 1680, the king was combined with her marriage. The new Queen was a little less and, as they say, on the origin of polka. According to rumors, the queen had a strong influence on her husband. At the courtyard of Moscow began to include Polish customs. According to the "suggestion" of the queen in Moscow, men began to cut hair in Polish, shaving beard, wear Polish sabers and kuntushi, and also study the Polish language. The king himself, brought up by Symeon Sitianovich, knew in Polish and read Polish books. Languages \u200b\u200bafter the royal marriage got the San Ocolnichery, and Likhachev took over his place in the rank of bed. In addition, approached the king and the young prince Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn, who later played a crucial role in the Moscow state.
A year after the wedding (July 14, 1681), Queen Agafya died of childbirth, and for her and a newborn baby, crank under the name Ilya.
A. Vasnetsov. Old Moscow. Street in China City of the early XVII century
The king between the day the day weakened by the day, but his neighbor supported the hope of recovery. February 14, 1682 Fedor was married to Martha Apraksina, the sister of the future companion of Peter I Admiral Fedor Matveyevich Apraksin.
Queen Marfa Matveyevna Apraksina, the second spouse of King Fyodor Alekseevich Romanova
The young queen in a short time acquired so much forces that he reconciled the king with Natalia Kirillovna and Tsarevich Peter, with whom, in the expression of the contemporary, he had "indomitable disagreement." But for a short time I had to live with young wife. Two months later, after his wedding, April 27, 1682, he suddenly died on the 21st year of life, not leaving the heir. The kings were proclaimed two of his brother - Ivan and Peter Alekseevichi. Fedora buried in the Arkhangelsk Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin.
Queen Marfa Matveyevna Apraksin
I. Feremin. Portrait of the king Fyodor Alekseevich
Source 1: Book "Romanov. Three hundred years of service of Russia." Publishing house "White City".
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