Why were the Crimean Tatars evicted in 1944. "1944": the history of the deportation of the Crimean Tatars

What was deported for Crimean Tatars in 1944

Deportation of Crimean Tatars to Last year The great Patriotic War was a mass eviction of local residents of Crimea to a number of regions of the Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR, Mari ASSR and other republics Soviet Union... This happened immediately after the liberation of the peninsula from the Nazi invaders. The official reason for the action was the criminal assistance of many thousands of Tatars to the invaders.

Collaborators of Crimea

The eviction was carried out under the control of the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs in May 1944. The order for the deportation of the Tatars, allegedly part of the collaborationist groups during the occupation of the Crimean ASSR, was signed by Stalin shortly before that, on May 11. Beria substantiated the reasons:

Desertion of 20 thousand Tatars from the army during the period 1941-1944;
- the unreliability of the Crimean population, especially pronounced in the border areas;
- a threat to the security of the Soviet Union due to collaborationist actions and anti-Soviet sentiments of the Crimean Tatars;
- the hijacking of 50 thousand civilians to Germany with the assistance of the Crimean Tatar committees.

In May 1944, the government of the Soviet Union did not yet have all the figures regarding the real situation in Crimea. After the defeat of Hitler and the calculation of losses, it became known that 85.5 thousand newly minted "slaves" of the Third Reich were actually driven to Germany only from among the civilian population of Crimea.

Almost 72 thousand were executed with the direct participation of the so-called "Noises". Schuma - auxiliary police, and in fact - punitive Crimean Tatar battalions, subordinate to the Nazis. Of these 72 thousand, 15 thousand communists were brutally tortured in the largest concentration camp in Crimea, the former collective farm "Red".

Main charges

After the retreat, the Nazis took some of the collaborators with them to Germany. Subsequently, a special SS regiment was formed from among them. Another part (5,381 people) were arrested by the KGB after the liberation of the peninsula. During the arrests, many weapons were seized. The government feared an armed rebellion of the Tatars because of their proximity to Turkey (the latter was expected to be drawn into the war with the communists by Hitler).

According to the research of the Russian scientist, professor of history Oleg Romanko, during the war, 35 thousand Crimean Tatars helped the Nazis in one way or another: they served in the German police, participated in executions, extradited communists, etc. For this, even distant relatives of traitors were entitled to exile and confiscation of property.

The main argument in favor of the rehabilitation of the Crimean Tatar population and their return to their historical homeland was that the deportation was actually carried out not according to the real actions of specific people, but on the basis of ethnicity. The government wanted to eliminate the threat from the south as quickly as possible. The eviction was carried out urgently, in freight cars. On the way, many died due to cramped conditions, lack of food and drinking water... In total, about 190 thousand Tatars were deported from Crimea during the war years. 191 Tartars died during transportation. Another 16 thousand died in new places of residence from the mass starvation in 1946-1947.

The forced eviction of the Crimean Tatar population took place on May 18, 1944. It was on this day that the employees of the punitive body of the NKVD came to the Crimean Tatar houses and announced to the owners that because of treason they would be evicted from Crimea. By order of Stalin, hundreds of thousands of families were sent in trains to Central Asia. During the period of forced deportation, about half of the displaced persons died, a third of them were children under 14 years of age.

Therefore, Ukrinform infographics dedicated to the memory of the victims of the genocide-deportation of the Crimean Tatar people from Crimea.

Spring 1944: a chronology of events

April 8-13 - the operation of the Soviet troops to expel the Nazi occupiers from the territory of the Crimean Peninsula;

April 22 - in a memo addressed to Lavrenty Beria, Crimean Tatars were accused of mass desertion from the ranks of the Red Army;

May 10 - Beria, in a letter to Stalin, proposed to evict the Crimean Tatar population to Uzbekistan, motivating this with the accusation of "treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people" and "the undesirability of further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union";

May 11 - a secret resolution of the State Defense Committee No. 5859ss "On the Crimean Tatars" was adopted. In it, unfounded claims were made against the Crimean Tatar population - such as mass betrayal and mass collaboration - which became the justification for deportation. In fact, there is no evidence of the "mass desertion" of the Crimean Tatars.

"Detatarization" of Crimea by the punitive organs of the NKVD:

32 thousand employees of the NKVD were involved in the operation;

the deported were given from a few minutes to half an hour to get ready;

it was allowed to take with you personal belongings, dishes, household equipment and provisions in the calculation of up to 500 kg per family (in fact, 20-30 kg of things and food);

the Crimean Tatar population was sent to the places of exile in echelons under escort;

the property left behind was confiscated by the state.

The number of Crimean Tatar population deported from Crimea:

183 thousand people in the general special settlement;

6 thousand in the reserve management camps;

6 thousand in the GULAG;

5 thousand special contingents for the Moscow Coal Trust;

only 200 thousand people.

Also among the adult special settlers there were 2,882 Russians, Ukrainians, Gypsies, Karaites and representatives of other nationalities.

Geography of Kyryml settlement:

More than 2/3 of the evicted Crimean Tatars were sent to the Uzbek SSR. The first 7 echelons with the displaced persons arrived in Uzbekistan on June 1, 1944, the next day - 24; June 5 - 44; June 7 - 54 trains. All of them were sent to Tashkent region - 56 thousand 641, Samarkand region - 31 thousand 604, Andijan region - 19 thousand 773, Fergana region - 16 thousand, Namangan region - 13 thousand 431, Kashkadarya region - 10 thousand, Bukhara region - 4 thousand. human.

In total, 35 thousand 275 families of Crimean Tatars were deported to the Uzbek SSR.

Crimean Tatars also arrived in the Kazakh SSR - 2 thousand 426 people, the Bashkir ASSR - 284, the Yakut ASSR - 93 people, in the Gorky region of Russia - 2 thousand 376 people, as well as Molotovskaya - 10 thousand, Sverdlovsk - 3 thousand 591 people, Ivankovskaya - 548, Kostroma region - 6 thousand 338 people.

According to researchers, the human losses during the transportation of the Crimean Tatars by echelons to the east amounted to 7 thousand 889 people. In the certificate on the movement of the Crimean special settlers in 1944-1946, it was noted that in the first period, 44 thousand 887 people died among them, that is, 19.6%.

Consequences of deportation

The deportation led to disastrous consequences for the Crimean Tatars in the places of exile. A significant number of the deported (estimated - from 15 to 46%) died of hunger and disease in the very first winter of 1944-45.

As a result of the deportation, the Crimean Tatars were confiscated: more than 80 thousand houses, more than 34 thousand homestead houses, about 500 thousand head of livestock, all food supplies, seeds, seedlings, feed for domestic animals, building materials, tens of thousands of tons of agricultural products. 112 private libraries, 646 in primary schools and 221 in secondary schools were liquidated. In villages, 360 reading rooms ceased to operate, in cities and regional centers - more than 9 thousand schools and 263 clubs. Mosques were closed in Evpatoria, Bakhchisarai, Sevastopol, Feodosia, Black Sea and in many villages.

I have a neighbor. Crimean partisan. He left for the mountains in 1943, when he was 16 years old. This document will tell about him better than me.

From the stories of Grigory Vasilyevich:
“In 1942, the Tatars wanted to slaughter the entire Russian population of Yalta.

"I do not know a single Tatar who would have been in the partisans ..."
"On May 18, I was told that I would take the Tatars to Simferopol. I would do it again today ...."
"The Tatars who took refuge in the forests after being evicted in the forests began to attack individual soldiers. The soldiers would leave to take a piss in the bushes, and the next day they find him - suspended by his legs, and a member in his mouth ... Then the troops were removed from near Sevastopol and they passed through a chain all the forests of Crimea. Who was found - they shot. The conversation was short. And the sense is great ... "

In general, everything happened like this:

On the eve of the Great Patriotic War, Crimean Tatars accounted for less than one fifth of the population of the peninsula. Here are the figures from the 1939 census:
Russians 558,481 - 49.6%
Ukrainians 154 120 - 13.7%
Tatars 218,179 - 19.4%

Nevertheless, the Tatar minority was not in the least infringed on its rights in relation to the Russian-speaking population. Quite the opposite. The state languages of the Crimean ASSR were Russian and Tatar. The administrative division of the autonomous republic was based on the national principle. In 1930, national village councils were created: Russians - 207, Tatar - 144, German - 37, Jewish - 14, Bulgarian - 9, Greek - 8, Ukrainian - 3, Armenian and Estonian - 2. In addition, national regions were organized. ... In all schools, children of ethnic minorities studied in their own native language.

After the start of the Great Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars were drafted into the Red Army. However, their service was short-lived. As soon as the front approached the Crimea, desertion and surrender among them became widespread. It became obvious that the Crimean Tatars were waiting for the arrival of the German army and did not want to fight. The Germans, taking advantage of the current situation, scattered leaflets from airplanes promising to "finally resolve the issue of their independence" - of course, in the form of a protectorate within the German Empire.

From among the Tatars who surrendered in the Ukraine and other fronts, cadres of agents were trained, who were thrown into the Crimea to strengthen anti-Soviet, defeatist and pro-fascist agitation. As a result, units of the Red Army, manned by the Crimean Tatars, turned out to be incapable of combat, and after the Germans entered the territory of the peninsula, the overwhelming majority of their personnel deserted. Here is what is said about this in the memorandum of the Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov and the Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov addressed to L.P. Beria, dated April 22, 1944:

"... All those drafted into the Red Army numbered 90 thousand people, including 20 thousand Crimean Tatars ... 20 thousand Crimean Tatars deserted in 1941 from the 51st Army when it retreated from the Crimea ..." ...

That is, the desertion of the Crimean Tatars was almost universal. This is confirmed by the data for individual settlements. So, in the village of Koush, out of 132 drafted into the Red Army in 1941, 120 people deserted.

Then the subservience to the invaders began.

Crimean Tatars in the auxiliary troops of the Wehrmacht. February 1942

The eloquent testimony of the German Field Marshal Erich von Manstein: “... the majority of the Tatar population of the Crimea was very friendly towards us. We even managed to form armed self-defense companies out of the Tatars, whose task was to protect their villages from attacks by partisans hiding in the Yayla mountains ... The Tatars immediately sided with us. They saw in us their liberators from the Bolshevik yoke, especially since we respected them religious practices... A Tatar deputation arrived to me, bringing fruits and beautiful fabrics self made for the liberator of the Tatars “Adolf Effendi” ”.

On November 11, 1941, in Simferopol and a number of other cities and towns of Crimea, the so-called "Muslim committees" were created. The organization of these committees and their activities took place under the direct supervision of the SS. Subsequently, the leadership of the committees passed to the SD headquarters. On the basis of Muslim committees, a "Tatar committee" was created with a centralized subordination to the Crimean center in Simferopol with a widespread activity throughout the territory of Crimea.

On January 3, 1942, the first official ceremonial meeting of the Tatar committee took place in Simferopol. He greeted the committee and said that the Fuhrer had accepted the Tatars' offer to come up in hand to defend their homeland from the Bolsheviks. Tatars, ready to take up arms, will be enrolled in the German Wehrmacht, will be provided for everything and receive a salary on a par with German soldiers.

After the approval of the general measures, the Tatars asked permission to end this first solemn meeting - the beginning of the struggle against the atheists - according to their custom, with prayer, and repeated the following three prayers after their mullah:
1st prayer: for the achievement of an early victory and a common goal, as well as for health and long years Fuhrer Adolf Hitler.
2nd prayer: for the German people and their valiant army.
3rd prayer: for the soldiers of the German Wehrmacht who fell in battle.

Crimean Tatar legions in Crimea (1942): battalions 147-154.

Many Tatars were used as guides for punitive detachments. Separate Tatar units were sent to the Kerch Front and partly to the Sevastopol sector of the front, where they participated in battles against the Red Army.

Typically, local “volunteers” were used in one of the following structures:
1. Crimean Tatar formations as part of the German army.
2. Crimean Tatar punitive and security battalions of the SD.
3. The apparatus of the police and field gendarmerie.
4. Apparatus of prisons and camps SD.

A German non-commissioned officer is leading the Crimean Tatars, most likely from the "self-defense" police unit (under the jurisdiction of the Wehrmacht)

Persons of Tatar nationality who served in the punitive bodies and military units of the enemy were equipped with German uniforms and provided with weapons. Persons who distinguished themselves in their treacherous activities were appointed by the Germans to command positions.

Help from the High Command of the German Ground Forces dated March 20, 1942:
“The Tatars are in a good mood. The German authorities are treated with obedience and pride if they are recognized in the service or outside. The biggest pride for them is the right to wear German uniforms. "

A poster calling on the population to join the SS forces. Crimea, 1942

It is also necessary to provide quantitative data about the Crimean Tatars turned out to be among the partisans. On June 1, 1943, there were 262 people in the Crimean partisan detachments, of which 145 were Russians, 67 Ukrainians and 6 Tatars.

After the defeat of the 6th German army of Paulus at Stalingrad, the Theodosia Muslim Committee collected one million rubles among the Tatars to help the German army. Members of Muslim committees in their work were guided by the slogan "Crimea is only for Tatars" and spread rumors about the annexation of Crimea to Turkey.
In 1943, the Turkish emissary Amil-Pasha came to Feodosia, who called on the Tatar population to support the activities of the German command.

In Berlin, the Germans created a Tatar national center, whose representatives came to Crimea in June 1943 to get acquainted with the work of Muslim committees.

Parade of the Crimean Tatar police battalion "Schuma". Crimea. Autumn 1942

In April-May 1944, the Crimean Tatar battalions fought against the Soviet troops liberating Crimea. So, on April 13, in the area of the Islam-Terek station in the east of the Crimean peninsula, three Crimean Tatar battalions operated against units of the 11th Guards Corps, losing only 800 prisoners. The 149th battalion fought stubbornly in the battles for Bakhchisarai.

The remnants of the Crimean Tatar battalions were evacuated by sea. In July 1944, in Hungary, the Tatar SS Mountain Jaeger Regiment was formed from them, soon deployed into the 1st Tatar Mountain Jaeger Brigade. A certain number of Crimean Tatars were transferred to France and included in the reserve battalion of the Volga-Tatar Legion. Others, mostly untrained youth, were enlisted in the auxiliary air defense service.

Detachment of the Tatar "self-defense". Winter 1941 - 1942 Crimea.

After the liberation of Crimea Soviet troops the hour of reckoning has come.

"By April 25, 1944, the NKVD-NKGB and Smersh NGOs arrested 4,206 people of the anti-Soviet element, of which 430 spies were exposed. In addition, 5,115 people were detained by the NKVD rear protection troops from April 10 to 27, including 55 arrested. agents of German intelligence and counterintelligence agencies, 266 traitors to the Motherland and traitors, 363 accomplices and henchmen of the enemy, as well as members of punitive detachments.

48 members of Muslim committees were arrested, including Izmailov Apas - the chairman of the Karasubazar district Muslim committee, Batalov Balat - the chairman of the Muslim committee of the Balaklava region, Ableizov Belial - the chairman of the Muslim committee of the Simeiz region, Aliyev Mussa - the chairman of the Muslim committee of the Zuy region.

A significant number of persons from the enemy's agents, henchmen and accomplices of the German fascist invaders were identified and arrested.

In the city of Sudak, the chairman of the district Muslim committee, Umerov Vekir, was arrested, who admitted that on the instructions of the Germans he organized a volunteer detachment from a kulak criminal element and was actively fighting the partisans.

In 1942, during the landing of our troops in the area of the city of Feodosia, Umerov's detachment detained 12 Red Army paratroopers and burned them alive. 30 people were arrested in the case.

In the city of Bakhchisaray, the traitor Abibulayev Jafar, who voluntarily joined the punitive battalion created by the Germans in 1942, was arrested. For his active struggle with Soviet patriots, Abibulaev was appointed commander of a punitive platoon and executed civilians suspected of being in connection with the partisans.
By a court-martial, Abibulaev was sentenced to death by hanging.

In the Dzhankoy region, a group of three Tatars was arrested, who, on the instructions of German intelligence in March 1942, poisoned 200 gypsies in a gas chamber.

As of May 7 this year. 5381 persons of the enemy's agents, traitors to the Motherland, accomplices of the German fascist invaders and other anti-Soviet elements were arrested.

5395 rifles, 337 machine guns, 250 submachine guns, 31 mortars and a large number of grenades and rifle cartridges ...

By 1944, over 20 thousand Tatars deserted from the units of the Red Army, who betrayed their Motherland, went into the service of the Germans and fought with arms in their hands against the Red Army ...

Fighter of the Tatar "self-defense" detachment. Winter 1941 - 1942 Crimea.

Taking into account the treacherous actions of the Crimean Tatars against the Soviet people and proceeding from the undesirability of further residence of the Crimean Tatars on the border outskirts of the Soviet Union, the NKVD of the USSR submits for your consideration a draft decision of the State Defense Committee on the eviction of all Tatars from the territory of Crimea.
We consider it expedient to resettle the Crimean Tatars as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR for use in works as in agriculture- collective farms, state farms, and in industry and construction. The question of the resettlement of the Tatars in the Uzbek SSR was agreed with the secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, comrade Yusupov.

People's Commissar of Internal Affairs USSR L. Beria 10.05.44 ".

The next day, May 11, 1944 State Committee Defense adopted Resolution No. 5859 on "On Crimean Tatars":

“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending the Crimea, and went over to the side of the enemy, joined the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; During the occupation of Crimea by fascist German troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their brutal reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German invaders in organizing the forcible hijacking of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.

Crimean Tatars actively cooperated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called “Tatar national committees” organized by the German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans for the purpose of sending spies and saboteurs into the rear of the Red Army. "Tatar national committees", in which the main role was played by the White Guard-Tatar emigrants, with the support of the Crimean Tatars directed their activities towards the persecution and oppression of the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare the forcible separation of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of the German armed forces.

Crimean Tatars in the German service. The form is Romanian. Crimea, 1943. Most likely, these are police officers from the "Schuma" battalion

Considering the above, the State Defense Committee decides:

1. All Tatars to be evicted from the territory of the Crimea and to settle them for permanent residence as special settlers in the regions of the Uzbek SSR. The eviction shall be entrusted to the NKVD of the USSR. To oblige the NKVD of the USSR (Comrade Beria) to complete the eviction of the Crimean Tatars by June 1, 1944.

2. Install next order and conditions of eviction:
a) allow the special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.

Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are taken over by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat for Meat Industry, all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat for Agriculture of the USSR, horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, breeding cattle- People's Commissars of the USSR.

Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products is carried out with an extract of exchange receipts for each locality and every household.

Instruct the NKVD of the USSR, Narkomzem, Narkommyasomolprom, Narkomsovkhozes and Narkomzag of the USSR by July 1 of this year. to submit to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR proposals on the procedure for returning the livestock, poultry, agricultural products received from them to the special settlers on exchange receipts;

b) to organize a reception from the special settlers of the property, cattle, grain and agricultural products left by them in the places of eviction, send a commission of the Council of People's Commissars to the place.

To oblige the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture, the USSR People's Commissariat for the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the USSR People's Commissariat of State Farms to ensure the reception of livestock, grain and agricultural products from the special settlers to the Crimea required amount workers;

c) oblige the NKPS to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of echelons, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR. Calculations for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners;

d) the USSR People's Commissariat for Health to allocate for each echelon with special settlers, in terms of agreement with the USSR NKVD, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines and provide medical and sanitary services for the special settlers on the way; The USSR People's Commissariat for Trade will provide all trains with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water.

To organize meals for the special settlers on the way, provide the People's Commissariat of Trade with food in an amount, according to Appendix No. 1.

3. To oblige the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Abdurakhmanov, and people's commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR Comrade Kobulov until June 1 of this year. carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:

a) to accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers - Tatars, sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean ASSR.

The resettlement of the special settlers should be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;

b) in the areas of resettlement of special settlers, create commissions consisting of the chairman of the regional executive committee, the secretary of the regional committee and the head of the UNKVD, entrusting these commissions with all measures related to the reception and accommodation of arriving special settlers;

c) in each region of resettlement, organize regional troikas consisting of the chairman of the district executive committee, the secretary of the district committee and the head of the NKVD RO, entrusting them with preparing for the placement and organizing the reception of arriving special settlers;

d) prepare guzhavtotransportation for the transport of special settlers, mobilizing for this transport of any enterprises and institutions;

e) ensure the provision of the arriving special settlers household plots and assist in the construction of houses with local building materials;

f) to organize in the areas of resettlement of special settlers special commandant's office of the NKVD, attributing their maintenance at the expense of the estimates of the NKVD of the USSR;

g) the Central Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR by May 20 of this year. submit to the NKVD of the USSR Comrade Beria a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts with an indication of the station for unloading trains.

4 To oblige the Selkhozbank to issue to the special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their resettlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family, with an installment plan of up to 7 years.

5. To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables at the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. monthly in equal amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.

Distribution of flour, cereals and vegetables to the special settlers during June-August of this year. produce free of charge, taking into account the agricultural products and livestock accepted in their places of eviction.

6. To oblige the NCO to transfer within May-June of this year. to reinforce the vehicles of the NKVD troops deployed by garrisons in the areas of settlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR, 100 Willis vehicles and 250 trucks that were out of repair.

7. To oblige Glavneftesnab to allocate and ship by May 20, 1944 to the points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline, at the disposal of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.

The supply of gasoline should be made at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.

8. To oblige the Glavsnables under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR at the expense of any resources to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon boards of 2.75 m each, with their delivery by May 15 of this year; transportation of NKPS boards to be carried out by your own means.

9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events 30 million rubles.

I. Stalin, Chairman of the State Defense Committee.

Note: The rate for 1 person per month: flour - 8 kg, vegetables - 8 kg and cereals 2 kg

The operation was carried out quickly and decisively. The eviction began on May 18, 1944, and already on May 20, Deputy People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR I.A. Serov and Deputy People's Commissar of State Security of the USSR B.Z. Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:

“We hereby report that started in accordance with your instructions on May 18 this year. the operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. Only 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons with 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be dispatched today.

In addition, the district military commissars of the Crimea mobilized 6,000 Tatars of military age, who were sent to the cities of Guryev, Rybinsk and Kuibyshev, according to the orders of the Main Department of the Red Army.

Of the 8000 people sent at your instruction to the Moskovugol trust, 5000 people. also make up the Tatars.

Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the eviction of the Tatars, 1137 anti-Soviet elements were arrested, and in total, 5989 people were arrested during the operation.
Weapons withdrawn during the eviction: mortars - 10, machine guns - 173, machine guns - 192, rifles - 2650, ammunition - 46 603 pcs.

In total, during the operation, the following were seized: mortars - 49, machine guns - 622, machine guns - 724, rifles - 9888 and ammunition - 326 887 pcs.

There were no excesses during the operation. "

Of the 151,720 Crimean Tatars sent to the Uzbek SSR in May 1944, 191 people died on the way.
From the moment of deportation to October 1, 1948, 44,887 people died from among those deported from Crimea (Tatars, Bulgarians, Greeks, Armenians and others).

As for those few Crimean Tatars who really fought honestly in the Red Army or in partisan detachments, contrary to popular belief, they were not evicted. About 1,500 Crimean Tatars remain in Crimea

"Secret field police number 647
No. 875/41 Translation to His Highness Mr. Hitler!

Let me convey to you our heartfelt greetings and our deep gratitude for the liberation of the Crimean Tatars (Muslims) who languished under the bloodthirsty Jewish-communist yoke. We wish you a long life, success and victory for the German army throughout the world.

The Crimean Tatars are ready at your call to fight together with the German People's Army on any front. Currently, partisans, Jewish commissars, communists and commanders who did not have time to flee from Crimea are in the forests of Crimea.

For the speedy elimination of partisan groups in Crimea, we earnestly ask you to allow us, as good connoisseurs of the roads and paths of the Crimean forests, to organize from the former "kulaks", groaning for 20 years under the yoke of Jewish-communist domination, armed detachments led by the German command ...

We assure you that in the most short term partisans in the forests of the Crimea will be destroyed to the last man.

We remain loyal to you, and again and again we wish you success in your business and a long life.

Long live His Highness, Herr Adolf Hitler!

Long live the heroic, invincible German People's Army!

The son of a manufacturer and the grandson of a former city
heads of the city of Bakhchisarai - A.M. ABLAEV

Simferopol, Sufi 44.

Correct: Sonderführer - SCHUMANS

GA RF
FOUNDATION R-9401 DESCRIPTIONS 2 CASES 100 SHEETS 390 "

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On May 18, 1944, the deportation of the Crimean Tatar people began.
The deportation operation began in the early morning of 18 May 1944 and ended at 4:00 pm on 20 May. It took the punitive bodies only 60 hours and over 70 trains, each of which had 50 cars, to carry it out. For its implementation, the NKVD troops were involved in the number of more than 32 thousand people.

The deportees were given from several minutes to half an hour to collect, after which they were transported by trucks to railway stations... From there, the trains with the escorted were sent to the places of exile. According to eyewitnesses, those who resisted or could not walk were often shot on the spot. On the way, the exiles were rarely and often fed salty food, after which they felt thirsty. In some trains, the exiles received food for the first and for the last time during the second week of the journey. The dead were hastily buried next to the railway track or not buried at all.

Officially, the basis for the expulsion was declared the mass desertion of the Crimean Tatars from the ranks of the Red Army in 1941 (the number was called about 20 thousand people), a good reception German troops and the active participation of the Crimean Tatars in the formations of the German army, SD, police, gendarmerie, the apparatus of prisons and camps. Moreover, deportation did not touch most of the Crimean Tatar collaborators, since the bulk of them were evacuated by the Germans to Germany. Those who remained in Crimea were identified by the NKVD during the "cleansing" operations in April-May 1944 and were convicted as traitors to their homeland. For those who say that all Crimean Tatars were traitors and accomplices of the fascists, I will give a few figures.
Crimean Tatars who fought in the Red Army were also subjected to deportation after demobilization. In total, during 1945-1946, 8995 Crimean Tatar war veterans, including 524 officers and 1392 sergeants, were sent to the places of deportation. In 1952 (after the famine of 1945 that took many lives), only in Uzbekistan, according to the NKVD, there were 6057 participants in the war, many of whom had high government awards.

From the memoirs of survivors of deportation:

“In the morning, instead of a greeting, a choice mate and a question: are there any corpses? People cling to the dead, cry, do not give. Soldiers throw the bodies of adults out the doors, children out the window ... "

“There was no medical service. The dead were taken out of the carriage and left at the station, not allowing them to be buried. "

“There was no question of medical care. People drank water from reservoirs and stored themselves from there for future use. There was no way to boil water. People began to get sick with dysentery, typhoid fever, malaria, scabies, lice prevailed over everyone. It was hot and thirsty all the time. The dead were left on the road, no one buried them. "

“A few days later, the tracks from our carriage carried the dead: an old woman and little boy... The train stopped at small stations to leave the dead. ... They were not allowed to bury ”.

“My grandmother, brothers and sisters died in the first months of deportation, before the end of 1944. Mom unconscious in this heat with her dead brother lay for three days. Until the adults saw her. "

A significant number of immigrants, exhausted after three years of life in the German-occupied Crimea, died in places of exile from hunger and disease in 1944-45 due to the lack of normal living conditions (in the early years, people lived in barracks and dugouts, did not have sufficient food and access to health care). Estimates of the death toll during this period vary greatly: from 15-25% according to estimates by various Soviet official bodies to 46% according to the estimates of activists of the Crimean Tatar movement who collected information about those who died in the 1960s. So, according to the OSP of the UzSSR, only “for 6 months of 1944, that is, from the moment of arrival in the UzSSR and until the end of the year, 16,052 people died. (10.6%) ".

For 12 years until 1956, Crimean Tatars had the status of special settlers, which implied various restrictions in rights, in particular, a ban on unauthorized (without written permission from the special commandant's office) crossing the border of a special settlement and criminal punishment for violating it. There are numerous cases when people were sentenced to many years (up to 25 years) in camps for visiting relatives in neighboring villages, whose territory belonged to another special settlement.

Crimean Tatars were not just evicted. They were subjected to the deliberate creation of such living conditions for them, which were designed for the complete or partial physical and moral destruction of the people so that the world would forget about them, and they themselves forgot to which clan-tribe they belonged and in no case thought about returning to their native land.

The total deportation of the Crimean Tatars was the greatest betrayal on the part of the Soviet government, since the bulk of the male population of the Crimean Tatars, drafted into the army, continued at that time to fight on the fronts for the same Soviet power. About 60 thousand Crimean Tatars were drafted to the front in 1941, 36 thousand died defending the USSR. In addition, 17 thousand Crimean Tatar boys and girls became activists in Crimea partisan movement, 7 thousand - participated in underground work.

The Nazis burned 127 Crimean Tatar villages for the fact that their inhabitants provided assistance to the partisans, 12 thousand Crimean Tatars were killed for resisting the occupation regime, and more than 20 thousand were forcibly driven to Germany.
Crimean Tatars who fought in the Red Army were also subjected to deportation after demobilization and returning home to Crimea from the front. Also deported were Crimean Tatars who did not live in Crimea during the occupation and who managed to return to Crimea by May 18, 1944. In 1949, in the places of deportation, there were 8995 Crimean Tatars - participants in the war, including 524 officers and 1392 sergeants.

According to the final data, 193 865 Crimean Tatars (more than 47 thousand families) were deported from Crimea.
After the deportations in Crimea, two decrees from 1945 and 1948 renamed the settlements, the names of which were Crimean Tatar, German, Greek, Armenian origin(more than 90% of the settlements of the peninsula). The Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean region. The autonomous status of Crimea was restored only in 1991.

Unlike many other deported peoples who returned to their homeland in the late 1950s, the Crimean Tatars were formally deprived of this right until 1974, in fact, until 1989. The mass return of the people to Crimea began only at the end of Perestroika.

GENERAL DEPORTATION RESULTS:
The Crimean Tatar people have lost:
- native land, in which the ancestors, mastering the land, from the 13th century formed as a nationality, calling their land in their native language Crimea, and themselves Crimean Tatars;
- monuments of material culture, created by the hands of talented representatives of the people for many centuries.
The Crimean Tatar people were liquidated:
- primary and secondary schools teaching in the native language;
- higher and secondary educational institutions, special and vocational, technical schools with teaching in their native language;
- national ensembles, theaters and studios;
- newspapers, publishing houses, radio broadcasting and other national bodies and institutions (unions of writers, journalists, artists);
- research institutes and institutions for the study of the Crimean Tatar language, literature, art and folk art.

The following were destroyed from the Crimean Tatar people:
- cemeteries and graves of ancestors with gravestones and inscriptions;
- monuments and mausoleums of historical figures of the people.
The following were taken away from the Crimean Tatar people:
- national museums and libraries with tens of thousands of volumes in their native language;
- clubs, reading rooms, prayer houses - mosques and madrasahs.

The history of the formation of the Crimean Tatar people as a nationality was falsified and the original toponymy was destroyed:
- renamed the names of cities and villages, streets and quarters, geographical names localities, etc .;
- folk legends and other types of folk art created by the ancestors of the Crimean Tatars for centuries have been altered and appropriated.

On May 11, 1944, shortly after the liberation of Crimea, Joseph Stalin signed the Resolution of the State Defense Committee of the USSR No. GOKO-5859:

“During the Patriotic War, many Crimean Tatars betrayed their Motherland, deserted from the Red Army units defending the Crimea, and went over to the side of the enemy, joined the volunteer Tatar military units formed by the Germans that fought against the Red Army; During the occupation of Crimea by fascist German troops, participating in German punitive detachments, the Crimean Tatars were especially distinguished by their atrocious reprisals against Soviet partisans, and also helped the German occupiers in organizing the violent hijacking of Soviet citizens into German slavery and the mass extermination of Soviet people.

Crimean Tatars actively cooperated with the German occupation authorities, participating in the so-called "Tatar national committees" organized by the German intelligence and were widely used by the Germans for the purpose of sending spies and saboteurs into the rear of the Red Army. The "Tatar National Committees", in which the White Guard-Tatar emigrants played the main role, with the support of the Crimean Tatars directed their activities to persecute and oppress the non-Tatar population of Crimea and worked to prepare for the violent seizure of Crimea from the Soviet Union with the help of the German armed forces.

Considering the above, the State Defense Committee
DECIDES:

2. Establish the following procedure and conditions for eviction:

a) allow the special settlers to take with them personal belongings, clothing, household equipment, dishes and food in an amount of up to 500 kilograms per family.
Remaining property, buildings, outbuildings, furniture and household land are taken over by local authorities; all productive and dairy cattle, as well as poultry, are accepted by the People's Commissariat for Meat Industry, all agricultural products - by the People's Commissariat of the USSR, horses and other draft animals - by the People's Commissariat of Agriculture of the USSR, pedigree cattle - by the People's Commissars of the USSR.
Acceptance of livestock, grain, vegetables and other types of agricultural products shall be carried out with an extract of exchange receipts for each settlement and each farm.
Instruct the NKVD of the USSR, Narkomzem, Narkommyasomolprom, Narkomsovkhozes and Narkomzag of the USSR by July 1 of this year. d. submit to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR proposals on the procedure for returning the livestock, poultry, agricultural products received from them to the special settlers on exchange receipts;

b) to organize a reception from the special settlers left by them in the places of eviction of property, livestock, grain and agricultural products, send to the place a commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, consisting of: chairman of the commission comrade Gritsenko (deputy chairman of the SNK of the RSFSR) and members of the commission - comrade Krestyaninov (a member of the board of the People's Commissariat of Land USSR), Comrade Nadyarnykh (member of the NKMiMP collegium), Comrade Pustovalov (member of the USSR People's Commissariat of Agriculture), Comrade Kabanov (Deputy People's Commissar of the USSR State Farms), Comrade Gusev (member of the Collegium of the USSR People's Commissariat for Finance).
To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Benediktova), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotina), the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Smirnova), the People's Commissars of the USSR (Comrade Lobanov) to send livestock, grain and agricultural products from the special settlers, in agreement with Comrade Gritsenko , in Crimea, the required number of workers;

c) oblige the NKPS (Comrade Kaganovich) to organize the transportation of special settlers from the Crimea to the Uzbek SSR by specially formed echelons according to a schedule drawn up jointly with the NKVD of the USSR. The number of echelons, loading stations and destination stations at the request of the NKVD of the USSR.
Calculations for transportation shall be made according to the tariff for transportation of prisoners;

d) The USSR People's Commissariat for Health (Comrade Mitereva) shall be allocated for each echelon with special settlers, within the time frame agreed with the USSR NKVD, one doctor and two nurses with an appropriate supply of medicines, and provide medical and sanitary services for the special settlers on the way; The USSR People's Commissariat for Trade (Comrade Lyubimov) will provide all trains with special settlers daily with hot meals and boiling water.
To organize meals for the special settlers on the way, provide the People's Commissariat of Trade with food in an amount, in accordance with Appendix No. 1.

3. To oblige the Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Uzbekistan, Comrade Yusupov, Chairman of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Abdurakhmanov, and People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the Uzbek SSR, Comrade Kobulov, before June 1 of this year. d. to carry out the following measures for the reception and resettlement of special settlers:

a) accept and resettle within the Uzbek SSR 140-160 thousand people of special settlers - Tatars, sent by the NKVD of the USSR from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.
The resettlement of the special settlers should be carried out in state farm settlements, existing collective farms, subsidiary farms of enterprises and factory settlements for use in agriculture and industry;

d) prepare guzhavtotransportation for the transport of special settlers, mobilizing for this transport of any enterprises and institutions;

e) ensure the provision of household plots to the arriving special settlers and provide assistance in the construction of houses with local building materials;

f) to organize in the areas of resettlement of special settlers special commandant's office of the NKVD, attributing their maintenance at the expense of the estimates of the NKVD of the USSR;

g) Central Committee and Council of People's Commissars of the UzSSR by May 20 of this year. d. submit to the NKVD of the USSR Comrade Beria a project for the resettlement of special settlers in regions and districts with an indication of the station for unloading trains.

4. To oblige the Selkhozbank (Comrade Kravtsova) to issue to the special settlers sent to the Uzbek SSR, in the places of their settlement, a loan for the construction of houses and for economic establishment of up to 5,000 rubles per family, with an installment plan of up to 7 years.

5. To oblige the People's Commissariat of the USSR (Comrade Subbotin) to allocate flour, cereals and vegetables at the disposal of the Council of People's Commissars of the Uzbek SSR for distribution to special settlers during June-August of this year. d. in equal monthly amounts, according to Appendix No. 2.
Issuance of flour, cereals and vegetables to the special settlers during June-August of this year. d. produce free of charge, on account of the agricultural products and livestock accepted in the places of eviction.

6. To oblige NPO (Comrade Khrulev) to transfer within May-June from. to strengthen the vehicles of the NKVD troops, garrisoned in the areas of settlement of special settlers - in the Uzbek SSR, the Kazakh SSR and the Kirghiz SSR, Willis vehicles - 100 pieces and trucks - 250 pieces that were out of repair.

7. To oblige Glavneftesnab (Comrade Shirokova) to allocate and ship by May 20, 1944 to the points at the direction of the NKVD of the USSR 400 tons of gasoline, at the disposal of the SNK of the Uzbek SSR - 200 tons.
The supply of gasoline should be made at the expense of a uniform reduction in supplies to all other consumers.

8. To oblige Glavsnables under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR (Comrade Lopukhova) at the expense of any resources to supply the NKPS with 75,000 wagon planks of 2.75 m each, with their delivery by May 15 of this year. G.; transportation of NKPS boards to carry out by own means.

9. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR (Comrade Zvereva) to release the NKVD of the USSR in May of this year. from the reserve fund of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR for special events 30 million rubles. "

The draft decision was prepared by a member of the State Defense Committee, People's Commissar of Internal Affairs L.P. Beria. Deputies were assigned to lead the deportation operation people's commissars state security and internal affairs BZ Kobulov and IA Serov.

The bulk of the Crimean Tatar collaborators were evacuated by the occupation authorities to Germany, where the Tatar SS Mountain Jaeger Regiment was created from them. Most of those who remained in Crimea were identified by the NKVD in April-May 1944 and convicted as traitors to the Motherland. In total, about 5,000 collaborators of all nationalities were identified in Crimea during this period.

The deportation operation began in the early morning of 18 May and ended on 20 May 1944. To carry it out, the NKVD troops (more than 32 thousand people) were involved. The deportees had very little time to get ready. Officially, each family had the right to take with them up to 500 kg of luggage, but in reality they were allowed to take much less, and sometimes nothing at all. After that, the deportees were taken by trucks to the railway stations.

On May 20, Serov and Kobulov reported in a telegram addressed to the People's Commissar of Internal Affairs of the USSR L.P. Beria:

“We hereby report that started in accordance with your instructions on May 18 this year. The operation to evict the Crimean Tatars was completed today, May 20, at 16:00. Only 180,014 people were evicted, loaded into 67 echelons, of which 63 echelons with 173,287 people. sent to their destinations, the remaining 4 echelons will also be dispatched today.

Of the 8000 people sent at your order to the trust "Moskovugol", a special contingent of 5000 people. also make up the Tatars.

Thus, 191,044 persons of Tatar nationality were removed from the Crimean Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ”.