The category of quality of life of the population. Characteristics of indicators of the quality of life of the population. Characteristics of the standard of living of the population
Based on the foregoing, the problem of harmonizing interests involves studying the systems of interests of individual participants in joint activities, identifying the nature of their interaction and finding ways to harmonize based on mutually supporting (coinciding) interests.
Traditionally, there are three main groups of bearers of economic interests in the field of economic activity: owners of capital, managers and employees. The problem of coordinating the interests of these subjects at the enterprise level is the most typical object of study of economic science. At the same time, the interests of consumers and society fall out of the scope of study. In this regard, it is important to study the interests of all subjects in the sectoral context. The most important industry that provides an increase in human capital is the field of education.
Society is a multi-element system in which each subject has its own interests. Mutual realization of the interests of various subjects provides society with economic growth, while the suppression of the interests of individual subjects leads to instability of the entire system, increases the level of conflict and reduces the level of efficiency of its functioning. Coordination and integration of personal interests in conjunction with state or corporate interests seems to be an important and urgent task.
Bibliography
1 Holbach, P. The system of nature / P. Holbach. - M., 1940. - S. 236.
2 Marx, K. Op. 2nd ed. / K. Marx, F. Engels. T. 18. S. 271.
3 Ibid. T. 2. - S. 535, 538.
4 Ibid. T. 4. - S. 330.
5 Veblen, T. Why is economics not an evolutionary discipline? / T. Veblen // Origins: from the experience of studying the economy as a structure and process. - M. : GUVSHE, 2006. - S. 28.
6 Veblen, T. Limitation of the theory of marginal utility / T. Veblen // Questions of Economics. - 2007. - No. 7. - S. 86-98.
7 Nureyev, R. Thorstein Veblen: a view from the 21st century // Questions of Economics. - 2007. -№ 7. -S. 75.
8 Veblen, T. Limitation of the theory of marginal utility / T. Veblen // Questions of Economics. - 2007. - No. 7. - S. 92-93.
9 Kotenkova, S. N. Realization of personal economic interests in the modern economy: dis. ... cand. economy Sciences / S. N. Kotenkova. - Kazan: RSL, 2006. - S. 24.
10 Mikhailov, A. M. Nature of economic and institutional interests /
A. M. Mikhailov // Economic Sciences. - 2004. - No. 8. - S. 35.
11 Mikhailov, A. M. Economic and institutional relations in the system of economic relations / A. M. Mikhailov // Economic sciences. - 2003. - No. 5.
E. A. Chulichkov
LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION
The article analyzes the concepts of "well-being of the population", "lifestyle", "standard of living", "cost of living", "quality of life", as a result
which distinguishes between such concepts as "standard of living" and "quality of life".
Keywords: welfare of the population, lifestyle, standard of living, cost of living, quality of life.
Scientists in many countries have been searching for indicators that would most fully reflect the real socio-economic state of society for quite a long time.
Only quantitative estimates of the level and conditions of life are not enough to characterize the economic and social development of the country. It is very important to know what indicators determine the quality and standard of living. Tracing the evolution of the definitions of the level and quality of life, it should be noted that the concepts of "standard of living", "quality of life", "way of life" and others are used to characterize the well-being of the population. “National welfare was understood as a complex socio-economic phenomenon integrating the characteristics of the level, lifestyle and quality of life of the population, each of which represents only a certain section of a single, but multifaceted and voluminous social organism1. “The well-being of the population is a characteristic of the socio-economic conditions of life and the satisfaction of the needs of the population”2.
In the 1970s and 1980s, the term “way of life” was widely used. As noted by V. N. Bobkov, A. P. Pochinok and a team of authors: “lifestyle is a set of typical types of life activity of an individual, social group, society as a whole at a certain stage of its development in unity with living conditions”3.
For all the seemingly obviousness of the generally accepted concept of "standard of living", which is among the fairly established and which corresponds to a relatively narrow and specific range of quantitative indicators, there are significant differences in the interpretation of this concept. Many authors include in the concept of "standard of living" what should be attributed to close, interrelated, but special concepts of "quality of life" and "lifestyle", accumulating the impact of natural, climatic, environmental and social factors on the population.
N. A. Gorelov considers the category of "standard of living" in the narrow and broad senses:
In a narrow sense - through the characteristics of the level of consumption of the population and the degree of satisfaction of needs (measurement of income, expenses and consumption of goods and services by the population);
In a broad sense - through a characteristic of the level of human development (the state of health and the ability of the population to meet needs) and the living conditions of the population (the state of the environment and the safety of the population)4.
Thus, in his opinion, in the narrow sense of the word, the standard of living is expressed in the amount of goods and services consumed by a person, or, in other words, as the ratio of the income level of the population to the cost of living. At the same time, in a broad sense, in fact, he tends to characterize the quality of life.
The definitions of the standard of living available in the scientific literature are based on various concepts: production, consumption, income, cost of living, consumer norms and standards, or have a complex multidimensional character. In this case, we are in solidarity with those authors who limit the content of the concept of "standard of living" to the sphere of consumption. The consumption of the population itself is determined by resources (income and property). Therefore, the standard of living
most often considered in the economic system resources - consumption. Limiting the category "standard of living" to the sphere of consumption is an important constructive approach from the point of view of practical problems of assessment, comparison and forecasting.
According to this point of view, “the standard of living is a complex of conditions for the functioning of a person in the sphere of consumption, manifested in the scale of the development of people's needs and the nature of their satisfaction. At the same time, the system-forming basis is the various human needs and needs that arise and are realized in the sphere of consumption”5.
The priority of consumption characteristics in the study of the standard of living is also recognized by other scientists. According to I. I. Eliseeva, “the standard of living is understood as the provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services, the achieved level of their consumption and the degree of satisfaction of reasonable (rational) needs”6.
Some researchers develop the concept of "cost of living" and practically equate it with the concept of "standard of living". Thus, the authors of the work “The Cost of Living and Its Measurement” believe that in the “classical” sense, the term “cost of living” is used to denote the cost of a set of consumer goods corresponding to a certain level of satisfaction of needs. According to this interpretation, the change in the cost of living is associated not only with the dynamics of consumer prices, but also with structural changes in people's consumption as a result of an increase in their needs, with the state of the market situation (meaning the range of goods and services offered, their availability to the consumer, the state of balance of demand and offers) and other factors. With this understanding, the term “cost of living” is most consistent with the content of the concepts of the standard of living or the well-being of the population, the level and structure of which, as much as possible, take into account, along with the direct change in prices, the cumulative effect of a number of significant factors: the dynamics of various types of income, savings, improvement of the system of free services, changes in the taxation of personal income, progress in the structure of consumption of the population, etc.”7.
When it became obvious that the category of standard of living does not comprehensively reflect the well-being of the population, the term "quality of life" appeared. The existing interpretations and definitions of the very concept of “quality of life” are very ambiguous and, despite the great interest in this issue among foreign researchers, remain debatable. The main thing to focus on and what, in fact, the concept of quality of life is connected with is not only to possess things, but also to gain access to the benefits of culture, the development of the human personality, the possibility of obtaining education, moving up the social ladder, participating in solving social problems. issues, security in old age, job satisfaction, etc.
The modern economic dictionary gives the following definition of the concept of "quality of life": Quality of life is a generalizing socio-economic category that includes not only the level of consumption of material goods and services (standard of living), but also the satisfaction of spiritual needs, health, life expectancy, environmental conditions human environment, moral and psychological climate, spiritual comfort8.
The concept of quality of life has a rather complex structure. A number of authors note that, from their point of view, it includes the quality of population health,
quality of education, quality of the natural environment, spirituality9. Hence, in our opinion, the quality of life is a set of conditions of human existence that provide the necessary life benefits, material wealth and spiritual values.
In connection with the formation of market relations and the emergence of a person as a subject of economic activity, not only the concept of "needs", but also the concept of "interests" are actively used by economic science, the subject area of which is the rational actions of an economic entity to achieve its goals.
The dialectical unity and contradiction of human needs and interests is at the basis of all social development. It is the process of raising needs and expanding the freedom of a person to choose the way to satisfy them that are the main driving force and goal of the development of modern society. Therefore, in the most general form, we consider the quality of life as "the degree of development and completeness of satisfaction of the whole complex of needs and interests of people, manifested in various forms of activity, and in the very sense of life"10.
There are other definitions of quality of life that go beyond the problems of needs and interests. Thus, specialists from various branches of knowledge, who study this problem under the auspices of the All-Russian Research Institute of Technical Aesthetics (VNIITE), consider the content of the concept of "quality of life" as a set of life values that characterize the types of activities, the structure of needs and the conditions for the existence of a person (groups of the population, society ), people's satisfaction with life, social relationships and the environment. More specifically, in their methodology, the quality of life is considered as a complex of characteristics of the life activity of an individual (a group of people or the population as a whole), which determine its optimal course at a particular time, in certain conditions and place and ensure the adequacy of its (life) parameters to the main types of activity and human needs ( biological, material, spiritual, etc.)11.
Notes
1 Sannikova, E. S. Assessment of the quality of life of the population based on the development of the industrial complex of the region: dis. . cand. economy Sciences / E. S. Sannikova. - Krasnoyarsk, 1997. - S. 89.
2 Abalkin, L. I. Notes on Russian entrepreneurship / L. I. Abalkin. - M. : Progress-Academy, 1994. - S. 76.
Social policy, level and quality of life: a dictionary. - M. : VCUZh Publishing House, 2001. - S. 57.
4 Income policy and the quality of life of the population / N. A. Gorelov. - St. Petersburg. : Leader, 2003. - S. 75.
5 Rimashevskaya, N. M., Opikov, L. A. National welfare. Trends and prospects. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - S. 9.
6 Politics of income and wages: textbook / ed. P. V. Savchenko and Yu. P. Kokina. - M.: Jurist, 2000. - S. 67.
7 The cost of life and its measurement / ed. V. M. Rutgaiser, S. P. Shpilko. - M. : Finance and statistics, 1991. - P. 6.
8 Raizberg, B. A. Modern Economic Dictionary. 5th ed., revised. and additional /
B. A. Raizberg, L. Sh. Lozovsky, E. B. Starodubtseva. - M. : INFRA-M, 2007. - S. 209.
9 Boitsov, B. V. Anthology of Russian quality / B. V. Boitsov, Yu. V. Kryanev // Editorial Board of the Journal of Standard and Quality. - 2003. - S. 207.
10 Zherebin, V. M. The standard of living of the population - as it is understood today /
V. M. Zherebin, N. A. Ermakova // Questions of statistics. - 2000. - No. 8. - S. 3-11.
11 Bazhenov S. A. The quality of life of the population: theory and practice / S. A. Bazhenov, N. S. Malikov // The standard of living of the population of regions of Russia. - 2002. - No. 10. - S. 19.
Lecture: Level and quality of life of the population
By the level and quality of life of people, one can judge the level of development of the country as a whole. These indicators indicate achievements in the economy and social security of the population by the state.
Standard of living
The standard of living characterizes the degree to which people's needs are met.
Needs include:
salary
housing
level of culture
safety of working conditions
food quality
life expectancy
social protection and guarantees
Living standard indicator is made up of two components:
consumer basket
living wage
It is necessary to analyze the standard of living in relation to human needs. The standard of living can be judged by the degree to which the needs of the population are met.
It is necessary to evaluate the standard of living on a set of indicators:
salary
social benefits
level of utility bills
availability of schools, cultural facilities
housing
development of the service sector
availability of jobs
opportunity to get an education
the amount of tuition fees, etc.
The quality of life
The quality of life is a concept different from the level. The standard of living indicator is based on quantitative characteristics(yes, no, how much). The concept of quality of life reflects quality characteristics(how good is the medical care, what clothes, what food, what kind of environment). The quality of life is difficult to quantify. Several scales are used to determine.
Different scientists offer their own methodology for determining the quality of life. But they all agree that the degree of satisfaction of a person with life can be determined using sociological survey and statistical data In total.
Quality of life index- this is a combined indicator that determines the provision by the state of meeting the needs of residents, the ability to ensure a prosperous existence.
Used in the world methodology of the British research center to determine the quality of life index. It includes 9 indicators:
health level
number of marriages and divorces
material security
political situation
favorable climatic conditions
job security
equality of women and men
level of political and civil freedom
participation in the public life of the country
The level and quality of life in the countries of the world
The level and quality of life in post-industrial countries is higher than in developing ones. In developed countries, these indicators also differ. If we consider Europe, the first place in 2000 was occupied by Norway. The indicator of the gross domestic product exceeded 335 billion dollars. The unemployment rate is low (about 3%). High rates of literacy and social security. Sweden was in second place. There were $81,000 per inhabitant. Sweden was distinguished by a highly developed service sector, high industrialization of the country and a developed banking sector. Next came Canada, Belgium, Australia, USA. The indicators of 2016 redistributed the rating of states. First place went to Denmark, Norway had to move to 14th place. The second place was taken by Switzerland. Next come Australia, New Zealand, Germany. The United States of America closes the top ten countries.
The countries of Eastern Europe are much inferior in terms of living standards. The highest standard of living is in the Czech Republic, Croatia and Slovakia. Macedonia, Serbia and Bulgaria are the poorest countries in Europe, respectively, their standard of living is the lowest. Of the former Soviet Republics, the highest figures are in Estonia (18th place). The CIS countries are in 50 and below places. Only one country, Kazakhstan, ranked 47th with a per capita GDP of $24,000. High indicators of health and industry development. In 2000, Russia is in 60th place. By 2016, its level has increased by 5 points. The general standard of living in Asian countries can be assessed as "above average". The disparity in individual countries is very large. Singapore, for example, ranked 25th in 2000, and Bangladesh 145th. In 2016, Singapore moved to 45th place. In most Asian countries, the population is below the poverty line. Unemployment, lack of services, industrial development, primitive agriculture, lack of health care. These indicators determine the standard of living of Asian countries. One of the important characteristics is the indicator of life expectancy. In developed countries, life expectancy is 80 years, in developing countries it is from 46 to 72. In some countries, up to 35 years. In developing countries, 900 million people live on 2 dollars a day (below the poverty line), and some on 1.25 dollars. This level is defined as the level of extreme poverty.
Standard of living is a socio-economic characteristic of the degree to which the physical, spiritual and social needs of people are met. It is determined, on the one hand, by the degree of development of the needs of people themselves, on the other hand, by the quantity and quality of life's goods and services used to satisfy them. Individual needs include:
1) material. These include needs for food, clothing, housing, medical treatment, transport, etc.;
2) spiritual. These include the needs satisfied by the institutions of science, culture, art, education, children's education;
3) social. These include the need to ensure old age, to increase free time, in the equality of men and women, in the freedom and universality of labor, in the unity of fundamental public interests.
The standard of living can be assessed on a global scale; in the country as a whole (taking into account the value of its national wealth); in relation to certain regions, social and demographic groups and sections of the population, individuals.
Standard of living in a broad sense characterized by a set of living conditions for people: real incomes of the population, consumption of food and non-food products, the level of wages and payments from public consumption funds, working conditions, working and free time, housing conditions, the development of education systems, health care, culture, the state of the environment and etc.
Standard of living in the narrow sense is the amount of real income. Knowing their size, one can judge many aspects of human life. The quality of food, living conditions, the usefulness of rest and even beliefs depend on the amount of real income. The standard of living of a family depends on the level of income of family members and on its composition.
Distinguish four living standards:
prosperity - the use of benefits, creating opportunities for the comprehensive development of a person;
normal level - rational consumption according to scientifically based standards, ensuring the full restoration of the intellectual and physical powers of a person;
poverty - the consumption of goods, only allowing to maintain working capacity (the lower limit of the reproduction of labor resources);
poverty is the consumption of a set of goods and services that is minimally acceptable according to biological criteria to maintain human viability.
There are various definitions of poverty. According to the UN concept, poverty - a state of prolonged forced lack of the necessary resources to ensure a satisfactory lifestyle. At present, poverty is understood not only as a lack of money, but also as a limitation on the ability to realize a person's potential due to the lack of decent work, comfortable housing, access to adequate education and health care.
poor Those who have an income below the poverty line are considered. Threshold (line) of poverty is the amount of money officially established as the minimum income with which an individual or family is able to purchase food, clothing and housing. The poverty threshold depends on the economic level of the country's development: in developed countries it is higher, in developing countries it is lower. The lower the level of requirements, the fewer people are below the poverty line, and vice versa.
There are absolute and relative concepts of poverty.
Under absolute poverty is understood as a state in which a person cannot satisfy even the basic needs for food, housing, clothing, warmth, or can satisfy only the minimum needs that ensure biological survival on his income. The quantitative criterion is the poverty line. In the countries of Eastern Europe and the CIS, in most cases, an absolute poverty line is used, determined on the basis of minimum consumer basket, the content of which varies by country. The World Bank uses 1 (minimum standard of living) or 2 (poverty line in middle-income per capita) US dollars per day at purchasing power parity (PPP) as absolute poverty thresholds. PPP is a price index that characterizes the ratio between two (or several) currencies in terms of their purchasing power for a certain set of goods and services. In 2001, 1.1 billion people lived on less than $ 1 a day, less than $ 2 a day - more than half of the population of developing countries (or 2.7 billion people).
Relative poverty implies the possibility of satisfying physiological needs, but the presence of problems in the field of social or political relations, recreation, etc. In the concept of relative poverty, a certain ratio between the lowest incomes and the size of the average (median) income is taken as the poverty line. Persons whose incomes in relation to the average (median) level will be below the established ratio, belong to the poor. For example, in the US, a family is considered poor if it spends more than one-third of its income on food.
The boundaries of absolute and relative poverty do not coincide. Absolute poverty can be eliminated in the country, but relative poverty will remain. Inequality is inevitable in developed societies. Relative poverty persists even as the living standards of all sections of society rise.
To measure poverty the following indicators:
1. The income gap of poor households is the amount of money needed to raise the income of poor households to the poverty line. The indicator is used to assess the cost of social support measures and is calculated for households of different types, since each household has its own poverty line due to the unequal composition and combination of gender and age characteristics of its members;
2. The low income gap is the ratio of income deficit to the poverty line (living wage). The indicator is calculated as a percentage and is used in chronological and territorial comparisons. The product of the low-income gap and the number of poor people shows the amount of social transfers needed to end absolute poverty;
3. The FGT index (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke) is one of the synthetic poverty indices that allows to give its multidimensional assessment:
where Y i - per capita income;
Z is the subsistence minimum (poverty line);
N is the size of a separate socio-demographic group or the population as a whole;
n is the number of the poor;
Q is the degree of the index.
Three versions of the index are calculated. The zero degree index (Q=0), or the poverty rate, determines the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level; The indicator only shows the spread of poverty, but does not allow determining how much the income (expenditure or consumption) of the poor is below the poverty line. The index of the first degree (Q=1) is the average value of the missing income (in % of the subsistence minimum), that is, the income that must be paid to each poor person in order to overcome poverty, this is an indicator of the severity of poverty. The index of the second degree (Q=2) reflects the depth of poverty: this index is very sensitive to the proportion of the poorest in the total population of the poor, since here the amount of individual missing income is squared. Indicators of the depth of poverty (the degree of impoverishment) and the severity of poverty characterize not only the spread of poverty, but also the scarcity of the material condition of this part of the population;
4. Poverty rate (poverty ratio or scale of poverty) is the proportion of the poor in the total population;
5. Synthetic poverty indicator (Sen-index):
, (16.8)
where S is Sen-index;
L is the proportion of the poor;
N is the low income gap;
– average income of poor households;
P is the poverty line;
G p is the Gini coefficient for poor households.
The Sen index is a weighted sum of household income deficits classified as poor. The indicator assesses the impact on poverty of factors such as the level of lack of material resources of the poor, the degree of stratification of the poor by income and the prevalence of this phenomenon, and varies from 0 to 1. At S = 0, there is not a single household in the poor group or the poor have equal income shares. When S = 1, all households are included in the poor group, or all incomes of poor families belong to one household.
All poor or distressed countries are characterized by the so-called " vicious cycle of poverty ". Since the income of the population in these countries is very low, people only have enough money to meet their most basic needs. Therefore, they have no money left for savings and capital accumulation. Without savings, there is no investment. And where there is no investment in high technology, labor productivity will remain extremely low. The low productivity of social labor, in turn, leads to a low level of income of the population and the economic backwardness of the country.
Living standards are subdivided into general and private, economic and socio-demographic, objective and subjective, cost and natural, quantitative and qualitative.
quantitative indicators of the standard of living show the volume of consumption of material goods and services. quality indicators reflect the qualitative side of the population's well-being (level of education, qualifications, consumption structure of goods, services, food, provision with durable goods).
TO value indicators of the standard of living include all indicators in monetary form (the volume of services, transportation, trade, cash deposits and savings, etc.). natural indicators have natural units of measurement (kg, pieces, sq.m, cubic meters, etc.) - provision with housing, property, cultural and household goods, consumption of food, energy.
ABOUT general indicators reflect the overall achievements of the socio-economic development of the country. These are the size (per capita) of the national income, the consumption fund (the products of the sectors of the economy that go directly to consumer purposes), etc. Partial indicators are determined by the level of development of society, but they are more detailed and specified by individual groups of the population, territories, etc. (level of consumption of food and other goods and services; provision of housing and improvement of life; level of socio-cultural services; working conditions; social security; conditions for raising children).
The division of indicators of the standard of living into objective And subjective associated with the characteristics of changes in people's life: the first have an objective (technical, economic, etc.) base, the second - a subjective opinion, a subjective assessment of satisfaction with income, work, family relationships, lifestyle of individuals and population groups. Subjective assessment reflects the concept of quality of life.
Economic indicators of the standard of living give an idea of the level of economic development of society and the well-being of each person (employment, nominal and real incomes) and are manifested in the magnitude and differentiation of incomes of the population. Socio-demographic indicators characterize the occupational and age composition of the population, the physical reproduction of the labor force and are associated with the development of the social sphere of the economy (changes in population, life expectancy).
To compare the standard of living in international comparisons, indicators such as:
1. The value of GDP per capita consumption at purchasing power parity (PPP). In 2001, according to this indicator, the Republic of Belarus occupies the first place among the CIS countries. Compared to it, the per capita fund of personal consumption in Russia at PPP was 75.3%, Ukraine - 50.8%, Kazakhstan - 79.4%, Uzbekistan - 87.4%, Kyrgyzstan - 37.0%, Tajikistan - 21.1%. Among the countries with developed market economies, the first three places are occupied by the USA, Switzerland and Great Britain. The per capita fund of personal consumption in these countries exceeds that of the Republic of Belarus by 5.1, 4.2 and 3.4 times, respectively.
2. Average monthly salary, taking into account the PPP of national currencies. Thus, in 2001 its level compared to the Republic of Belarus was 84.0% in Russia, 103.1% in Kazakhstan, and 66.0% in Ukraine.
3. The Human Development Index (HDI), or the Human Development Index (HDI), is the arithmetic average of three indices (the level of the country corresponds to the highest levels of the corresponding indicators):
1) GDP per capita at purchasing power parity (maximum level - 40,000 US dollars);
2) life expectancy at birth (assumed to be 85 years);
3) the level of education (characterized by the literacy of the adult population and the coverage of education at all levels at the level of 100%).
The index value varies from 0 to 1. If the HDI (HDI) is less than 0.5, the country belongs to the group of countries with a low level of development; from 0.5 to 0.8 - with an average; from 0.8 to 1.0 - with a high level of development. According to UNDP estimates in 1997, Canada, Norway and the United States occupied the top three places in this indicator. Russia was in 71st place, Lithuania - 62nd, Belarus - 60th, Estonia - in 54th place.
The system of living standards indicators developed by the UN in 1978 includes 12 main groups of indicators: 1) birth rate, death rate and other demographic characteristics of the population; 2) sanitary and hygienic living conditions; 3) consumption of food products; 4) living conditions; 5) education and culture; 6) working conditions and employment; 7) income and expenses of the population; 8) cost of living and consumer prices; 9) vehicles; 10) organization of recreation; 11) social security; 12) freedom of the individual.
In Belarus, the main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living are nominal and real per capita incomes, nominal and real accrued average monthly wages, and the average and real size of the assigned monthly pension.
Along with the concept of "standard of living", the key to understanding the development of any society is the concept of "quality of life". The quality of life is an assessment of the totality of conditions of social, mental and physical well-being, as they are understood by an individual or a group of people. The quality of life of the population of a state is determined by economic, social, demographic, environmental, geographical, political and moral factors.
to objective factors. include: food consumption, provision of goods and services, housing conditions, employment, education, social security, etc.
Among the subjective factors distinguish: satisfaction of a person with work and living conditions, social status, financial situation, etc. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, characterizing the quality of life, identifies eight main aspects of human life: health, development through education, employment and quality of working life, leisure and recreation, the state of the consumer market for goods and services, the environment, personal security, social opportunities and social activity.
The quality of life is also determined by the level of physical and mental health, cultural and intellectual potential. It depends on the amount of free time, expenses for services, recreation, cultural activities, tourism and travel. One of the indicators of the quality of life is the well-being of the family, in the formation of which psychosocial and spiritual and moral aspects play an important role. The level of public awareness and accessibility of information, the degree of civil and political freedoms have an important impact on the quality of life.
The standard of living is inextricably linked with the way of life of people. Lifestyle - this is a socio-economic category that expresses the type, way of life of people (society, social stratum, personality) in the national and world community. Lifestyle covers various aspects of human life:
Ø labor, forms of its social organization;
Ø way of life, forms of use of free time;
Ø participation in political and public life;
Ø forms of satisfaction of material and spiritual needs;
Ø rules and norms of human behavior that are included in everyday practice.
Therefore, the way of life is affected not only by economic relations, but also by the socio-political system, culture and worldview of people in one form or another, at one stage or another of social growth. In turn, the way of life has an active influence on the economic and socio-political processes in society.
The concepts of lifestyle and standard of living are interrelated, but not identical. For example, indicators of the standard of living can also characterize the way of life. However, the standard of living is only one of the conditions for the formation of a lifestyle that actively affects people's livelihoods. At the same time, with the same standard of living, the way of life can differ significantly.
The level and quality of life as the basis of the well-being of the population. The relationship and differences between the concepts of the level and quality of life of the population. General idea of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population.
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Level and quality of life, their main indicators
Introduction………………………………………………………………….………..3
1. The level and quality of life as the basis for the well-being of the population
1.2 Interrelation and differences between the concepts of the level and quality of life of the population……………………………………………………………………………..7
2. Indicators of the level and quality of life in modern conditions
2.1 General idea of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population…………………………………………………………………….……….9
2.2 Characteristics of the main indicators of the level and quality of life in modern conditions……………………………………………………………..12
3. The most important areas of social policy to improve the level and quality of life……………………………………………………….…………..18
Conclusion………………………………………………………………….……26
List of used literature……………………………..…………….28
Applications……………………………………………………………….……..30
INTRODUCTION
The decline in the standard of living of the vast majority of the population, the extremely high level of exacerbation of social problems against the backdrop of building an economic system that has nothing in common with a civilized market system, objectively necessitates a change in the course of ongoing reforms. At the same time, it is vital that this course fully takes into account the social priorities of society and the moral values of the country. An integral mechanism must be created that incorporates all the necessary elements for regulating economic and social processes. At the same time, social development is understood not as the implementation of the social through economic, but as a holistic, integrated development of both economic and social. Social development should be considered, on the one hand, as a prerequisite for successful economic transformations, and on the other hand, as their ultimate goal.
This problem is extremely relevant for the Republic of Belarus.
Despite the understanding of the need for reform, society lacks any significant social basis for reform. It is necessary to find a model of social reorganization that would take into account the existing social relations and, first of all, social ones. It is the social factors, their lack of demand by the economic and political systems that turned out to be the main obstacle to reforms.
The purpose of the study is to study the standard of living of the population and its indicators, the study of social factors of social development.
Research objectives:
- consider the concept of the standard of living of the population;
- consider the concept of the quality of life of the population;
- to determine the characteristics of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population;
- consider the features of the integral indicator of the level and quality of life;
- consider the main ways to improve social policy and propose effective forms and methods for its implementation.
object study is the population in modern conditions.
The subject of the study is the content and structure of the standard of living of the population.
The theoretical and methodological basis of the study was various macroeconomic theories of the market, the main theories of social and social development.
1. LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE AS THE BASIS OF WELFARE OF THE POPULATION
The standard of living of the population is a generalizing indicator not only of social policy, but also of the development of the economic system as a whole.
The level of public welfare is the degree to which people are provided with material goods, services and appropriate living conditions necessary for their comfortable and safe existence.
All indicators that determine the standard of living are of great importance for public welfare.
The state provides a certain level of well-being of the population. This is reflected in the increase in the incomes of the poor, the creation of a system of training and retraining of the unemployed. The state obliges entrepreneurs to pay employees wages not below a certain minimum, provides free education and health services.
At the present stage, some scientists consider the standard of living as an assessment of the degree of satisfaction of measurable needs, others as a lifestyle component, and still others as the level of consumption of material and spiritual goods in comparison with historically determined social consumption standards. The UN documents note that the standard of living is the level of satisfaction of the needs of the population, provided by the mass of goods and services used per unit of time.
Most often in the scientific literature there is a broader understanding of this category, according to which the standard of living reflects the development of the physical, spiritual and social needs of the population, the degree of their satisfaction and the conditions in society for the development and satisfaction of these needs.
Thus, the standard of living is the degree to which the population is provided with material spiritual and social benefits necessary for life. It is also defined as a set of conditions for the life of people (work, life, leisure).
TO the category of "standard of living" can be considered in the narrow sense of the word, as the level of consumption of goods and services, as well as in a broad sense, including the entire spectrum of socio-economic conditions of life in a particular society.
The system-forming basis of the category "standard of living" is a variety of human needs, which represent a person's need for something. The nature of needs is very diverse.
In the mid 1950s. the term "quality of life" has appeared in world use. It became obvious that the concept of standard of living does not fully reflect the changed conditions of human life: environmental pollution, crises, urbanization, etc.
In countries with a developed market economy, there is a reassessment of ideas about the standard of living and its quality, as well as the place of these categories in the system of socio-economic relations.
However, the most common point of view is that the quality of life- this is the level of development and the degree of satisfaction of the whole complex of people's needs. Quality and standard of living are closely interrelated, and quality of life as a broader concept reflects a much wider range of people's needs. The quality of life is objective. This suggests that the criterion for evaluating this category is scientifically based consumption standards for the population. The ratio of the actual satisfaction of needs with the developed standards says about the degree of satisfaction of the needs of individuals, their groups, society as a whole. If the degree of satisfaction of a particular need is low, this indicates an unfavorable situation in a particular sector of the economy.
However, needs are subjective. Each person has his own scale of preferences, as a result of which the same degree of satisfaction of a specific need is assessed differently by different individuals. Therefore, it is not possible to determine the satisfaction of people with the quality of their life at this stage of the development of human civilization.
1.2. Relationship and differences between the concepts of the level and quality of life of the population
In the literature, the concepts of “quality of life” and “standard of living” are often intertwined and replace each other, which is not entirely correct.
The quality of life in modern concepts of quality abroad is understood as a complex characteristic of socio-economic, political, cultural, ideological, environmental factors and conditions for the existence of an individual, a person’s position in society.
The concept of quality of life, adopted in post-industrial societies, includes restrictions on the satisfaction of people's needs, which ensure the harmonious development of the noosphere. These restrictions include: environmental protection, concern for the safety of production and products, maintaining the country's resource potential.
The category of quality becomes a symbol of the progress and survival of civilization. At the same time, traditional ideas about the quality of goods, the quality of labor, the quality of work and the quality of products, which are widely used in quality management systems, are overcome. There are concepts of human quality, quality of life, quality of public intelligence, quality of management, quality of systems "man-technique", quality of information.
The standard of living of the population is a complex and multifaceted socio-economic category. It is quite common to define the standard of living as a set of products and services that an individual, family or social group of the population consumes.
The standard of living is an economic category and a social standard that characterizes the degree to which the physical and social needs of people are met. The main components of the standard of living are: health, nutrition and income of the population, housing conditions, household property, paid services, the cultural level of the population, working and rest conditions, as well as social guarantees and social protection of the most vulnerable citizens.
Social guarantees - a system of society's obligations to its members to meet the most important needs. The state, giving guarantees, announces that the society assumes the obligation to create conditions for each member of the society for the implementation of its economic activity and income.
Social protection is a system of measures taken by society to ensure the necessary material and social status of citizens.
These components are characterized by quantitative indicators, indicators and indices and are drawn up in the standard of living indicator system.
Thus, we can say that the concepts of the level and quality of life are interconnected, but also have their own characteristics. The main difference is that the quality of life is focused on assessing the degree of satisfaction of material needs, which is not amenable to direct quantitative measurement. And the standard of living is a category that characterizes one of the aspects of living conditions and is focused on assessing the degree of satisfaction of needs that can be directly quantified.
2. INDICATORS OF THE LEVEL AND QUALITY OF LIFE UNDER MODERN CONDITIONS
2.1 General idea of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population
An indicator is a numerical characteristic of individual aspects of activity. Distinguish between absolute indicators (population, industrial output, turnover of various trades, etc.) and relative ones (the ratio of income and expenses, per capita income and the subsistence minimum, etc.).
The classification of indicators of the level and quality of life of the population is a necessary condition for its measurement.
It is extremely difficult to find a relative measure of the level and quality of life due to the complexity and versatility of the measurement object itself, since people's needs for material and spiritual benefits are in constant change and development, depend on the system of external (economic and geographical location, natural and climatic conditions, financial security etc.) and internal (income of the population, consumption and expenditures of the population, the ratio of income and cost of living, etc.) factors.
To analyze the standard of living of the population as a complex economic category, a system of statistical indicators is proposed, which can be grouped into the following main blocks:
Population income indicators;
Indicators of expenses and consumption of material goods and services by the population;
Saving;
Indicators of accumulated property and provision of the population with housing;
Indicators of differentiation of incomes of the population, level and limits of poverty;
Generalized estimates of the standard of living of the population.
To characterize the quality of life of the population, it is necessary to use indicators of demographic and social statistics. These include:
Indicators of the natural movement of the population (birth, death, life expectancy, marriage, divorce);
Indicators of migratory movement of the population;
Indicators of labor resources;
Employment and unemployment rates;
Indicators of the level of education (share of the population with secondary and higher education, average duration of education).
These indicators are used in the international statisticalpractice for a more complete characterization of the well-being of the population.
The well-being scale makes it possible to clearly delineate the standard of living in accordance with specific indicators characterizing the degree of satisfaction with basic human needs.
Figure 1.1 - Welfare scale
The system of indicators of the quality of life of the population, reflected in quantitative measurement, should be supplemented with such characteristics as: state of health, quality of nutrition, quality of housing, conditions and nature of work, quality of free time and leisure conditions, well-being of family life.
A comprehensive study of the dynamics and structure of indicators of the level and quality of life is being carried out both for the population as a whole and for individual social groups, households with different incomes.
The social policy of the state is being developed and priority areas of social support for certain groups of the population are determined.
For a single quantitative assessment of the dynamics of the level and quality of life and their comparative analysis, generalizing indicators are needed.
The determining factor in the well-being of society is the level of economic development of the country, so the main indicators characterizing the state of the economy are often used as general indicators of the level and quality of life. These include gross domestic product, national income and net national disposable income.
2.2 Characteristics of the main indicators of the level and quality of life in modern conditions
As noted above, the main indicators of the quality of life of the population are: indicators of the natural movement of the population; indicators of migration movement of the population; indicators of labor resources; employment and unemployment rates; indicators of the level of education.
The natural movement of the population - the processes of fertility and mortality, which provide natural population growth, as well as the processes of marriage and divorce.
The initial characteristic of this indicator are absolute values. The absolute numbers of births and deaths, marriages and divorces are obtained from current records. This group of indicators includes:
Number of births, (N);
Number of deaths (M);
Natural population growth (Δe);
Number of registered marriages (Sbr);
The number of registered divorces (Sp).
If the number of births exceeds the number of deaths, the natural increase is positive, and if the number of deaths is greater than the number of births, the natural increase is negative.
Migration (mechanical) movement - the movement of the population across the borders of the country and its territorial divisions, associated with a change of residence for a more or less long period.
The absolute indicators of the migration movement of the population are the number of arrivals (immigrants) in a given settlement (Sp) and the number of those leaving (emigrants, Srel).
Absolute indicators of population movement are interval indicators, they are calculated for certain periods of time (for a month, for a year, etc.).
To characterize the reproduction and migration of the population, a number of relative intensity indicators are calculated. These are demographic coefficients: fertility, mortality, natural increase, marriage, divorce, arrival, departure, migration and general increase. They are calculated as the ratio of the corresponding number of demographic events (the number of births, deaths, natural increase, the number of registered marriages, divorces, the number of arrivals, departures, migration and total absolute population growth) during the calendar period to the corresponding average population.
The coefficient of natural increase can also be obtained as the difference between the total birth and death rates, and the coefficient of migration gain - as the difference between the total arrival and departure rates. The coefficient of general growth, in turn, can be calculated as the sum of the coefficients of natural and migration growth.
Labor resources are part of the country's population that has the necessary physical development, health, education, culture, qualifications and professional knowledge to work in the national economy.
The workforce includes the following categories:
Working-age population;
Able-bodied population of working age;
Labor resources.
For their study and analysis, a system of indicators is used that characterizes the number of labor resources, their composition according to various characteristics, load factors, replacement, natural and migration movements, etc.
To characterize the degree of involvement of the population in the national economy of the country, the share of the economically active population in the total population is calculated. If the number of the economically active population is divided by the population of working age, the coefficient of economic activity of the population is obtained.
Unemployment is a socio-economic phenomenon in which part of the labor force (economically active population) is not employed in the production of goods and services. In real economic life, unemployment acts as an excess of labor supply over demand for it.
A generalizing indicator characterizing the level of officially registered unemployment is the unemployment rate (rate), which is calculated as the ratio of the number of unemployed to the economically active population and is expressed as a percentage.
Important qualitative characteristics of the population are indicators of the educational level. In this regard, the composition of the population in terms of literacy and level of education is being studied.
In modern conditions of transition to the market, the study and analysis of the income of the population is of great importance. The definition of income proposed by the English economist J. Hicks is adopted: income is the maximum amount that can be spent on consumption during a certain period, provided that the equity capital of an economic entity does not decrease over this period.
According to the concept of J. Hicks, household income indicators are calculated, reflecting various stages of the income distribution process:
primary income;
disposable income;
Adjusted disposable income.
When studying the standard of living of a country's population, it is necessary to take into account only the primary income received by its residents, the sum of which for a certain period in market prices represents the national income.
Primary income, adjusted for the balance of current transfers, is household disposable income.
RD = PD + TT, (2.1)
where PD is primary income, TT is the balance of current transfers, defined as the difference between current transfers received and paid by other sectors of the economy.
The national income, calculated taking into account the balance of current transfers received and transferred abroad, is a disposable national income - a macroeconomic indicator that, along with indicators of national income, can be used when conducting a comprehensive analysis of the standard of living of the population and the state of the country's economy (free services of health care institutions, education, culture, etc.). If the amount of such receipts, called social transfers, is added to disposable income, then you can get the adjusted disposable income of households:
SRD = RD + ST, (2.2)
where TS are social transfers in kind received by households from government and non-profit organizations serving households.
The low level of remuneration does not stimulate scientific and technological progress - the main factor of development, since it is more expedient for employers to economically support additional staff than to introduce modern technologies, carry out scientific developments, etc. This significantly reduces the competitiveness of manufactured products, which, moreover, are often sold on foreign markets at low prices. Excessive number of employees, limited receipt of funds from foreign economic activity are also significant factors in reducing staff income.
Preservation of the excessive role of state administration in the regulation of wages.
The ambiguous role of the indicator "labor productivity", when, based on the rate of its growth, a conclusion is made about the level of wages. When calculating labor productivity in kind or labor form, such an approach, under certain conditions (a stable price level), can be considered quite reasonable. But when the indicator is expressed through a cost meter, and at high inflation rates, its use does not allow an objective assessment of labor efficiency.
Income from property is determined by the availability and possibilities of its implementation both among business entities and the population of the country. As the privatization processes and the overall economic situation develop, we should also expect an increase in revenues in this area. Property income includes: interest on deposits, dividends on shares, payments on equity shares; renting out property or real estate.
Receipts from the financial system are bank loans, reimbursement for state insurance, interest on deposits, etc. The size of such payments will be the greater, the richer the state and its population become, when savings occupy a larger share in citizens' expenses, i.e. to a certain extent, these payments depend on the mass of financial resources that are in circulation in the national economy.
Other income is varied. In recent years, among them, the share of income from labor activity outside the country and, above all, in the Russian Federation, and from border trade has increased. Given the greater opportunity to receive income from work abroad than in the Republic of Belarus, from conducting semi-illegal trading activities, their value is likely to tend to increase.
When studying the consumption of the population across the territory of the country, the localization coefficient is often used - this is the ratio of the shares of the consumption fund and the volume of production or income of the population and the population in individual territories.
There are certain features in the calculation of indicators of consumption of food and non-food products.
The amount of spending on food is equal to the volume of consumption of food products by the population. Indicators of food consumption are calculated per capita (usually per year) in value, physical and conditional-natural terms. (see Annex G) Conversion to conditionally natural meters is carried out on the basis of conversion factors. For example, meat and meat products in terms of meat, milk and dairy products in terms of milk.
Calculation of indicators of consumption of non-food products has its own characteristics. When characterizing the consumption of non-durable goods (clothing, footwear, fabrics, hosiery), indicators are calculated in kind per capita.
To characterize the consumption of durable goods, indicators of their provision per 1000 people or 100 households are used. Unlike food needs, which have certain limits of decline and growth, non-food needs are more volatile and grow at a much faster rate. .
The main goal of social policy in the long term is to ensure sustainable growth in the level and quality of life of the population and create conditions for the development of human potential. At the same time, the state must provide every able-bodied person with conditions that allow him, through his own work and enterprise, to ensure his own well-being and the well-being of his family and fully fulfill social obligations to the disabled, large families, disabled and low-income sections of the population, etc.
To achieve the main goal, the main directions of social policy should be:
- creating conditions and opportunities for all able-bodied citizens to earn money to meet their needs;
- ensuring rational employment of the population on the basis of maintaining jobs at vital and promising enterprises, creating new jobs, including in the private sector of the economy;
- creation of a flexible system of training and retraining of personnel;
- ensuring the growth of real money incomes of the population;
- a consistent increase in the level of wages as the main source of monetary income of the population and the most important incentive for the labor activity of employees;
- the formation of the middle class as a factor in the stabilization of society on the basis of a significant increase in the monetary income of the population and a decrease in the level of poverty;
- increasing the level of pension provision;
- reducing the level of low-income population;
- increasing the social protection of those in need on the basis of strengthening the targeting of assistance, rationalizing the system of benefits, improving social services, etc.
The state strategy for the implementation of the goals of social policy in the long term will be aimed at a consistent increasecash income of the population as the most important indicator of the standard of living of the population. The growth of the population's cash income and wages is seen as a factor in economic growth and expansion of domestic consumer demand.
Priority areas of policy in the field of remuneration should become:
- a radical increase in the level of wages of workers as the main source of the formation of monetary incomes of the population and an important incentive for labor activity;
- increasing labor productivity and economic efficiency in all sectors of the economy;
- growth of the investment potential of the population;
- reducing the tax burden on the wage fund of business entities of all forms of ownership, which will contribute to the creation of new jobs, the legalization of shadow incomes of the population.
To achieve the goals set in the field of remuneration, it is necessary:
- ensuring the growth of wages to a level adequate to modern requirements for the reproduction of the labor force;
- the formation of market mechanisms for regulating wages, strengthening the stimulating role of wages in increasing labor productivity and production efficiency;
- gradual approximation of the state minimum social standards in the field of wages to the subsistence minimum budget, in the future - to the minimum consumer budget;
- improving the structure of wages, increasing the share of wages at tariff rates and salaries;
- regulation of intersectoral differences in wages, raising the level of wages in agriculture and socio-cultural sectors of the public sector;
- development of social partnership at all levels of management;
- strengthening the legislative protection of the rights of employees to work and its fair pay.
In the field of cash income and wages policy, it is envisaged:
- increase in real cash income in line with GDP growth;
- the growth of real wages in line with the growth of labor productivity with a slight decrease in the number of people employed in the economy.
The minimum wage is the minimum social standard in the field of wages.
Determining the volume and structure of food consumption and providing non-food products should be carried out taking into account, on the one hand, the need to better meet the needs of the population in material goods, on the other hand, increased requirements for assortment and quality. By the end of the forecast period, it is necessary to provide:
- achievement of a nationally average scientifically based balanced and high-quality nutrition by increasing the consumption of meat and meat products, predominantly low-fat varieties, fish and fish products, fruits and berries;
- to carry out the transition from bread to meat and dairy, vitamin-rich nutrition, replacing high-calorie foods with a significant proportion of fats and carbohydrates with less calories;
- a rational wardrobe structure that satisfies a variety of needs (everyday, seasonal, episodic, etc.) associated with various types of activities (work, household, leisure, etc.);
- a significant expansion of the use of objects of cultural, domestic and household purposes, both used by the urban and rural population.
An increase in the level of consumption and its rationalization are envisaged on the basis of a stable balance of supply and demand to optimize the production of goods and the development of the service sector, and improve the system of distribution relations.
The fight against poverty is the most important priority of social policy. For sustainable development, the maximum reduction in the level of poverty in the country is of paramount importance. The implementation of this task will take place on the basis of economic growth, raising the standard of living, primarily of the working part of the population.
Pension provision is the most important direction of social policy. At the current stage of development, the national pension system has faced a number of internal and external problems. The shortage of funds and economic problems make it difficult to maintain a sufficient level of pension provision and proper differentiation of pensions in accordance with labor contribution. The situation is exacerbated by shortcomings in the internal structure of the pension system:
- multiple benefits for early retirement;
- low retirement age compared to other countries;
- the presence of other norms and conditions that entail irrational costs. The aging of the population and, as a result, the growth of pensioners with a decrease in the number of people employed in the economy have a negative impact. Thus, the current system cannot contribute to social stability and needs to be reformed.
Its main goal is to improve the living standards of pensioners through the creation of a stable, financially sustainable pension system that meets the principles of social justice and is able to withstand future demographic changes.
The strategic task of reforming the pension system is to create a multi-level pension system that combines both distributive and accumulation mechanisms.
Based on the growth of cash income, including wages, with the favorable development of financial markets and investment markets, it is necessary to ensure the development of additional pension insurance. Solving the tasks set for the pension system, developing the real sector of the economy and improving the efficiency of public administration will increase the level of material well-being of disabled citizens.
An important component of improving the level and quality of life of the population involved in labor activity is social insurance. Its development should be aimed at providing guarantees to protect the population from social and professional risks associated with the loss of earnings, work or health, and the formation of a sufficient economic base to compensate for the main social insurance risks.quality of life social policy
In the field of organizing the social insurance system, it is necessary to solve two major tasks:
- ensure an objective assessment, accounting and analysis of the level and factors of social risk for various categories of employees;
- achieve a fair distribution of responsibility for certain types of risk between the subjects of social and labor relations.
The solution of these problems will be facilitated by:
- establishment of differentiated insurance premiums depending on the amount of expenses for each type of insurance (risk class);
- linking the amount of insurance services with the amount of contributions and periods of their payment;
- personalized accounting for certain types of insurance;
- stimulating an increase in insurance savings at the expense of the insured's own funds;
- implementation of strict control over the expenditure of insurance funds;
- exemption of non-insurance insurance funds from payments of non-insurance benefits.
The main tasks in the field of social protection of the population are:
- providing state support to needy groups of the population;
- raising the level of state minimum social guarantees;
- optimization of assistance programs.
In the near future, it is planned to complete the reform of the system of social protection of citizens, aimed at implementing the principle of targeting, to ensure that the state minimum social guarantees reach the level of cost of living standards, to continue improving the system of social benefits and payments, mechanisms for protecting the population's income from inflation.
In the forecast period, social services will be further developed as a type of targeted assistance and an integral part of the state system of social protection. Primary development of a network of non-stationary institutions is envisaged as the most economical and close to the real needs of the population and the expansion of the practice of providing social services at home.
An important direction is the creation of integrated territorial social service centers that provide maximum and versatile assistance to the elderly, the disabled, families, children and other categories of the population. At the same time, approved social standards will be taken into account, which will increase the level, accessibility and quality of services provided to all citizens in need.
In a set of measures to ensure sustainable development, the importance of social support for veterans and the disabled should be significantly increased. The most important condition for the implementation of these measures should be the coordination of various types of state social support for citizens and the creation of a unified information system of social assistance.
CONCLUSION
On the one hand, a person is a biological being that has physiological needs given to him by nature, on the other hand, he is a member of society and he has spiritual and social needs generated in the process of communicating with his own kind. Needs are closely related to the level and lifestyle of a person. Firstly, the very range of needs characterizes the life of people from the standpoint of their desires, aspirations, interests. They depend not only on the degree of development of production, natural and climatic conditions, but also to a large extent on the age, habits and taste of individuals.
The standard of living depends, firstly, on the actual consumption of material, spiritual goods, and secondly, on the development of needs.
In a broad sense, the standard of living includes the level and structure of consumption, working conditions, the structure and degree of satisfaction of socio-cultural needs, the degree of development of the service sector, the amount and structure of non-working and free time, the level of environmental safety, etc.
In a narrow sense, the standard of living is understood as the volume of real incomes that determine the volume and structure of the actual consumption of final goods and services.
The system of indicators of the standard of living has its own specific features in different countries of the world. For example, in stable economic systems, particular importance is attached to income indicators, the level and dynamics of wages, social transfers, and the level and dynamics of unemployment. In transformation economies, on the contrary, indicators of per capita consumption of food products or the provision of families with durable goods are very significant, their analysis helps to measure the depth of existing problems, which is important for the development of social policy.
The methods of data aggregation and the methodology for calculating the indicators themselves vary significantly in different countries of the world, which makes it difficult to compare them across countries. At the same time, the general trend in the study of the standard of living at the present stage is the shift of emphasis from indicators that characterize the growth of income and material consumption to indicators that reflect the health, education, and leisure of a person.
The quality of life, combining many aspects of the standard of living, emphasizes qualitative certainty in them.
So, if studies of the standard of living involve the use of objective indicators, then in the study of the quality of life, the emphasis is on qualitative differences, on satisfaction with the quality of life of the people themselves. In this regard, there is no single point of view on the set of components that characterize the quality of life. Moreover, some scientists believe that it cannot be measured at all.
Estimates of both the level and quality of life change in time and space. A level that was considered high 30-40 years ago can now be referred to as the “poverty line”, and a level that is considered high for some countries will turn out to be low for others.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
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4. The policy of income and the quality of life of the population. St. Petersburg State. University of Economics and Finance. - St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 652 p.
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Attachment 1
Rice. 1. Number of students in institutions providing secondary specialized and higher education
Annex 2
Main socio-economic indicators of the standard of living
|
2005 |
2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
2010 |
2011 |
2012 |
2013 |
|
|
Cash income per capita, thousand rubles |
6188 |
5571) |
1154 |
1722 |
2309 |
3009 |
3951 |
5002 |
6047 |
|
Real cash income of the population, as a percentage of the previous year |
66,4 |
114,1 |
128,1 |
104,1 |
103,9 |
109,8 |
118,4 |
117,8 |
113,2 |
|
Real disposable money income of the population, as a percentage of the previous year |
65,1 |
113,8 |
128,1 |
104,0 |
100,7 |
109,3 |
118,1 |
115,9 |
113,1 |
|
Nominal accrued average monthly wages of employees, thousand rubles |
755,1 |
58,91) |
123,0 |
189,2 |
250,7 |
347,5 |
463,7 |
582,2 |
694,0 |
|
Real accrued wages, as a percentage of the previous year |
95,0 |
112,0 |
129,6 |
107,9 |
103,2 |
117,4 |
120,9 |
117,3 |
110,0 |
|
The average size of the assigned pension (at the end of the year), thousand rubles |
387,2 |
36,41) |
65,0 |
89,6 |
113,9 |
172,6 |
211,0 |
277,6 |
328,2 |
|
The real size of the assigned pension, as a percentage of the previous year |
130,3 |
143,2 |
122,1 |
102,3 |
101,4 |
132,4 |
113,2 |
123,4 |
105,4 |
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The quality of life is the most important social category that characterizes the structure of human needs and the possibility of satisfying them.
Some researchers, when defining the concept of "quality of life", pay great attention to the economic side, the material security of the population's life. There is also an opposite point of view, according to which the quality of life is the most integrated social indicator.
The quality of life of the population is the degree of satisfaction of the material, spiritual and social needs of a person.
A person suffers from low quality and is satisfied with a high quality of life, regardless of the area in work, business and personal life. Therefore, quality is necessary for a person constantly. A person himself strives to improve the quality of life - he gets an education, works at work, strives to move up the career ladder, makes every effort to achieve recognition in society.
The main indicators of the quality of life of the population are:
- incomes of the population (average per capita nominal and real incomes, indicators of income differentiation, nominal and real accrued average wages, average and real size of the assigned pension, the subsistence minimum and the proportion of the population with incomes below the subsistence level, minimum wages and pensions, etc.) ;
- quality of nutrition (calorie content, composition of products);
- quality and fashion of clothes;
- home comfort (total area of occupied housing per inhabitant);
- health care quality (number of hospital beds per 1,000 inhabitants);
- quality of social services (recreation and services);
- the quality of education (the number of universities and secondary specialized educational institutions, the proportion of students in the population);
- quality of culture (publishing of books, brochures, magazines);
- the quality of the service sector;
- environmental quality, leisure structure;
- demographic trends (indicators of life expectancy, fertility, mortality, marriage, divorce);
- security (number of reported crimes).
Population income:
- final consumption expenditures;
- average per capita cash income;
- income from labor and economic activities of households;
- the share of contributions in household expenditures;
- purchase of currency;
- purchase of securities;
- real estate;
- land for personal use;
- availability of cars for 100 families;
- household disposable resources;
- the minimum wage;
- minimum pension;
- minimum consumer budget;
- decile coefficient of differentiation;
- funds ratio;
- income concentration coefficient (Gini coefficient);
- the ratio of the shares of expenditures on food for different quantile groups of the population;
- the cost of living:
- consumer price indices;
- the cost of all types of services, including household, housing and communal services and services of social sectors;
- living wage;
- population consumption:
- expenses and savings;
- consumption of basic foodstuffs;
- energy and nutritional value of products;
The main integral indicators of the life of the population:
- the ratio of income and expenses;
- the ratio of average per capita income and the subsistence minimum;
- the value of the conditionally free part of disposable income;
Poverty rate:
- poverty line;
- the number of people with incomes below the subsistence level;
Provision and coverage of the population with infrastructure facilities and technical means of the sectoral social sphere:
- the number of consumer services enterprises;
- number of educational institutions;
- the number of students;
- the number of medical personnel;
- the number of cultural and recreational institutions;
Demographic parameters:
- number of resident population;
- age and sex composition of the population;
- total fertility rate;
- life expectancy at birth;
- crude mortality rate;
- marriage rate;
- number of households;
The standard of living of the population is an economic category. This is the level of provision of the population with the necessary material goods and services.
The standard of living is the level of well-being of the population, the consumption of goods and services, a set of conditions and indicators that characterize the measure of satisfaction of the basic vital needs of people.
At present, when the economic systems of countries are being deformed and modified, the main goal remains the implementation of the principle of the social orientation of the market economy by improving the standard of living of the population.
The system of statistical indicators of the standard of living of the population
As the main comprehensive characteristic of the standard of living of the population, the human development index is currently used, calculated as an integral of three components: GDP per capita, life expectancy at birth, and the level of education achieved.
To compare the standard of living in different countries, the following indicators are also used in world practice:
- Gross domestic product per capita
- Consumer price index
- Consumption structure
- Death rate
- Birth rate
- Life expectancy at birth
- Infant death rate
The agreed standard of living for citizens of the Russian Federation is determined by the following key indicators:
- the volume of gross domestic product per capita;
- the volume of production of essential goods;
- inflation rate;
- unemployment rate;
- the amount of real income per capita;
- the ability of the population to invest in themselves and in the economy;
- the ratio of the subsistence minimum and the minimum wage;
- the number of citizens with incomes below the subsistence level;
- the share of public spending on education, culture, health and social security;
- the ratio of the average pension to the subsistence minimum;
- human life expectancy;
- the ratio of births and deaths of the population;
- the volume of retail trade;
- deviation of the state of the environment from the standards.
Characteristics of the standard of living of the population
To characterize the standard of living, quantitative and qualitative indicators are used. Quantitative - determine the volume of consumption of specific goods and services, and qualitative - the qualitative aspect of the well-being of the population.
The standard of living is characterized by a whole block of indicators:
- consumer basket
- average salary
- income difference
- life expectancy
- the level of education
- structure of food consumption
- development of the service sector
- housing
- state of the environment
- degree of realization of human rights
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