Agreed and inconsistent definition examples. Definitions agreed and inconsistent. Definition as a member of a sentence

A definition is a minor member of a sentence that denotes a sign, quality, property of an object and answers the questions WHAT? WHOSE? WHICH THE? When parsing sentences, definitions are underlined with a wavy line.

Definitions are usually included as dependent words in phrases with nouns and can be associated with them by means of agreement (for example: BIG HOUSE, BEAUTIFUL GARDEN) or by means of control and adjunction (for example: MAN (what?) IN A HAT, ABILITY (what?) TO PLAY) . Definitions associated with nouns by agreement are called agreed, by means of control or adjunction - inconsistent.

Agreed definitions can be expressed by adjectives (NEW ROUTE), participles (MADE ROUTE), possessive pronouns (OUR ROUTE) and ordinal numbers (FIFTH ROUTE). An inconsistent definition can be expressed by a noun in oblique cases (HOUSE - what? - ON THE MOUNTAIN), a comparative degree of the adjective (I DID NOT SEE A STORM - what? - STRONGER), an infinitive (OPPORTUNITY - what? - TO STUDY) and a pronoun (HIS BOOK) .

Inconsistent definitions may combine their meaning with the meaning of circumstances and additions. Compare: HOUSE (where?) ON THE MOUNTAIN and HOUSE (what?) ON THE MOUNTAIN. Both questions are perfectly appropriate, and ON THE MOUNTAIN can be considered both a circumstance and a definition. Another example: MEET (with whom?) FRIENDS and MEET (what?) FRIENDS. In these phrases WITH FRIENDS it will be both an addition and a definition.

Isolation- this is the selection on the letter on both sides with punctuation marks (commas, dashes, brackets) of some part of the sentence.

Definitions are separated in accordance with the following rules.

1. An agreed definition is isolated, consisting of several words and referring to the previous noun. Compare two sentences:

Path, overgrown with grass led to the river.
overgrown with grass path led to the river.

2. An agreed definition relating to a personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of its place in the sentence and prevalence. For example:

Happy he
He, happy, told me about his successes.
Satisfied with your success he told me about them.
He, happy with your success told me about them.

Please note: in the example from the first paragraph of the rule, the phrase OVERGROWING WITH GRASS is marked with commas. If the definition has dependent words, then together they form definitive turnover.

This rule has three notes:

1. An agreed definition (both one-word and consisting of several words), referring to a noun and standing before it, can be isolated if it has an additional meaning of the reason (that is, it combines the meanings of the definition and the circumstance of the reason). For example:

Tired tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.
Tired after a sleepless night tourists decided to abandon the re-ascent.

(In both sentences, the definition explains reason refusal to re-ascent.)

2. Definitions that come after the word being defined, but are closely related in meaning to it or to other members of the sentence, are not isolated. In such cases, if the definition is removed from the sentence, the phrase loses its meaning. For example:

He could hear things are rather unpleasant (Lermontov). Sea at his feet lay silent and white(Paustovsky).

3. A definition stands apart, wherever it appears, if it is separated from the word being defined by other words. For example:

In the end of January, covered with the first thaw, cherries smell good gardens(Sholokhov).

The exercise

They drank coffee in a gazebo on the shore of a wide lake dotted with islands (Pushkin).

Deeply offended, she sat down under the window and sat without undressing until late at night (Pushkin).

The old woman_ looking at him from behind the partition_ could not know whether he fell asleep or just thought (Pushkin).

The Foolovites, who were not strong in self-government, began to attribute this phenomenon to the mediation of some unknown force (Shchedrin).

Encased in granite_ the waves of the sea are suppressed by enormous weights_ sliding along their ridges_ they beat against the sides of ships, against the shores, they beat and grumble_ foamed_ polluted with various rubbish (Bitter).

In a long beak_ curved at the end_ the seagull held a small fish.

And either he made a grimace_ blinded by the setting sun_ or some strangeness was characteristic of his face in general, only his lips seemed too short ... (Mann).

Children_ curious and inquisitive_ immediately noticed that something incomprehensible was going on in the city.

His father met him with a gloomy and surprised look.

He opened the notebook and drew two lines parallel to each other.

Draw an equilateral triangle with a side equal to five centimeters.

But now they did not speak for long, - that_ wise_ who did not interfere with their judgment_ spoke himself: “Stop! There is a punishment. This is a terrible punishment; you won't invent something like that in a thousand years!" (Bitter).

A small nocturnal bird, rushing inaudibly and low on its soft wings, almost stumbled upon me and timidly dived to the side (Turgenev).

1. Maybe it was a thorn or the tip of a nail_ of a collar that came out of the felt padding (Aitmatov).
2. Lying on his armor-hard back, he saw, as soon as he raised his head, his brown, convex, divided by arcuate scales_ belly, on the top of which he could barely hold_ a blanket that was about to finally slip off (Kafka).
3. In the bright dawn, the black tops of birches were drawn - thin, like letters (Pasternak).
4. The princess absolutely hates me, they have already told me two or three epigrams in my account_ rather caustic, but at the same time very flattering (Lermontov).
5. I still try to explain to myself what kind of feeling boiled in my chest then: it was the annoyance of offended pride, and contempt, and anger_ born at the thought that this man was now looking at me with such confidence, with such calm impudence_ two minutes ago ago, without exposing himself to any danger, he wanted to kill me like a dog, for if I had been wounded in the leg a little more, I would certainly have fallen off the cliff (Lermontov).
6. Grease the mold so that it does not rust, and clean the kitchen table, make a sauce from oxylithium hydrate_ diluted in a glass of fresh milk (Vian).
7. Staggering and panting, he finally went ashore, saw a dressing gown lying on the ground, picked it up and mechanically rubbed it until his stiff body warmed up (Hesse).
8. My father's elder brother, who died in 1813, intending to set up a village hospital, gave him as a boy to some doctor he knew to be trained in the art of paramedics (Herzen).
9. Who told you that there is no true, true, eternal love in the world? (Bulgakov).
10. But that's not all: the third in this company turned out to be a cat that came from nowhere, huge, like a hog, black, like soot or a rook ... (Bulgakov).
11. Winter evening on December 14_ thick_ dark_ frosty (Tynyanov).
12. The fields, all the fields, stretched all the way to the sky, now slightly rising, then lowering again; here and there one could see small forests, and ravines, dotted with sparse and low shrubs, twisted ... (Turgenev).
13. One_ black_ large and shabby_ was very similar to those rats that he saw on ships during his travels (Tournier).
14. Strangest of all are the incidents that happen on Nevsky Prospekt! (Gogol).
    Dr. Budakh_ washed out_ dressed in everything clean_ carefully shaved_ looked very impressive (Strugatskys).

According to the nature of the syntactic connection of the definition with the word being defined, all definitions are divided into agreed and inconsistent.

Agreed definitions are expressed by those parts of speech that, referring to the word being defined, can be likened to it in number and case, and in the singular - in gender. They can be expressed by an adjective: The door to the damp porch dissolved again (A.K.T.); communion: My steps resounded dully in the freezing air (T.); pronominal adjective: From infancy, two muses flew to us, and my lot was sweet with their caress (P.); ordinal number: The second boy, Pavlusha, had tousled hair (T.); quantitative numeral one: I knew only one thought power, one, but a fiery passion (L.).

The meanings of agreed definitions are very diverse and depend on the lexical meaning of the words by which they are expressed. Definitions expressed by qualitative adjectives indicate the quality of the object: She was tormented by a thirst for glory, and the terrible power of self-sacrifice, and insane courage, and a feeling of childish mischievous, piercing happiness (Fad.). Definitions, expressed by relative adjectives, indicate the attribute of an object at its location and time: Yesterday we spent in the forest on our long-range batteries (Inb.); The village library was near the school; sign of an object by material; Through the frequent mesh of rain one could see a hut with a plank roof and two pipes (T.); affiliation: The dead did not let the regimental banner out of the hands (Bl.). Definitions expressed by possessive adjectives, as well as possessive pronouns, indicate belonging: His grandfather's face leaned over his face (M. G.); Farewell, sea! I will not forget your solemn beauty and for a long, long time I will hear your rumble in the evening hours (P.). Definitions expressed by indefinite pronouns indicate the uncertainty of the subject in relation to quality, property, belonging, etc.: Someone's steps were heard in the room (Azh.); Tell me some news (L.). Definitions expressed by negative and attributive pronouns denote properties and qualities in a general way: He knew every person, every family, every alley of this large working outskirts (Cat.); For a long time I did not find any game (T.). Definitions expressed by ordinal numbers indicate the order of the subject when counting: Sukhoedov (Pan.) was on duty in the ninth carriage. Definitions expressed by participles can indicate a sign associated with an action: In the ensuing silence, the howling of a raging wind was clearly heard (Azh.).

Note. If a relative adjective or ordinal number is used in a figurative sense, the definition denotes a quality: In the golden, in the bright south, I still see you in the distance (Tyutch.); You are ... the first person on the collective farm (G. Nick.).

Inconsistent definitions, in contrast to agreed ones, are associated with the word being defined by the method of control (poet's poems, a boat with sails) or adjoining (riding at a pace, desire to learn). They can be expressed by nouns without prepositions (in the genitive and instrumental cases) and with prepositions (in all oblique cases): A light gust of wind woke me up (T.); He wore overalls, changed his mustache with a ring to a mustache with a brush (Fed.); The matter of the inheritance is holding me back for a long time (A.N.T.); He was wearing a colorful cotton shirt with a yellow border (T.); And what did he see, the dead Falcon, in this desert without bottom and edge? (M. G.); Next to him walked Fedyushka in his father's cap (Ch.); personal pronoun in the genitive case (in the possessive meaning): There was so much longing in his eyes that it could have poisoned all the people of the world with it (M. G.); comparative degree of the adjective: There were no bigger and more important events in the history of mankind (A.N.T.); adverb: There are, however, incredible cases when stearin candles and soft-boiled boots are obtained (G. Usp.); indefinite form of the verb: He went with a step to the right and sent an adjutant to the dragoons with an order to attack the French (L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in the genitive case without a preposition can indicate belonging: Kutuzov's face, standing at the door of the office, remained completely motionless for several moments (L.T.); attitude to the team, institution, etc.: The blacksmith of the Putilov factory Ivan Gora ... was cleaning his rifle (A.N.T.); producer of action: Less and less often, quieter and more distantly heard: now the creak of wheels, now a gentle Little Russian song, now the sonorous neighing of horses, now fuss and the last chirping of sleeping birds (Kupr.); a sign according to its bearer: A horse and a rider dived from a dilapidated barrack into the darkness of the forest (N. Ostr.); the relation of the whole to the part, which is indicated by the word being defined: You are a little cold, you cover your face with an overcoat collar (T.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by a noun in the instrumental case without a preposition, denote a sign established by comparison with an object called the defining word: Moses is already walking in a bowler hat (Ch.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in oblique cases with prepositions can denote various signs. Sign by material: On an immaculately clean table, black marble writing instruments were arranged with deathly accuracy, folders made of shiny cardboard lay (A.N.T.); a sign by the presence of some external feature, detail: The servant jumped off the goat, unlocked the doors, and a minute later a young man in a military overcoat and a white cap entered the caretaker (P.); I went up to a stranger in a fur coat and saw him (Cupr.); People with whiskers stood at the gunwale and smoked pipes (Paust.); a sign of origin in the broad sense of the word: Huge boilers from military ships were buried under snowdrifts (A.N.T.); a sign that characterizes an object in a spatial sense: A girl was standing at the jamb of the door to the kitchen (M. G.); Chelkash crossed the road and sat down on the bedside table opposite the doors of the tavern (M. G.); a sign indicating the contents of the object: From sleep, sits in an ice bath (P.); a sign that limits the object in any respect: Before dawn in a dark cave, the famous golden eagle hunter Khali tells me about eagles (Prishv.); a sign indicating the purpose of the object: Everything froze on the benches for the public (M. G.), etc.

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective, denote a qualitative feature of an object that is inherent in it to a greater or lesser extent than other objects: It’s unlikely that you had a stronger and more beautiful guy to see (N.).

Inconsistent definitions expressed in an adverb can indicate a sign in relation to quality, direction, time, mode of action: Between the windows stood a hussar with a ruddy face and bulging eyes (T.); They knew both lope with a lance, and cutting right and left with a saber (A.N.T.); Together with tea, they served us cutlets, soft-boiled eggs, butter, honey ... (T.).

Inconsistent definitions, expressed by the infinitive, serve to reveal the content of the subject, often denoted by an abstract noun: Thanks to the ability to quickly grasp and remember what he heard, he passed the exams with success (S.-Shch.); I could not stand it and ran out of the bushes onto the path, obeying a fiery desire to throw myself on my father's neck (Kor.).

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed by phraseologically and syntactically inseparable phrases.

In the sentence Tut, it’s true, you will read the vows in love to the grave (P.), the definition is expressed by the phraseological combination to the grave.

In the role of a definition expressed by a syntactically inseparable phrase, combinations of a noun in the genitive case with a quantitative numeral agreed with it most often act: A boy of about fifteen, curly and red-cheeked, sat as a coachman and with difficulty kept a well-fed piebald stallion (T.); combinations of a noun with an adjective in the instrumental case: He [Chelkash] immediately liked this healthy, good-natured guy with childish bright eyes (M. G.); - Here it is, then, as it happens - said the old Nikolaev soldier with a porous nose (Paust.), As well as phrases consisting of an adjective and a noun in the genitive case, in which it is impossible to separate the adjective due to the grammatical incompatibility of the genitive case of the name with the word being defined . In sentences: A man of average height (L.) got out of the boat; He was wearing a short coat of bronze color and a black cap (T.); He fastened the bekeshi hooks, pulled a soldier's artificial astrakhan hat over his eyebrows (A.N.T.); For three days in a row, this stocky figure and face of an oriental type (M. G.) attracted my attention; These were a husband, wife, their boy of seven years of extraordinary beauty (Fed.) phrases of medium height, bronze color, artificial astrakhan fur, oriental type, extraordinary beauty are syntactically inseparable, since one cannot say a man of growth, a coat of color, a hat of astrakhan fur, a type face, beauty boy.

Less common are definitions expressed by syntactically inseparable phrases of other types. For example: A few minutes later we were at the fire in a circle of four shepherds dressed in sheepskins with wool up (M. G.); The upper heated water lies in a layer ten to twelve meters thick on deep cold water and does not mix with it at all (Paust.).

Inconsistent definitions quite often have a defining meaning not in its pure form, but a meaning complicated by other shades. Functional complication is especially typical for definitions expressed by prepositional-nominal combinations and adverbs, which, of course, is associated with their lexical and morphological structure. So, prepositional-nominal combinations in the attributive function can be complicated by adverbial meanings, for example, spatial ones: The employee at the table is tired of watching them ... (Already); temporary: This is my habit since childhood (T.), etc.

Definitions expressed by adverbs can also be functionally complicated. For example, the definitive-spatial meaning: The Germans hoped to enter Petrograd without much trouble. Their numerous agents were preparing a massacre in Petrograd - an explosion from the inside (A.N.T.); definitive-temporal meaning: The successful fishing of beluga in winter enriched the fishermen even more (Kupr.).

Applications

An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case. When defining an object, the application gives it a different name. Applications can refer to any member of a sentence expressed by a noun, a personal pronoun, a substantiated participle and an adjective, as well as a substantiated numeral. For example: So lived Mikhail Vlasov, a locksmith, hairy, gloomy, with small eyes (M. G.); It was she, the Peterhof stranger (Paust.); The first, the eldest of all, Fedya, you would give fourteen years old (G.).

Applications can characterize the subject in relation to age, kinship, profession, specialty, occupation, national and social affiliation, etc.: We, workers, need to learn (M. G.); Here is our Zoechka, a waitress in the dining room (Gran.); And he gave the money to the mermaid for preservation, the things of my daughter (P.); During the war years, a concrete builder became a sapper soldier (B. Paul); may be the name of an object: And the steamer "Turgenev" was already considered by that time a ship, quite outdated (Cat.); can serve as a designation of the quality, properties of the object being defined: Dr. Hufeland, the miracle doctor sent by the Prussian king, looked in amazement at the head drowned in pillows, disfigured by old, long-healed wounds (Nikul.); And since ancient times, a fisherman, and a hard-working scientist, and a painter, and a poet have been bearing tribute to Baikal from the soul of his lover (Tvard.).

Applications can be expressed by nouns that have lost their specific meaning in the context and turned into demonstrative words (person, people, people, woman, business, etc.). With them, there must be explanatory words, in which the characteristic of the subject lies. For example: Sometimes, instead of Natasha, Nikolai Ivanovich appeared from the city, a man with glasses, with a small blond beard, a native of some distant province (M. G.); The coachman Yehudiel, an extremely slow man, heavy on his feet, reasonable and sleepy, stood at the gate and diligently regaled Bitch (T.) with tobacco; Engineer Kucherov, a bridge builder, sometimes drove through the village on a racing droshky or in a carriage, a plump, broad-shouldered, bearded man in a soft crumpled cap (Ch.).

When combining a proper noun (name of a person) and a common noun, a common noun usually acts as an application: In a frenzy, the sailor Pavlinov suffocated - a cheerful and mocking person (Paust.); It seemed to her that Rybin, an elderly man, was also unpleasant and insulting to listen to Pavel's speeches (M. G.).

However, if it is necessary to clarify the person, to specify it, as an application, a proper name can be used with a common noun. In this case, the sign of the face is of primary importance. For example: The rest of the brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexei (Shol.) to the smallest detail.

Proper names - names used in a figurative sense (in quotes in writing), are always applications and stand in the form of the nominative case, regardless of the case form of the word being defined. For example: Among the seven hundred sailors who landed from the battleship Potemkin on the Romanian coast was Rodion Zhukov (Cat.).

The application can be attached to the word being defined with the help of explanatory unions, that is, or, like, etc.: The steppe, that is, a treeless and undulating endless plain, surrounded us (Ax.); Klavichek, as a baker by profession, was sent as an inspector to the supply department (N. Ostr.); This small courtyard, or chicken coop, was blocked by a wooden fence (T.); with the help of words, for example, by name, by nickname, and the like: Dear cook Ivan Ivanovich, nicknamed Bear Cub (M. G.), leads the kitchen; ... I had to become a footman to a Petersburg official, by the name of Orlov (Ch.).

Combinations of applications with defined words are distinguished from some combinations similar in form, the components of which are not connected by attributive relations. These include the following pair combinations: combinations of synonyms (stitches-paths, grass-ant, clan-tribe, time-time, mind-mind, wedding-marriage, chic-shine); combinations of antonyms (export-import, purchase and sale, questions-answers, income-expenses); combinations of words by association (name-patronymic, grandfathers-great-grandfathers, viburnum-raspberry, bread-salt, mushrooms-berries).

In addition, the components of some types of compound words are not applications (although they resemble them in form): b) complex words, part of which are evaluative words (firebird, good boy, boy-woman, unfortunate leader).

Inconsistent definitions, unlike agreed definitions, are associated with

Defined by the word according to the method of management (writer's story, boat with

Sails) or adjoining (desire to work).

They can be expressed by nouns in oblique cases without

Prepositions. In this case, the most common type are definitions,

Expressed by a noun in the genitive case (student's mother,

teacher's work).

More often than others, inconsistent definitions are used, denoting

Sign of the object being defined in relation. These definitions by value

Corresponding to agreed definitions, but possessing in comparison with

They have great opportunities for concretization and refinement of the feature, since

They can add definitions to themselves:

Fathers jacket hangs on the wall;

My father's jacket hangs on the wall.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by a noun in

The genitive case can denote a feature by its carrier:

With the love of an artist, he gave himself up to a new and unexpected impression.

(I. A. Goncharov).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the genitive case of the name

A noun with an abstract meaning can denote a sign,

Revealing and clarifying the content of the concept. Such definitions are often

Correlative with agreed definitions expressed relative and

Qualitative adjectives allow synonymous replacement:

peace policy - peace policy;

history of the fatherland - national history.

Inconsistent definitions can designate a sign according to the actor,

Action Producer:

I quickly turned to the door, waiting for the appearance of my accuser.

(A. S. Pushkin).

A special group is made up of inconsistent definitions expressed

3rd person pronominal nouns in the genitive case,

For example:

I see their house.

Her friend came.

It should be noted that such definitions usually come before the defined

In a word and this they differ from the inconsistent definitions expressed

The genitive case of nouns.

A small group consists of definitions expressed by the name

A noun in the instrumental case without a preposition. Semantics of them

Diverse. They can mean "a sign by likeness and by character

Actions. In the latter case, the definitions refer to the members of the sentence,

Expressed by verbal nouns, and correlative with

Circumstances of the mode of action with the corresponding verbs.

For example:

The offensive began with whole battalions.

We began to advance in whole battalions.

No less diverse are the semantics of inconsistent definitions expressed

Nouns in oblique cases with prepositions. "Inconsistent

Definitions expressed by nouns in indirect cases with

Various prepositions, ... represent a living and developing in Russian

The language is a way of expressing a definition. The richness of the meanings of prepositions

They determine the breadth of meanings and diversity in the shades of signs,

Denoted by inconsistent definitions of this type."

In the role of inconsistent definitions of the above group are the names

Nouns included in nominal phrases and expressing proper

Defining relations (and defining relations with various

Additional shades of meaning).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns with

Prepositions usually characterize defined objects by place, time, in

causal or purposive relationship. This distinguishes them from definitions,

Expressed by nouns without prepositions.

The most commonly used are definitions expressed by the name

Nouns in the genitive case with different prepositions, in the instrumental

The case with the preposition with and in the prepositional case with the preposition в. Yet these types

Definitions are significantly inferior to definitions expressed by names

Nouns in the genitive case without a preposition, according to usage and

Variety of meanings.

Among the inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in

In the genitive case with various prepositions, the following can be distinguished

1) definitions with the preposition from, denoting a sign according to the material:

panel of leaves; barn from boards;

2) definitions with the preposition from, denoting a feature by origin:

commander of officers; come from the workers;

3) a definition with the preposition from under, denoting a sign of the substance,

cake box.

Widespread definitions include names

Nouns in the genitive case with prepositions from, from under, from, from, from,

Near, near, against, denoting a sign of the object being defined:

1) according to its belonging to the place, territory;

2) by location or direction.

For example:

1. She often noticed in all the people from the city something childish and

smiled condescendingly (M. Gorky).

2. All the paths of the garden, which covered the slope opposite our houses, were to me

known (M. Yu. Lermontov).

A relatively rare group are

Dative case with prepositions. In this case, the most common definitions

Expressed in the dative case with the preposition po. They have the following meanings:

1. A sign that limits the defined subject in any respect:

He is my mother's brother.

2. A sign that characterizes the object being defined in spatial

relation:

Houses along the banks appeared less and less.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in

In the accusative case with prepositions in and on, they can indicate a sign by

Appearance (polka-dot dress), by measure or quantity (way in ten

Kilometers), by direction in space (door to the room), by destination

(outfit on rubble).

Inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in

The instrumental case with prepositions make up a widespread

Group. The most common definitions with the preposition s. They stand for

“a sign of a defined object by the presence of an object of any external

Or an intrinsic characteristic, quality, or property." Such

Inconsistent definitions often, in turn, carry

Agreed Definitions:

There was a girl with blue eyes.

Of the inconsistent definitions expressed by nouns in

Prepositional case, the most common are constructions with

The preposition in, definitions with the preposition on are less common. Data

Definitions may refer to:

1) a sign by the presence of an external feature in an object;

2) characteristics of the object in terms of space:

1. He recognized the girl in the straw hat

2. The conversation in the kitchen was getting louder.

Finally, inconsistent definitions expressed by names

Nouns in the prepositional case with the preposition o (about) reveal

The internal content of the subject:

The issue of inheritance was an important part of the document.

Inconsistent definitions can be expressed qualitatively

Comparative adjectives with suffixes -e, -her, -she.

Such definitions denote a qualitative feature of the object being defined.

As inherent in it to a greater or lesser extent compared to others

Items:

I don't know a better person than him.

But such inconsistent definitions are used in Russian

Relatively rare, which is due to the fact that they have been widely developed

Complex forms of degrees of comparison. They allow you to express the features of objects

With the help of an agreed definition.

Inconsistent definitions are expressed, in addition, qualitatively

Circumstantial and adverbial adverbs. Such definitions

Designate a sign of an object, characterizing it in relation to quality,

Directions or times, for example:

At the end of the letter was a signature in French.

She loved horseback riding.

A small group is formed by inconsistent definitions related to

To members of a sentence expressed by indefinite pronouns:

Someone in white was sitting on the shore.

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Inconsistent definitions.

§1. General concepts

Secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis. They spread the main and other minor members, contain the components of meaning needed for a more detailed transmission of information. Compare:

The boy is eating.

(information is presented without details)

The little boy eats the soup slowly.

(information presented in more detail thanks to minor members)

Minor Members:

• addition,
• definition,
• circumstance.

§2. Addition

Addition- this is a minor member of the sentence, which depends on the predicate (or other members of the sentence) and answers the questions of indirect cases. For example:

I love (what?) ice cream.

(addition: ice cream)

How is the complement expressed?

1. A noun in indirect cases without a preposition or with prepositions:

We met with Anna on the square. I gave her flowers.

2. In addition to the nouns themselves, the expression of the addition of words in the function of the noun is common: adjectives and participles formed by the transition to another part of speech, for example: sick, in love, participating, meeting, etc.:

The old man looked at the young with a smile.

3. Numeral name:

Ten is divisible by two.

4. Both nouns and words in the function of nouns can be replaced by the corresponding pronouns:

The old man looked at them with a smile.

5. Verb:

The doctor advised him to walk a lot.

6. As an addition, syntactically indivisible phrases or stable lexical combinations (=phraseological units) can act:

We have read several books.

(some books- syntactically indivisible phrase, it is impossible to say: We read books. Or: We have read several)

We ate a pound of salt together.

(a pood of salt- phraseology)

A distinction should be made between direct and indirect additions.

Direct and indirect object

direct complement- this is an addition in the form of V.p. without a suggestion. It refers to a verb and is used after transitive verbs:

I wash my hands.

A direct object can also be in the form of R.p., if:

• a part of an object is indicated, a certain amount, for example, a little: drink water, eat soup;
• with a transitive verb there is a negation not:did not build a new building, did not complete homework.

All other cases of complement are called indirect complement.

§3. Definition. Agreed and inconsistent definition. Appendix

A definition is a minor member of a sentence, which depends on the subject, complement or circumstance, determines the attribute of the subject and answers the questions: which one? which the? whose?

The definition can refer to words of different parts of speech: a noun and words formed from adjectives or participles by transition to another part of speech, as well as pronouns.

Agreed and inconsistent definition

Agreed Definition is a definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent words is agreement. For example:

A disgruntled girl was eating chocolate ice cream on the outdoor terrace.

(girl(which?) dissatisfied, ice cream(which?) chocolate, on the terrace(which?) open)

Agreed definitions are expressed by adjectives that agree with the defined words - nouns in gender, number and case.

The agreed definitions are expressed:

1) adjectives: dear mother, beloved grandmother;

2) participles: a laughing boy, a bored girl;

3) pronouns: my book, this boy;

4) ordinal numbers: the first of September, by the eighth of March.

But the definition can be inconsistent. This is the name of a definition associated with the word being defined by other types of syntactic connection:

• management
• adjoining

Inconsistent definition based on control:

Mom's book was on the bedside table.

Wed: mom's book mom's book
(mother'sbook is the agreed definition, the link type is agreement, and mom's book- inconsistent, communication type - control)

Inconsistent adjacency-based definition:

I want to buy her a more expensive gift.

Wed: more expensive gift - giftexpensive
(more expensive gift- inconsistent definition, connection type - adjacency, and gift dear

Inconsistent definitions also include definitions expressed by syntactically indivisible phrases and phraseological units.

A five-story shopping center was built opposite.

Wed: five-story center - five-story center
(center on five floors is an inconsistent definition, the link type is control, and five-storey center- agreed definition, type of connection - agreement)

A girl with blue hair entered the room.

(girl with blue hair- inconsistent definition, link type - control.)

Different parts of speech can act as an inconsistent definition:

1) noun:

The bus stop has been moved.

(bus- noun)

2) adverb:

Grandma cooked the meat in French.

(in French- adverb)

3) a verb in an indefinite form:

She had the ability to listen.

(listen- verb in indefinite form)

4) comparative degree of the adjective:

He always chooses the easier path, and she chooses the harder tasks.

(easier, harder comparative degree of adjectives)

5) pronoun:

Her story touched me.

(her- possessive pronoun)

6) syntactically indivisible phrase

Application

Application is a special kind of definition. An application is a definition expressed by a noun that agrees with the word being defined in the case.
Applications denote various features of an object that are expressed by a noun: age, nationality, profession, etc.:

I love my little sister.

A group of Japanese tourists lived with me in the hotel.

A variation of the application are geographical names, names of enterprises, organizations, publications, works of art. The latter form inconsistent applications. Compare examples:

I saw the embankment of the Sukhona River.

(Sukhony- agreed application, words rivers And Sukhony stand in one case.)

The son read the fairy tale "Cinderella".

("Cinderella"- inconsistent application, words fairy tale And "Cinderella" stand in different cases

§4. Circumstance

Circumstance- this is a minor member of the sentence, denoting a sign of action or another sign. Usually the circumstance depends on the predicate.

Since the meanings of circumstances are diverse, the circumstances are classified according to their meaning. Each meaning has its own questions.

Circumstance ranks by value
The following categories of circumstances are distinguished by value.

1. Mode of action - how? how?: The children laughed out loud.
2. Measures and degrees - how? to what extent?: We are tired to the point of exhaustion.
3. Places - where? where? from where?: Everyone around was dancing. He looked into the distance. Father returned from work.
4. Time - when? how long? since when? How long? what time?: We waited for the doctor's appointment for about ten minutes.
5. Conditions - under what condition?: If desired, everyone can learn better.
6. Reasons - why? why?: Masha missed classes due to illness. We didn't go to the forest because of the rain.
7. Goals - why? for what?: She came to Yalta to rest.
8. Concessions - in spite of what? in spite of what?: Despite the fatigue, the mother was cheerful.

Circumstances are expressed

1) adverbs: fast, loud, fun;
2) nouns in the form of indirect cases with and without a preposition: in the forest, by Tuesday, a week;
3) pronouns: in it, above it, below it;
4) gerunds and participles: lying on the stove, you will not meet good luck;
5) indefinite form of the verb: I came to talk;
6) phraseological turn: he worked carelessly;
7) the circumstances of the mode of action are expressed by comparative turns: Quartz sand sparkled like February snow in the sun.

test of strength

Find out how you understood the contents of this chapter.

Final test

1. Are the secondary members of the sentence included in the grammatical basis of the sentence?

2. Is it true that the minor members of the sentence spread the main and other minor members?

3. What are the secondary members of the sentence in Russian?

   • predicate and circumstance
   • circumstance, definition and subject
   • addition, definition and circumstance

4. Can the complement be expressed as a numeral?

5. Is it true that an indirect object is an addition in the form of V.p. no suggestion?

6. What is the name of the definition for which the type of syntactic connection between the main and dependent word is agreement?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

7. What is the definition in the sentence: This is dad's jacket.?

   • agreed definition
   • inconsistent definition

8. What type of syntactic connection in the phrase more expensive gift in a sentence: I want to buy a more expensive gift.?

   • agreement
   • control
   • contiguity

August 31, 2016

If the main members of the sentence are the basis, then the secondary ones are accuracy, beauty and imagery. Particular attention should be paid to definitions.

Definition as a member of a sentence

A definition refers to a word with an objective meaning and characterizes a sign, quality, property of an object that names the word being defined, answers the questions: "what?", "what?", "what?", "what?" and their case forms. There is an agreed and inconsistent definition in Russian.

For example, "I loved watching a big beautiful white bird."

The defined word is "bird". From him the question is raised: "what?"

Bird (what?) Large, beautiful, white.

Definitions characterize an object in this sentence according to such features: in size, in appearance, in color.

Definitions "big, beautiful"- agreed, and " white"- inconsistent. What is the difference between agreed definitions and non-agreed definitions?

Definitions " big, beautiful" - agreed, they change when the word being defined changes, that is, they agree with it in gender, number, case:

• bird (what?) big, beautiful;
• bird (what?) big, beautiful;
• a bird (what?) big, beautiful.

Definition "white color"- inconsistent. It will not change if you change the main word:

• bird (what?) white;
• birds (what?) white;
• a bird (what?) of white color;
• a bird (what?) of white color;
• about a bird (what?) of white color.

Thus, it can be concluded that this is an inconsistent definition. So, we found out how agreed definitions differ from inconsistent ones. The first ones change when the main word changes, and the second ones do not change.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the material from which the object is made

Inconsistent members of a sentence are never expressed by adjectives, participles, agreed pronouns. They are most often expressed by nouns with and without prepositions and have different meanings of the attribute of the subject. One of these meanings is "the material from which the object is made."

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the purpose of the subject

Very often it is necessary to indicate what the object exists for, then inconsistent definitions are used that have the meaning “the purpose of the object”.

Inconsistent definitions with the meaning of the accompanying subject attribute

If it is said that something is present or something is missing from the subject of speech, then inconsistent definitions are usually used with the meaning “an accompanying subject feature”.

Inconsistent definitions with the value of belonging to the subject

Inconsistent definitions are widely used in the language, expressing the belonging of an object or, more precisely, the relation of an object to another object.

Separation of inconsistent definitions and additions

Since inconsistent definitions are expressed by nouns, the problem of distinguishing between definitions and additions arises. Additions are also expressed by nouns in indirect cases and do not formally differ from inconsistent definitions. Distinguishing these minor members is possible only in terms of syntax. Therefore, it is necessary to consider ways to distinguish between inconsistent definitions and additions.

1. Additions refer to verbs, gerunds, participles, and definitions - to nouns, pronouns that indicate the subject.
2. For additions, we pose questions of indirect cases, and for definitions - questions "what?", "Whose?"

Inconsistent definitions - pronouns

Possessive pronouns can act as inconsistent definitions. In such cases, questions are posed: "whose?", "whose?", "whose?", "whose?" and their case forms. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by possessive pronouns.

IN her the light came on in the window (in whose window?).

His girlfriend did not come (whose girlfriend?).

IN them the garden had the most delicious apples (in whose garden?).

Inconsistent definitions - adjectives in the simple comparative degree

If the sentence contains an adjective in a simple comparative degree, then it is an inconsistent definition. It denotes a sign of an object that is expressed to a greater or lesser extent than in some other object. Let us give examples of inconsistent definitions expressed by the adjective in a simple comparative degree.

Grandpa built himself a house better ours.

Society is divided into people cleverer me and those who are not interested in me.

Everyone wants to grab a piece more than others.

Inconsistent definitions - adverbs

Often adverbs act as inconsistent definitions, in such cases they have the meaning of a feature in terms of quality, direction, place, mode of action. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with adverbs.

Let's listen to the opinion of your neighbor (which one?) left.

The closet was small with a door (what?) outside.

The upper room was bright with a window (what?) against.

Inconsistent definitions - infinitives

The infinitive can be an inconsistent definition for nouns that have abstract concepts: desire, joy, need and the like. We look at sentences with inconsistent definitions, examples with infinitives.

Everyone would understand my desire (what?) capture these magical pictures.

Necessity lives indestructibly in the heart (what kind?) be in love someone.

The division will come up with a task (what?) take height on the right bank of the Dnieper.

Everyone should experience joy (what?) feel yourself as a human.

She had a habit (what?) talk with someone invisible.

Separation of inconsistent definitions in Russian

The selection of inconsistent definitions in writing with commas depends on the position taken and on their prevalence. Inconsistent definitions that stand directly behind the defined word - a common noun - are not inclined to isolate.

At the back of the garden stood a long barn (what?) from boards.

The old woman served sour cream in a bowl (what?) with broken edge.

girl (what?) in a blue dress stood at the entrance to the park, waiting for someone.

In the park (what?) with cleanly swept alleys it was empty and boring.

Desire (What?) survive at all costs owned it all the time.

Inconsistent definitions after the main word - a common noun, are isolated only if it is necessary to give it a special semantic significance. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

In the same sweater , from gray wool, she left the room as if there had not been a whole year of separation.

This vase , with broken neck, I remember from childhood.

If inconsistent definitions are before the word being defined, then they are most often isolated. Such definitions acquire an additional circumstantial connotation of meaning.

In a long fancy dress, sister seemed taller and more mature.

Long skirt and bare arms, the girl stands on the stage and sings something in a thin voice.

Inconsistent definitions are always isolated if they refer to a personal pronoun and a proper name. Consider isolated inconsistent definitions (examples).

She, with braids to the waist, went to the middle of the room and looked for me with her eyes.

Maria Ivanovna , in a white starched blouse, loudly called the servants and ordered the girl who came to clean up the scattered things.

It (the sun) with red-orange trim hung very low from the horizon.

Practical task in the OGE format

Among the exam tasks, there is one that requires knowledge of inconsistent definitions. To complete this task, you need to find a sentence that has an inconsistent definition. The following is a text with numbered sentences, among which you need to find the right one.

Example 1: Find a sentence with an inconsistent common definition.

1) The room was quiet, and for a long time neither the boy nor the man broke the silence.

2) After a while, the father suddenly said:

3) Listen, Timur! 4) Do you want me to buy you a dog? 5) Sheepdog with a black stripe on the back.

Example 2: Find a sentence with an inconsistent standalone definition.

1) Mother stood very close to Nadezhda.

2) She came in from the street.

3) Wearing a raincoat and a white coat, she seemed to Nadia different than she was two months ago.

4) And Nadezhda, not yet coming to her senses, looked at her mother for three seconds, not recognizing.

5) She saw several new wrinkles, diverging from the wings of the nose to the corners of the lips.

6) Only the look of the mother remained the same, the same as Nadezhda carried in her heart.

Example 3: Find a sentence with an inconsistent non-isolated definition.

1) She beamed with joy.

2) She was called mother today.

3) Didn't all the neighbors hear this girl with dark hair screaming:

5) The girl understood why her aunt was happy.

6) Only she herself did not yet understand whether she called her.

Answers: 1(5), 2(3), 3(3).